Editing List of French monarchs

{{Short description|none}}
{{about|French kings beginning with the 843 Treaty of Verdun|kings before 843|List of Frankish kings}}
{{Featured list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 3
| total_width       = 272
| image1            = Robert Ier roi des Francs.jpg
| alt1              = 14th-century sketch of Robert the first, king of West Francia (922 to 923)
| image2            = HugoKapet kronika.jpg
| alt2              = 13th-century sketch of Hugh Capet, King of the Franks (987 to 996)
| image3            = Louis IX of France as depicted in an old miniature by Bernard Gui.jpg
| alt3              = 14th-century sketch of Louis IX of France (reigned 1226 to 1270)
| image4            = François Ier Louvre.jpg
| alt4              = Portrait of Francis I, King of France (reigned 1515 to 1547)
| image5            = King Henry IV of France.jpg
| alt5              = Portrait of Henry IV of France (reigned 1589 to 1610)
| image6            = Louis-xiv-lebrunl.jpg
| alt6              = painting of Louis XIV, circa 1661 (reigned 1643 to 1715)
| image7            = Louis XVI of France.jpg
| alt7              = 1774-1776 painting of Louis XVI (reigned 1774 to 1792)
| image8            = Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte by Jacques-Louis David, 1813.jpg
| alt8              = Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, ruled as emperor Napoleon I (1804 to 1814, and 1815)
| image9            = Napoleon III.jpg
| alt9              = Photograph of Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon; reigned 1852 to 1870)
| footer            = From top; left to right: [[Robert I of France|Robert I]], [[Hugh Capet]], [[Louis IX]], [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], [[Louis XIV]], [[Louis XVI]], [[Napoleon I]], [[Napoleon III]]
}}

[[File:Family tree of French monarchs 509–1870.svg|thumb|The family tree of Frankish and French monarchs (509–1870)]][[France]] was ruled by [[monarch]]s from the establishment of the kingdom of [[West Francia]] in 843 until the end of the [[Second French Empire]] in 1870, with several interruptions.

Classical French [[historiography]] usually regards [[Clovis I]], [[king of the Franks]] ({{Reign|507|511}}), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of [[West Francia]], after the fragmentation of the [[Carolingian Empire]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dk7ts3LH6bMC&pg=PA241 |title=Clovis chez les historiens |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=1996 |isbn=9782600055925 |editor-last=Guyotjeannin |editor-first=Olivier |pages=241ff |language=fr |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316200103/https://books.google.com/books?id=dk7ts3LH6bMC&pg=PA241 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sewell |first=Elizabeth Missing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pZJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Popular History of France |publisher=[[Longman]] |year=1876 |pages=48–49 |author-link=Elizabeth Missing Sewell}}</ref>

==Titles==

{{further|Style of the French sovereign}}
{{further|French monarchs family tree (simple)|French monarchs family tree}}

The kings used the title "King of the Franks" ({{langx|la|Rex Francorum}}) until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" ([[Latin]]: ''Rex Franciae''; [[French language|French]]: ''roi de France'') was [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aguilera-Barchet |first=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUsIBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=A History of Western Public Law |publisher=Springer |year=2014 |isbn=9783319118031 |pages=182 |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314001454/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUsIBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, ''Francorum Rex'' continued to be sometimes used, for example by [[Louis XII]] in 1499, by [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] in 1515, and by [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potter|first=David|year=2008|title=Renaissance France at War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbfJX2Y1bBkC&pg=PR8|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=9781843834052|page=viii}}</ref>

During the brief period when the [[French Constitution of 1791]] was in effect (1791–1792) and after the [[July Revolution]] in 1830, the [[style (manner of address)|style]] "[[Kingdom of the French|King of the French]]" (''roi des Français'') was used instead of "[[King of France]] (and [[King of Navarre|Navarre]])". It was a constitutional innovation known as [[popular monarchy]] which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France.<ref name="deploige">{{cite book |title=Mystifying the Monarch |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9789053567678 |editor-last=Deploige |editor-first=Jeroen |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=182 |editor2-last=Deneckere |editor2-first=Gita}}</ref>

With the [[House of Bonaparte]], the title "[[Emperor of the French]]" (''Empereur des Français'') was used in [[19th-century France]], during the [[First French Empire|first]] and [[Second French Empire|second]] French Empires, between 1804 and 1814, again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870.<ref>{{cite book|title=Histoire de Napoléon III|last=Pascal|first=Adrien|pages=359|publisher=Barbier|location=Paris, France|year=1853}}</ref>

From the 14th century down to 1801, the [[English claims to the French throne|English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France]], though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the [[Hundred Years' War]] when [[Henry VI of England]] had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France.

== Frankish kings (843–987) ==
{{about||earlier rulers|List of Frankish kings}}
=== Carolingian dynasty (843–887) ===
{{Main|Carolingian dynasty}}
The Carolingians were a [[Franks|Frankish]] noble family with origins in the [[Pippinids|Arnulfing and Pippinid]] clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of [[mayor of the palace]] and ''[[dux et princeps Francorum]]'' hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kings]]. The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], whose son [[Pepin the Short]] dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent of the [[Papacy]] and the aristocracy, was crowned [[King of the Franks]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Babcock|first=Philip|title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged|location=MA, US|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=1993|pages=341}}</ref> Under [[Charles the Great]] (r. 768–814), better known as "[[Charlemagne]]", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into [[Central Europe]], conquering [[Italy]] and most of modern [[Germany]]. He was also crowned "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" by the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German rulers of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

Charlemagne was succeeded by his son [[Louis the Pious]] (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a three-year-long civil war that ended with the [[Treaty of Verdun]], which divided [[Francia]] into three kingdoms, one of which ([[Middle Francia]]) was short-lived. Modern France developed from [[West Francia]], while [[East Francia]] became the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and later [[Germany]]. By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Susan |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomscommunit0000reyn/page/256/mode/2up |title=Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-19-821955-2 |location=Oxford |pages=256–257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Scales |first=Len |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qICADV-G-EC&pg=PA159 |title=The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521573337 |pages=155–182 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401152856/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qICADV-G-EC&pg=PA159 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Bibliothèque nationale de France - Bible de Vivien Ms. Latin 1 folio 423r détail Le comte Vivien offre le manuscrit de la Bible faite à l'abbaye de Saint-Martin de Tours à Charles le Chauve.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Bald|'''Charles II''' "the Bald"]]<ref name=":0" group="lower-alpha">[[Louis the Pious]] and [[Charlemagne]] are both enumerated as "'''Louis I'''" and "'''Charles I'''" in the lists of French ''and'' German monarchs.</ref>
|{{circa}} 10 August 843{{Efn-lr|Charles II was crowned emperor on 25 December 875. For later Frankish and German emperors, see [[Holy Roman Emperor]].}} – 6 October 877<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|843|8|10|877|10|10}})</small>
|Son of [[Louis the Pious]] and grandson of [[Charlemagne]]; recognized as king after the [[Treaty of Verdun]]
|13 June 823{{efn|Older scholars give his birth as 15 May,{{Sfnm|1a1=McCarty|1p=328|2a1=Peignot|2p=lv|3a1=de Wailly|3p=10}} the [[ides (calendar)|ides]] of May. However, ancient sources record his birth as 13 June, the ides of June.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/39/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 824.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025701/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/39/mode/1up |date=26 March 2023 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''V''', 39.</ref>}} – 6 October 877<br /><small>(aged 54)</small><hr />[[King of Aquitaine]] since 838. Crowned "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" on Christmas 875. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=328|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-Holy-Roman-emperor Charles II]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Louis II dit le Bègue.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis the Stammerer|'''Louis II''' "the Stammerer"]]{{Efn|Not to be confused with [[Louis II the German]], son of [[Louis the Pious]] and king of [[East Francia]] (Germany). Both French and German monarchs saw themselves as the successors of [[Charlemagne]], which is why many rulers share the same regnal name.}}
|6 October 877{{Efn-lr|Louis II was crowned on 8 December 877.{{sfn|Jackson|1995|loc=Vol 1, pp. 110–123}}}} – 10 April 879<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|877|10|6|879|4|10}})</small>
|Son of Charles the Bald
|1 November 846 – 10 April 879<br /><small>(aged 32)</small><hr />[[King of Aquitaine]] since 867. Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=328|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-II-king-of-France Louis II]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Louis III.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis III of France|'''Louis III''']]
|10 April 879{{Efn-lr|Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn|McKitterick|1995|p=137}} }} – 5 August 882<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|879|4|10|882|8|5}})</small>
|Son of Louis the Stammerer
|863 – 5 August 882{{efn|Scholars give his death as either 3,{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=189|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10}} 4,{{sfn|Peignot|p=lviii}} or 10 August,{{sfn|McCarty|p=327}} but ancient sources clearly indicates 5 August.<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html ''Annales Vedastini'' 882] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225034146/http://thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html |date=25 December 2010 }}. "[[Nones (calendar)|Nonis Augusti]]"</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 19)</small><hr />Ruled the North; died after hitting his head with a [[lintel]] while riding his horse.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lviii|2a1=Thoison|2p=189|3a1=McCarty|3p=328|4a1=Dutton|4y=1994|4p=227|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-III-king-of-France Louis III]}}
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Carloman II.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Carloman II]]'''
|10 April 879{{Efn-lr|Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn|McKitterick|1995|p=137}}}} – 6 December 884<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|879|4|10|884|12|6}})</small>
|Son of Louis the Stammerer
|866 – 6 December 884{{efn|Some modern sources give his death as "12 December", but this is a mistake.<ref>''[[Annales Vedastini]].'' [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html 884.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225034146/http://thelatinlibrary.com/annalesvedastini.html |date=25 December 2010 }} "...he survived seven more days, and died in the same place... in December, about 18 years of age."</ref><ref>''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item Obituaires de la province de Sens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006014533/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item |date=6 October 2022 }}'' I, p. 351. "[[Ides (calendar)|VIII id.]] [6 December]."</ref><ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/40/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 884.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025701/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_5/#page/40/mode/1up |date=26 March 2023 }} "[[Nones (calendar)|Non. Decemb.]] [5 December]".</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 18)</small><hr />Ruled the South; died after being accidentally stabbed by his servant.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lviii|2a1=Thoison|2p=189|3a1=Dutton|3y=1994|3p=227|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carloman-king-of-France-died-884 Carloman]}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau de Charles le gros.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Fat|'''Charles''' ('''III''') "the Fat"]]{{efn|[[Charles the Fat]] was initially king of [[East Francia]] ([[Germany]]) and [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Given that he was the third emperor with that name, he is also known as [[Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor|'''Charles III''']]. He must not to be confused with [[Charles the Simple]], who is also enumerated as '''[[Charles III of France|Charles III]]'''. This discrepancy originates from the regnal number adopted by [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], the first French king to assume one.{{sfn|Brunel|2007|p=79}}}}
|12 December 884{{Efn-lr|Charles the Fat was most likely crowned on 20 May 885.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=126}} He was already [[king of East Francia]] since 28 August 876. He was also crowned emperor on 12 February 881.<ref name=dbk>{{Citation | last= Schieffer | first= Theodor | title= Karl III | work= [[Neue Deutsche Biographie]] | volume= 11 | date= 1977 | pages= 181–184 | url= https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630938.html#ndbcontent | language= de | access-date= 21 July 2023 | archive-date= 21 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230721145227/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630938.html#ndbcontent | url-status= live }}</ref>}} – 11 November 887{{efn|This is the most accepted and cited date, although it is not entirely confirmed.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=194}}<ref name=dbk/>}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|884|12|6|887|11|11}})</small>
|Son of [[Louis II the German]], king of [[East Francia]], and grandson of [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]]
|839{{efn|In older sources his birth was dated to 832, but nowadays 839 is the accepted date.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=84}}}} – 13 January 888 <small><br/>(aged 48–49)</small><hr />[[King of East Francia]] since 876; crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] in 881. Last ruler to control all Frankish territories. Deposed by the nobility, later dying of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lv|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-III-Holy-Roman-emperor Charles III]}}
|}

=== Robertian dynasty (888–898) ===
{{Main|Robertians}}
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
| [[File:Denier de Blois sous Eudes de France.jpg|110px]]
| [[Odo of France|'''Odo''']]<br/><small>''Eudes'' or ''Odon''</small>
| 29 February 888{{Efn-lr|Odo was crowned on 29 February 888 and then again on 13 November.{{sfn|Jackson|1995|loc=Vol 1, pp. 133–138}}}} – 3 January 898<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|888|2|29|898|1|13}})</small>
| Son of [[Robert the Strong]]; elected king by the French nobles following the deposition of Charles. Initially rivaled by [[Guy III of Spoleto]] and [[Ranulf II of Aquitaine]]
| {{Circa}} 858 – 3 January 898{{efn|Odo's death is universally given as 1 January, as given by a late 13th century chronicle,<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up ''Annales S. Benigni Divionensis'' 899.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329212909/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up |date=29 March 2022 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''V''', 40.</ref> but the earliest source on the matter, from the early 11th century, records his death as 3 January.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up ''Annales Prumienses'' 898.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329212909/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_15_2/#page/1292/mode/1up |date=29 March 2022 }} [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]] '''XV'''(2), 1292.</ref> Another source, from the 13th century, records his death as 2 January.<ref>''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item Obituaires de la province de Sens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006014533/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k59033/f466.item |date=6 October 2022 }}'' I, p. 343.</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged approx. 40)</small><hr />Defended Paris from the [[Vikings]]; died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lix|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eudes-king-of-Franks Eudes]}}
|}

=== Carolingian dynasty (898–922) ===
{| class="wikitable" width="98%" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Denier sous Charles III le Simple.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles the Simple|'''Charles III''' "the Simple"]]
|3 January 898{{Efn-lr|Charles III was crowned on 28 January 893, in opposition to Odo.{{efn|See main entry for references.|name=nr}}}} – 29 June 922<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|898|1|3|922|6|29}})</small>
|Posthumous son of [[Louis II the Stammerer]]; proclaimed king in opposition to [[Odo of France|Odo]] in January 893
|17 September 879 – 7 October 929<br /><small>(aged 50)</small><hr />Deposed by Robert's followers; later captured by [[Herbert II, Count of Vermandois]]. Died in captivity{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=lix–lx|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-III-king-of-France Charles III]}}
|}

=== Robertian dynasty (922–923) ===
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
| [[File:Robert Ier roi des Francs.jpg|90px]]
Non-contemporary
| '''[[Robert I of France|Robert I]]'''
| 29 June 922{{Efn-lr|Robert I was crowned on 30 June 922.{{sfn|Champion|1976|pp=9–11}}}}– 15 June 923<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|922|6|29|923|6|15}})</small>
| Son of [[Robert the Strong]] and younger brother of Odo
| 865 – 15 June 923<br /><small>(aged 58)</small><hr />Killed at the [[Battle of Soissons (923)|Battle of Soissons]] against [[Charles the Simple|Charles III]]. Sole king to die in battle{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lx|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eudes-king-of-Franks Eudes]}}
|}

=== Bosonid dynasty (923–936) ===
{{Main|Bosonids}}
{| class="wikitable" width="98%" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
| [[File:Denier sous Raoul de France.jpg|110px]]
| [[Rudolph of France|'''Rudolph''']]<br/><small>''Rodolphe'' or ''Raoul''</small>
| 15 June 923{{Efn-lr|Rudolph was crowned on 13 July 923.{{efn||name=nr}}}}– 14 January 936<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|923|6|15|936|1|14}})</small>
| Son of [[Richard, Duke of Burgundy]] and son-in-law of Robert I
| [[Duke of Burgundy]] since 921. Died of illness after a reign of constant civil war and [[viking raids]]. Lost [[Lotharingia]] ([[Lorraine]]) to [[Henry I of Germany]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxi|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=189|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-king-of-France Rudolf]}}
|}

=== Carolingian dynasty (936–987) ===
{| width=98% class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="22%" |Succession
! width="24%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Denier Chinon 954, obverse.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis IV of France|'''Louis IV''' "from Overseas"]]
|19 June 936{{Efn-lr|Louis IV was crowned on 19 June 936, following a brief interregnum after the death of Rudolph.}} – 10 September 954<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|936|6|19|954|9|10}})</small>
|Son of [[Charles the Simple]], recalled to France after being exiled to [[Kingdom of England|England]]
|921 – 10 September 954<br /><small>(aged 33)</small><hr />Died after [[List of horse accidents|falling off his horse]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxi|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-king-of-France Louis IV]}}
|-
|[[File:Tête de la statue du roi Lothaire fab en 1140 (cropped).JPG|110px]]
|[[Lothair of France|'''Lothair''']]<br/>''Lothaire''
|10 September 954{{Efn-lr|Lothair was crowned on 12 November 954.}} – 2 March 986<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|954|9|10|986|3|2}})</small>
|Son of Louis IV
|941 – 2 March 986<br /><small>(aged 44)</small><hr />Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=lxii|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=Thoison|3p=190|4a1=McCarty|4p=329|5a1=''EB''|5loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lothar-king-of-France Lothar]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis V of France.jpg|110px]]
Non-contemporary 
|[[Louis V of France|'''Louis V''' "the Do-Nothing"]]
|2 March 986{{Efn-lr|Louis V was crowned on 8 June 979.}} – 22 May 987<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|986|3|2|987|5|22}})</small>
|Son of Lothair
|967 – 22 May 987{{efn|Some scholars give his death as 21 May, but contemporary sources give 22 May.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Richer|author-link=Richerus|orig-date=c. 995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObROYtrTZK0C&pg=PA147|title=Histoire de son temps|date=1845|publisher=J. Renouard|language=fr|page=147|volume=IV|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311211311/https://books.google.com/books?id=ObROYtrTZK0C&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br /><small>(aged 20)</small><hr />Died in a hunting accident{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=lxii–lxiii|2a1=de Wailly|2p=10|3a1=McCarty|3p=329|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-V Louis V]}}
|}

== Capetian dynasty (987–1792; 1814–1848) ==
{{main|Capetian dynasty}}

The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a [[Robertian]] who served as [[Duke of the Franks]] and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as [[Direct Capetian]] rule. Afterwards, it passed to the [[House of Valois]], a cadet branch that descended from [[Philip III of France|Philip III]]. The Valois claim was disputed by [[Edward III]], the [[Plantagenet]] king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his French mother [[Isabella of France|Isabella]]. The two houses fought the [[Hundred Years' War]] over the issue, and with [[Henry VI of England]] being for [[Treaty of Troyes|a time partially recognized as King of France]]. 

The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the [[French Wars of Religion]], to be replaced by the distantly related [[House of Bourbon]], which descended through the Direct Capetian [[Louis IX]]. The Bourbons ruled France until deposed in the [[French Revolution]], though they were [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restored to the throne]] after the fall of Napoleon. The last Capetian to rule was [[Louis Philippe I]], king of the [[July Monarchy]] (1830–1848), a member of the cadet [[House of Bourbon-Orléans]].

=== House of Capet (987–1328) ===
{{Main|House of Capet}}

The House of Capet are also commonly known as the "Direct Capetians".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:SceauHuguesCapet (cropped).PNG|110px]]
|[[Hugh Capet|'''Hugh''' "Capet"]]<br/><small>''Hugues{{efn|"Capet" ([[latin]]: ''Cappetus'') was not actually a name, but a nickname adopted by later historians. It probably derived from ''chappe'', an ecclesiastical mantle wore at the [[Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours]].{{sfn|Bodin|1840|p=43}}}}''</small>
| rowspan="8" |
|1 June 987{{Efn-lr|Hugh was elected and crowned king on 1 June 987, in [[Noyon]]. He was crowned again on 3 July in [[Paris]] by the [[archbishop of Reims]]. The latter date is usually regarded as the "official" start of the [[Capetian dynasty]].{{sfn|Havet|1891}}}} – 24 October 996<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|987|6|1|996|10|24}})</small>
|Elected king by the French nobles. Son of [[Hugh the Great]] and grandson of [[Robert I of France|Robert I]]{{efn|Hugh was also descendant of [[Charlemagne]]'s sons [[Louis the Pious]] and [[Pepin of Italy]] through his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]].{{sfn|Alcan|1892|pp=254–261}}}}
|{{Circa}} 941 – 24 October 996<br /><small>(aged c. 55)</small><hr />[[Duke of the Franks]] since 956. Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=10–16|2a1=Humphreys|2p=1|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugh-Capet Hugh]}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau de Robert II le pieux.jpg|110px]]
|[[Robert II of France|'''Robert II''' "the Pious"]]
|24 October 996{{Efn-lr|Robert II was crowned on 30 December 987.{{sfn|Havet|1891}}}} – 20 July 1031<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|996|10|24|1031|7|20}})</small>
|Only son of Hugh Capet
|{{Circa}} 970 – 20 July 1031<br /><small>(aged approx. 60)</small><hr />Married thrice, getting [[excommunicated]] by the Catholic Church. Incorporated the [[Duchy of Burgundy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=16–20|2a1=Humphreys|2p=2|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-II-king-of-France Robert II]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |''[[Hugh Magnus|Hughes]]<br/><small>(junior king)</small>''<ref name=":1" group="lower-alpha">Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as kings of France and are not given ordinals.</ref>
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |19 June 1017 – 17 September 1025<br/><small>(''under Robert II'')</small>
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |Son of Robert II
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |{{Circa}} 1007 – 17 September 1025<br /><small>(aged approx. 18)</small>{{Sfn|Peignot|p=17}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau du roi Henri Ier.jpg|110px]]
|[[Henry I of France|'''Henry I''']]<br/><small>''Henri''</small>
|20 July 1031{{Efn-lr|Henry I was crowned on 14 May 1027.}} – 4 August 1060<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1031|7|20|1060|8|4}})</small>
|Son of Robert II
|{{Circa}} 1005 – 4 August 1060<br /><small>(aged approx. 55)</small><hr />His reign was marked with internal struggle against feudal lords{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=20–22|2a1=Humphreys|2p=3|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-I-king-of-France Henry I]}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau du roi Philippe Ier.jpg|110px]]
|[[Philip I of France|'''Philip I''' "the Amorous"]]<br/><small>''Philippe''</small>
|4 August 1060{{Efn-lr|Philip I was crowned on 23 May 1059.}} – 29 July 1108<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1060|8|4|1108|7|29}})</small>
|Son of Henry I
|1052 – 29 July 1108<br /><small>(aged 56)</small><hr />Ruled under the regency of [[Anne of Kiev]] and [[Baldwin V, Count of Flanders|Count Baldwin V]] until 1066{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=190|2a1=Humphreys|2p=4|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-I-king-of-France Philip I]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis VI of France.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis VI of France|'''Louis VI''' "the Fat"]]
|29 July 1108{{Efn-lr|Louis VI was crowned on 3 August 1108.}} – 1 August 1137<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1108|7|29|1137|8|1}})</small>
|Son of Philip I
|1081 – 1 August 1137<br /><small>(aged 56)</small><hr />His reign contributed to the centralization of royal power. First king to wage [[Anglo-French Wars|war against the English]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=29–32|2a1=Humphreys|2p=5|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-VI Louis VI]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |''[[Philip of France (1116–1131)|Philippe]]<br/><small>(junior king)</small>''<ref name=":1" group="lower-alpha" />
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |14 April 1129 – 13 October 1131<br/><small>(''under Louis VI'')</small>
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |Son of Louis VI
| bgcolor="#fac8c8" |29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131 <br /><small>(aged 15)</small>{{Sfn|Peignot|p=29}}
|-
|[[File:Louis_7.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis VII of France|'''Louis VII''' "the Young"]]
|1 August 1137{{Efn-lr|Louis VII was crowned as a child on 25 October 1131, and again on 25 December 1137 alongside [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]].}} – 18 September 1180<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1137|8|1|1180|9|18}})</small>
|Son of Louis VI
|1120 – 18 September 1180<br /><small>(aged 60)</small><hr />Known for his rivalry with [[Henry II of England]] and his military campaigns during the [[Second Crusade]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=190|2a1=Humphreys|2p=6|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-VII Louis VII]}}
|-
|[[File:Sceau de Philippe Auguste. - Archives Nationales - SC-D157.jpg|110x110px]]
|[[Philip II of France|'''Philip II''' "Augustus"]] <br/><small>''Philippe Auguste''</small>
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg|75px]]
|18 September 1180{{Efn-lr|Philip II was crowned on 1 November 1179.}}– 14 July 1223<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1180|9|18|1223|7|14}})</small>
|Son of Louis VII
|21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223<br /><small>(aged 57)</small><hr />Regarded as one of the greatest French rulers. First monarch to style himself as "'''King of France'''"{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=190|2a1=Humphreys|2p=8|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-France Philip II]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis8.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis VIII of France|'''Louis VIII''' "the Lion"]]
|14 July 1223{{Efn-lr|Louis VIII was crowned on 6 August 1223.}}– 8 November 1226<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1223|7|14|1226|11|8}})</small>
|Son of Philip II
|5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226<br /><small>(aged 39)</small><hr />[[First Barons' War|Proclaimed king of England]] in 1216, after which he led an unsuccessful invasion{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=190|2a1=Humphreys|2p=10|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-VIII Louis VIII]}}
|-
|[[File:Saintlouis (cropped).jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis IX of France|'''Louis IX''' "the Saint"]]
|8 November 1226{{Efn-lr|Louis IX was crowned on 29 November 1226.}}– 25 August 1270<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1226|11|8|1270|8|25}})</small>
|Son of Louis VIII
|25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270<br /><small>(aged 56)</small><hr />Ruled under the regency of [[Blanche of Castile]] until 1234. Died during the [[8th Crusade]]; only king to be venerated by the [[Catholic Church]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=191|2a1=Humphreys|2p=11|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IX Louis IX]}}
|-
|[[File:Coronation Philip III 02 (cropped).jpg|110px]]
|[[Philip III of France|'''Philip III''' "the Bold"]] <br/><small>''Philippe''</small>
|25 August 1270{{Efn-lr|Philip III was crowned on 30 August 1271.}}– 5 October 1285<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1270|8|25|1285|10|5}})</small>
|Son of Louis IX
|3 April 1245 – 5 October 1285<br /><small>(aged 40)</small><hr />Greatly expanded French influence in Europe. Died of a fever{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=191|2a1=Humphreys|2p=12|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-III-king-of-France Philip III]}}
|-
|[[File:Philip iv and family 2 (detail crop2).jpeg|110px]]
|[[Philip IV of France|'''Philip IV''' "the Fair"]]<br/><small>''Philippe''</small>
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Arms of the Kingdom of France & Navarre (Ancien).svg|75px]]
|5 October 1285{{Efn-lr|Philip IV was crowned on 6 January 1286.}} – 29 November 1314<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1285|10|5|1314|11|29}})</small>
|Son of Philip III
|1268 – 29 November 1314<br /><small>(aged 46)</small><hr />[[King of Navarre]] (as '''Philip I''') since 16 August 1284, following his marriage with [[Joan I of Navarre|Joan I]]. Remembered for his [[Avignon Papacy|struggle with the Roman papacy]] and his consolidation of royal power, which helped to reduce the influence of feudal lords{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=191|2a1=Humphreys|2p=14|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-France Philip IV]}}
|-
|[[File:Ludvík X.png|110px]]
|[[Louis X of France|'''Louis X''' "the Quarreller"]]
|29 November 1314{{Efn-lr|Louis X was crowned on 24 August 1315.}}– 5 June 1316<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1314|11|29|1316|6|5}})</small>
|Son of Philip IV
|3 October 1289 – 5 June 1316<br /><small>(aged 26)</small><hr />[[King of Navarre]] (as '''Louis I''') since 2 April 1305. His short reign was marked by conflicts with the nobility{{Sfnm|1a1=McCarty|1p=330|2a1=Humphreys|2p=15|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-IV-king-of-France Philip IV]}}
|-
|[[File:JeanIposthume.JPG|110px]]
|[[John I of France|'''John I''' "the Posthumous"]] <br/><small>''Jean''</small>
|15–19 November 1316<br/><small>(4 days)</small>
|Posthumous son of Louis X
|King for the [[Child mortality|four days he lived]]; youngest and shortest undisputed monarch in French history{{efn|He lived from 15 to 19 November according to the continuator of [[Guillaume de Nangis]].<ref>Hercule Géraud (1843) ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545870g/f570.item Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis, de 1113 à 1300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128041350/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545870g/f570.item |date=28 January 2024 }}''. pp. 430–431.</ref> The ''Chronique Parisienne Anonyme de 1316 à 1339'' gives 13 and 18 November.<ref>Amedée Hellot (1884). ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5438578z/f31.item.texteImage Chronique parisienne anonyme du XIVe siècle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229174924/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5438578z/f31.item.texteImage |date=29 February 2024 }}''. p. 26.</ref> Modern sources often give his lifespan as 15–20 November.{{Sfnm|1a1=Humphreys|1p=15|2a1=''EB''|2loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-I-king-of-France John I] ("19/20 November")}}}}
|-
|[[File:Sacre Philippe5 France 01 (cropped).jpg|110px]]
|[[Philip V of France|'''Philip V''' "the Tall"]]<br/><small>''Philippe''</small>
|20 November 1316{{Efn-lr|Philip V was crowned on 9 January 1317.{{efn|{{harvnb|Humphreys|p=16}} gives 6 January, the same date of Philip IV's coronation. This is a confusion.{{sfn|Jackson|1995|loc=Vol II, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFICDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 p. 376]}}}}}}– 3 January 1322<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1316|11|20|1322|1|3}})</small>
|Son of Philip IV and uncle of John I
|1293/4 – 3 January 1322<br /><small>(aged 28–29)</small><hr />[[King of Navarre]] as '''Philip II'''.<br/>Died without a male heir{{Sfnm|1a1=Thoison|1p=192|2a1=Humphreys|2p=16|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-V-king-of-France Philip V]}}
|-
|[[File:Charles4 mini.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles IV of France|'''Charles IV''' "the Fair"]]
|3 January 1322{{Efn-lr|Charles IV was crowned on 21 February 1322.}}– 1 February 1328<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1322|1|3|1328|2|1}})</small>
|Son of Philip IV and younger brother of Philip V
|1294 – 1 February 1328<br /><small>(aged 34)</small><hr />[[King of Navarre]] as '''Charles I'''. Died without a male heir, ending the direct line of Capetians{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=85|2a1=Humphreys|2p=17|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-IV-king-of-France Charles IV]}}
|}

=== House of Valois (1328–1589) ===
{{main|House of Valois}}

The death of [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]] started the [[Hundred Years' War]] between the [[House of Valois]] and the [[House of Plantagenet]], whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the [[House of Lancaster]], over control of the French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male-only [[primogeniture]] through the ancient [[Salic Law]], having the closest all-male line of descent from a recent French king. They were descended from the third son of [[Philip III of France|Philip III]], Charles, Count of Valois. The Plantagenets based [[English claims to the French throne|their claim]] on being closer to a more recent French king, [[Edward III of England]] being a grandson of [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] through his mother, [[Isabella of France|Isabella]]. 

The two houses fought the [[Hundred Years War]] to enforce their claims. The Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, [[Henry VI of England]], enjoyed ''[[de jure]]'' control of the French throne following the [[Treaty of Troyes]], which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the [[French Wars of Religion]]. As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with [[Joan II of Navarre|Joan II]], a daughter of Louis X.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Phil6france.jpg|110px]]
|[[Philip VI of France|'''Philip VI''' "the Fortunate"]]<br/><small>''Philippe''</small>
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg|75px]]
|1 April 1328{{Efn-lr|Philip VI was crowned on 29 May 1328.}} – 22 August 1350<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1328|4|1|1350|8|22}})</small>
|Son of [[Charles, Count of Valois]], grandson of [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] and cousin of [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]]
|1293 – 22 August 1350<br /><small>(aged 57)</small><hr />His reign was dominated by the consequences of [[Succession to the French throne#The succession in 1328|a succession dispute]], which led to the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=91–96|2a1=Humphreys|2p=19|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-VI Philip VI]}}
|-
|[[File:JeanIIdFrance.jpg|110px]]
|[[John II of France|'''John II''' "the Good"]] <br/><small>''Jean''</small>
|22 August 1350{{Efn-lr|John II was crowned on 26 September 1350.}} – 8 April 1364<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1350|8|22|1364|4|8}})</small>
|Son of Philip VI
|April 1319{{Efn|Sources give his birth date as 6, 16, 20 or 26 April.}} – 8 April 1364<br /><small>(aged 45)</small><hr />Captured by the English at the [[Battle of Poitiers]] (1356); forced to sign a series of humiliating treaties{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|2a1=Humphreys|2p=19|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-II-king-of-France John II]|1p=96}}
|-
|[[File:Charles V France.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles V of France|'''Charles V''' "the Wise"]]
|[[File:Arms of Charles V of France (counter-seal).svg|80px]]
|8 April 1364{{Efn-lr|Charles V was crowned on 19 May 1364.}}– 16 September 1380<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1364|4|8|1380|9|16}})</small>
|Son of John II; named [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] on 16 July 1349
|21 January 1337 – 16 September 1380<br /><small>(aged 43)</small><hr />His reign was marked with internal struggle against feudal lords{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=105|2a1=Humphreys|2p=20|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-I-king-of-France Henry I]}}
|-
|[[File:Charles VI de France - Dialogues de Pierre Salmon - Bib de Genève MsFr165f4.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles VI of France|'''Charles VI''' "the Mad" "the Beloved"]]
|[[File:Arms of Charles VI of France (counter-seal).svg|80px]]
|16 Sept 1380{{Efn-lr|Charles VI was crowned on 4 November 1380.}}– 21 October 1422<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1380|9|16|1422|10|21}})</small>
|Son of Charles V
|3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422<br /><small>(aged 53)</small><hr />Ruled under the regency of his uncles until 1388. Suffered a long period of mental illness before dying of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=112|2a1=Humphreys|2p=21|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VI-king-of-France Charles VI]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |''[[Henry VI of England|Henry (II)]]''<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg|80px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |21 October 1422{{Efn-lr|Henry (II) was crowned on 16 December 1431, at [[Notre-Dame de Paris]].}}–<br/>19 October 1453{{Efn|This is the date in which the last English holdout was expelled by the French, with the exception of [[Pale of Calais|Calais]].}}<br/><small>(disputed; 31 years)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Maternal grandson of Charles VI, recognized as heir after the [[Treaty of Troyes]] of 21 May 1420
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471<br /><small>(aged 49)</small><hr />[[List of English monarchs|King of England]] since 1 September 1422. Ruled under [[Regency government, 1422–1437|several regencies]] until 1437{{Sfnm|1a1=Curry|1y=1993|1pp=102–122|2a1=Bradford|2y=2004|2pp=621–625|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VI-king-of-England Henry VI]}}
|-
|[[File:Charles VII by Jean Fouquet 1445 1450.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles VII of France|'''Charles VII''' "the Victorious" "the Well-Served"]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of Charles VII of France (counterseal).svg|80px]]
|21 October 1422{{Efn-lr|Charles VII was crowned on 17 July 1429.}} – 22 July 1461<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1422|10|21|1461|7|22}})</small>
|Son of Charles VI and uncle of Henry VI of England, named [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] in April 1417
|22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461<br /><small>(aged 58)</small><hr />His reign saw the end of the Hundred Years' War{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=123|2a1=Humphreys|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-I-king-of-France Frances I]|2p=23}}
|-
|[[File:Louis XI (1423-1483).jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XI|'''Louis XI''' "the Prudent" "the Universal Spider"]]
|[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of Valois France.svg|80px]]
|22 July 1461{{Efn-lr|Louis XI was crowned on 15 August 1461.}} – 30 August 1483<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1461|7|22|1483|8|30}})</small>
|Son of Charles VII
|3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483<br /><small>(aged 60)</small><hr />His reign saw the strengthening and expansion of royal power. Nicknamed "the Universal Spider" for the numerous intrigues during his rule{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=136|2a1=Humphreys|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XI Louis XI]|2p=25}}
|-
|[[File:Portrait of King Charles VIII of France (1470–1498), by anonymous artist, 16th century (cropped) 2.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles VIII of France|'''Charles VIII''' "the Affable"]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of Charles VIII of France.svg|80px]]
|30 August 1483{{Efn-lr|Charles VIII was crowned on 30 May 1484.}} – 7 April 1498<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1483|8|30|1498|4|7}})</small>
|Son of Louis XI
|30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498<br /><small>(aged 27)</small><hr />Ruled under the regency of his sister [[Anne of France|Anne]] until 1491. Started the long and unsuccessful [[Italian Wars]]. Died after hitting his head on a [[lintel]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=143|2a1=Humphreys|2p=27|3a1=Knecht|3y=2007|3p=125|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VII Charles VII]}}
|}

==== House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515) ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Ludwig XII. von Frankreich.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XII|'''Louis XII''' "Father of the People"]]
|[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of Valois France.svg|80px]]
|7 April 1498{{Efn-lr|Louis XII was crowned on 27 May 1498.}} – 1 January 1515<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1498|4|7|1515|1|1}})</small>
|Great-grandson of Charles V. Second cousin, and by first marriage son-in-law, of Louis XI
|27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515<br /><small>(aged 52)</small><hr />Briefly conquered the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and the [[Duchy of Milan]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1pp=150|2a1=Humphreys|2p=28|3a1=Knecht|3y=2007|3p=112|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XII Louis XII]}}
|}

==== House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589) ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:François Ier Louvre.jpg|110px]]
|[[Francis I of France|'''Francis I''' "the Father of Letters"]] <br/><small>''François''</small>
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Lesser Coat of Arms of France 1515-1574.svg|80px]]
|1 January 1515{{Efn-lr|Francis I was crowned on 25 January 1515.}} – 31 March 1547<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1515|1|1|1547|3|31}})</small>
|Great-great-grandson of Charles V. First [[cousin once removed]], and by first marriage son-in-law, of Louis XII
|12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547<br /><small>(aged 52)</small><hr />Remembered as a [[French Renaissance|Renaissance]] [[patron of the arts]] and scholarship. Died of a fever{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=157|2a1=Humphreys|2p=30|3a1=Knecht|3y=2007|3p=112|4a1=''EB''|4loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-I-king-of-France Francis I]}}
|-
|[[File:Henry II of France-François Clouet (altered).jpg|110px]]
|[[Henry II of France|'''Henry II''']] <br/><small>''Henri''</small>
|31 March 1547{{Efn-lr|Henry II was crowned on 26 July 1547.}} – 10 July 1559<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1547|3|31|1559|7|10}})</small>
|Son of Francis I, named [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] in August 1536
|31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559<br /><small>(aged 40)</small><hr />His reign saw the end of the [[Italian Wars]]. Died after being accidentally stabbed in a [[Jousting]] tournament{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=168|2a1=Humphreys|3a1=''EB''|2p=33|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-France Henry II]}}
|-
|[[File:Portrait du roi de France François II.jpg|110px]]
|[[Francis II of France|'''Francis II''']] <br/><small>''François''</small>
|10 July 1559{{Efn-lr|Francis II was crowned on 18 September 1559.}} – 5 December 1560<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1559|7|10|1560|12|5}})</small>
|Son of Henry II
|20 January 1544 – 5 December 1560<br /><small>(aged 16)</small><hr />[[King consort of Scotland]] since 24 April 1558. A weak and sick boy, he remained under the regency of the [[House of Guise]] until his premature death{{Sfnm|1a1=Curry|1y=1993|1pp=103–122|2a1=Humphreys|2p=35|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-II-king-of-France Francis II]}}
|-
|[[File:Portrait of King Charles IX of France (1550–1574), by After François Clouet.jpg|110px]]
|[[Charles IX of France|'''Charles IX''']]
|5 December 1560{{Efn-lr|Charles IX was crowned on 15 May 1561.}} – 30 May 1574<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1560|12|5|1574|5|30}})</small>
|Younger brother of Francis II
|27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574<br /><small>(aged 23)</small><hr />Ruled under the regency of his mother [[Catherine de' Medici|Catherine]] until 1563, but remained under her influence until his death. The Wars of Religion began under his reign (1562). Best remembered for the [[Massacre of Vassy]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=179|2a1=Humphreys|2p=36|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-IX-king-of-France Charles IX]}}
|-
|[[File:Quesnel Henry III of France in Polish hat.jpg|110px]]
|[[Henry III of France|'''Henry III''']]<br/><small>''Henri''</small>
|[[File:COA - Henry III of France.svg|80px]]
|30 May 1574{{Efn-lr|Henry III was crowned on 13 February 1575.}} – 2 August 1589<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1574|5|30|1589|8|2}})</small>
|Younger brother of Francis II and Charles IX; also [[Family tree of Polish monarchs|related]] to the Bohemian and Polish monarchies
|19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589<br /><small>(aged 37)</small><hr />Initially ruler of [[Poland–Lithuania]].{{efn|Henry III was elected on 15 May 1573.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=56. "On 5 May three orators were chosen [...] On 11 May the minority conceded defeat [but the election] did not happen till 15 May."}} He was crowned on 21 February 1574,{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=76}} but was declared deposed a year later, on 12 May 1575.{{sfn|Knecht|2016|p=84}}}} He reigned through the devastating [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]], which eventually led to his [[Jacques Clément|own assassination]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=186|2a1=Humphreys|2p=38|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-III-king-of-France-and-Poland Henry III]}}
|}

=== House of Bourbon (1589–1792) ===
{{main|House of Bourbon}}

The Valois line looked strong on the death of [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], who left four male heirs. His first son, [[Francis II of France|Francis II]], died in his minority. His second son, [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son [[Francis, Duke of Anjou|Hercule François]] and the assassination of his third son, the childless [[Henry III of France|Henry III]], France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King [[Henry III of Navarre]], was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. 

Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch, as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon was overthrown during the [[French Revolution]] and replaced by a short-lived [[First French Republic|republic]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Château de Beauregard - Cardinal Charles de Bourbon (1523-1590).jpg|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|''Charles X'']]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Coat of Arms of Charles de Bourbon, archbishop of Rouen.svg|80px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |2 August 1589 – 9 May 1590<br/><small>(disputed; {{Age in years, months and days|1589|8|2|1590|5|9}})</small> 
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |7x great-grandson of [[Louis IX]]. Proclaimed king by the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] in opposition to [[Henry of Navarre]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |22 December 1523 – 9 May 1590<br/><small>(aged 66)</small>
----Imprisoned by Henry III on 23 December 1588; remained his entire "reign" in captivity. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=203|2a1=Wellman|2p=83; ''[[Treccani]]'', [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/borbone-carlo-cardinale-di_(Enciclopedia-Italiana) Carlo]}}
|-
|[[File:Henry IV by Pourbus (cropped).jpg|131x131px]]
|[[Henry IV of France|'''Henry IV''' "the Great" "the Good King"]]<br/><small>''Henri''</small>
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France & Navarre (1).svg|80px]]
|2 August 1589{{Efn-lr|Henry IV was crowned on 27 February 1594.}} – 14 May 1610<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1589|8|2|1610|5|14}})</small>
|10th-generation descendant of [[Louis IX]]; also nephew of [[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|Charles (X)]] and by first marriage son-in-law of Henry II. Proclaimed king on Henry III's deathbed
|13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610<br/><small>(aged 56)</small>
----[[King of Navarre|King of Lower Navarre]] (as '''Henry III''') since 10 June 1572. Killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by Catholic fanatic [[François Ravaillac]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=195|2a1=Humphreys|2p=39|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-king-of-France Henry IV]}}
|-
|[[File: LouisXIII.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XIII|'''Louis XIII''' "the Just"]]
|14 May 1610{{Efn-lr|Louis XIII was crowned on 17 October 1610.}} – 14 May 1643<br/><small>(33 years)</small>
|Son of Henry IV
|27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643<br/><small>(aged 41)</small>
----Last [[King of Navarre|King of Lower Navarre]] (as '''Louis II''').{{Efn|[[Lower Navarre]] was integrated into France during his reign.}} Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=205|2a1=Humphreys|2p=42|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII Louis XIII]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XIV|'''Louis XIV''' "the Great" "the Sun King"]]
|14 May 1643{{Efn-lr|Louis XIV was crowned on 7 June 1654.}} – 1 September 1715<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1643|5|14|1715|9|1}})</small>
|Son of Louis XIII
|5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715<br/><small>(aged 76)</small>
----Ruled under the regency of his mother [[Anne of Austria]] until 1651. [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|Longest reigning sovereign monarch]] in history{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=216|2a1=Humphreys|2p=43|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIV Louis XIV]}}
|-
|[[File:Louis XV, King of France (1710-1774) edited 2.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XV|'''Louis XV''' "the Beloved"]]
|1 September 1715{{Efn-lr|Louis XV was crowned on 25 October 1722.}} – 10 May 1774<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1715|9|1|1774|5|10}})</small>
|Great-grandson of Louis XIV
|15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774<br/><small>(aged 64)</small>
----Ruled under the regency of [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe II, Duke of Bourbon-Orléans]], until 1723{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=238|2a1=Humphreys|2p=47|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XV Louis XV]}}
|-
|[[File:Antoine-François Callet - Louis XVI, roi de France et de Navarre (1754-1793), revêtu du grand costume royal en 1779 - Google Art Project.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Louis XVI]]'''
|10 May 1774{{Efn-lr|Louis XVI was crowned on 11 June 1775.}} – 21 September 1792<ref group="lower-alpha">Louis XVI's powers as king became obsolete following the [[March on Versailles]] on 5 October 1789, after which he became a hostage of the revolutionary forces.</ref><br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1774|5|10|1792|9|21}})</small>
|Grandson of Louis XV
|23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793<br/><small>(aged 38)</small>
----Forced to install a [[Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI|constitutional monarchy]] after 1789. Formally deposed following the proclamation of the [[French First Republic|First Republic]], [[Execution of Louis XVI|executed in public]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=253|2a1=Humphreys|2p=51|3a1=''EB''|3loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVI Louis XVI]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Louis Charles of France5.jpg|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Louis XVII]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |21 January 1793 – 8 June 1795<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1793|1|21|1795|6|8}}; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Son of [[Louis XVI]]; named [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] on 4 June 1789
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795<br /><small>(aged 10)</small>
----[[Insurrection of 10 August 1792|Imprisoned]] by the revolutionary forces on 13 August 1792. Remained his entire "reign" in captivity{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=260|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVII Louis (XVII)]}}
|}

== Long 19th-century (1792–1870) ==
{{See also|France in the long nineteenth century}}

The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the [[French Revolution]], which deposed and then executed [[Louis XVI]]. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king [[Louis XVII]], as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire, following the ascension of the [[First Consul]] [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. 

After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the [[July Monarchy]], ruled by [[Louis Philippe I]], a distant cousin who claimed descent from [[Louis XIII]]. The [[French Revolution of 1848]] brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]] that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor [[Napoleon III]], who was deposed and replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], and ending monarchic rule in France for good.

=== House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814) ===
{{main|House of Bonaparte|First French Empire}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Napoleon in Coronation Robes by François Gérard.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px]]
|18 May 1804{{Efn-lr|Napoleon I was [[Coronation of Napoleon|crowned]] on 2 December 1804.}} – 2 April 1814{{Efn|The {{lang|fr|[[Sénat conservateur|Sénat]]}} proclaimed the deposition ''in absentia'' of Napoleon on 2 April, which was followed by the ''[[Corps législatif]]'' on 3 April. Napoleon wrote an act of abdication on 4 April renouncing the throne in favour of his son. However, this was not accepted by the Coalition, so he wrote an unconditional abdication on 6 April renouncing his rights and that of his family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vial |first=Charles-Éloi |date=2014 |title=Les trois actes d'abdication de Napoléon Ier |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2014-1-page-3.htm |journal=Napoleonica la Revue |language=fr |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.3917/napo.141.0003 |doi-access=free |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702070435/https://www.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-la-revue-2014-1-page-3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1804|5|18|1814|4|2}})</small>
|[[French Consulate|First Consul of the French Republic]] following the [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|coup d'etat]] of 19 November 1799; self-proclaimed [[Emperor of the French]]
|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821<br /><small>(aged 51)</small>
----[[List of French client states|Conquered most of Europe]] in a series of [[Napoleonic Wars|successful wars]]; remembered as one of the greatest military commanders in history. Deposed ''in absentia'' and forced to abdicate, then exiled to the island of [[Elba]]{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I Napoleon I]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD"|[[File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Napoleon II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |4 – 6 April 1814<br/><small>(2 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Son of Napoleon I
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832<br /><small>(aged 21)</small>
----Unrecognized by the Coalition and the Senate, only named emperor in Napoleon's will.
|}

=== House of Bourbon, First Restoration (1814–1815) ===
{{main|First Restoration}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Gérard - Louis XVIII of France in Coronation Robes.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XVIII|'''Louis XVIII''' "the Desired"]]
|[[File:Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg|80px]]
|3 May 1814{{Efn-lr|Louis XVIII decided not to have a coronation.}} – 20 March 1815<br/><small>(1st time; {{Age in years, months and days|1814|5|3|1815|3|20}})</small>
|Younger brother of [[Louis XVI]]; proclaimed king in June 1795. Had his dynasty restored to the throne with the help of other European royal houses, which had dethroned Napoleon
|17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Fled France on 21 June 1791, during the [[Flight to Varennes]], and again in March 1815, after the return of Napoleon{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII Louis XVIII]}}
|}

=== House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815) ===
{{main|Hundred Days}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="24%" |Reign
! width="18%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Napoleon in Coronation Robes by François Gérard.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon I]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px]]
|20 March – 22 June 1815<br/><small>(94 days)</small>
|Restored as [[Emperor of the French]] by the [[French Army]] following his escape from the island of [[Elba]]
|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821<br /><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Abdicated in favour of his son following his defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. Exiled to the island of [[Saint Helena]], where he later died of a stomach illness{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I Napoleon I]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Napoleon II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |22 June – 7 July 1815<br/><small>(15 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Son of Napoleon I
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832<br /><small>(aged 21)</small>
----Unrecognized by the Coalition; remained his entire "reign" hidden in [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], with his mother [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie Louise]]. Died of tuberculosis several years later{{Sfnm|1a1=''EB''|1loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-Francois-Charles-Joseph-Bonaparte-Herzog-von-Reichstadt Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=France: Commission of Government: 1815 - Archontology |url=https://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.archontology.org |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209215313/https://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== House of Bourbon, Second Restoration (1815–1830) ===
{{main|Bourbon Restoration in France}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Gérard - Louis XVIII of France in Coronation Robes.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis XVIII|'''Louis XVIII''' "the Desired"]]
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg|78px]]
|8 July 1815 – 16 September 1824<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1815|7|8|1824|9|16}})</small>
|Younger brother of [[Louis XVI]]; restored to the throne. 
|17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Attempted to rule under a [[constitutional monarchy]]. Last French monarch to die while still reigning{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII Louis XVIII]}}
|-
|[[File:Carlos X de Francia (François Gérard).jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Charles X of France|Charles X]]'''
|16 September 1824{{Efn-lr|Charles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old monarchical traditions.}}– 2 August 1830<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1824|9|16|1830|8|2}})</small>
|Younger brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII
|9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836<br /><small>(aged 79)</small>
----Leader of the [[Ultra-royalist]]s; attempted to return to the [[Ancien régime|Ancien Régime]]. Abdicated in favour of his grandson Henry after the [[July Revolution]].{{Sfn|''EB''||loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-X Charles X]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |[[File:Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme - Lawrence 1825.jpg|161x161px]]
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |[[Louis XIX]] (?)<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |2 August 1830<br/><small>(20 minutes; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |Son of Charles X
| bgcolor="#E6E6E6" |6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844<br /><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Allegedly king for 20 minutes;{{efn|Although claimed as the shortest reigning monarch by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortest reign of a monarch |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-reign-of-a-monarch/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528204938/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-reign-of-a-monarch |url-status=live }}</ref> this claim appears to be unsustained.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinoteau |first=Hervé |author-link=Hervé Pinoteau |year=1982 |title=Notes de vexillologie royale française |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362 |journal=Hidalguía |language= |location=Madrid |pages=361–362 |number=172–173 |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919021926/https://books.google.com/books?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362 |url-status=live }}</ref> The exact circumstances of his "abdication" are unknown, as it was announced in a document firmed by both Charles X and Louis, who is only called ''Dauphin''. He is said to have been "king" between his father's signature and his own, as he (allegedly) initially refused to sign the document.}} later [[legitimist]] pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Castelot|1y=1988|1p=454|2a1=Blanc|2y=1848|2p=214}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Portrait, The Duke of Bordeaux, Dubois-Drahonet.jpg|156x156px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Henry V of France|Henry V]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |2–9 August 1830<br/><small>(7 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Grandson of Charles X
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883<br /><small>(aged 62)</small>
----Later [[legitimist]] pretender to the throne. Died in exile several years later{{Sfn|''EB''|loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dieudonne-dArtois-comte-de-Chambord-duc-de-Bordeaux Henri Dieudonné]}}
|}

=== House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848) ===
{{main|House of Bourbon-Orléans|July Monarchy}}

The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 which deposed [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and replaced him with [[Louis Philippe I]], a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled. 

Charles X named Louis Philippe as ''Lieutenant général du royaume'', a regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]], the lower house of the [[French Parliament]] at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon. 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:1841 portrait painting of Louis Philippe I (King of the French) by Winterhalter.jpg|110px]]
|[[Louis Philippe I|'''Louis Philippe I''' "the Citizen King"]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1830-31).svg|78px]]
|9 August 1830{{Efn-lr|Louis Philippe I decided not to have a coronation.}}– 24 February 1848<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1830|8|9|1848|2|24}})</small>
|Sixth-generation descendant of [[Louis XIII]] and distant cousin of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]; proclaimed king by the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]] after the abdication of Charles X during the [[July Revolution]]
|6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850<br /><small>(aged 76)</small>
----Styled as [[King of the French]]. Formally deposed following the proclamation of the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]]. Abdicated in favour of his grandson{{Sfnm|1a1=Brownell|1p=120|2a1=''EB''|2p=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe]}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[File:Louis-Philippe II when he was a child.jpg|110px]]
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |[[Louis Philippe II]]<br/><small>(claimant)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |24–26 February 1848<br/><small>(2 days; disputed)</small>
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |Grandson of Louis-Philippe
| bgcolor="#FBDDBD" |24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894<br /><small>(aged 56)</small>
---- Chosen by Louis Philippe I to be his successor, however the National Assembly refused to recognize him as king and proclaimed the [[Second French Republic|Second Republic]]. Later [[Orléanist]] pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Holoman|1y=2004|1p=184|2a1=''EB''|2loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe]}}
|}

=== House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870) ===
{{main|Second French Empire}}

The [[French Second Republic]] lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, [[Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], was declared [[Emperor of the French]] under the regnal name of [[Napoleon III]]. He would later be overthrown during the events of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], becoming the last monarch to rule France.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! width="5%" |Portrait
! width="15%" |Name
! width="5%" |Arms
! width="25%" |Reign
! width="17%" |Succession
! width="25%" |Life details
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, in Coronation Robes (by After Franz Xaver Winterhalter) - Palace of Versailles.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Napoleon III]]'''
|[[File:Coat of Arms Second French Empire (1852–1870).svg|78px]]
|2 December 1852{{Efn-lr|A coronation ceremony for Napoleon III was planned, but [[:fr:Affaire du sacre de Napoléon III|never executed]].}}– 4 September 1870<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1852|12|2|1870|9|4}})</small>
|Nephew of Napoleon I; [[1848 French presidential election|elected]] as [[President of the French Republic]] in 1848, made himself [[Emperor of the French]] after a [[1851 French coup d'état|coup d'état]]
|20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873<br /><small>(aged 64)</small>
----[[Battle of Sedan|Captured]] by the German army on 2 September 1870; deposed ''in absentia'' following the proclamation of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].{{Sfn|''EB''||loc=[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France Napoleon III]}}
|}

==Later pretenders==
Various [[pretender]]s descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are:
* [[Legitimists#List of Legitimist claimants to the French throne|Legitimist claimants to the throne of France]]: Descendants of [[Louis XIV]] through the senior branch of the House of Bourbon, claiming precedence over the House of Bourbon-Orléans by virtue of primogeniture. In 1883, these were split into two factions as [[Henri, Count of Chambord|Henri V]] died without heirs, and his successor as head of the House of Bourbon would have a Spanish Bourbon. Earlier, [[King Philip V of Spain]] (also of the House of Bourbon) had earlier renounced the throne of France for himself and his descendants in the [[Peace of Utrecht]]. One faction were the Unionists, who recognized the Orléanist claimant [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris|Philippe]] as the pretender to the throne of France and disqualifying the Spanish branch from succession; the other were the [[Blancs d'Espagne]], who insisted that claimant to the throne would remain to be from the Spanish branch according to primogeniture, disregarding the Spanish renunciation.
* [[Line of succession to the former French throne (Orléanist)|Orléanist claimants to the throne of France]]: Descendants of Louis-Phillippe, himself descended from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty, rejecting all heads of state since 1848. They argue that King Louis Philippe acquired legitimacy via [[popular sovereignty]] when the representatives of the French people in the [[French Parliament]] recognized him as king, with the Bourbons having already been rejected and dethroned by the French people after two revolutions.
* [[Bonapartism#Bonapartist claimants|Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France]]: Descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers, rejecting all heads of state 1815–48 and since 1870. They argue that the Imperial throne needs to return to the House of Bonaparte, as the monarchs of this house had been chosen directly by the people through referendums, giving them legitimacy to reign via [[popular sovereignty]], and both the Bourbons and the Orléans were rejected and dethroned through revolutions and that the Bonapartes were only dethroned due the interference of foreign enemies, with no popular revolution taking place to overthrow the Bonapartes and that the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] was originally intended to be a provisional regime to return the throne to an Orléans or Bourbon (that never happened). 
* [[English claims to the French throne|English claimants to the throne of France]]: kings of England and later of Great Britain (renounced by [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] King [[George III]] upon [[union with Ireland]] in 1800).
* [[Jacobite succession|Jacobite claimants to the throne of France]]: senior heirs-general of Edward III of England and thus his [[English claims to the French throne#The Jacobite pretenders|claim to the French throne]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-01-22|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=English claims to the French throne#The Jacobite pretenders|reason= The anchor (The Jacobite pretenders) [[Special:Diff/879174481|has been deleted]].}}, also claiming England, Scotland, and Ireland.

==Timeline==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:1600 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:3 bottom:150 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:843 till:1871
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ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:25 start:850

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 id:valois value:oceanblue
 id:lancaster value:red
 id:bourbon value:rgb(0,0.75,1)
 id:orleans value:green
 id:bonaparte value:purple
 id:republic value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9)
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 bar:CharlesIIandI
 bar:LouisII
 bar:LouisIII
 bar:CarlomanII
 bar:CharlesIIIandII
 bar:Odo
 bar:CharlesIII
 bar:RobertI
 bar:Rudolph
 bar:LouisIV
 bar:Lothair
 bar:LouisV
 bar:Hugh
 bar:RobertII
 bar:HenryI
 bar:PhilipI
 bar:LouisVI
 bar:LouisVII
 bar:PhilipII
 bar:LouisVIII
 bar:LouisIX
 bar:PhilipIII
 bar:PhilipIV
 bar:LouisX
 bar:JohnI
 bar:PhilipV
 bar:CharlesIV
 bar:PhilipVI
 bar:JohnII
 bar:CharlesV
 bar:CharlesVI
 bar:CharlesVII
 bar:HenryVILancaster
 bar:LouisXI
 bar:CharlesVIII
 bar:LouisXII
 bar:FrancisI
 bar:HenryII
 bar:FrancisII
 bar:CharlesIX
 bar:HenryIII
 bar:HenryIV
 bar:HenryD
 bar:LouisXIII
 bar:LouisXIV
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 bar:LouisXVI
 bar:LouisXVII
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PlotData=
 width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
 bar:CharlesIIandI
 from:843 till: 877 color:carolingian text:"[[Charles the Bald]]"
 bar:LouisII
 from:877 till: 879 color:carolingian text:"[[Louis the Stammerer]]"
 bar:LouisIII
 from:879 till: 882 color:carolingian text:"[[Louis_III_of_France|Louis III]]"
 bar:CarlomanII
 from:882 till: 884 color:carolingian text:"[[Carloman_II]]"
 bar:CharlesIIIandII
 from:882 till: 888 color:carolingian text:"[[Charles the Fat]]"
 bar:Odo
 from:888 till: 898 color:robertian text:"[[Odo_of_France|Odo of Paris]]"
 bar:CharlesIII
 from:898 till: 922 color:carolingian text:"[[Charles the Simple]]"
 bar:RobertI
 from:922 till: 923 color:robertian text:"[[Robert_I_of_France|Robert I]]"
 bar:Rudolph
 from:923 till: 936 color:bosonid text:"[[Rudolph_of_France|Rudolph]]"
 bar:LouisIV
 from:936 till:954 color:carolingian text:"[[Louis_IV_of_France|Louis of Outremer]]"
 bar:Lothair
 from:954 till:986 color:carolingian text:"[[Lothair_of_France|Lothair]]"
 bar:LouisV
 from:986 till:987 color:carolingian text:"[[Louis_V_of_France|Louis V]]"
 bar:Hugh
 from:987 till:996 color:capet text:"[[Hugh Capet]]"
 bar:RobertII
 from:996 till:1031 color:capet text:"[[Robert_II_of_France|Robert II]]"
 bar:HenryI
 from:1031 till:1060 color:capet text:"[[Henry_I_of_France|Henry I]]"
 bar:PhilipI
 from:1060 till:1108 color:capet text:"[[Philip_I_of_France|Philip I]]"
 bar:LouisVI
 from:1108 till:1137 color:capet text:"[[Louis_VI_of_France|Louis VI]]"
 bar:LouisVII
 from:1137 till:1180 color:capet text:"[[Louis VII]]"
 bar:PhilipII
 from:1180 till:1223 color:capet text:"[[Philip II Augustus]]"
 bar:LouisVIII
 from:1223 till:1226 color:capet text:"[[Louis VIII]]"
 bar:LouisIX
 from:1226 till:1270 color:capet text:"[[Louis IX]]"
 bar:PhilipIII
 from:1270 till:1285 color:capet text:"[[Philip_III_of_France|Philip III]]"
 bar:PhilipIV
 from:1285 till:1314 color:capet text:"[[Philip_IV_of_France|Philip IV]]"
 bar:LouisX
 from:1314 till:1316 color:capet text:"[[Louis_X_of_France|Louis X]]"
 bar:JohnI
 from:1316 till:1316 color:capet text:"[[John_I_of_France|John I]]"
 bar:PhilipV
 from:1316 till:1322 color:capet text:"[[Philip_V_of_France|Philip V]]"
 bar:CharlesIV
 from:1322 till:1328 color:capet text:"[[Charles_IV_of_France|Charles IV]]"
 bar:PhilipVI
 from:1328 till:1350 color:valois text:"[[Philip_VI_of_France|Philip VI]]"
 bar:JohnII
 from:1350 till:1364 color:valois text:"[[John_II_of_France|John II]]"
 bar:CharlesV
 from:1364 till:1380 color:valois text:"[[Charles_V_of_France|Charles V]]"
 bar:CharlesVI
 from:1380 till:1422 color:valois text:"[[Charles_VI_of_France|Charles VI]]"
 bar:CharlesVII
 from:1422 till:1461 color:valois text:"[[Charles_VII_of_France|Charles VII]]"
 bar:HenryVILancaster
 from:1422 till:1453 color:lancaster text:"[[Henry_VI_of_England|Henry (II)]] (Disputed)"
 bar:LouisXI
 from:1461 till:1483 color:valois text:"[[Louis XI]]"
 bar:CharlesVIII
 from:1483 till:1498 color:valois text:"[[Charles_VIII_of_France|Charles VIII]]"
 bar:LouisXII
 from:1498 till:1515 color:valois text:"[[Louis XII]]"
 bar:FrancisI
 from:1515 till:1547 color:valois text:"[[Francis_I_of_France|Francis I]]"
 bar:HenryII
 from:1547 till:1559 color:valois text:"[[Henry_II_of_France|Henry II]]"
 bar:FrancisII
 from:1559 till:1560 color:valois text:"[[Francis_II_of_France|Francis II]]"
 bar:CharlesIX
 from:1560 till:1574 color:valois text:"[[Charles_IX_of_France|Charles IX]]"
 bar:HenryIII
 from:1574 till:1589 color:valois text:"[[Henry_III_of_France|Henry III]]"
 bar:HenryIV
 from:1589 till:1610 color:bourbon text:"[[Henry_IV_of_France|Henry IV]]"
 bar:HenryD
 from:1589 till:1590 color:bourbon text:"[[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|Charles (X)]]" (Disputed)
 bar:LouisXIII
 from:1610 till:1643 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XIII]]"
 bar:LouisXIV
 from:1643 till:1715 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XIV]]"
 bar:LouisXV
 from:1715 till:1774 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XV]]"
 bar:LouisXVI
 from:1774 till:1792 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XVI]]"
 bar:LouisXVII
 from:1792 till:1795 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XVII]] (Disputed)"
 bar:NapoleonI
 from:1804 till:1814 color:bonaparte
 from:1815 till:1815 color:bonaparte text:"[[Napoleon I]]"
 bar:LouisXVIII
 from:1815 till:1815 color:bourbon
 from:1815 till:1825 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis XVIII]]"
 bar:NapoleonII
 from:1815 till:1815 color:bonaparte text:"[[Napoleon II]] (Disputed)"
 bar:CharlesX
 from:1824 till:1830 color:bourbon text:"[[Charles X of France|Charles X]]"
 bar:LouisXIX
 from:1830 till:1830 color:bourbon text:"[[Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoulême|Louis (XIX)]] (Disputed)"
 bar:HenryV
 from:1830 till:1830 color:bourbon text:"[[Henri,_Count_of_Chambord|Henry (V)]] (Disputed)"
 bar:LouisPhilipI
 from:1830 till:1848 color:orleans text:"[[Louis Philippe I]]"
 bar:LouisPhilipII
 from:1848 till:1848 color:orleans text:"[[Louis Philippe II]] (Disputed)"
 bar:NapoleonIII
 from:1852 till:1870 color:bonaparte text:"[[Napoleon III]]"

 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:6 shift:(-33,5)
 bar:eon color:eon

 from: 843 till: 888 color:carolingian text:[[Carolingian]]
 shift:(2,5)
 from: 888 till: 898 color:robertian text:[[Robertian]]
 from: 898 till: 922 color:carolingian
 from: 922 till: 923 color:robertian
 shift:(-8,5)
 from: 923 till: 936 color:bosonid text:[[Bosonid]]
 from: 936 till: 987 color:carolingian
 shift:(-40,5)
 from: 987 till: 1328 color:capet text:[[Capet]]
 from: 1328 till: 1589 color:valois text:[[House_of_Valois|Valois]]
 from: 1589 till: 1792 color:bourbon text:[[House_of_Bourbon|Bourbon]]
 from: 1792 till: 1804 color:republic
 shift:(-8,5)
 from: 1804 till: 1814 color:bonaparte text:[[House_of_Bonaparte|Bonaparte]]
 from: 1814 till: 1815 color:bourbon
 from: 1815 till: 1815 color:bonaparte
 from: 1815 till: 1830 color:bourbon
 shift:(-10,5)
 from: 1830 till: 1848 color:orleans text:[[House_of_Orléans|Orléans]]
 from: 1848 till: 1852 color:republic
 from: 1852 till: 1871 color:bonaparte
 barset:skip
</timeline>

==See also==
*[[Family tree of French monarchs]]
*[[Family tree of French monarchs (simplified)]]
*[[English claims to the French throne]]
*[[Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France]]
*[[List of French royal consorts]]
*[[List of heirs to the French throne]]
*[[List of presidents of France]]
*[[Style of the French sovereign]]
*[[Succession to the French throne]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

===Coronations===
{{Notelist-lr}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|22em}}

=== Main bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=de Wailly |first=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Eléments de paléographie |year=1838 |volume=1 |location=[[Ghent University]] |chapter=Liste Chronologique des rois de France |ref={{sfnref|de Wailly}} |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329204949/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10 |url-status=live }}
* Jacquin, Emmanuel (2000), ''Les Tuileries, Du Louvre à la Concorde'', Editions du Patrimoine, Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris. ({{ISBN|978-2-85822-296-4}})
* {{wikicite |reference=''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''|ref={{sfnref|''EB''}} }}
* {{Cite book |first=A.L. |last=Humphreys |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsoffrancethe00unse |title=The Kings of France, their Wives and Mistresses |year=1907 |location=London |asin=B004Z0M2K2 |oclc=1047511953 |ref={{sfnref|Humphreys}} }}
* {{Cite book|last=McCarty|first=L. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA328|title=The Annual Statistician and Economist|year=1890|location=[[Harvard University]]|ref={{sfnref|McCarty}}|publisher=Pacific Press Publishing Company|pages=327–332|chapter=France|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA328|access-date=10 April 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325210221/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA328|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peignot |first=Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR53 |title=Abrégé de l'histoire de France |year=1819 |location=[[Harvard University]] |ref={{sfnref|Peignot}} |publisher= |pages= |author-link=Gabriel Peignot |language=fr |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326182345/https://books.google.com/books?id=wSpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR53 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoison |first=E. |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35126r/f197.item |title=Les séjours des rois de France: 481–1789 |year=1888 |series=Société historique et archéologique du Gâtinais |location=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |chapter=Table Chronologique |ref={{sfnref|Thoison}} |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35126r/f197.item |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032101/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35126r/f197.item |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

=== Secondary bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Alcan |first=Félix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=549IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA254 |title=Revue historique |year=1892 |volume=40 |language=fr |author-link=Félix Alcan |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174551/https://books.google.com/books?id=549IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA254 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Blanc |first=Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214 |title=France Under Louis Philippe |year=1848 |translator-last=Walter Kelly |author-link=Louis Blanc |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313230523/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bodin |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DORjJWVUHl0C&pg=PA43 |title=Resumé de l'histoire de France |publisher=Joseph Rickerby |year=1840 |location=London |pages=43 |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032036/https://books.google.com/books?id=DORjJWVUHl0C&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=James C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT671 |title=International Encyclopedia of Military History |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9781135950347 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408124850/https://books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT671 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brownell |first=Henry |title=The People's Book of Ancient and Modern History |publisher=Dayton & Wentworth |year=1854 |chapter=The Rulers of France |author-link=Henry Howard Brownell |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPZKAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA120 |ref={{sfnref|Brownell}} |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314001453/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPZKAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA120 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Brunel |first=G. |date=2007 |title=Les cisterciens et Charles V |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23408518 |journal=[[Société de l'histoire de France]] |pages=67–92 |jstor=23408518 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313005253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23408518 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Castelot|first=André|title=Charles X|publisher=Librairie Académique Perrin|year=1988|isbn=2-262-00545-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Curry |first=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkldDwAAQBAJ |title=The Hundred Years War |publisher=Macmillan |year=1993 |isbn=9781349227112 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408125055/https://books.google.com/books?id=fkldDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Champion |first=Honoré |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SBhAOKciTcC&pg=PA9 |title=Robert Ier et Raoul de Bourgogne |publisher=Slatkine |year=1976 |pages=9–11 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325210218/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SBhAOKciTcC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Dutton |first=Paul E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA227 |title=The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780803216532 |pages=227 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326220751/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Holoman |first=D. Kern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCvVwtB38XcC&pg=PA184 |title=The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780520236646 |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313230524/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCvVwtB38XcC&pg=PA184 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Knecht |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqzOlVJVjcC |title=The Valois: Kings of France |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9781852855222 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Knecht |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8HDAAAQBAJ |title=Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317122142 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164809/https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8HDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=McKitterick |first=Rosamond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA137 |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |year=1995 |isbn=9780521362924 |volume=2 |pages=137 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723060527/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA137 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=MacLean |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Icl9qL3FnMC |title=Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139440295 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VICDgAAQBAJ |title=Ordines Coronationis Franciae |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=1995 |jstor=j.ctt1kgqwvd |isbn=9781512821604 |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164809/https://books.google.com/books?id=7VICDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Havet |first=Julien |date=1891 |title=Les couronnements des rois Hugues et Robert |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66949g/f2.item |journal=[[Revue historique]] |volume=45 |pages=290–297 |jstor=40939391 |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032052/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66949g/f2.item |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Wellman |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AtUPUB6znMC&pg=PA83 |title=Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780300178852 |ref={{sfnref|Wellman}} |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313194308/https://books.google.com/books?id=_AtUPUB6znMC&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

=== Further reading ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |first=Alcide |last=Allevy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN4K1Lx9NBIC&pg=PA75 |title=Histoire de France allevysée |publisher=[[British Library]] |year=1863 |isbn= |pages=75–105 |language=fr |ref={{sfnref|Allevy}} |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326220746/https://books.google.com/books?id=SN4K1Lx9NBIC&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book|last=Babbitt|first=Susan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39|title=The France of Charles V|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society|APS]]|year=1985|isbn=9780871697516}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bak|first=János M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6nsnzLRPlIC&pg=PA89|title=Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual|publisher=University of California Press|year=1990|isbn=9780801469138|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032044/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6nsnzLRPlIC&pg=PA89|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brougham |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395 |title=Principles of Government: Monarchical government |year=1861 |series=Political Philosophy |location=[[Harvard]] |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|Bohn]] |author-link=Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032055/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book|last=d'Hozier|first=Louis|author-link=Louis-Pierre d'Hozier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjUvEyqZXWMC&pg=PR16|title=Armorial général de la France|year=1738|location=Paris|pages=xvi-xvii|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313032151/https://books.google.com/books?id=DjUvEyqZXWMC&pg=PR16|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Doyle|editor-first=William|editor-link=William Doyle (historian)|title=Old Regime France|series=Short Oxford History of France|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-873129-9}}
* {{Cite book |first=H. |last=Engrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWZZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Leçons élémentaires sur l'Histoire de France |publisher=[[British Library]] |year=1816 |isbn= |pages= |language=fr |ref={{sfnref|Engrand}} |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329112822/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWZZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Fierro|first=Alfred|title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris|year=1996|publisher=Robert Laffont|isbn=2-221--07862-4}}
{{Refend}}

{{Kings of france}}

[[Category:French monarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Europe|France]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in France|Monarch]]