Editing Lincoln Heights, Ohio

{{For|the suburb of Mansfield|Lincoln Heights, Richland County, Ohio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Lincoln Heights, Ohio
|settlement_type          = [[Village (United States)|Village]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    =

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = Steffen west of McIntyre, Lincoln Heights.jpg
|imagesize                = 275px
|image_caption            = Houses on Steffen Avenue
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = Hamilton County Ohio Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Lincoln Heights highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 275px
|map_caption              = Location in [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] and the state of [[Ohio]].

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = Mayor
|leader_name              = Ruby Kinsey-Mumphrey<ref>{{cite web |title=Elected Officials |url=https://www.vlho.org/government/council/index.php |website=Village of Lincoln Heights |publisher=Village of Lincoln Heights |access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref>
|leader_title1            = 
|leader_name1             = 
|established_title        = 
|established_date         =

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 1.92
|area_land_km2            = 1.92
|area_water_km2           = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi         = 0.74
|area_land_sq_mi          = 0.74
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 
|pop_est_as_of            = 
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 3144
|population_density_km2   = 1633.46
|population_density_sq_mi = 4231.49

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = EDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft             = 669
|coordinates              = {{coord|39|14|41|N|84|27|24|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 45215
|area_code                = [[Area code 513|513]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 39-43722<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 1086215<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1086215}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|www.vlho.org}}
|footnotes                = 
|pop_est_footnotes = 
}}
'''Lincoln Heights''' is a [[village (United States)#Ohio|village]] in [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], [[Ohio]], [[United States]]. The population was 3,144 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. It is a suburb of [[Cincinnati]].

==History==
Lincoln Heights was founded in the 1920s by property developers as a suburban enclave for black homeowners working in nearby industries.<ref>Smith, Carolyn F., p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jWfF-vpscX4C&pg=PA8 8].</ref> It was originally an [[unincorporated area]] which had no fire, police, streetlights, or paved roads. At the time, only some houses had electricity. Many black families bought houses in the community because zoning laws and [[redlining]] prevented them from purchasing property in other communities.<ref name=Semuels>{{cite web|first1=Alana|last1=Semuels|access-date=2015-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714172233/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/lincoln-heights-black-suburb/398303/|archive-date=2015-07-14|title=The Destruction of a Black Suburb|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/lincoln-heights-black-suburb/398303/|date=13 July 2015}}</ref>

===Incorporation attempts===
The first attempt at incorporation came in 1939; the motive was so residents could establish their own municipal services. [[Lockland, Ohio|Lockland]] residents objected to the Lincoln Heights incorporation proposal because they feared Lincoln Heights' business district may compete with its own, so they filed an objection several minutes before the filing deadline occurred. This was the start of a series of delays.<ref name=Semuels/>

Kitty Morgan of ''[[Cincinnati Magazine]]'' wrote that the Hamilton County and state governments were "unsympathetic" to the attempted incorporation.<ref name=Morganp11>{{cite journal|author=Morgan, Kitty|title=A Best Place to Live|journal=[[Cincinnati Magazine]]|date=July 2002|publisher=[[Emmis Communications]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 8]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 11]|issn=0746-8210}} - CITED: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 11]</ref> The manager of the Wright Aeronautical Plant, located on land that Lincoln Heights residents wished to incorporate, also filed an objection because he did not want the factory to be in a majority black municipality. The communities of [[Woodlawn, Ohio|Woodlawn]], and then [[Evendale, Ohio|Evendale]] incorporated even though Lincoln Heights' application kept being delayed. They respectively took the western and eastern portions of territory that was supposed to be in Lincoln Heights, the latter of which contained the aeronautical plant (now the [[GE Aviation]] Evendale plant). The persons trying to establish Lincoln Heights failed to successfully challenge the Evendale incorporation in court.<ref name=Semuels/>

Voters narrowly approved the incorporation of Lincoln Heights in a special election on June 18, 1941. At the time, African Americans made up 98% of the community's residents.<ref>{{cite news|title=OK Incorporation In Lincoln Heights|work=[[The Cincinnati Post]]|publisher=Scripps-Howard Newspapers|date=June 19, 1941|page=15|via=NewsBank}}</ref> In 1946, Hamilton County allowed Lincoln Heights to incorporate with 10% of the original proposal's area. It had no industrial tax base since there were no major factories or plants within the city limits. A [[University of Buffalo]] professor of urban and regional planning who wrote a [[dissertation]] on Lincoln Heights, Henry Louis Taylor, stated that this made Lincoln Heights vulnerable to future economic problems.<ref name=Morganp11/>

===Subsequent history===
Morgan wrote that the "[[:wikt:halcyon days|halcyon days]]" of Lincoln Heights were the post-[[World War II]] period through the 1960s.<ref name=Morganp8>{{cite journal|author=Morgan, Kitty|title=A Best Place to Live|journal=[[Cincinnati Magazine]]|date=July 2002|publisher=[[Emmis Communications]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 8]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 11]|issn=0746-8210}} - CITED: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 8]</ref> At that time of incorporation it was the only black municipality north of the [[Mason-Dixon]] line, prompting [[Governor of New York]] [[Thomas E. Dewey]] to establish a tour of Lincoln Heights, inviting New York City residents to participate. In the mid-20th century many Lincoln Heights residents worked at the Wright Aeronautical Plant and a nearby chemical plant.<ref name=Semuels/>

In the 1970s Lincoln Heights had 6,099 residents. In the 1970s and 1980s many factories began to close, and the tax base of the city decreased, making it difficult to establish community programs. It became difficult for residents find employment, and many residents who attended universities [[brain drain|never returned to the city]]. By 1990 the number of residents in Lincoln Heights had decreased to 4,805.<ref name=Semuels/> This further declined to 4,113 persons in 2000.<ref name=Morganp8/> In 2000 ''[[Cincinnati Magazine]]'' ranked Lincoln Heights in last place, #84, in its "The Best Places to Live," a ranking of communities in the Cincinnati area.<ref name=Morganp8to10>{{cite journal|author=Morgan, Kitty|title=A Best Place to Live|journal=[[Cincinnati Magazine]]|date=July 2002|publisher=[[Emmis Communications]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 8]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 11]|issn=0746-8210}} - CITED: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 8], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TesCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 10].</ref>

As of 2001 the community still included many longtime residents;<ref name=VelaSavor>Vela, Susan. "[http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/06/30/loc_lincoln_heights.html Lincoln Heights residents savor sense of home, pride]" ([https://archive.today/20240527103558/https://www.webcitation.org/6a1WrALfp?url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/06/30/loc_lincoln_heights.html Archive]). ''[[Cincinnati Enquirer]]''. June 30, 2001. Retrieved on July 15, 2015.</ref> many persons who stayed in the city had been unable to leave Lincoln Heights.<ref name=Semuels/> That year the Lincoln Heights economic development director, Claude Audley, stated that he received telephone calls from people expressing a wish to move back to Lincoln Heights.<ref name=VelaSavor/>

From 2007 to 2013 the values of houses in Lincoln Heights declined by 76.4%. During the same period the housing values in nearby [[Indian Hill, Ohio|Indian Hill]] increased by 27.7%.<ref name=Semuels/>

In 2013 the population was down to 3,367. From 1970 to 2013, therefore, the population had declined by 45%. The population in nearby [[Blue Ash, Ohio|Blue Ash]] had increased by 46% during that time frame.<ref name=Semuels/>

===2025 neo-Nazi demonstrations===
In February 2025, about a dozen [[neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] waving flags with [[swastika]]s, some also armed, gathered at a highway overpass on the border between Lincoln Heights and [[Evendale, Ohio]]. The group pinned swastika banners and a sign that read "America is for the White Man" on the overpass, and at one point yelled out the n-word towards a passing white driver who filmed them. Local residents of the mostly-black Lincoln Heights confronted the neo-Nazi group and within minutes the latter fled in a [[U-Haul]] truck while local police stood between them and members of the community. Residents reported that the neo-Nazis used anti-black racial slurs and criticized police for not preventing the incident and not tracking or detaining the instigators, perceiving bias in police treatment and protection of the neo-Nazis.<ref>{{cite news |first=Paige|last=Barnes |access-date=2025-02-15|title=Local residents demand answers, better response from police after neo-Nazi rally|url=https://local12.com/news/local/residents-demand-answers-better-response-police-neo-nazi-rally-lincoln-heights-unauthorized-demonstration-town-hall-meeting-nazism-hate-protest-hamilton-county-sheriff-department-evendale-lockland-swastika-flag-transparency-cincinnati-ohio|date=10 February 2025|work=WKRC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-15|title=After armed neo-Nazis get police protection, some Black residents in Ohio express disbelief|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/armed-neo-nazis-get-police-protection-black-residents-ohio-express-dis-rcna191794|date=12 February 2025|website=NBC News}}</ref> Cincinnati Mayor [[Aftab Pureval]] released a statement condemning the incident and said it was "shocking and disgusting to see swastikas displayed in Evendale today."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/08/us/cincinnati-ohio-nazi-flags/index.html|title=Residents of historic Black community near Cincinnati confront White supremacist demonstrators, months after neo-Nazi march|last=Elassar|first=Alaa|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=February 9, 2025|access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-15|title=What happened during the neo-Nazi demonstration near Lincoln Heights? Here's what police say, body cam shows|url=https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/lincoln-heights/what-happened-during-the-neo-nazi-demonstration-near-lincoln-heights-heres-what-police-say-body-cam-shows|date=12 February 2025|website=WCPO 9 Cincinnati}}</ref> In the following days, counterdemonstrations and vigils were held, with hundreds of locals participating.<ref>{{cite web|first1=David|last1=Ferrara|access-date=2025-02-15|title=Lincoln Heights residents hold vigil, seek answers after white supremacist demonstration|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2025/02/10/lincoln-heights-vigil-questions-after-white-supremacist-demonstration/78373666007/|website=The Enquirer}}</ref> Some residents also formed armed patrols of the neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-15|title=Lincoln Heights residents stand guard amid 'deterioration' in relationship with officials after neo-Nazi rally|url=https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/lincoln-heights/lincoln-heights-residents-stand-guard-amid-deterioration-in-relationship-with-officials-after-neo-nazi-rally|date=12 February 2025|website=WCPO 9 Cincinnati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Marella Porter|last1=WKRC|access-date=2025-02-15|title='Lincoln Heights Protectors': Armed men guarding village following neo-Nazi rally|url=https://local12.com/news/local/lincoln-heights-protectors-armed-men-guarding-village-neo-nazi-rally-hate-group-evendale-community-defense-defenders-weapons-shotguns-guns-guard-counterprotest-protest-cincinnati-ohio|date=12 February 2025|website=WKRC}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|0.76|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=July 2, 2012 }}</ref>

As of 2002 there were 19 churches within Lincoln Heights.<ref name=Morganp11/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1950= 5531
|1960= 7798
|1970= 6099
|1980= 5259
|1990= 4805
|2000= 4113
|2010= 3286
|2020= 3144
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Lincoln Heights village, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Lincoln Heights village, Ohio |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=160XX00US3943722&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Lincoln Heights village, Ohio |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3943722&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Lincoln Heights village, Ohio |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3943722&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|23
|50
|style='background: #ffffe6; |92
|0.56%
|1.52%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.93%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|4,011
|3,132
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,810
|97.52%
|95.31%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |89.38%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|4
|11
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1
|0.10%
|0.33%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|1
|1
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6
|0.02%
|0.03%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19%
|-
|[[Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|1
|5
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0
|0.02%
|0.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.00%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|6
|8
|style='background: #ffffe6; |14
|0.15%
|0.24%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.45%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|32
|62
|style='background: #ffffe6; |127
|0.78%
|1.89%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.04%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|35
|17
|style='background: #ffffe6; |94
|0.85%
|0.52%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.99%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''4,113'''
|'''3,286'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''3,144'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

As of the census of 2020, there were 3,144 people living in the village, for a population density of 4,231.49 people per square mile (1,633.46/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 1,456 housing units. The racial makeup of the village was 3.4% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 89.8% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.4% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.5% from [[Race (United States Census)|some other race]], and 4.9% from two or more races. 3.0% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.<ref name="2020 census">{{cite web |title=Lincoln Heights village, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Lincoln_Heights_village,_Ohio?g=160XX00US3943722 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 16, 2023}}</ref>

There were 1,278 households, out of which 43.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 9.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.7% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 69.0% had a female householder with no spouse present. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48, and the average family size was 3.20.<ref name="2020 census"/>

40.4% of the village's population were under the age of 18, 46.6% were 18 to 64, and 13.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.7. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males.<ref name="2020 census"/>

According to the U.S. Census [[American Community Survey]], for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $12,183. About 64.4% of the population were living below the [[poverty line]], including 91.2% of those under age 18 and 38.6% of those age 65 or over. About 35.9% of the population were employed, and 12.0% had a bachelor's degree or higher.<ref name="2020 census"/>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref> of 2010, there were 3,286 people, 1,287 households, and 803 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was {{convert|4323.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 1,564 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2057.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 1.7% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 95.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.2% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 1,287 households, of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 39.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.30.

The median age in the village was 31.9 years. 30.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 12.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 43.3% male and 56.7% female.

As of 2015 the percentage of African-Americans in Lincoln Heights is among the highest in Ohio. As of the same time nearby [[Blue Ash, Ohio|Blue Ash]] has more than twice the median income of Lincoln Heights.<ref name=Semuels/>

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 4,113 people, 1,593 households, and 1,062 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert|5,566.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,762 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2,384.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 97.86% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.95% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|White]], 0.10% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.02% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.17% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.88% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.85% of the population.

There were 1,593 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 40.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 34.2% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 74.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $19,834, and the median income for a family was $22,500. Males had a median income of $24,050 versus $21,858 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $12,121. About 26.6% of families and 29.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 42.0% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000 it was the Ohio municipality with the highest percentage of black residents.<ref name="VelaSavor"/> As of 2002 40% of the town residents rented their residences.<ref name=Morganp8/>

==Government and infrastructure==
The village maintains its own fire department. As of 2015 the Hamilton County Sheriff's Office provides police services, patrolling Lincoln Heights with eight officers. The village pays $773,000 annually for this coverage.<ref name=AlterAnslinger>Alter, Maxim and Bryce Anslinger. "[http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/lincoln-heights/hamilton-county-deputies-officially-replace-lincoln-heights-police-after-corruption-claims Hamilton County deputies officially replace Lincoln Heights police after 'corruption' claims]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150714192531/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/lincoln-heights/hamilton-county-deputies-officially-replace-lincoln-heights-police-after-corruption-claims Archive]). ''[[WCPO]]''. January 26, 2015. Retrieved on July 15, 2015.</ref>

Previously the village operated its own police department. The department, as of 2014, had eight full-time police officers, seven part-time officers, and four auxiliary officers, or citizens who work one day per week to provide support for police officers. That year, the police department's annual budget was $864,000.<ref name=Marottivexes>Marotti, Ally. "[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/crime/2014/06/10/lincoln-heights-crime-drugs/10307091/ Violence vexes Lincoln Heights; police patrols boosted]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150715215342/http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/crime/2014/06/10/lincoln-heights-crime-drugs/10307091/ Archive]). ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]''. June 11, 2014. Retrieved on July 15, 2015.</ref>

==Crime==
[[Illegal drug]] distribution activity occurred in Lincoln Heights in the 2000s,<ref name=VelaSavor/> and the 2010s. In 2014 Lincoln Heights Chief of Police Conroy Chance stated that the most common illegal drugs were [[crack cocaine]] and [[marijuana]] prior to 2012, but the preferred drugs shifted to [[heroin]] that year.<ref name=Marottivexes/>

In 2010 Quan Truong and Jennifer Baker of ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]'' stated that Lincoln Heights had a history of violent crime, one that "plagues" Lincoln Heights.<ref name=Attackofficer>Truong, Quan and Jennifer Baker. "[http://archive.cincinnati.com/article/20100916/NEWS010701/309160023/Gunmen-attack-officer-Lincoln-Heights Gunmen attack officer in Lincoln Heights]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150715023442/http://archive.cincinnati.com/article/20100916/NEWS010701/309160023/Gunmen-attack-officer-Lincoln-Heights Archive]). ''[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]'' (cincinnati.com). September 16, 2010. Retrieved on July 15, 2015.</ref> Circa the 2010s typically Lincoln Heights experienced about one or two shootings each year.<ref name=Marottivexes/> In 1993 and 2001 there were incidents of Lincoln Heights police cars being set on fire. A man broke into the Lincoln Heights police station on fire in 1998, causing about $100,000 in damages. Persons shot the windows of the village hall and shot at police cars during the same evening.<ref name=Attackofficer/> In June 2001 authorities accused 33-year-old Stan Fitzpatrick of murdering community activist Elton "Arybie" Rose after killing Fitzpatrick's girlfriend and the girlfriend's daughter.<ref name=VelaSavor/> In the summer of 2010 a man fired bullets at [[Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville]] police officer who was chasing two suspects while in Lincoln Heights. In September 2010 men with semiautomatic weapons shot at a [[Woodlawn, Ohio|Woodlawn]] police car.<ref name=Attackofficer/> In 2012 there were four shootings, with one of them being a homicide, and in 2013 there were nine shootings, with four of them being homicides. In May 2014 a joint task force made up of the [[Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation]], the county sheriff's department, the [[Cincinnati Police Department]], and the Woodlawn Police Department was established to reduce violence stemming from illegal drug issues.<ref name=Marottivexes/>

In 2014, Chance stated that due to the nature of crime in Lincoln Heights, "we police the way that big city polices."<ref name=Marottivexes/> Since then the Lincoln Heights police department had been disbanded.<!--See "Government and infrastructure" section for information on this-->

==Education==
Residents are a part of [[Princeton City Schools]], which operates Lincoln Heights Elementary School.<ref>"[http://www.princeton.k12.oh.us/Lincoln.cfm Home]." Lincoln Heights Elementary School. Retrieved on July 15, 2015. "1113 Adams Street, Cincinnati, OH 45215"</ref> For secondary school residents attend Community Middle School and [[Princeton High School (Ohio)|Princeton High School]].

The current Lincoln Heights Elementary building, with a capacity of 440 students, opened in 2006 as part of an $85 million school bond program. In 2012 the school district considered closing the school due to issues with its budget, but the school remained open after a [[tax levy]] was passed. Due to violence occurring outside of the school, it was held in an all-day [[lockdown]] from May 14 to June 2, 2014.<ref name=Marottivexes/> The school district stated that this was due to concern over the safety of the students.<ref>Wiechert, Brian. "[http://www.fox19.com/story/25529678/lincoln-heights-elementary-school-placed-on-lockdown Lincoln Heights Elementary School placed on lockdown for remainder of school year]" ([http://web.archive.org/web/20140821020938/http://www.fox19.com/story/25529678/lincoln-heights-elementary-school-placed-on-lockdown Archive]). Fox 19. May 16, 2014. Retrieved on July 15, 2015.</ref>

As of 2014, there were fewer than 200 students at Lincoln Heights Elementary, while 40 other elementary-aged children who live in Lincoln Heights attend other schools in the Princeton school district.<ref name=Marottivexes/>


==Notable people==
* [[Nikki Giovanni]], poet
* [[Darryl Hardy]], football player
* [[Maurice Harvey]], football player
* [[The Isley Brothers]], songwriters
* [[Yvette Simpson]], [[Cincinnati]] city council member
* [[Carl Westmoreland]], [[National Underground Railroad Freedom Center]] manager and scholar
* [[Tony Yates]], basketball player and coach

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Taylor, Henry Louis. "The Building of a Black Industrial Suburb : The Lincoln Heights, Ohio Story." Thesis 977.14 T242. [http://library.cincymuseum.org/aag/housing.html Available at the] [[Cincinnati Museum Center]].
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Carolyn F.|title=Lincoln Heights|year=2009|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7385-6167-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vlho.org/ Village website]
* [http://rave.ohiolink.edu/archives/ead/OhCiUAR0315 Finding Aid for Lincoln Heights Community Facilities records], Archives and Rare Books Library, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

{{Hamilton County, Ohio}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Neo-Nazism in the United States]]
[[Category:Villages in Hamilton County, Ohio]]
[[Category:1920s establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Villages in Ohio]]
[[Category:White nationalism in Ohio]]