Editing Lincoln, Massachusetts

{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Lincoln, Massachusetts
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = Codman House, Lincoln, Massachusetts.JPG
| image_caption      = [[Codman House]]
| image_seal         = Seal of Lincoln, Massachusetts.png
| image_flag         = 
| image_map          = Middlesex County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Lincoln highlighted.svg
| mapsize            = 250px
| map_caption        = Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
| image_map1         = 
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Massachusetts]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = 1650
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2  = 1754
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3  = 
| government_type    = [[Open town meeting]]
| leader_title       = <!--[[Town Administrator|Town<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Administrator]]-->
| leader_name        = 
| leader_title1      = <!--Board of <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selectmen-->
| leader_name1       = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 38.9
| area_total_sq_mi   = 15.0
| area_land_km2      = 37.2
| area_land_sq_mi    = 14.4
| area_water_km2     = 1.7
| area_water_sq_mi   = 0.6
| population_as_of   = 2020
| settlement_type    = [[New England town|Town]]
| population_total   = 7014
| population_density_km2 = 188.5
| population_density_sq_mi = 487.1
| elevation_m        = 79
| elevation_ft       = 258
| timezone           = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset         = −5
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −4
| coordinates        = {{coord|42|25|33|N|71|18|16|W|region:US-MA|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = {{ubl|01773 (Lincoln)|01731 ([[Hanscom AFB]])}}
| area_code          = [[Area code 339|339]]/[[Area code 781|781]]
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 25-35425
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = 0619402
| website            = {{URL|www.lincolntown.org}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Lincoln''' is a town in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], United States. The population was 7,014 according to the [[2020 United States census]], including residents of [[Hanscom Air Force Base]] who live within town limits. The town, located in the [[MetroWest]] region of Boston's suburbs, has a large amount of colonial history and a sizeable amount of public conservation land.

== History ==
Lincoln was settled by Europeans in 1654, as a part of [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]]. The majority of Lincoln was formed by splitting off a substantial piece of southeast Concord and incorporated as a separate town in 1754. Due to their "difficulties and inconveniences by reason of their distance from the places of Public Worship in their respective Towns," local inhabitants petitioned the General Court to be set apart as a separate town. Because the new town was composed of parts "nipped" off from the adjacent towns of [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]] (which itself had been part of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]) and [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]] (which itself had been part of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]), it was sometimes referred to as "Niptown."<ref>https://archive.org/details/accountofcelebra00lincrich p.27 (p.63 of the PDF)</ref>

Chambers Russell, a Representative in the Court in Boston, was influential in the town's creation. In gratitude, Russell was asked to name the new town. He chose Lincoln, after his family home in [[Lincolnshire, England]]. His homestead in Lincoln was later known as the [[Codman House]] property, which was occupied after his death by his relatives, the Codman family.

Lincoln is reportedly the only town in America named after [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], England (and not the Revolutionary War Major General, [[Benjamin Lincoln]] or President [[Abraham Lincoln]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Town History|url=http://lincolnhistoricalsociety.org/Pages/town_history.htm|website=Lincoln Historical Society|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> although [[Lincoln, New Hampshire]], was named for the 9th [[Earl of Lincoln]], an English nobleman and incorporated in 1764, 45 years before Abraham Lincoln's birth.

[[Paul Revere]] was [[Paul Revere Capture Site|captured by British soldiers]] in Lincoln on the night of April 18, 1775. Minutemen from Lincoln were the first to arrive to reinforce the colonists protecting American stores of ammunition and arms in Concord. Colonel Abijah Pierce of Lincoln led his troops, armed with a cane. He upgraded his weapon to a British musket after the battle. Five British soldiers who fell in Lincoln are buried in the town cemetery. A substantial portion of the first battle of the Revolutionary War, the Battle of Lexington and Concord, was fought in Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49742/49742-h/49742-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of the Battle of April 19, 1775, in Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville and Charlestown, Massachusetts, by Frank Warren Coburn}}</ref>

Reverend Charles Stearns (1753&ndash;1826), a Harvard-trained minister, served the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]] in Lincoln from late 1781 until his death. Only a handful of his sermons were printed, most in the early 19th century. In addition, Stearns was principal of the Liberal School, a relatively progressive and coeducational institution that opened in early 1793. While at the school, Stearns wrote and published a number of education-related works, including ''Dramatic Dialogues for Use in Schools'' (1798), a collection of 30 original plays that were performed by the students. After the school closed in 1808, Stearns continued to tutor students privately. Among his pupils were Nathan Brooks, a Concord lawyer, and George Russell, a Lincoln physician. Stearns's published works can be accessed at [[Early American Imprints]], a microform and digital collection produced by the [[American Antiquarian Society]]. A summary article that surveys Stearns as a producer of children's drama is "The Dramatic Dialogues of Charles Stearns: An Appreciation" by Jonathan Levy, in ''Spotlight on the Child: Studies in the History of American Children's Theatre'', ed. Roger L. Bedard and C. John Tolch (New York: Greenwood, 1989): 5–24.

==Education==
The Lincoln School District operates elementary and middle schools, while the zoned high school is [[Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School]], in [[Sudbury, Massachusetts|Sudbury]], of the school district of that name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st25_ma/schooldistrict_maps/c25017_middlesex/DC20SD_C25017.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Middlesex County, MA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2024-10-28|archive-date=July 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722170353/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st25_ma/schooldistrict_maps/c25017_middlesex/DC20SD_C25017.pdf|pages=2-3 (PDF p. 3-4/4)|url-status=live}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st25_ma/schooldistrict_maps/c25017_middlesex/DC20SD_C25017_SD2MS.txt Text list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722170353/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st25_ma/schooldistrict_maps/c25017_middlesex/DC20SD_C25017_SD2MS.txt |date=2022-07-22}}</ref>

Lincoln's non-base area is home to one public K–8 school, the Lincoln School. In December 2018, voters in Lincoln approved the construction of a new K–8 school building and a Proposition {{frac|2|1|2}} property tax override to pay for the school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lincoln.wickedlocal.com/news/20181205/lincoln-voters-approve-money-for-school-building-project|title=Lincoln voters approve money for school building project|last=Camero|first=Holly|website=Lincoln Journal|language=en|access-date=October 15, 2019}}</ref> To date $80 million financing has been raised via bond issuance for a $93.9 million renovation project at Lincoln School.<ref>Financial Section and Warrant for the 2022 Annual Town Meeting Lincoln, Massachusetts https://www.lincolntown.org/1307/2022-Annual-Town-Meeting</ref>

The on-post [[K-8 school]] Hanscom School<!--https://installations.militaryonesource.mil says "There are two schools located on Hanscom AFB for children residing in base housing; Hanscom Primary School and Hanscom Middle School" but the site redirects to "Hanscom School K-8" at http://lincnet.org/domain/23 --> of [[Hanscom Air Force Base]], a base which is partially in Lincoln,<!--Also the military housing seem to be entirely on the Lincoln side: https://www.hanscomfamilyhousing.com/sites/hanscom/files/html/maps/map-flintlock-ridge.pdf --> is operated the Lincoln School District.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/military-installation/hanscom-afb/education/education|title=Hanscom AFB Education|publisher=[[Militaryonesource.mil]]|access-date=2024-10-28}} - This is a [[.mil]] site.</ref> Dependents of active duty military living on the base are sent to [[Bedford High School (Massachusetts)|Bedford High School]] of the Bedford School District. High school students living on the base who are not dependents of active duty military personnel are sent to Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebedfordcitizen.org/2024/05/gordon-optimistic-about-renewal-of-state-aid-for-military-affiliated-students/|title=Gordon Optimistic about Renewal of State Aid for Military Affiliated Students|newspaper=[[The Bedford Citizen]]|date=2024-05-02|access-date=2024-10-28}}</ref>

The private school [[The Carroll School]] maintains its middle school in Lincoln.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carrollschool.org/|title=Home|publisher=[[The Carroll School]]|access-date=2024-10-29|quote=
25 Baker Bridge Road Lincoln, MA 01773}}</ref>

==Geography==
Lincoln has a total area of {{convert|15.0|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|14.4|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.6|sqmi|km2}} is water, representing 4.26% of the town's total area. (Source: [[United States Census Bureau]].)

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income}}
{{Historical populations | type=USA
 | 1850|719
 | 1860|718
 | 1870|791
 | 1880|907
 | 1890|987
 | 1900|1127
 | 1910|1175
 | 1920|1042
 | 1930|1493
 | 1940|1783
 | 1950|2427
 | 1960|5613
 | 1970|7567
 | 1980|7098
 | 1990|7666
 | 2000|8056
 | 2010|6362
 | 2020|7014
 | 2022*|6855
 | footnote=* = population estimate.  {{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references}}<ref>{{cite web | title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022| publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] | access-date=November 25, 2023 | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html}}</ref>
}}
At the 2000 [[census]],<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> there were 8,056 people, 2,790 households and 2,254 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was {{convert|560.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sigfig=4|adj=off}}. There were 2,911 housing units at an average density of {{convert|202.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 87.16% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.84% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.38% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.17% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.33% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.09% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.97% of the population. The 21.03% drop in population between the 2010 and 2000 censuses was the largest of any municipality in Massachusetts. Diversity in the public schools is higher due to the [https://metcoinc.org/ METCO] program.

There were 2,790 households, of which 45.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. Of all households 15.8% were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.18.

Age distribution was 30.7% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.

The [[median household income]] was $120,844, and median family income was $202,704. Males had a median income of $142,788 versus $61,786 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $74,402. About 0.3% of families and 0.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 0.2% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.

The majority of the land in the town is zoned for residential and agricultural use.

==Points of interest==
* [[Arborvitae Cemetery]]
* [[Bemis Hall (Lincoln, Massachusetts)|Bemis Hall]]
* [[Codman House]]
* [[DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum]]
* [[Drumlin Farm]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.massaudubon.org/get-outdoors/wildlife-sanctuaries/drumlin-farm | title=Drumlin Farm Wildlife Sanctuary }}</ref>
* [[The Food Project]]
* [[Gropius House]]
* [[Hanscom Field]] and [[Hanscom Air Force Base]]
* [[Hartwell Tavern]]
* [[Lincoln Center Historic District]]
* [[Lincoln Public Library (Lincoln, Massachusetts)|Lincoln Public Library]]
* [[Massachusetts Audubon Society]] Headquarters
* [[Mount Misery (Lincoln, Massachusetts)|Mount Misery]]
* [[Virginia Road]]

==Transportation==
[[Regional rail|Commuter rail]] service from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston's]] [[North Station]] is provided by the [[MBTA Commuter Rail|MBTA]] with [[Lincoln (MBTA station)|a stop in Lincoln]] on its [[Fitchburg Line]].<ref>[http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/rail/lines/stations/?stopId=104 MBTA website].''mbta.com''. Accessed August 31, 2007.</ref> Lincoln was previously home to a second railroad station, Baker Bridge station, which was the site of a [[Baker Bridge train wreck|deadly 1905 train wreck]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rear-End Collision Brings Deaths to 17 |work=The Boston Daily Globe |date=November 27, 1905}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* The 1988 [[They Might Be Giants]] album [[Lincoln (album)|''Lincoln'']] is named after the town, as it is the band's hometown.
* Lincoln is featured in the 2013 video game ''[[The Last of Us]]'', as well as the 2023 [[HBO]] [[The Last of Us (TV series)|television adaption]], although the game indicates that Lincoln is part of Amherst County, which does not exist; the real [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] is a town approximately {{convert|75|mi|km|round=5|abbr=off|sp=us}} west of Lincoln.

==Notable people==
*[[Bradford Cannon]], pioneer in reconstructive surgery
*[[Holly Clarke]], distance runner
*[[David Herbert Donald]], professor and Pulitzer Prize-winning Author
*[[Susan Fargo]], Massachusetts state senator
*[[John Farrar (scientist)|John Farrar]], Harvard scientist
*[[John Flansburgh]], musician, co-founder of the alternative rock group [[They Might Be Giants]]
*[[Miriam Sophie Freud]], Austrian American psychosociologist, educator, and author, the granddaughter of [[Sigmund Freud]]
*[[Julia Glass]], author
*[[Diana Golden (skier)|Diana Golden]], ski racer
*[[Alita Guillen]], former television news anchor and reporter.
*[[Harriet Louise Hardy]], first woman professor at [[Harvard Medical School]]
*[[Mary Hartwell]], who played a prominent role in the battles of Lexington and Concord
*[[Maggie Hassan]], Senator, New Hampshire Governor
*[[Greg Hawkes]], keyboardist for [[The Cars]]
*[[Charles Kindleberger]], economic historian and author
*[[John Linnell]], musician, co-founder of the alternative rock group They Might Be Giants
*[[Nicholi Rogatkin]], professional cyclist
*[[Joseph M. Sussman]], MIT professor
*[[Ray Tomlinson]], computer programming pioneer, inventor of e-mail
*[[Lester Thurow]], Dean of MIT Sloan School, author
*[[Patricia Warner]], spy for [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] during [[World War II]]
*[[Charles Stearns Wheeler]], [[Transcendentalism]] pioneer
*[[Alex Taylor (American runner) | Alex Taylor]], distance runner
*[[Frank Wood (actor)|Frank Wood]], actor
*[[Robert Coldwell Wood]], political scientist

==See also==
* [[Beaver Pond (Massachusetts)|Beaver Pond]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404033909/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_results.asp?ImageType=index&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871 ''1871 Atlas of Massachusetts''.] by Wall & Gray.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404035120/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0010_0011.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix= Map of Massachusetts.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080404034546/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0044_0045.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix= Map of Middlesex County.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&q=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Middlesex+intitle:County+intitle:Massachusetts ''History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts'', Volume 1 (A-H)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hNaAnwRMedUC&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Middlesex+intitle:County+intitle:Massachusetts&pg=PA3 Volume 2 (L-W)] compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879 and 1880. 572 and 505 pages. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hNaAnwRMedUC&dq=History+of+Middlesex+County,+Massachusetts&pg=PA34 Lincoln section] by William F. Wheeler in volume 2 pages 34–43.
* 1940 US Census: enumeration districts [https://1940census.archives.gov/search/?search.census_year=1940&search.enumeration_district=9-207&search.page=1&search.result_type=image&search.state=MA# 9-207] and [https://1940census.archives.gov/search/?search.census_year=1940&search.enumeration_district=9-208&search.page=1&search.result_type=image&search.state=MA#searchby=location&searchmode=browse&year=1940 9-208]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.lincolntown.org/ Town of Lincoln official website]
* [http://www.lincnet.org/ Lincoln Public Schools]
{{Massachusetts}}
{{Middlesex County, Massachusetts}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lincoln, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Towns in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]