Editing List of German monarchs

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{About|monarchs ruling over Germany after the 843 Treaty of Verdun|ancient German/Germanic kings before the treaty|List of Frankish kings}}
[[File:HRR 10Jh.jpg|thumb|German kingdom (blue) in the Holy Roman Empire around 1000]]
This is a list of monarchs who ruled over [[East Francia]], and the [[Kingdom of Germany]] ({{langx|la|Regnum Teutonicum}}), from [[Treaty of Verdun|the division]] of the [[Francia|Frankish Empire]] in 843 and [[Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire|the collapse]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806 until [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|the collapse]] of the [[German Empire]] in 1918:

==East Francia (843–962)==
===Carolingian dynasty===
{{Main|Carolingian dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Seal/Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="13%" | King
! width="13%" | Emperor
! width="13%" | Ended
! width="30%" | Notes
! width="3%" | R.
|-
|[[File:Ludwig der Deutsche.jpg|100px]]
Inaccurate{{efn|The depiction on Louis the German's seal is of Roman emperor Hadrian, not himself.}}
|[[Louis the German|Louis II the German]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>(Ludwig der Deutsche)</small><ref>His father [[Louis the Pious]] is both ''[[Louis I of France]]'' and ''[[Louis I of Germany]]''.</ref>
|{{Circa}}10 August 843
|—
|28 August 876
|Son of Emperor [[Louis the Pious]] and grandson of [[Charlemagne]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludwig der Deutsche |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118863746.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Carloman_of_Bavaria.png|100px]]
Non-contemporary
|[[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]]<br><small>(Karlmann)</small>
|28 August 876
|—
|22 March 880
|Son of [[Louis the German]] ruled in [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]; from 876, also [[King of Italy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karlman |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118640127.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Louis_the_Younger_of_Saxony.PNG|100px]]
Non-contemporary
|[[Louis the Younger|Louis III the Younger]]<br><small>(Ludwig der Jüngere)</small>
|22 March 880
|—
|20 January 882
|Son of [[Louis the German]] ruled in [[East Francia]], [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]]; from 880, also [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis III |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-III-king-of-the-East-Franks |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|date=22 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sceau_de_Charles_le_gros.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Charles III the Fat]]'''<br><small>&nbsp;(Karl der Dicke)</small><ref>Enumerated after Emperor [[Charles the Great]] (''[[Charlemagne]]'') and [[Charles II the Bald]].</ref>
|20 January 882
|12 February 881
|{{Circa}}17 November 887
|Son of [[Louis the German]] ruled in [[Alemannia]], [[Raetia]], from 882 in the entire Eastern Kingdom; from 880, also [[King of Italy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl III |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118630938.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Seal_of_Arnulph_of_Carinthia_(896).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Arnulf of Carinthia]]'''<br><small>(Arnulf von Kärnten)</small>
|{{Circa}}27 November 887
|25 April 896
|8 December 899
|Illegitimate son of [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]] 
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnulf |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118650440.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arnulf |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arnulf-Holy-Roman-emperor |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Louis the Child.jpg|180x180px]]Non-contemporary
|[[Louis the Child|Louis IV the Child]]<br><small>(Ludwig das Kind)</small>
|8 December 899
|—
|24 September 911
|Son of [[Arnulf of Carinthia]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludwing das Kind |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118729462.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis IV |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-king-of-the-East-Franks |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|date=22 March 2024 }}</ref>
|}

===Conradine dynasty===
{{Main|Conradines}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Portrait 
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
!R.
|-
|[[File:The King Conrad I enthroned.jpg|109x109px]]Non-contemporary
|[[Conrad I of Germany|Conrad I]]<br><small>(Konrad I.)</small>
|10 November 911
|—
|23 December 918
|Elected by the nobility
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konrad I. |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd119308339.html |website=[[Neue Deutsche Biographie]]}}</ref>
|}

===Ottonian dynasty===
{{Main|Ottonian dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Seal/Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
!R.
|-
|[[File:Siegel Heinrich I Posse.JPG|100px|]]
|[[Henry the Fowler|Henry I the Fowler]]<br><small>(Heinrich I. der Vogler)</small>
|14 / 24 May 919
|—
|2 July 936
|Elected by the nobility
|<ref>[[Johann Friedrich Böhmer|Böhmer, Johann Friedrich]]. (1893). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LYWK3tKtRlMC&pg=PA4 Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Herrschern aus dem Sæchsischen Hause, 919-1024]''. p. 4. "Der wahltag ist nicht überliefert... er fallt vielmehr zwischen 12. und 24. mai 919". [The day of the election is not recorded... but it falls between 12 and 24 May 919]</ref>
|-
|[[File:Arnulf II. Pfalzgraf von Bayern.jpg|frameless|155x155px]]Non-contemporary
|[[Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria|Arnulf the Evil]]<br><small>(Arnulf der Böse)</small>
|919
|—
|921
|Rival king to Henry I, member of the [[Luitpoldings]]
|
|}

==Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)==
The title "[[King of the Romans]]", used in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], was, from the coronation of Henry II, considered equivalent to King of Germany. A king was chosen by the German electors and would then proceed to Rome to be [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|crowned emperor by the pope]].

===Ottonian dynasty (continued)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Otto I (HRE).jpg|138x138px]]Non-contemporary
|'''[[Otto the Great|Otto I the Great]]'''<br><small>(Otto I. der Große)</small>
|2 July 936
|2 February 962
|7 May 973
|Son of Henry I; first king crowned in [[Aachen Cathedral]] since [[Lothair I]]; crowned as Otto by the grace of God King;<ref name="Smyth">''Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in medieval Europe'' By Alfred P. Smyth, Palgrave Macmillan (1998), p. 64</ref> crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 962
|-
|[[File:Otto II (HRE).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II the Red]]'''<br><small>(Otto II. der Rote)</small>
|26 May 961
|25 December 967
|7 December 983
|Son of Otto I;<br>Otto by the grace of God King<ref name="Smyth" /> under his father 961–973;<br>also crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] in his father's lifetime
|-
|[[File:Clm 4453 fol 24r Detail Herrscherbild.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]'''<br><small>(Otto III.)</small>
|25 December 983
|21 May 996
|21 January 1002
|Son of Otto II; Otto by the grace of God King<ref name="Smyth" />
|-
|[[File:Kronung Heinrich II.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II the Saint]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich II. der Heilige)</small>
|7 June 1002
|26 April 1014
|13 July 1024
|Great-grandson of Henry I
|}

===Salian dynasty===
{{Main|Salian dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Seal/Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Conrad II (HRE).jpg|100px]]
Non-contemporary
|'''[[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]]'''<br><small>(Konrad II.)</small>
|8 September 1024
|26 March 1027
|4 June 1039
|Great-great-grandson of Otto I
|-
|[[File:Heinrich III. (HRR) Miniatur.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich III.)</small>
|14 April 1028
|25 December 1046
|5 October 1056
|Son of Conrad II;<br>King (of the Germans?)<ref name="Smyth" /> under his father 1028–1039
|-
|[[File:Heinrich 4 g.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich IV.)</small>
|17 July 1054
|21 March 1084
|31 December 1105
|Son of Henry III;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1054–1056
|-
|[[File:Grabplatte Rudolf von Rheinfelden Detail.JPG|100px]]
|[[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]]<br><small>(Rudolf von Rheinfelden)</small>
|15 March 1077
|—
|15 October 1080
|Rival king to Henry IV; member of the [[Rheinfelden (Aargau)|Rheinfeld]].
|-
|[[File:Town Hall Eisleben-Smaller Detail.jpg|100px]]
|[[Hermann of Salm]]<br><small>(Hermann von Salm)</small>
|6 August 1081
|—
|28 September 1088
|Rival king to Henry IV; member of the [[Salm family]].
|-
|[[File:Conrad II of Italy.jpg|100px]]
Non-contemporary
|[[Conrad II of Italy|Conrad]]<br><small>(Konrad)</small>
|30 May 1087
|—
|27 July 1101
|Son of Henry IV;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1087–1098,<br>King of Italy, 1093–1098, 1095–1101 in rebellion.
|-
|[[File:Prüfening Klosterkirche - Romanische Fresken 3a König Heinrich V (cropped).jpg|206x206px]]Non-contemporary
|'''[[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich V.)</small>
|6 January 1099
|13 April 1111
|23 May 1125
|Son of Henry IV;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1099–1105, forced his father to abdicate
|}

===Supplinburger dynasty===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Seal/Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|'''[[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]]'''<br><small>(Lothar III.)</small>
|13 September 1125
|4 June 1133
|4 December 1137
|He was Lothair II of Germany, but Lothair III of Italy
|}

===Hohenstaufen dynasty===
{{Main|Hohenstaufen}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Seal/Portrait
! width="18%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="36%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Konrad III Miniatur 13 Jahrhundert.jpg|80px]]Non-contemporary
|[[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]<br><small>(Konrad III.)</small>
|7 March 1138
|—
|15 February 1152
|Grandson of Henry IV (through his mother);<br>Previously rival king to Lothair III 1127–1135
|-
|
|[[Henry Berengar]]<br><small>(Heinrich (VI.))</small>
|30 March 1147
|—
|August? 1150
|Son of Conrad III;<br>King of Germany under his father 1147–1150
|-
|[[File:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik 1-1000x1540.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I Barbarossa]]'''<br><small>(Friedrich I. Barbarossa)</small>
|4 March 1152
|18 June 1155
|10 June 1190
|Nephew of Conrad III
|-
|[[File:Kaiser Heinrich VI. im Codex Manesse.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|'''[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich VI.)</small>
|15 August 1169
|15 April 1191
|28 September 1197
|Son of Frederick I;<br>King of Germany under his father 1169–1190
|-
|[[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|100px]]
|[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]<br><small>(Friedrich II. Stupor mundi)</small>
|1196
|—
|1198
|Son of Henry VI;<br>King of Germany under his father 1196–1198<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Kamp |first=N |title=Federico II di Svevia, imperatore, re di Sicilia e di Gerusalemme, re dei Romani|url= http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-ii-di-svevia-imperatore-re-di-sicilia-e-di-gerusalemme-re-dei-romani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |publisher=Treccani |access-date=26 May 2019 |lang=it |year=1995 |volume=45}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Vad-0321 040 Philipp von Schwaben.jpg|80px]]Non-contemporary
|[[Philip of Swabia]]<br><small>(Philipp von Schwaben)</small>
|8 March 1198
|—
|21 June 1208
|Son of Frederick I; [[German throne dispute#The double election|rival king]] to Otto IV
|-
! colspan="6" |
|-
|[[File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]'''<br><small>(Otto IV.)</small>
|9 June 1198
|21 October 1209
|1215
|Great-grandson of Lothair III, member of the '''[[House of Welf]]'''; later opposed by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]; deposed, 1215; died 19 May 1218
|-
! colspan="6" |
|-
|[[File:Frederick II and eagle.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]'''<br><small>(Friedrich II. Stupor mundi)</small>
|5 December 1212
|22 November 1220
|26 December 1250
|Son of Henry VI;<br>Rival king to Otto IV until 5 July 1215
|-
|[[File:Henry 7 of Germany.jpg|100px]]
|[[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry]]<br><small>(Heinrich (VII.))</small>
|April 1220
|—
|2 July 1235
|Son of Frederick II;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1220–1235
|-
|[[File:Seal of Conrad IV of Germany.jpeg|100px]]
|[[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]]<br><small>(Konrad IV.)</small>
|February 1237
|—
|21 May 1254
|Son of Frederick II;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1237–1250
|}

===Interregnum===
{{Further|Interregnum (HRE)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="8%"  | Coat of arms
! width="12%" | Name
! width="10%" | House
! width="10%" | King
! width="10%" | Emperor
! width="10%" | Ended
! width="30%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Heinrich Raspe.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of the house of Hesse (1200-1450).svg|80px|]]
|[[Henry Raspe]]<br><small>(Heinrich Raspe)</small>
|[[Thuringia]]
|22 May 1246
|—
|16 February 1247
|Rival King to [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and great-great-great-grandson of [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]
|-
|[[File:Seal of William II of Holland, King of the H.R. Empire.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Wapen graafschap Holland.svg|80px|]]
|[[William II of Holland|William of Holland]]<br><small>(Wilhelm von Holland)</small>
|[[Count of Holland|Holland]]
|3 October 1247
|—
|28 January 1256
||Rival King to 
[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]] 1247–1254
|-
|[[File:Richard Cornwall.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Richard of Cornwall, Earl of Cornwall.svg|80px|]]
|[[Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Richard of Cornwall]]<br><small>(Richard von Cornwall)</small>
|[[Plantagenet]]
|13 January 1257
|—
|2 April 1272
|Brother-in-law of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] rival king to [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso of Castile]] held no real authority.
|-
|[[File:Alfonso X el Sabio en El libro de los juegos.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (1230-1284).svg|80px|]]
|[[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso of Castile]]<br><small>(Alfons von Kastilien)</small>
|[[Anscarids|House of Ivrea]]
|1 April 1257
|—
|1275
|Grandson of Philip; rival king to [[Richard of Cornwall]] held no authority; later opposed by [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]] relinquished claims 1275, died 1284
|}

===Changing dynasties===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="8%"  | Coat of arms
! width="12%" | Name
! width="10%" | House
! width="10%" | King
! width="10%" | Emperor
! width="10%" | Ended
! width="30%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Rudolf von Habsburg Speyer.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Counts of Habsbourg.svg|80px|]]
|[[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]]<br><small>(Rudolf I. von Habsburg)</small>
|[[Habsburg]]
|1 October 1273<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Abulafia |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=McKitterick |editor-first2=Rosamond
 |date=1999 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_New_Cambridge_Medieval_History_Volum/bclfdU_2lesC?hl=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=395 |isbn=9780521362894 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |quote=Once again a league of prominent episcopal and imperial towns wished to acknowledge only a unanimously chosen king, and sent delegates to the electors' meeting in Frankfurt. On 1 October 1273 all the electors except the absent Ottokar of Bohemia voted for Rudolf, count of Habsburg.}}</ref>
|—
|15 July 1291
|First of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]]
|-
|[[File:Adolf von nassau montanus.JPG|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Wapen Nassauw.svg|80px|]]
|[[Adolf, King of Germany|Adolf of Nassau]]<br><small>(Adolf von Nassau)</small>
|[[House of Nassau|Nassau]]
|5 May 1292
|—
|23 June 1298
|According to some historians, Adolf's election was preceded by the short-lived kingship of [[Conrad II of Teck|Conrad, Duke of Teck]]. See his article for details.
|-
|[[File:Albrecht Erste Habsburg.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Arms of the Archduchy of Austria.svg|80px|]]
|[[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]]<br><small>(Albrecht I. von Habsburg)</small>
|[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
|24 June 1298
|—
|1 May 1308
|Son of Rudolf I; Rival king to Adolf of Nassau, 1298
|-
|[[File:Henry Lux head.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Arms of the Counts of Luxembourg.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]]'''<br><small>(Heinrich VII.)</small>
|[[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|27 November 1308
|29 June 1312
|24 August 1313
|[[Holy Roman Emperor]]
|-
|[[File:Ludovico il Bavaro.jpeg|100px]]
|[[File:Bavaria Wittelsbach coa medieval.svg|80px|]]
|[[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Louis IV''' (V)<br>'''the Bavarian''']]<br><small>(Ludwig der Bayer)</small>
|[[Wittelsbach]]
|20 October 1314
|17 January 1328
|11 October 1347
|Grandson of Rudolf I; rival king to Frederick the Fair, 1314–1322
|-
|[[File:Frederick III the Fair.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Arms of the Archduchy of Austria.svg|80px|]]
|[[Frederick the Fair]]<br><small>(Friedrich der Schöne)</small>
|[[Habsburg]]
|19 October 1314/<br>5 September 1325
|—
|28 September 1322/<br>13 January 1330
|Son of Albert I;<br>rival king to Louis IV, 1314–1322;<br>associate king with Louis IV, 1325–1330
|-
|[[File:Charles IV-John Ocko votive picture-fragment.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Insigne Cechicum.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]]'''<br><small>(Karl IV.)</small>
|[[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|11 July 1346
|5 April 1355
|29 November 1378
|Grandson of Henry VII; rival king to Louis IV, 1346–1347; <br>also [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]], [[King of Italy]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
|-
|[[File:Guenther von schwarzburg.jpg|80px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:CoA Schwarzburg County.svg|80px|]]
|[[Günther von Schwarzburg]]<br><small>(Günther von Schwarzburg)</small>
|[[House of Schwarzburg|Schwarzburg]]
|30 January 1349
|—
|24 May 1349
|Rival king to Charles IV
|-
|[[File:Vaclav of Bohemia.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of the Counts of Luxembourg.svg|80px|]]
|[[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]]<br><small>(Wenzel von Böhmen)</small>
|[[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|10 June 1376
|—
|20 August 1400
|Son of Charles IV; king of Germany under his father 1376–1378; deposed 1400; <br>also by inheritance [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]]; died 1419
<!-- This entry seems dubious and possibly legendary. Apparently no evidence that he was elected. 
|-
|[[Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]<br><small>(Friedrich von Braunschweig und Lüneburg)</small>
|
|[[House of Welf|Welf]]
|1400
|—
|1400
|Rival King to Wenceslaus {{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} -->
|-
|[[File:Rupert I of Germany.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Armoiries Bavière-Palatinat.svg|80px|]]
|[[Rupert, King of Germany|Rupert of the Palatinate]]<br><small>(Ruprecht von der Pfalz)</small>
|[[Wittelsbach]]
|21 August 1400
|—
|18 May 1410
|Great-grandnephew of Louis IV
|-
|[[File:Pisanello 024b.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Sigismund Arms Hungarian Czech per pale.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]'''<br><small>(Sigismund)</small>
|[[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|10 September 1410<br />/21 July 1411
|3 May 1433
|9 December 1437
|Son of Charles IV
|-
|[[File:Jošt Lucemburský.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Armoiries Josse de Luxembourg.svg|80px|]]
|[[Jobst of Moravia]]<br><small>(Jobst von Mähren)</small>
|[[House of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|1 October 1410
|—
|8 January 1411
|Nephew of Charles IV; rival king to Sigismund
|}

=== Habsburg dynasty ===
{{Main|House of Habsburg}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100% "
|-
! width="10%" | Image
! width="8%"  | Coat of arms
! width="12%" | Name
! width="12%" | King
! width="12%" | Emperor
! width="12%" | Ended
! width="34%" | Notes
|-
|[[File:Albrecht II. von Habsburg.jpg|100px]]Non-contemporary
|[[File:Arms of Albert II of Habsbourg (Variant).svg|80px|]]
|[[Albert II of Germany|Albert II]]<br><small>(Albrecht II.)</small>
|17 March 1438<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Decaluwé |editor-first1=Michiel |editor-last2=Izbicki |editor-first2=Thomas M. |editor-last3=Christianson |editor-first3=Gerald |date=November 2016 |title=A Companion to the Council of Basel |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |page=28 |isbn=9789004222649 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Companion_to_the_Council_of_Basel/CyZoDQAAQBAJ?hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref>
|—
|27 October 1439
|4th in descent from Albert I;<br>son-in-law of Sigismund
|-
|[[File:Hans Burgkmair d. Ä. 005.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]'''<br><small>(Friedrich III.)</small>
|2 February 1440
|16 March 1452
|19 August 1493
|4th in descent from Albert I; 2nd cousin of Albert II
|-
|[[File:Albrecht Dürer - Portrait of Maximilian I - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]'''<br><small>(Maximilian I.)</small>
|16 February 1486
|4 February 1508
|12 January 1519
|Son of Frederick III; King of Germany under his father, 1486–1493; assumed the title "Elected Emperor" in 1508 with the pope's approval
|-
|[[File:Elderly Karl V.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I as King of Spain -Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]'''<br><small>(Karl V.)</small>
|28 June 1519
|28 June 1519
|3 August 1556
|Grandson of Maximilian I; died 21 September 1558. Last Emperor to receive the imperial coronation from the Pope.
|-
|[[File:Hans Bocksberger der Aeltere 001.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]'''<br><small>(Ferdinand I.)</small>
|5 January 1531
|27 August 1556
|25 July 1564
|Grandson of Maximilian I; brother of Charles V; King of Germany under his brother Charles V 1531–1556; last king to be crowned in [[Aachen Cathedral]]. Emperor
|-
|[[File:Nicolas Neufchâtel 002.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]]'''<br><small>(Maximilian II.)</small>
|22 November 1562
|25 July 1564
|12 October 1576
|Son of Ferdinand I;<br>King of Germany under his father 1562–1564
|-
|[[File:AACHEN, Hans von - Portrait of Emperor Rudolf II - WGA.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]]'''<br><small>(Rudolf II.)</small>
|27 October 1575
|12 October 1576
|20 January 1612
|Son of Maximilian II;<br>King of Germany under his father, 1575–1576
|-
|[[File:Lucas van Valckenborch - Emperor Matthias as Archduke, with baton.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]]'''<br><small>(Matthias)</small>
|13 June 1612
|13 June 1612
|20 March 1619
|Son of Maximilian II
|-
|[[File:Kaiser Ferdinand II. 1614.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]]'''<br><small>(Ferdinand II.)</small>
|28 August 1619
|28 August 1619
|15 February 1637
|Grandson of Ferdinand I
|-
|[[File:Jan van den Hoecke - Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand III.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]'''<br><small>(Ferdinand III.)</small>
|22 December 1636
|15 February 1637
|2 April 1657
|Son of Ferdinand II;<br>King of Germany under his father 1636–1637
|-
|[[File:Frans Luyckx - Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Ferdinand III and Ferdinand VI as Kings of the Romans.svg|80px|]]
|[[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]]<br><small>(Ferdinand IV.)</small>
|31 May 1653
|—
|9 July 1654
|Son of Ferdinand III;<br>King of Germany under his father
|-
|[[File:Benjamin von Block 001.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]]'''<br><small>(Leopold I.)</small>
|18 July 1658
|18 July 1658
|5 May 1705
|Son of Ferdinand III
|-
|[[File:JosephI.1705.JPG|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (variant).svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]'''<br><small>(Josef I.)</small>
|23 January 1690
|5 May 1705
|17 April 1711
|Son of Leopold I; King of Germany under his father 1690–1705
|-
|[[File:Workshop of Jacob van Schuppen - Portrait of Emperor Karl VI.png|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]'''<br><small>(Karl VI.)</small>
|12 October 1711
|12 October 1711
|20 October 1740
|Son of Leopold I
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
|[[File:Carl Albrecht VII, by workshop of George Desmarees.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Charles VII Albert, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VII]]'''<br><small>(Karl VII.)</small>
|24 January 1742
|24 January 1742
|20 January 1745
|Member of the '''[[House of Wittelsbach]]'''. Great-great-grandson of Ferdinand II; Husband of [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia]], daughter of Joseph I
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
|[[File:Martin van Meytens 006.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]'''<br><small>(Franz I.)</small>
|13 September 1745
|13 September 1745
|18 August 1765
|Husband of Maria Theresa I
|-
|[[File:Carl von Sales Bildnis Joseph II posthum 1823.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]'''<br><small>(Joseph II.)</small>
|27 March 1764
|18 August 1765
|20 February 1790
|Son of Maria Theresa I and Francis I; King of Germany under his mother and father 1764–1765
|-
|[[File:Mengs, Anton Raphael - Pietro Leopoldo d'Asburgo Lorena, granduca di Toscana - 1770 - Prado.jpg|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Leopold II and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperors-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]]'''<br><small>(Leopold II.)</small>
|30 September 1790
|30 September 1790
|1 March 1792
|Son of Maria Theresa I and Francis I
|-
|[[File:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor at age 25, 1792.png|100px]]
|[[File:Arms of Leopold II and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperors-Or shield variant.svg|80px|]]
|'''[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]]'''<br><small>(Franz II.)</small>
|5 July 1792
|5 July 1792
|6 August 1806
|Son of Leopold II; Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; also [[Emperor of Austria]] 1804–1835; President of the German Confederation (1815-1835), died 1835
|}

==Modern Germany (1806–1918)==
===Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | House
! scope="col" | Began
! scope="col" | Ended
|-
|[[Napoleon I]]<br>Emperor of the French<br />King of Italy
|[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
|[[Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine]]
|[[File:Arms of the French Empire3.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]]
|12 July 1806
|19 October 1813

|-
|[[Karl Theodor von Dalberg]],<br>Prince-Archbishop of [[Principality of Regensburg|Regensburg]]<br>Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]]
|[[File:Portrait of Karl Theodor von Dalberg by Franz Stirnbrand.jpg|100px]]
|[[Prince-primate]] of the<br>[[Confederation of the Rhine]]
|[[File:Wappen Großherzogtum Frankfurt.svg|80px|]]<br />[[Dalberg]]
|25 July 1806
|26 October 1813
|-
|[[Eugène de Beauharnais]],<br>Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]]
|[[File:EugeneBeau.jpg|100px]]
|[[Prince-primate]] of the<br>[[Confederation of the Rhine]]
|[[File:Blason Eugène de Beauharnais (1781-1824).svg|80px|]]<br />[[House of Beauharnais|Beauharnais]]
|26 October 1813
|December<br />1813
|}

===German Confederation (1815–1866)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | House
! scope="col" | Began
! scope="col" | Ended
|-
|[[Francis I of Austria|Francis I]],<br>[[Emperor of Austria]]<br><small>(Franz I., Kaiser von Österreich)</small>
|[[File:Joseph Kreutzinger - Kaiser Franz I.jpg|125x125px]]
|Head of the presiding power
''(Präsidialmacht)'' Austria<ref name="Ernst Rudolf Huber 1830. p. 589">Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789''. Vol. I: ''Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830.'' 2nd edition, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], [[Stuttgart]] [et.al.] 1967, p. 589.</ref>
|[[File:Genealogical arms House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1806.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Habsburg-Lorraine]]
|20 June 1815
|2 March 1835
|-
|[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]],<br>[[Emperor of Austria]]<br><small>(Ferdinand I., Kaiser von Österreich)</small>
|[[File:Kaiser Ferdinand I.jpg|100px]]
||Head of the presiding power<br>''(Präsidialmacht)'' Austria<ref name="Ernst Rudolf Huber 1830. p. 589"/>
|[[File:Genealogical arms House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1806.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Habsburg-Lorraine]]
|2 March 1835
|12 July 1848
|-
|[[Archduke John of Austria]]<br><small>(Erzherzog Johann von Österreich)</small>
|[[File:Leopold Kupelwieser - Erzherzog Johann.jpg|100px]]
|Regent ''([[Reichsverweser]])'' <br>of the [[German Empire (1848–49)|revolutionary German Empire]]<ref>Ernst Rudolf Huber: ''Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789''. Vol. I: ''Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830.'' 2nd edition, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart [et.al.] 1967, pp. 625–627, 808.</ref>
|[[File:Genealogical arms House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1806.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Habsburg-Lorraine]]
|12 July 1848
|20 December 1849
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]],<br>[[King of Prussia]]<br><small>(Friedrich Wilhelm IV., König von Preußen)</small>
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Frederick William IV (1795-1861).jpg|127x127px]]
|''Emperor of the Germans'' elect<ref>Elected ''Emperor of the Germans'' by the [[Frankfurt National Assembly]] on 28 March 1849, but refused the crown on 28 April 1849. 
Manfred Botzenhart: ''Deutscher Parlamentarismus in der Revolutionszeit 1848–1850''. Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, pp. 697/698.</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Wappen Hohenzollern 2.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Hohenzollern]]
|28 March 1849 || 28 April 1849
|-
|Presidium of the Union<br>(''Unionsvorstand'') of the [[Erfurt Union]]<ref>''Anlage II: Additional-Akte zu dem Entwurf der Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs''. In: Thüringer Landtag Erfurt (ed.): ''150 Jahre Erfurter Unionsparlament (1850–2000)'' (= Schriften zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Thüringen. H. 15) Wartburg Verlag, Weimar 2000, {{ISBN|3-86160-515-5}}, S. 27–44, here pp. 185–187.</ref>
|26 May 1849
|29 November 1850
|-
|[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Francis Joseph I]],<br>[[Emperor of Austria]]<br><small>(Franz Joseph I., Kaiser von Österreich)</small>
|[[File: Franz Joseph of Austria young.jpg|100px]]
|Head of the presiding power<br>''(Präsidialmacht)'' Austria
|[[File:Genealogical arms House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1806.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Habsburg-Lorraine]]
|1 May 1850
|24 August 1866
|}

===North German Confederation (1867–1871)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | House
! scope="col" | Began
! scope="col" | Ended
|-
|[[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]],<br>[[King of Prussia]]<br><small>(Wilhelm I, König von Preußen)</small>
| [[File:Kaiser Wilhelm I. .JPG|100px|center]]
|Holder of the ''[[Bundespräsidium]]'' of the<br>North German Confederation
|[[File:Wappen Hohenzollern 2.svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Hohenzollern]]
|1 July 1867
|1 January 1871<ref name="Ernst Rudolf Huber 1789">Ernst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3. Auflage, [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1988, S. 750/751.</ref>
|}

===German Empire (1871–1918)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | House
! scope="col" | Began
! scope="col" | Ended
|-
|[[William I, German Emperor|'''Wilhelm I''']]<br><small>Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig</small>
| [[File:Kaiser Wilhelm I. .JPG|100px|center]]
|[[File:Wappenschild des Deutschen Kaiserreiches (1889-1918).svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Hohenzollern]]
|1 January 1871<ref name="Ernst Rudolf Huber 1789"/>
|9 March 1888
|-
|[[Frederick III, German Emperor|'''Friedrich III''']]<br><small>Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl</small>
| [[File:Emperor Friedrich III.png|100px|center]]
|[[File:Wappenschild des Deutschen Kaiserreiches (1889-1918).svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Hohenzollern]]
|9 March 1888
|15 June 1888
|-
|'''[[Wilhelm II]]'''<br><small>Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert</small>
| [[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|100px|center]]
|[[File:Wappenschild des Deutschen Kaiserreiches (1889-1918).svg|80px|]]<br/>[[Hohenzollern]]
|15 June 1888
|28 November 1918<ref>His abdication was announced by the Chancellor on 9 November, and the Emperor went into exile in the Netherlands. He did not formally abdicate until 28 November.</ref>
|}

==Note on titles==
#The Kingdom of Germany started out as the eastern section of the [[Francia|Frankish kingdom]], which was split by the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843. The rulers of the eastern area thus called themselves ''rex'' ''Francorum'' ("king of the Franks"), ''rex Francorum orientalium'' ("king of the East Franks"), and later just ''rex''. A reference to the "Germans", indicating the emergence of a German nation of some sort, did not appear until the eleventh century, when the pope referred to his enemy [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] as ''rex teutonicorum'', king of the [[theodiscus|Germans]],<!--*not* [[Teutons]], the term is distinguished by use of the -icus suffix, teutonici != teutoni--> in order to brand him as a foreigner. The kings reacted by consistently using the title ''rex Romanorum'', [[king of the Romans]], to emphasize their universal rule even before becoming emperor. This title remained until the end of the Empire in 1806, though after 1508 emperors-elect added "king in Germany" to their titles. (Note: in this and related entries, the kings are called ''kings of Germany'', for clarity's sake)
#The [[Kingdom of Germany]] was never entirely hereditary; rather, ancestry was only one of the factors that determined the succession of kings. During the 10th to 13th centuries, the king was formally elected by the leading nobility in the realm, continuing the Frankish tradition. Gradually the election became the privilege of a group of princes called [[prince-elector|electors]], and the [[Golden Bull of 1356]] formally defined election proceedings.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=of6cAAAAQBAJ&dq=golden+bull+1356&pg=PA155 Germany - Britannica Educational Publishing]</ref>
#In the Middle Ages, the king did not assume the title "emperor" (from 982 the full title was ''Imperator Augustus Romanorum'', Venerable Emperor of the Romans) until crowned by the pope. Moving to Italy, he was usually first crowned with the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]], after which he assumed the title of ''rex Italiae'', [[king of Italy]]. After this, he would ride on to Rome and be [[coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|crowned emperor]] by the pope.
#[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] was the first king to bear the title of emperor-elect. After his march to Rome for his Imperial coronation failed in 1508, he had himself proclaimed emperor-elect with papal consent.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Terjanian |editor-first1=Pierre |title=The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I |date=2 October 2019 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-674-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-anDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |access-date=5 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His successor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] also assumed that title after his coronation in 1520 until he was crowned emperor by the pope in 1530. From [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] onwards, all emperors did not get crowned by the Pope anymore. At the same time, chosen successors of the emperors held the title of king of the Romans, if elected by the college of electors during their predecessor's lifetime.

Emperors are listed in '''bold'''. Rival kings, anti-kings, and junior co-regents are ''italicized''.

==See also==
* [[German Emperor]]
* [[Family tree of German monarchs]]
* [[List of German monarchs in 1918]]
* [[List of German queens]]
* [[Emperor of Austria]]
** [[List of rulers of Austria]]
* [[King of Bavaria]]
** [[List of rulers of Bavaria]]
* [[List of monarchs of Prussia]]
* [[List of rulers of Saxony]]
* [[List of monarchs of Württemberg]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|position=left|Monarchs of Germany}}
{{Germanic monarchs}}
{{German monarchs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of German Monarchs}}
[[Category:Kings in Germany| 01]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Europe|Germany]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Germany|Monarchs, German]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Germany]]
[[Category:Early modern history of Germany]]
[[Category:East Francia]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Germany]]