Editing Lincoln, England

{{Short description|Cathedral city in Lincolnshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Lincoln
| official_name      = Lincoln/City of Lincoln
| other_name         = Lindon, Lindum Colonia
| settlement_type    = [[Cathedral city]] and [[non-metropolitan district]]
| motto              = 
| nickname           = Tank Town,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln - LocalMotion |url=https://localmotion.org.uk/lincoln/ |website=LocalMotion |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image |border=infobox|perrow=1/2|total_width=250|align=center
| image1 =Lincoln Cathedral viewed from Lincoln Castle.jpg
| caption1      = [[Lincoln Cathedral]]
| image2 = The Corn Exchange, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 6692871.jpg
| caption2      = [[Cornhill Quarter, Lincoln|Cornhill Quarter]]
| image3 = High Street Bridge on Lincoln High Street.jpg
| caption3      = [[High Bridge, Lincoln|High Bridge]] over the [[River Witham]]
| image4 = Steep Hill, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 3368178.jpg
| caption4      = [[Steep Hill]]
| image5 = Brayford Pool and Lincoln Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 4114887.jpg
| caption5      = [[Brayford Pool]] and the cathedral
| image6        = Castle Hill, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 3841126.jpg
| caption6      = Castle Hill, Lincoln
| image_size         = 
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Lincoln.svg
| flag_size          = 150px
| image_shield       = Lincoln.svg
| shield_size        = 85px
| pushpin_map        = East Midlands#England#United Kingdom#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the East Midlands##Location in England##Location in United Kingdom##Location in Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| blank_emblem_alt   = 
| blank_emblem_link  = 
| image_map          = Lincoln UK locator map.svg
| mapsize            = 250px
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Shown within [[Lincolnshire]]
<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name   = United Kingdom
| subdivision_type1  = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[England]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[East Midlands]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Lincolnshire]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Non-metropolitan district]]
| governing_body     = [[City of Lincoln Council]]
| parts_type         = Wards and suburbs of the city
| p1                 = [[Abbey, Lincoln|Abbey]] (Ward)
| p2                 = [[Birchwood, Lincoln|Birchwood]] (Ward)
| p3                 = [[Boultham]] (Ward)
| p4                 = [[Carholme, Lincoln|Carholme]] (Ward)
| p5                 = [[Castle, Lincoln|Castle]] (Ward)
| p6                 = [[Glebe, Lincoln|Glebe]] (Ward)
| p7                 = [[Hartsholme]] (Ward)
| p8                 = [[Minster, Lincoln|Minster]] (Ward)
| p9                 = [[Moorland, Lincoln|Moorland]] (Ward)
| p10                = [[Park, Lincoln|Park]] (Ward)
| p11                = [[Witham, Lincoln|Witham]] (Ward)
| p12                = [[Boultham Moor]]
| p13                = [[Bracebridge, Lincolnshire|Bracebridge]]
| p14                = [[Bracebridge Heath]] (Village)
| p15                = [[Bracebridge Low Fields]]
| p16                = [[Burton, Lincolnshire|Burton]] (Village)
| p17                = [[Burton Waters]]
| p18                = [[Canwick]] (Village)
| p19                = [[Canwick Hill]]
| p20                = [[Charterholme]]
| p21                = [[Cornhill Quarter, Lincoln|Cornhill Quarter]]
| p22                = [[Ermine, Lincoln|Ermine]]
| p23                = [[Ermine East]]
| p24                = [[Ermine West]]
| p25                = [[Hykeham Central]]
| p26                = [[Hykeham Fosse]]
| p27                = [[Monks Road]] (District)
| p28                = [[New Boultham]]
| p29                = [[Newland, Lincoln|Newland]] (District)
| p30                = [[Newport, Lincoln|Newport]] (District)
| p31                = [[North Hykeham]] (Town)
| p32                = [[Riseholme]] (Village)
| p33                = [[Skellingthorpe]] (Village)
| p34                = [[South Hykeham]] (Village)
| p35                = [[St Catherine's, Lincoln|St Catherine's]]
| p36                = [[St Giles Estate, Lincoln|St Giles Estate]]
| p37                = [[Steep Hill]]
| p38                = [[Swallowbeck]]
| p39                = [[Swanpool, Lincoln|Swanpool]]
| p40                = [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]] (Village)
| p41                = [[Waddington Low Fields]]
| p42                = [[Washingborough]] (Village)
| p43                = [[West End, Lincoln|West End]] (District)
| p44                = [[Wigford]] (District)
| leader_title       = [[Leader and cabinet|Leadership]]
| leader_name        = [[Local Government Act 2000#Options for council executive forms|Leader and cabinet]]
| leader_title1      = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#Unitary authorities|Executive]]
| leader_name1       = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| leader_title2      = [[List of mayors of Lincoln, England|Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = Bill Mara [[Conservative Party (UK)|(Con)]]
| leader_title3      = Council Leader
| leader_name3       = Naomi Tweddle [[Labour Party (UK)|(Lab)]]
| established_title  = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City status]]
| established_date   = 1072
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2  = 1 April 1974
| seat_type          = [[Administrative centre]]
| seat               = [[Lincoln City Hall]]
| total_type         = City and District
| unit_pref          = 
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 35.69|
| area_rank          = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = <!-- Population ----------------------->
| population_total   = 103,813
| population_as_of   = 
| population_rank    = {{English district rank|GSS=E07000138}} [[List of English districts by population|(of {{English district total}})]]
| population_density_km2 = 687
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E07000138|title=Lincoln Local Authority|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 92.2% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 3.2% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 2% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 1.4% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 0.9% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
| 50.7% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
| 45.5% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
| 2% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
| 0.4% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
| 1.4% [[Religion in England|other]]
 }}
| population_blank2_title = 
| population_blank2  = 
| population_metro   = 189,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lincoln-population|title=Lincoln Population: 2022|work=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221221826/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lincoln-population|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_urban   = 130,200
| population_blank1  = 
| population_demonym = Lincolnian, Lincolnite, Lincolner
<!-- General information --------------->| timezone           = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
| utc_offset         = +0
| timezone_DST       = [[British Summer Time]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +1
| coordinates        = {{coord|53|13|42|N|0|32|20|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_m    = 
| elevation_max_m    = <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| postal_code_type   = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode areas]]
| postal_code        = [[LN postcode area|LN]]
| area_code_type     = [[List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]]
| area_codes         = 01522
| blank1_name        = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
| blank1_info        = 32UD (ONS)<br />E07000138 (GSS)
| blank2_name        = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]
| blank2_info        = {{gbmappingsmall|SK9771}}
| blank4_name        = Primary airports
| blank4_info        = [[Humberside Airport|Humberside]], [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]]
| blank4_name_sec2   = Councillors
| blank4_info_sec2   = 33
| blank5_name_sec2   = [[List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|Member of Parliament]]
| blank5_info_sec2   = [[Hamish Falconer]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Lab]])
| website            = {{URL|www.lincoln.gov.uk}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Lincoln''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|k|ə|n}}) is a [[cathedral city]] and [[non-metropolitan district|district]] in [[Lincolnshire]], England, of which it is the [[county town]]. In the 2021 Census, the city's district had a population of 103,813.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TS001 - Number of usual residents in households and communal establishments - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts001 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230420/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts001 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2021 census gave the [[Lincoln Urban Area|urban area of Lincoln]], including [[Bracebridge Heath]], [[North Hykeham]], [[South Hykeham]] and [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]], a recorded population of 127,540.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waddington (Parish, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/uk/eastmidlands/admin/north_kesteven/E04005843__waddington/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=citypopulation.de |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601162454/https://citypopulation.de/en/uk/eastmidlands/admin/north_kesteven/E04005843__waddington/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Information on the District {{!}} North Kesteven District Council |url=https://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/council-democracy/facts-figures-about-council/information-district |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.n-kesteven.gov.uk |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601162500/https://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/council-democracy/facts-figures-about-council/information-district |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roman Britain|Roman]] ''[[Lindum Colonia]]'' developed from an [[Iron Age]] settlement of [[Celtic Britons|Britons]] on the [[River Witham]], near the [[Fosse Way]] road. Over time its name was shortened to Lincoln, after successive settlements, including by [[Anglo-Saxons]] and [[Danes (tribe)|Danes]]. Landmarks include [[Lincoln Cathedral]] ([[English Gothic architecture]]; for over 200 years the world's tallest building) and the 11th-century [[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[Lincoln Castle]]. The city hosts the [[University of Lincoln]], [[Bishop Grosseteste University]], [[Lincoln City F.C.]] and [[Lincoln United F.C.]] Lincoln is the largest settlement in Lincolnshire, with the towns of [[Grimsby]] second largest and [[Scunthorpe]] third.

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Lincoln|Lincoln City Centre}}

===Earliest history===
The earliest origins of Lincoln can be traced to remains of an [[Iron Age]] settlement of round wooden dwellings, discovered by archaeologists in 1972, which have been dated to the 1st century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/ |title=History & Heritage of Lincoln – Iron Age, Roman, Medieval, Industrial, Modern {{!}} Visit Lincoln |website=Visit Lincoln |access-date=17 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218025754/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/ |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was built by [[Brayford Pool]] on the [[River Witham]] at the foot of a large hill, on which the [[Normans]] later built [[Lincoln Cathedral]] and [[Lincoln Castle]].

The name Lincoln may come from this period, when the settlement is thought to have been named in the [[Brythonic languages|Brittonic language]] of Iron Age Britain's [[Celts|Celtic]] inhabitants as ''Lindon'', "The Pool",<ref name="Matasović2009">{{Cite book |first=Ranko |last=Matasović |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ |access-date=12 June 2013 |year=2009 |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |isbn=978-90-04-17336-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629021030/http://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ |archive-date=29 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> presumably referring to Brayford Pool (compare the etymology of [[Dublin]], from the Gaelic ''dubh linn'' "black pool"). The extent of the original settlement is unknown, as its remains are buried beneath the later Roman and medieval ruins and modern Lincoln.

===Lindum Colonia===
[[File:Newport Arch.jpg|left|thumb|[[Newport Arch]], a 3rd-century Roman gate]]
{{Main|Lindum Colonia}}
The Romans conquered this part of Britain in 48 CE and soon built a legionary fortress high on a hill overlooking the natural lake, Brayford Pool, formed by the widening of the River Witham, and the northern end of the [[Fosse Way]] Roman road (A46). Celtic ''Lindon'' was later [[Latin language|Latinised]] to ''Lindum'' and the title ''Colonia'' added when it became settled by army veterans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Lincoln |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lincoln&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2011 |location=Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA |year=2001–2011 |quote=Lincoln: English city, county town of Lincolnshire, O.E. Lindcylene, from L. Lindum Colonia from a Latinate form of British *lindo "pool, lake" (corresponding to Welsh llyn). Originally a station for retired IX Legion veterans. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072937/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lincoln&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The conversion to a ''colonia'' occurred when the legion moved on to [[York]] (''Eboracum'') in 71 CE. '''Lindum colonia''' or more fully, '''Colonia Domitiana Lindensium''', after the then Emperor [[Domitian]], was set up within the walls of the hilltop fortress by extending it with about an equal area, down the hillside to the waterside.

It became a flourishing settlement accessible from the sea through the [[River Trent]] and through the River Witham. On the basis of a patently corrupt list of British bishops said to have attended the [[Council of Arles (314)|314 Council of Arles]], the city is often seen as having been the capital of the [[Roman province|province]] of [[Flavia Caesariensis]], formed during the late 3rd-century [[Diocletian Reforms]]. Subsequently, the town and its waterways declined. By the close of the 5th century, it was largely deserted, although some occupation continued under a ''Praefectus Civitatis'' – [[Paulinus of York|Saint Paulinus]] visited a man holding this office in Lincoln in 629 CE.

===Lincylene===
[[File:Lincoln Castle, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 689665.jpg|thumb|East Gate, Lincoln Castle]]
Germanic tribes from the North Sea area settled Lincolnshire in the 5th to 6th centuries. The Latin ''Lindum Colonia'' shrank in [[Old English]] to Lindocolina, then to Lincylene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Parker MS: entry for 942 |url=http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501203010/http://www8.georgetown.edu/departments/medieval/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

After the first [[Viking]] raids, the city again rose to some importance with overseas trading ties. In Viking times Lincoln had its own mint, by far the most important in Lincolnshire and by the end of the 10th century, comparable in output to that of [[York]].<ref>Finds suggest a 100-to-1 preponderance over the nominal mints of Caistor, Horncastle and Louth; a hoard recovered at Corringham, near Gainsborough, consists mainly of coins minted at Lincoln and York (David Michael Metcalf, ''An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, c. 973–1086'', 1998:198–200).</ref> After establishment of the [[Danelaw]] in 886, Lincoln became one of the [[Five Burghs|Five East Midland Boroughs]]. Excavations at Flaxengate reveal that an area deserted since Roman times received timber-framed buildings fronting a new street system in about 900.<ref>Richard Hall, ''Viking Age Archaeology'' (series Shire Archaeology) 2010:23.</ref> Lincoln underwent an economic explosion with the settlement of the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]]. Like York, the Upper City seems to have had purely administrative functions up to 850 or so, while the Lower City, down the hill towards the River Witham, may have been largely deserted. By 950, however, the Witham banks were developed, the Lower City resettled and the suburb of Wigford emerging as a trading centre. In 1068, two years after the [[Norman conquest of England]], [[William I of England|William I]] ordered Lincoln Castle to be built on the site of the old Roman settlement, for the same strategic reasons and controlling the same road, the [[Fosse Way]].<ref name="PS1">{{Cite PastScape |mnumber=326536 |mname=Lincoln castle |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

===Green cloth===
[[File:Lincoln Guildhall Coat of arms.JPG|thumb|Coat of arms of King James I added in 1617 when the monarch visited the city for nine days]]
During [[the Anarchy]], in 1141 Lincoln was the site of a [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|battle]] between [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] and the forces of [[Empress Matilda]], led by her illegitimate half-brother [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]]. After fierce fighting in the city streets, Stephen's forces were defeated and Stephen himself captured and taken to [[Bristol]].

By 1150, Lincoln was among the wealthiest towns in England, based economically on cloth and [[wool]] exported to [[Flanders]]; Lincoln [[weaving|weavers]] had set up a [[guild]] in 1130 to produce Lincoln Cloth, especially the fine dyed "scarlet" and "green", whose reputation was later enhanced by the legendary [[Robin Hood]] wearing woollens of [[Lincoln green]]. In the Guildhall, surmounting the city gate called the [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Stonebow]], the ancient Council Chamber contains Lincoln's civic insignia, a fine collection of civic regalia.

Outside the precincts of cathedral and castle, the old quarter clustered round the Bailgate and down [[Steep Hill]] to the [[High Street, Lincoln|High Street]] and [[High Bridge, Lincoln|High Bridge]], whose [[half-timbered]] housing juts out over the river. There are three ancient churches: [[St Mary le Wigford]] and [[St Peter at Gowts]], both 11th century in origin, and [[St Mary Magdalene, Bailgate, Lincoln|St Mary Magdalene]], from the late 13th century. The last is an unusual English dedication to a saint whose cult was coming into vogue on the European continent at the time.

Lincoln was home to one of five main [[History of the Jews in England|Jewish communities in England]], well established before it was officially noted in 1154. In 1190, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] riots that started in [[King's Lynn]], Norfolk, spread to Lincoln; the Jewish community took refuge with royal officials, but their homes were plundered. The so-called [[Norman House|House of Aaron]] has a two-storey street frontage that is essentially 12th century and the nearby [[Jew's House]] likewise bears witness to the Jewish population.<ref name="Local Heritage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/visitor-and-leisure/heritage-and-tourism/local-heritage/jews-house-and-jews-court/110041.article |title=Jews House and Jews Court |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=City of Lincoln Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305052103/http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/visitor-and-leisure/heritage-and-tourism/local-heritage/jews-house-and-jews-court/110041.article |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape |mnumber=326716 |access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |first=Eric |last=Weil |title=Lincolnshire Jewish Community |date=September 2003 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/asop/people/jewish_community.shtml |publisher=BBC News |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708152728/http://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/asop/people/jewish_community.shtml |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1255, the affair called "[[Blood libel|The Libel of Lincoln]]" in which prominent Lincoln Jews, accused of ritual murder of a Christian boy ([[Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln]] in medieval folklore) were sent to the [[Tower of London]] and 18 executed.<ref name="BBC"/> The Jews were all expelled in 1290.<ref name="BBC"/>

[[File:Jew's Court, Lincoln.jpg|thumb|Frontage of Jews' Court on [[Steep Hill]]]]
Thirteenth-century Lincoln was England's third largest city and a favourite of more than one king. In the [[First Barons' War]], it was caught in the strife between the king and rebel barons allied with the French. [[Battle of Lincoln (1217)|Here]] and at [[Dover]] the French and Rebel army was defeated. Thereafter the town was pillaged for having sided with [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis]].<ref name="DeRemilitari">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/wendover.htm |title=The Battle of Lincoln (1217), according to Roger of Wendover |access-date=12 June 2013 |author1=Roger of Wendover |author2=translated by J. A. Giles |date=1849 |location=London |work=Flowers of History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024053150/http://www.deremilitari.org/RESOURCES/SOURCES/wendover.htm |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In the [[Second Barons' War]], of 1266, the disinherited rebels attacked the Jews of Lincoln, ransacked the [[synagogue]] and burned the records that registered debts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Lincoln |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/lincoln-england |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122020/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/lincoln-england |archive-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Decline, dissolution and damage===
Some historians have the city's fortunes declining from the 14th century, but others argue that it remained buoyant in trade and communications well into the 15th. In 1409, the city became a [[county corporate]]: the County of the City of Lincoln, formerly part of the [[West Riding of Lindsey]] since at least the time of the [[Domesday Book]]. Additional rights were then conferred by successive monarchs, including those of an assay town (controlling metal manufacturing, for example).<ref>A. Kissane, ''Civic Community in Late Medieval Lincoln: Urban Society and Economy in the Age of the Black Death, 1289–1409'' (Woodbridge, 2017). Updated 4 January 2017.</ref> The oldest surviving [[Secularity|secular]] [[drama]] in English, ''[[The Interlude of the Student and the Girl]]'' ({{Circa|1300}}), may have originated from Lincoln.

Lincoln's [[coat of arms]], not officially endorsed by the [[College of Arms]], is believed to date from the 14th century. It is ''[[Argent (heraldry)|Argent]] on a [[Cross (heraldry)|cross]] [[Gules (heraldry)|gules]] a [[fleur-de-lis]] [[Or (heraldry)|or]]''. The cross is believed to derive from the Diocese. The fleur-de-lis symbolises the cathedral dedication to the Virgin Mary. The [[motto]] is CIVITAS LINCOLNIA ("City of Lincoln").<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Lincoln |title=Lincoln |publisher=Heraldry of the World |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110203912/http://ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Lincoln |archive-date=10 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:High Bridge, High Street, Lincoln.jpg|thumb|16th-century High Bridge]]
The [[dissolution of the monasteries]] cut Lincoln's main source of diocesan income and dried up the network of patronage controlled by the bishop. Seven monasteries closed in the city alone, as did several nearby abbeys, which further diminished the region's political power. A symbol of Lincoln's economic and political decline came in 1549, when the cathedral's great spire rotted and collapsed and was not replaced. However, the comparative poverty of post-medieval Lincoln preserved pre-medieval structures that would probably have been lost under more prosperous conditions.

Between 1642 and 1651 in the [[English Civil War]], Lincoln was on a frontier between the [[cavalier|Royalist]] and [[roundhead|Parliamentary]] forces and changed hands several times.<ref name="Wedgwood 1970 248">{{Harvnb |Wedgwood |1970 |p=248}}.</ref> Many buildings were badly damaged. Lincoln now had no major industry and no easy access to the sea. It suffered as the rest of the country was beginning to prosper in the early 18th century, travellers often commenting on what had essentially become a one-street town.<ref name="Wedgwood 1970 248"/>

===Revolutions===
By the [[Georgian era]], Lincoln's fortunes began to pick up, thanks in part to the [[British Agricultural Revolution|Agricultural Revolution]]. Reopening of the [[Foss Dyke]] canal eased imports of coal and other raw materials vital to industry. Along with the economic growth of Lincoln in this period, the city boundaries were spread to include the West Common. To this day, an annual Beat the Boundaries walk takes place along its perimeter.

Coupled with the arrival of railway links, Lincoln boomed again during the [[Industrial Revolution]], and several famous companies arose, such as [[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston's]], [[Clayton & Shuttleworth|Clayton]]'s, [[Ruston, Proctor and Company|Proctor]]'s and [[William Foster & Co. Ltd|William Foster's]]. Lincoln began to excel in heavy engineering, by building locomotives, steam shovels and all manner of heavy machinery.

It was also around this time that the town's name became overshadowed in the world's consciousness by a different meaning of the word “Lincoln”: namely, U.S. President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who led his country through [[American Civil War|their brutal Civil War]] and succeeded in abolishing [[Slavery in the United States|nearly all slavery within its borders]]. Abraham Lincoln's surname does trace back to the English town of Lincoln, but his family had migrated to [[United States|America]] long before his birth.<ref>Donald, David Herbert. "Lincoln". Simon & Schuster, 1995.</ref> Many locations in the U.S. now bear the name Lincoln, such as [[Lincoln, Nebraska]]. But the shared name with England's Lincoln is only coincidental, as the U.S. place names were named in honor of Abraham Lincoln.

A permanent military presence came with the 1857 completion of the [[The Old Barracks, Lincoln|"Old Barracks"]] (now held by the [[Museum of Lincolnshire Life]]). They were replaced by the "New Barracks" (now [[Sobraon Barracks]]) in 1890, when [[Lincoln Drill Hall]] in Broadgate also opened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-sobraon-barracks/803
|title=Sobraon Barracks |publisher=Heritage Connect Lincoln |access-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127130836/http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-sobraon-barracks/803 |archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drill Hall |url=http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Lincolnshire/TownLincoln.htm |access-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215112813/http://www.drillhalls.org/Counties/Lincolnshire/TownLincoln.htm |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Westgate Water Tower.jpg|alt=Brick built tower with wooden door at base|thumb|upright|Westgate water tower]]
Lincoln was hit by [[typhoid]] in November 1904 – August 1905 caused by polluted drinking water from Hartsholme Lake and the [[River Witham]]. Over 1,000 people contracted the disease and fatalities totalled 113,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/100-year-old-promise-kept-following-typhoid/story-13417550-detail/story.html#axzz2LdhgysLd |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421125220/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/100-year-old-promise-kept-following-typhoid/story-13417550-detail/story.html%23axzz2LdhgysLd |archive-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead |title=100-year-old promise kept following typhoid epidemic in Lincoln |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> including the man responsible for the city's water supply, Liam Kirk of Baker Crescent. Near the beginning of the epidemic, Dr Alexander Cruickshank Houston installed a chlorine [[disinfection]] system just ahead of the poorly operating, slow sand filter, to kill the fatal bacteria.<ref>R. J. Reece, 1907, "Report on the Epidemic of Enteric Fever in the City of Lincoln, 1904–05". In ''Thirty-Fifth Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1905–06: Supplement Containing the Report of the Medical Officer for 1905–06. London:Local Government Board,'' 116.</ref> [[Water chlorination|Chlorination]] of the water continued until 1911, when a new supply was implemented.<ref>Houston, Alexander C. (1921). "B. Welchii, Gastro-Enteritis and Water Supply." ''Engineering News-Record.'' 87:12, 484.</ref> Lincoln's chlorination episode was an early use of chlorine to disinfect a water supply.<ref>Moses N. Baker (1981), ''The Quest for Pure Water: the History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century.'' 2nd ed., Vol. 1., Denver: American Water Works Association, p. 336.</ref> [[Westgate Water Tower]] was built to provide new supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/westgate-water-tower |title=west gate water tower |website=visitlincoln.com |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023308/https://www.visitlincoln.com/things-to-do/westgate-water-tower |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the two [[world war]]s, Lincoln switched to war production. The first ever [[tank]]s were invented, designed and built in Lincoln by [[William Foster & Co.]] in the [[First World War]] and population growth provided more workers for greater expansion. The tanks were tested on land now covered by Tritton Road in the south-west suburbs. In the [[Second World War]], Lincoln produced an array of war goods: tanks, aircraft, [[munitions]] and military vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/aviation/ |title=aviation history |website=visitlincoln.com |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115025027/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/history-heritage/aviation/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In World War II 26 high explosive bombs were dropped on the city, with around 500 incendiary bombs, over five occasions, with eight people killed. 50 houses were destroyed, with the worst night being 9 May 1941.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Monday 23 October 1944, page 3</ref> Also much damage occurred in the Dixon Street area on Friday 15 January 1943.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Tuesday 5 December 1944, page 3</ref> Two parachute mines landed in fields on South Common on the night of 19 November 1940, which exploded and broke many windows in the town, but with no more damage.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Monday 10 December 1945, page 3</ref> On 8 May 1941, nine high explosive bombs were dropped on around Westwick Gardens in Boultham Park, east of the former [[The Priory Witham Academy|Ancaster High School]], killing three people.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Saturday 21 August 1999, page 12</ref>

A Spitfire and Hurricane, from [[RAF Digby]], collided over Lincoln. One pilot landed on allotments near Kingsway, and another landed near Branston Road. The Spitfire crashed on a house in Drake Street, and the Hurricane did a full circuit of the north of Lincoln, with no pilot aboard, and descended over the top of St Mary le Wigford church, to crash into a row of houses and shops, killing three people, and injuring nine.<ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Saturday 5 August 1961, page 4</ref><ref>''Lincolnshire Echo'' Tuesday 24 November 1987, page 6</ref>

[[Ruston & Hornsby]] produced [[diesel engine]]s for ships and [[locomotive]]s, then by teaming up with former colleagues of [[Frank Whittle]] and [[Power Jets]] Ltd, in the early 1950s, R & H (which became RGT) opened the first production line for [[gas turbine]] engines for land-based and sea-based energy production. Its success made it the city's largest single employer, providing over 5,000 jobs in its factory and research facilities, making it a rich takeover target for industrial conglomerates. It was subsumed by [[English Electric]] in November 1966, which was then bought by [[General Electric Company|GEC]] in 1968, with diesel engine production being transferred to the Ruston Diesels Division in [[Newton-le-Willows]], Lancashire, at the former [[Vulcan Foundry]].

Pelham Works merged with [[Alstom]] of France in the late 1980s and was then bought in 2003 by [[Siemens]] of Germany as [[Siemens Power Generation|Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery]]. This includes what is left of [[Napier Turbochargers]]. Plans came early in 2008 for a new plant outside the city at [[Teal Park, Lincolnshire|Teal Park]], [[North Hykeham]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/february_5_2008.htm |title=Siemens identifies Lincolnshire site for relocation plans |website=siemens.co.uk |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221720/http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/february_5_2008.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Still, Siemens made large redundancies and moved jobs to Sweden and the Netherlands. The factory now employs 1300. R & H's former [[Beevor Foundry]] is now owned by [[Hoval Group]], making industrial boilers ([[Woodchips|wood chip]]). The Aerospace Manufacturing Facility (AMF) in Firth Road passed from Alstom Aerospace Ltd to [[Industria de Turbo Propulsores|ITP Engines]] UK in January 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itpaero.com/en/|title=Home|website=www.itpaero.com|access-date=6 March 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306224553/https://www.itpaero.com/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://exchange.esa.int/thermal-workshop/attachments/workshop2009/appendix/ESATAN-Talk.pdf |title=ESATAN Thermal Modelling Suite Development Status 2009 |first=Henri |last=Brouquet |date=October 2009 |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531123814/https://exchange.esa.int/thermal-workshop/attachments/workshop2009/appendix/ESATAN-Talk.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lincoln's second largest private employer is James Dawson and Son, a belting and hose maker founded in the late 19th century. Its two sites are in Tritton Road. The main one, next to the University of Lincoln, used Lincoln's last coal-fired boiler until it was replaced by gas in July 2018.

New suburbs appeared after 1945, but heavy industry declined towards the end of the 20th century. Much development, notably around the Brayford area, has followed the construction of the University of Lincoln's Brayford Campus, which opened in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/abouttheuniversity/ourhistory/ |title=Our History – About the University – University of Lincoln |website=lincoln.ac.uk |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218174954/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/abouttheuniversity/ourhistory/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Bishop Grosseteste teaching college was also awarded university status.

==Economy==
34 per cent of Lincoln's workforce are in public administration, education and health; distribution, restaurants and hotels account for 25 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/157187867/Central-Lincolnshire-Local-Plan-Core-Strategy |title=Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy – Strategic Management – Sustainability |via=Scribd |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185527/https://www.scribd.com/doc/157187867/Central-Lincolnshire-Local-Plan-Core-Strategy |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Industrial relics like [[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston]] (now [[Siemens]]) remain, with empty industrial warehouse buildings becoming multi-use units, with the likes of the [[University of Lincoln]], local [[Lincs FM]] radio station (in the ''Titanic Works'') and gyms using some of the space. The [[Exchange Arcade, Lincoln|old Corn Exchange]], completed in 1848, is now used as a shopping arcade,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1388501|desc= Former Corn Exchange |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref> and the [[Corn Exchange, Lincoln|newer Corn Exchange]], completed in 1879, is now used as a restaurant and shops.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Market Building|num=1388502|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

Like many other cities, Lincoln has a growing [[Information technology|IT]] economy, with many e-commerce mail order companies. Two electronics firms are [[English Electric Valve Company|e2V]] and [[Dynex Semiconductor]]. Bifrangi, an Italian maker of [[crankshaft]]s for [[off-road vehicle]]s using a [[screw press]], is based at the former ''Tower Works'' owned by Smith-Clayton Forge Ltd.

Lincoln is the hub for settlements such as Welton, Saxilby, Skellingthorpe and Washingborough, which look to it for most services and employment needs. Added they raise the population to 165,000.<ref name="scribd.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/157187867/Central-Lincolnshire-Local-Plan-Core-Strategy |title=Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy – Strategic Management – Sustainability|via=Scribd|access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185527/https://www.scribd.com/doc/157187867/Central-Lincolnshire-Local-Plan-Core-Strategy |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lincoln is the main centre for jobs and facilities in Central Lincolnshire and performs a regional role over much of Lincolnshire and parts of Nottinghamshire. According to a document entitled "Central Lincolnshire Local Plan Core Strategy", Lincoln has a "travel-to-work" area with a population of about 300,000.<ref name="scribd.com"/> In 2021, Lincoln City Council joined the UK's Key Cities network to help the city's public sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cromar |first=Chris |date=5 February 2021 |title=Key Cities welcome four new authorities to organisation |url=https://www.publicsectorexecutive.com/articles/key-cities-welcome-four-new-authorities-organisation |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=Public Sector Executive |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205090730/https://www.publicsectorexecutive.com/articles/key-cities-welcome-four-new-authorities-organisation |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lincoln {{!}} Key Cities |url=https://www.keycities.co.uk/lincoln |access-date=1 March 2021 |website=keycities.co.uk |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228025406/https://www.keycities.co.uk/lincoln |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[University of Lincoln]] and Lincoln's colleges contribute to the city's growth in the small firms, services, restaurants and entertainment venues. A small business unit next door to a student accommodation facility, the Think Tank, opened in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincolnthinktank.co.uk/ |title=Lincoln Think Tank the Home of Business Innovation |website=Think Tank |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063240/http://www.lincolnthinktank.co.uk/ |archive-date=21 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some entertainment venues linked to the university include [[The Engine Shed]] and The Venue Cinema. Its presence has also built-up the area around the Brayford Pool.

===Tourism===
[[File:Steep Hill.jpg|thumb|A view up ''Steep Hill'' towards the historic quarter of Bailgate]]
[[File:Lincoln waterside.jpg|thumb|upright|Waterside ''[[Empowerment (sculpture)|Empowerment]]'' 2002 sculpture]]
The city is a tourist centre for visitors to historic buildings that include the cathedral, the castle and the medieval Bishop's Palace.

[[The Collection (Lincolnshire)|The Collection]], of which the Usher Gallery is now part, is an important attraction, partly in a purpose-built venue. It currently contains over 2,000,000 objects, and was one of the four finalists for the 2006 [[Gulbenkian Prize]]. Any material from official archaeological excavations in Lincolnshire is eventually deposited there. Other attractions include the [[Museum of Lincolnshire Life]] and the [[International Bomber Command Centre]].

Tranquil destinations close by are [[Whisby Nature Park|Whisby Nature Reserve]] and [[Hartsholme Country Park]] (including the Swanholme Lakes [[SSSI]]), while noisier entertainment can be found at [[RAF Scampton|Scampton airfield]], [[RAF Waddington|Waddington airfield]] (base of the [[Royal Air Force|RAF's]] [[Red Arrows]] jet [[aerobatic]] team), the County Showground or the [[Cadwell Park]] [[auto racing|motor racing]] circuit near [[Louth, Lincolnshire|Louth]].

Early each December the Bailgate area holds a [[Lincoln Christmas Market|Christmas Market]] in and around the Castle grounds, shaped by the traditional German-style Christmas markets, including that of Lincoln's twin town [[Neustadt an der Weinstrasse]]. In 2010, for the first time, the event was cancelled due to "atrocious" snowfalls across most of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christmas Market cancelled |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-11889222 |location=Lincoln, United Kingdom |date=2 December 2010 |access-date= 2 December 2010 |quote=Taking advice from partners, including Lincolnshire Police, East Midlands Ambulance Service and Lincolnshire County Council Highways, organisers at Lincoln Council have taken the decision to cancel the event.<br />Rob Bradley from the City Council is in charge of safety at the event. He said: 'It is with extreme regret that we... cancel the Lincoln Christmas Market this year. It has taken extreme weather conditions to do this, the first time it's happened in the history of the market.' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202055655/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-11889222 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Traders say decision to cancel Christmas market is 'a disgrace' and 'a disaster' |url=http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/DISASTER/article-2961375-detail/article.html |work=[[Lincolnshire Echo]] |publisher=[[Northcliffe Media]] |location=Lincoln, United Kingdom |date=2 December 2010 |access-date=2 December 2010
|quote=Lincoln Christmas Market has been cancelled for the first time in its 28-year history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205044350/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/DISASTER/article-2961375-detail/article.html |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It succumbed again in December 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/blog/lincoln-christmas-market-2020-cancelled#:~:text=The%20decision%20has%20been%20made,visiting%20and%20operating%20the%20market. |title=Details. |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529105820/https://www.visitlincoln.com/blog/lincoln-christmas-market-2020-cancelled#:~:text=The%20decision%20has%20been%20made,visiting%20and%20operating%20the%20market. |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
'''<big>Ethnicity</big>'''
[[File:Lincoln population pyramid.svg|thumb|Lincoln population pyramid in 2021]]

In the 2021 census, the population of Lincoln district was 103,813.<ref name=":0" /> The largest ethnic group was [[White British]] at 82.7%, with all ‘other white’ groups constituting 9.5%, followed by [[South Asian]] at 3.2%, [[Mixed race]] at 2%, [[Black British]] at 1.4%, other ethnic minorities made up 0.9% and Arab were 0.2%. This makes the ethnic makeup of the city 92% White and 8% ethnic minorities.

15.1% of the people living in Lincoln were born outside of the UK, of which 9.6% are from ‘other European countries’. The most common countries of birth aside from the UK are [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Poland]] at 2.6%, [[Romanians in the United Kingdom|Romania]] at 1.4%, and [[Lithuanians in the United Kingdom|Lithuania]] at 1.1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country of birth - Census Maps, ONS |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/maps/choropleth/population/country-of-birth/country-of-birth-60a/europe-other-europe-eu-countries-countries-that-joined-the-eu-between-april-2001-and-march-2011-lithuania |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601164121/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/maps/choropleth/population/country-of-birth/country-of-birth-60a/europe-other-europe-eu-countries-countries-that-joined-the-eu-between-april-2001-and-march-2011-lithuania |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="14" style="text-align:right;"|'''Lincoln: Ethnicity''': 2021 Census<ref name=2021censusdemo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2021-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|title=2021 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|access-date=25 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224143452/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2021-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|archive-date=24 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Ethnic group
! Population
! %
|-
||White
|style="text-align:right;"|95,665
|style="text-align:right;"|92.2%
|-
|Asian or Asian British
|style="text-align:right;"|3,347
|style="text-align:right;"|3.2%
|-
|Mixed
|style="text-align:right;"|2,068
|style="text-align:right;"|2%
|-
|Black or Black British
|style="text-align:right;"|1,466
|style="text-align:right;"|1.4%
|-
|Arab
|style="text-align:right;"|320
|style="text-align:right;"|0.3%
|-
|Other Ethnic Group
|style="text-align:right;"|948
|style="text-align:right;"|0.9%
|-
|Total
|style="text-align:right;"|103,813
|style="text-align:right;"|100%
|}

==Religious sites==
[[File:The Church of St Swithin, Lincoln - geograph.org.uk - 2054968.jpg|thumb|[[St Swithin's Church, Lincoln|St Swithin's Church]], in the city centre]]
Lincoln is home to many active and former churches.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.lincoln.anglican.org/church-types|title= Churches of Lincoln|access-date= 11 February 2024|archive-date= 4 December 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231204005512/https://www.lincoln.anglican.org/church-types/|url-status= live}}</ref> These serve the [[Lincoln City Centre|city centre]], outer suburbs of the city and urban area.<ref>{{cite web |title=34 Best churches in Lincoln |url=https://wanderlog.com/list/geoCategory/121079/-best-churches-in-lincoln |website=Wanderlog |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106210217/https://wanderlog.com/list/geoCategory/121079/-best-churches-in-lincoln |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lincoln Central Mosque and Cultural Centre]] is on Dixon Street. The city has no Sikh or Hindu temples, with the nearest ones being in [[Scunthorpe]], [[Grimsby]], [[Nottingham]] and [[Doncaster]]. The  [[Judaism|Jewish]] Lincoln Synagogue is on [[Steep Hill]], in the ancient building, [[Jews' Court, Lincoln|Jews' Court]], which is believed to be the site of the original medieval synagogue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincolnshire Jewish Community (Progressive Congregation), Lincoln, Lincs., England |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/lincoln1/index.htm |website=Jewish Communities and Records |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111122858/https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/lincoln1/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lincolnshire Jewish Community |url=https://jscn.org.uk/lincolnshire-jewish-community/ |website=Jewish Small Communities Network |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Synagogue {{!}} England |url=https://www.lincolnsynagogue.com/ |website=Lincoln Synagogue |access-date=6 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106210216/https://www.lincolnsynagogue.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also an international temple on James Street.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Churches in the city include: [[St Mary le Wigford]], [[St Giles Church, Lincoln|St Giles]], [[St Benedict's Church, Lincoln|St Benedicts]], [[St Swithin's Church, Lincoln|St Swithin's]], [[Lincoln Cathedral]], [[St Hugh's Church, Lincoln|St Hugh's]], [[St Katherine's Church, Lincoln|St Katherine's]], [[Alive Church, Lincoln|Alive Church]], [[St Peter at Gowts|Saint Peter at Gowts]], [[Central Methodist Church, Lincoln|Central Methodist Church]], [[St Nicholas Church, Lincoln|St Nicholas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=St Nicholas' Church |url=https://www.stnicholaslincoln.org.uk/ |website=www.stnicholaslincoln.org.uk |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114085319/https://www.stnicholaslincoln.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lincoln Unitarian Chapel]] and [[Church of St. Basil and St. Paisios, Lincoln|Greek Orthodox Church of St Basil the Great and St Paisios]] and others in the city and outer suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Express |first1=Britain |title=Historic Churches in Lincolnshire {{!}} Historic Lincolnshire Guide |url=https://www.britainexpress.com/counties/lincs/churches/index.htm |website=Britain Express |access-date=6 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106210215/https://www.britainexpress.com/counties/lincs/churches/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1950s built former Ermine [[United Reform Church]] building was acquired by the local council and as of 2025 is facing demolition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waller |first1=Jamie |title=Derelict city church is dangerous, says council |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cwyngpeyn2ko |website=BBC News |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

===Cathedral===
{{Main|Lincoln Cathedral|Bishop of Lincoln}}
Construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral within a ''close'' or walled precinct facing the castle began when the see was removed from the quiet backwater of [[Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire|Dorchester-on-Thames]], [[Oxfordshire]]. It was completed in 1092<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kendrick |first=A F |title=The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: a history and description of its fabric and a list of the Bishops |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/BellsLincoln/BellsLincoln.htm |access-date=10 April 2012 |date=1902 |orig-year=1898, reprinted with corrections, 1899, 1902 |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London, United Kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204224341/http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/BellsLincoln/BellsLincoln.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and rebuilt after a fire, but succumbed to the [[1185 East Midlands earthquake]]. The rebuilt minster, enlarged eastwards several times, was on a grand scale, its [[crossing tower]] crowned by a spire reputedly Europe's highest at {{convert|525|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Lincoln Cathedral was the tallest building in the world|url=https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2013/11/when-lincoln-cathedral-was-the-tallest-building-in-the-world|last=santos|first=cory|date=6 November 2013 |access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203114/https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2013/11/when-lincoln-cathedral-was-the-tallest-building-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> When complete, the central spire is widely accepted to have succeeded the [[Egyptian pyramids|Great Pyramids of Egypt]] as the [[History of the world's tallest buildings|world's tallest man-made structure]].<ref name="Kendrick">{{Cite book|last=Kendrick |first=A. F. |title=The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: A History and Description of its Fabric and a List of the Bishops |url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralchurcho00kend |year=1902 |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |isbn=978-1-178-03666-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cathedralchurcho00kend/page/60 60] |chapter=2: The Central Tower |quote=The tall spire of timber, covered with lead, which originally crowned this tower reached an altitude, it is said, of 525 feet, although this is doubtful. This blew down in a storm in January 1547-1548.}}</ref><ref>Mary Jane Taber (1905), ''The Cathedrals of England: An account of some of their distinguishing characteristics'', p. 100.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lincoln Cathedral – History |url=http://lincolncathedral.com/building/history/ |publisher=The Dean and Chapter of Lincoln Cathedral |access-date=8 December 2011 |quote=Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height. Then about 1370–1400, the western towers were heightened. All three had spires until 1549, when the one on the central tower blew down. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119143029/http://lincolncathedral.com/building/history/ |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lincoln bishops were among the magnates of medieval England. The [[Diocese of Lincoln]], the largest in England, had more monasteries than the rest of England put together, and the diocese was supported by large estates. When [[Magna Carta]] was drawn up in 1215, one of the witnesses was [[Hugh of Wells]], [[Bishop of Lincoln]]. One of only four surviving originals of the document is preserved in [[Lincoln Castle]].

[[File:Lincoln Cathedral - geograph.org.uk - 1983231.jpg|thumb|Lincoln Cathedral]]
Among the famous bishops of Lincoln were [[Robert Bloet]], the magnificent [[justiciar]] to [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], [[Hugh of Avalon]], the cathedral builder canonised as [[St Hugh of Lincoln]], [[Robert Grosseteste]], the 13th-century intellectual, [[Henry Beaufort]], chancellor of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], [[Thomas Rotherham]], a politician deeply involved in the [[Wars of the Roses]], [[Philip Repyngdon]], chaplain to [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] and defender of [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]], and [[Thomas Wolsey]], the lord chancellor of [[Henry VIII]]. Theologian [[William de Montibus]] headed the cathedral school and was its chancellor until he died in 1213.

The administrative centre was the [[Lincoln Medieval Bishop's Palace|Bishop's Palace]], the third element in the central complex. When built in the late 12th century by Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop's Palace was one of the most important buildings in England. Its East Hall over a vaulted undercroft is the earliest surviving example of a roofed domestic hall. The chapel range and entrance tower were built by Bishop William of Alnwick, who modernised the palace in the 1430s. Both Henry VIII and [[James VI and I|James I]] were guests there. The palace was sacked in 1648 by royalist troops during the [[English Civil War|civil war]].

==Geography and environment==
Lincoln lies at an altitude of {{convert|67|ft|1|abbr=on}} by the River Witham up to {{convert|246|ft|1|abbr=on}} on Castle Hill. It fills a gap in the [[Lincoln Cliff]] [[escarpment]], which runs north and south through [[Central Lincolnshire]], with altitudes up to {{convert|200|ft|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="EN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45+47_tcm6-5658.pdf |title=Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands and Southern Lincolnshire Edge |publisher=Natural England |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904115017/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45%2B47_tcm6-5658.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city lies on the [[River Witham]], which flows through this gap. The city is {{convert|55|mi|km}} southwest of [[Kingston-on-Hull|Hull]], {{convert|32|mi|km}} north-east of [[Nottingham]], {{convert|47|mi|km}} north of [[Peterborough]], {{convert|73|mi|km}} southeast of [[Leeds]] and {{convert|40|mi|km}} east south-east of [[Sheffield]].

===Uphill and Downhill===
Due to the variation in altitude, which presents something of an obstacle, Lincoln is divided informally into two zones: uphill and downhill.

The uphill area comprises the northern part of the city, on top of the Lincoln Cliff (to the north of the gap). This includes the historical quarter, including [[Lincoln Cathedral]], [[Lincoln Castle]] and the Medieval Bishop's Palace, known locally as The Bail (though described in tourist literature as the Cathedral Quarter).<ref name="BeachyRoth2007">{{Cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Beachy |first2=Ralf |last2=Roth |title=Who Ran the Cities?: City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750–1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQzGUZasbQkC&pg=PA74 |access-date=12 June 2013 |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-5153-6 |pages=74–78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629020924/http://books.google.com/books?id=UQzGUZasbQkC&pg=PA74 |archive-date=29 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also has residential suburbs to the north and north-east. The downhill area comprises the [[Lincoln City Centre|city centre]] and suburbs to the south and south-west. [[Steep Hill]] is a narrow, pedestrian street directly connecting the two. It passes through an archway known as the [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Stonebow]].

This divide, peculiar to Lincoln, was once an important class distinction, with uphill more affluent and downhill less so. The distinction dates from the time of the [[Norman Conquest]], when the religious and military elite occupied the hilltop.<ref name="BeachyRoth2007"/> The expansion of suburbs in both parts of the city since the mid-19th century has diluted the distinction.

===Ecology===
The [[mute swan]] is an iconic species for Lincoln. Many pairs nest each year beside the Brayford, and they feature on the university's heraldic emblem. Other bird life within the city includes [[peregrine falcon]], [[tawny owl]] and [[common kingfisher]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lincolncathedral.com/peregrines/ |title=Peregrines at Lincoln Cathedral |date=14 March 2016 |website=Lincoln Cathedral |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202726/https://lincolncathedral.com/peregrines/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/areas-of-lincoln/brayford-waterfront/explore-the-brayford/ |title=Explore the Brayford |website=Visit Lincoln |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203204252/https://www.visitlincoln.com/about-lincoln/areas-of-lincoln/brayford-waterfront/explore-the-brayford/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mammals on the city edges include [[red fox]], [[roe deer]] and [[least weasel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/nice-day-stroll-deer-shocks-2986913 |title=Lincolnshire Live – Nice Day for a Stroll! Deer Shocks Locals by Walking through a Lincoln Housing Estate |date=17 June 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618145916/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/nice-day-stroll-deer-shocks-2986913 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[European perch]], [[northern pike]] and [[bream]] are among fishes seen in the Witham and Brayford.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/15-best-fishing-locations-lincolnshire-70848 |title=15 of the best fishing locations in Lincolnshire |first=Daniel |last=Smith |date=23 June 2014 |website=lincolnshirelive |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327140023/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/15-best-fishing-locations-lincolnshire-70848 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nature reserves around the city include Greetwell Hollow SSSI, Swanholme SSSI, [[Whisby Moor|Whisby Nature Park]], [[Boultham|Boultham Mere]] and [[Hartsholme Country Park]].

Since 2016, [[little egret]]s have nested in the Birchwood area and [[Eurasian otter|otters]] appeared in the River Witham. Both are native to Britain and repopulating the area after near extermination.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/family-otters-caught-camera-swimming-1529156 |title=Family of otters caught on camera swimming in the Witham in Lincoln |first=Holly |last=O'Flinn |date=3 May 2018 |website=lincolnshirelive |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005814/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/family-otters-caught-camera-swimming-1529156 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/conservationists-and-anglers-clash-over-otters-return-1-8309880/ |title=Conservationists and anglers clash over otters' return |date=1 January 2018 |website=Grantham Journal |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202703/https://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/conservationists-and-anglers-clash-over-otters-return-1-8309880/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several invasive species of plants and animals have reached Lincoln. [[Japanese knotweed]] and [[Himalayan balsam]] are Asian plant species around the River Witham. [[Galinsoga]] and [[Amsinckia]] are American species found among city weeds, also [[American mink]] which are occasionally seen on the Witham.

===Built-up area===
The Lincoln built-up area extends outside of the city boundaries and includes the town of [[North Hykeham]] and the villages of [[Bracebridge Heath]], [[Canwick]], [[South Hykeham]] and [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]. It had a population of 115,000 according to the 2011 census.<ref name="2011BUAcensus">{{NOMIS2011 |id=E34005030 |title=Lincoln Built-up Area |access-date=17 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

===Districts and suburban areas===
Despite its relatively limited district boundaries, Lincoln has had many older suburbs which date as far back as its Roman origins. Notable historic districts, that still survive in name or other uses include:

*'''[[Monks Road]]''' - Historically known as the "East End" of Lincoln. The area is home to many older and newer buildings which include but are not limited to: [[All Saints' Church, Lincoln|All Saints' Church]], [[Lincoln College, Lincolnshire|Lincoln College]], [[St Hugh's Church, Lincoln|St Hugh's Church]], [[Lincoln Arboretum]], Monks Abbey and partly [[Lincoln County Hospital]]. The area is the most culturally diverse area of the city in terms of residents from ethnic backgrounds and religions. 

*'''[[Newland, Lincoln|Newland]]''' - Historically home to the port of Lincoln on the [[River Witham]], now [[Brayford Pool]] is one of the oldest areas of the city. It dates back to as far as 1100 and remains one of the most busy and historic areas of the city itself. It is home to a range of old and new buildings including: [[Alive Church, Lincoln|Alive Church]], Brayford Pool, [[University of Lincoln|Lincoln University]], [[Lincoln City Hall]] and Chimes Water Clock.

*'''[[Newport, Lincoln|Newport]]''' - Historically home to part of the historic [[castra]] of the settlement of [[Lindum Colonia]] (now Lincoln) and dating back to 1269. It is most notable for its landmarks such as the [[Newport Arch]], Bailgate Methodist Church, [[Westgate Water Tower]], St Nicholas Church and the [[Bishop Grosseteste University]]. 

*'''[[West End, Lincoln|West End]]''' - Historically part of the Roman City of Lucy Tower. It is mostly a residential area made up of old and new properties. It is home to notable landmarks including [[Lincoln Racecourse|Lincoln Grand Stand]], West Common, St Faith's Church and the [[Foss Dyke]]. 

*'''[[Wigford]]''' - Historically separate from the city, it is now the main [[High Street, Lincoln|High Street]] between [[Lincoln City Centre]] and [[St Catherine's, Lincoln|St Catherine's]]. Wigford is home to many landmarks of Lincoln including [[St Mary le Wigford|St Mary le Wigford Church]], [[Guildhall and Stonebow, Lincoln|Guildhall and Stonebow]], [[St Peter at Gowts|St Peter at Gowts Church]], [[Church of St Basil and St Paisios, Lincoln|St Botolph's Church]], [[Central Methodist Church, Lincoln|Central Methodist Church]], the [[Thomas Cooper Memorial Baptist Church]], [[Sincil Bank|Sincil Dyke]], [[St Benedict's Church, Lincoln|St Benedict's Church]] and the [[Cornhill Quarter, Lincoln|Cornhill Quarter]].

Other areas of the city include historical hamlets and villages such as [[Boultham Moor]], [[Bracebridge, Lincolnshire|Bracebridge]] and Swallowbeck. As well as small parts of the nearby town of [[North Hykeham]] and parts of villages of [[Canwick]] and [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]. As well as the former [[RAF Skellingthorpe]] site now occupied by [[Birchwood, Lincoln|Birchwood]]. Lincoln is also undergoing major expansion with a brand new [[Lincoln Western Growth Corridor|Western Growth Corridor]] between [[Skellingthorpe]], Birchwood and [[Hartsholme]].

===Climate===
Lincoln has a typical East Midland [[maritime climate]] of cool summers and mild winters. The nearest [[Meteorological Office|Met Office]] weather station is at [[RAF Waddington]], {{convert|4|mi|0|abbr=off}} to the south. Temperature extremes since 1948 have ranged between {{convert|40.3|C|F}} on [[2022 European heat waves|19 July 2022]],<ref name="synop reports summary">{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=https://www.https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03377&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=07&day=19&hora=18 |title=synop reports summary |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719223721/https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=03377&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2022&mes=07&day=19&hora=18 |url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|-15.6|C|F}} in February 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1956&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |title=1956 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185504/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=8&year=1956&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> A former weather station holds the record for the lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded in England in the month of December: {{convert|-9.0|C|F}} on 17 December 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/monthly_temperature_country.html |title=1981 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206164520/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/extremes/monthly_temperature_country.html |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The lowest recent temperature was {{convert|-10.4|C|F}} in December 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |title=2010 temperature |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185519/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=18&year=2010&indexid=TNn&stationid=351 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> although another weather station at [[Scampton]], a similar distance north of the city centre, fell to {{convert|-15.6|C|F}}, so equalling Waddington's record low set in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/SCAMPTON_RAF/07-12-2010/33730.htm |title=2010 Scampton temperature |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529105754/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/12-2010/ws-33730.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box|location = [[RAF Waddington|Waddington]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|4|mi|0|abbr=out}} from the Lincoln city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
|collapsed = 
|metric first = y
|single line  = y
|Jan record high C = 14.2
|Feb record high C = 17.4
|Mar record high C = 22.4
|Apr record high C = 27.0
|May record high C = 27.8
|Jun record high C = 32.4
|Jul record high C = 40.3
|Aug record high C = 34.8
|Sep record high C = 30.0
|Oct record high C = 29.2
|Nov record high C = 17.8
|Dec record high C = 15.5
|Jan high C = 7.0
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.2
|Apr high C = 13.1
|May high C = 16.3
|Jun high C = 19.1
|Jul high C = 21.6
|Aug high C = 21.4
|Sep high C = 18.3
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 9.9
|Dec high C = 7.2
|year high C = 13.9
|Jan mean C = 4.3
|Feb mean C = 4.7
|Mar mean C = 6.6
|Apr mean C = 9.0
|May mean C = 12.0
|Jun mean C = 14.8
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 17.0
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 10.9
|Nov mean C = 7.1
|Dec mean C = 4.6
|year mean C = 10.2
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 3.0
|Apr low C = 4.9
|May low C = 7.6
|Jun low C = 10.5
|Jul low C = 12.7
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 7.6
|Nov low C = 4.3
|Dec low C = 2.0
|year low C = 6.6
|Jan record low C = -13.8
|Feb record low C = -15.6
|Mar record low C = -11.1
|Apr record low C = -4.7
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 3.3
|Aug record low C = 3.9
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = -3.2
|Nov record low C = -6.7
|Dec record low C = -14.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 47.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 36.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.3
|May precipitation mm = 47.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 60.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 58.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 52.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 61.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 56.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 51.9
|year precipitation mm = 614.8
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.0
|Mar precipitation days = 8.6
|Apr precipitation days = 8.9
|May precipitation days = 8.9
|Jun precipitation days = 9.3
|Jul precipitation days = 9.2
|Aug precipitation days = 9.3
|Sep precipitation days = 8.7
|Oct precipitation days = 10.7
|Nov precipitation days = 11.6
|Dec precipitation days = 10.7
|year precipitation days = 115.5
|Jan humidity = 86
|Feb humidity = 84
|Mar humidity = 80
|Apr humidity = 79
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 77
|Jul humidity = 77
|Aug humidity = 79
|Sep humidity = 80
|Oct humidity = 84
|Nov humidity = 85
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 81
|Jan sun = 62.2
|Feb sun = 86.0
|Mar sun = 125.6
|Apr sun = 168.2
|May sun = 211.6
|Jun sun = 190.8
|Jul sun = 206.3
|Aug sun = 192.0
|Sep sun = 146.7
|Oct sun = 109.3
|Nov sun = 71.3
|Dec sun = 61.3
|year sun = 1631.2
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages">{{Cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrws0hwg |title=Waddington (Lincolnshire) UK climate averages |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102001711/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrws0hwg |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NOAA]] (Relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref>{{Cite web
|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/UK/03377.TXT |title=Waddington climate normals 1961–1990 |access-date=21 March 2019 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]]<ref name="Indices Data – Waddington 351">{{Cite web |url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |title=Indices Data – Waddington 351 |access-date=7 February 2019 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = [[RAF Scampton|Scampton]],{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=out}} from the Lincoln city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|57|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals
|collapsed    = y
|metric first = y
|single line  = y
|Jan high C = 6.9
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.2
|Apr high C = 13.2
|May high C = 16.2
|Jun high C = 19.1
|Jul high C = 21.6
|Aug high C = 21.4
|Sep high C = 18.4
|Oct high C = 14.1
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 7.0
|year high C = 13.8
|Jan mean C = 4.0
|Feb mean C = 3.9
|Mar mean C = 6.3
|Apr mean C = 8.7
|May mean C = 11.6
|Jun mean C = 14.5
|Jul mean C = 16.8
|Aug mean C = 16.7
|Sep mean C = 14.1
|Oct mean C = 10.6
|Nov mean C = 6.6
|Dec mean C = 4.1
|year mean C = 9.9
|Jan low C = 1.1
|Feb low C = 1.0
|Mar low C = 2.3
|Apr low C = 4.1
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 10.0
|Jul low C = 12.1
|Aug low C = 12.0
|Sep low C = 9.8
|Oct low C = 7.0
|Nov low C = 3.6
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 5.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 48.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 35.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 44.5
|May precipitation mm = 45.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 65.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 58.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 57.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 53.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 58.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 59.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 53.5
|year precipitation mm = 619.4
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.5
|Mar precipitation days = 8.8
|Apr precipitation days = 9.0
|May precipitation days = 8.9
|Jun precipitation days = 9.6
|Jul precipitation days = 9.6
|Aug precipitation days = 9.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.4
|Oct precipitation days = 10.4
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 11.0
|year precipitation days = 118.1
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="metoffice.gov.uk">{{Cite web   |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrx784rv   |title=Scampton (Lincolnshire) UK climate averages   |access-date=1 January 2022   |archive-date=2 January 2022   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102070547/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcrx784rv   |url-status=live   }}</ref>
}}

==Transport==
[[File:Lincoln Central Station - geograph.org.uk - 109754.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lincoln railway station]]]]

===Rail===
[[Lincoln railway station]] is at the meeting point of four railway lines, which run [[Nottingham to Lincoln Line|to Newark]], [[Sheffield to Lincoln line|Gainsborough]], [[Grimsby–Lincoln–Newark line|Grimsby]] and [[Peterborough to Lincoln Line|Sleaford]]. It is served by direct trains to [[London King's Cross railway station|London King's Cross]], [[Leicester railway station|Leicester]], [[Nottingham railway station|Nottingham]], [[Sheffield railway station|Sheffield]], [[Doncaster railway station|Doncaster]], [[Grimsby Town railway station|Grimsby Town]] and [[Peterborough railway station|Peterborough]]. [[Hykeham railway station]] is located in the southwestern suburbs and is served by local trains on the line to Newark.

The city was previously served by three other railway lines: the [[Lincolnshire loop line]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitelam |first=Paul |date=2021-12-15 |title=Video shows past and present of Lincolnshire's lost railway |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/local-news/gallery/incredible-video-shows-past-present-6290233 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=LincolnshireLive |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703075104/https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/local-news/gallery/incredible-video-shows-past-present-6290233 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDR8651 - Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway (route of), North East Derbyshire and Bolsover - Derbyshire Historic Environment Record |url=https://her.derbyshire.gov.uk/Monument/MDR8651 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=her.derbyshire.gov.uk |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703075104/https://her.derbyshire.gov.uk/Monument/MDR8651 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Grantham and Lincoln railway line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grantham Railway History |url=https://www.tracksthroughgrantham.uk/grantham-railway-history/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Tracks through Grantham |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703075104/https://www.tracksthroughgrantham.uk/grantham-railway-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trains on the Newark line formerly stopped at [[Lincoln St Marks railway station|Lincoln St Marks]], a separate station to the south, until they were diverted to the current station in 1985. Its site is now part of a shopping park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Former railway station to be converted into events venue with food hall, bars and shops |url=https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2022/08/former-railway-station-to-be-converted-into-events-venue-with-food-hall-bars-and-shops/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=The Lincolnite |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703075103/https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2022/08/former-railway-station-to-be-converted-into-events-venue-with-food-hall-bars-and-shops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Road===
The city lies on the A57, A46, A15 and A158 roads. These bring high levels of through traffic and bypasses have been built. To the north west is the £19-million [[A46 road|A46]] bypass opened in December 1985. On 19 December 2020 the £122-million A15 Eastern bypass was completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schubert |first=Chris |title=New Lincoln Eastern Bypass now open |url=https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/news/article/505/new-lincoln-eastern-bypass-now-open |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Lincolnshire County Council |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133012/https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/news/article/505/new-lincoln-eastern-bypass-now-open |url-status=live}}</ref> A southern bypass, the North Hykeham relief road, is due to start construction in 2025 and will be the final section of a complete ring road around the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schubert |first=Chris |title=County council awarded £110 million towards North Hykeham Relief Road |url=https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/news/article/471/county-council-awarded-110-million-towards-north-hykeham-relief-road |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Lincolnshire County Council |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125180613/https://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/news/article/471/county-council-awarded-110-million-towards-north-hykeham-relief-road |url-status=live}}</ref>

Until the 1980s, two trunk roads passed through Lincoln: the A46 and A15, both feeding traffic along the High Street. At the intersection of Guildhall Street and the High Street, the roads met at the termination of the A57. North of the city centre, the former A15 ([[Riseholme, Lincolnshire|Riseholme]] Road) is now the B1226, and the old A46 ([[Nettleham]] Road) is now the B1182. The early northern inner ring-road, formed of Yarborough Road and Yarborough Crescent, is numbered B1273.

===Air===
[[East Midlands Airport]], 43 miles from Lincoln, is the main international airport serving the county. It mainly handles European flights with low-cost airlines. [[Humberside Airport]], 29 miles north of Lincoln, is the only airport located in the county. It has a small number of flights mainly to hub airports such as [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam Schiphol Airport]]. From 2005 until 2022, [[Doncaster Sheffield Airport]] also served Lincoln.

==Education==
===Higher education===
The older of Lincoln's two higher education institutions, [[Bishop Grosseteste University]], was started as a teacher training college linked to the [[Anglican Church]] in 1862. During the 1990s it branched out into other subject areas with a focus on the arts and drama. It became a university college in 2006 with degree powers taken over from the [[University of Leicester]]. It gained university status in 2012. An annual graduation celebration takes place in Lincoln Cathedral.}

The larger [[University of Lincoln]] started as the [[University of Lincolnshire and Humberside]] in 1996, when the [[University of Humberside]] opened a Lincoln campus next to [[Brayford Pool]].<ref name="IndependentAZ">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/lincoln-university-of-754709.html |title=Lincoln, University of |access-date=28 August 2008 |date=27 July 2007 |work=The Independent |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707133836/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/lincoln-university-of-754709.html |archive-date=7 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lincoln School of Art and Design (which was Lincolnshire's main outlet for higher education) and Riseholme Agricultural College, previously part of [[De Montfort University]] in [[Leicester]], were absorbed into the University of Lincoln in 2001, and subsequently the Lincoln campus took priority{{clarify|date=November 2013}} over the [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] campus.<ref name="IndependentAZ"/>

The name changed to the University of Lincoln in September 2002. In the 2021–2022 academic year, a total of 18,705 university students studied in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lincoln.gov.uk/downloads/file/1216/lincoln-city-profile-2021-2022-population |title=Lincoln City Profile 2021 – 2022 Population |website=Lincoln.gov.uk |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407150425/https://www.lincoln.gov.uk/downloads/file/1216/lincoln-city-profile-2021-2022-population |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Further education===
Further education in Lincoln is provided by [[Lincoln College, Lincolnshire|Lincoln College]], [[Lincolnshire]]'s largest education institution with 18,500 students, 2,300 of them full-time.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060109165922/http://www.lincolncollege.ac.uk/college "The College"], Web.archive.org. Retrieved 16 November 2011</ref> There is a specialist creative college, Access Creative, offering courses in music, media and games design to some 180 students, all full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accesstomusic.ac.uk |title=Access Creative College – Media – Games Design – Music – Education |website=Access Creative College – the new name for Access to Music |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529105800/https://www.accesscreative.ac.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Schools===
[[File:Girl's High School - geograph.org.uk - 153918.jpg|thumb|Former Lincoln Christ's Hospital Girls' High School, now occupied by [[Lincoln UTC|Lincoln University Technical College]]]]
The school system in Lincoln is anomalous within Lincolnshire despite being part of the same [[local education authority]] (LEA), as most of the county retained the [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|grammar-school]] system.

In 1952, [[William Farr School]] was founded in [[Welton, Lincolnshire|Welton]], a nearby village. Lincoln itself had four single-sex grammar schools until September 1974.

[[The Priory Academy LSST]] converted to academy status in 2008, in turn establishing [[The Priory Federation of Academies]]. [[The Priory Witham Academy]] was formed when the federation absorbed Moorlands Infant School, Usher Junior School and Ancaster High School. The [[Priory City of Lincoln Academy]] was formed when the City of Lincoln Community College merged into the federation. Both schools were rebuilt after substantial investment by the federation. Cherry Willingham School joined the federation in 2017, becoming [[The Priory Pembroke Academy]].

The Lincolnshire LEA was ranked 32nd in the country based on its proportion of pupils attaining at least 5 A–C grades at GCSE including maths and English (62.2% compared with a national average of 58.2%).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-16730017 |title=How different LEAs performed |publisher=BBC News |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606035404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-16730017 |archive-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are four special-needs schools in Lincoln: Fortuna Primary School (5–11 year olds), Sincil Sports College (11–16), St Christopher's School (3–16) and St Francis Community Special School (2–18).

==Media==
The local newspaper, the ''[[Lincolnshire Echo]]'', was founded in 1894. Local radio stations are [[BBC Radio Lincolnshire]] on 94.9 FM, its commercial rival [[Greatest Hits Radio|Greatest Hits Radio Lincolnshire]] on 102.2FM, [[Hits Radio Lincolnshire]] on DAB and Lincoln City Radio on 103.6 FM a community radio station catering mainly for listeners over 50.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lincoln City Radio ready to launch |url= http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Lincoln-City-Radio-ready-launch/article-1973377-detail/article.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505142231/http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Lincoln-City-Radio-ready-launch/article-1973377-detail/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2013 |work=[[Lincolnshire Echo]] |publisher=[[Northcliffe Media]] |location=Lincoln, United Kingdom |date=6 April 2010 |access-date=6 December 2010 |quote=New sounds will be hitting the airwaves as Lincoln City Radio prepares to launch after nearly 25 years of planning. The community radio station will be blasting out old-school classics from the '50s to the '90s on 103.6 FM.}}</ref> ''The Lincolnite'' was an online mobile publication covering the greater-Lincoln area since 2010 but ceased trading in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thelincolnite.co.uk/ |title=The Lincolnite – Lincoln News, Jobs, Events & Property |website=thelincolnite.co.uk |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015824/https://thelincolnite.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Joe |date=2024-08-20 |title=The Lincolnite ceases trading after 14 years |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/lincolnite-ceases-trading-after-14-9497106 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Lincolnshire Live |language=en}}</ref> There used to be another station named Siren FM, operated by the University of Lincoln, but it ceased broadcasting at the end of June 2024 and the licences have been handed back to Ofcom.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffin |first1=Joe |title=Siren Radio end date confirmed as University of Lincoln scraps much-loved community station |url=https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/lincoln-news/siren-radio-end-date-confirmed-9289886 |website=Lincolnshire Live |date=17 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>

The student publication ''The Linc''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thelinc.co.uk/ |title=The Linc |website=The Linc |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142635/http://thelinc.co.uk/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> is available online and in print and targets the [[University of Lincoln]]'s student population.

Local TV coverage is provided by [[BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire]] and [[ITV Yorkshire]] which is received from the [[Belmont transmitting station|Belmont]] TV transmitter. The [[Waltham transmitting station|Waltham]] TV transmitter can also be received in the city that broadcast [[BBC East Midlands]] and [[ITV Central]].

==Sport==
[[File:Sincil Bank - geograph-507434.jpg|thumb|[[Sincil Bank]], home of [[Lincoln City F.C.]]]]
Lincoln's professional [[association football|football]] team is [[Lincoln City FC]], nicknamed "The Imps", which plays at the [[Sincil Bank]] stadium on the southern edge of the city. The collapse of [[ITV Digital]], which owed Lincoln City FC more than £100,000, in 2002 saw the team faced with bankruptcy, but it was saved by a fund-raising venture among fans, which returned ownership of the club to them, where it has remained since. The club was the first to be relegated from the English [[Football League]], when automatic relegation to the [[Football Conference]] was introduced from the 1986–87 season. Lincoln City regained its league place at the first attempt and held onto it until the 2010–11 season, when it was again relegated to the Football Conference.

Lincoln City was the first club managed by [[Graham Taylor (footballer)|Graham Taylor]], who went on to manage the [[England national football team]] from 1990 to 1993. He was at Lincoln City from 1972 to 1977, during which time the club won promotion from the Fourth Division as champions in 1976. The club also won the Football League Division Three North title on three separate occasions, a joint record. Its most successful era was in the early 1980s, winning promotion from the Fourth Division in 1981 and narrowly missing promotion to the Second Division in the two years that followed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fchd.info/LINCOLNC.HTM |title=Football Club History Database – Lincoln City |website=fchd.info |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202204842/http://fchd.info/LINCOLNC.HTM |archive-date=2 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in 2017, beating several teams in the top two tiers of English football before being defeated by [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39162720 |title=Arsenal 5-0 Lincoln City |date=11 March 2017 |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506054749/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39162720 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> More recently Lincoln City won Football League Two in the 2018–2019 season and the [[EFL Trophy]] in 2018. It is currently managed by [[Michael Skubala]].

Lincoln is also home to [[Lincoln United FC]], [[Lincoln Moorlands Railway FC]] and Lincoln Griffins Ladies FC.

Lincoln hosts other sports facilities such [[American Football|American football]]'s [[Lincolnshire Bombers]], which plays in the [[BAFA National Leagues]], the [[Lincolnshire Bombers Roller Girls]], the Imposters Rollergirls, and hosts Lincoln Rowing centre on the River Witham. [[Lindum Hockey Club]] plays in the north of the city. Since 1956 the city has played host to the Lincoln Grand Prix one-day cycle race, which for some 30 years has used a city-centre finishing circuit incorporating the challenging 1-in-6 cobbled ascent of Michaelgate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincolngrandprix.org.uk/site/race-history |title=The Lincoln Grand Prix Cycle Race 1956-2013 |first=Mike |last=Griffin |access-date=14 October 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018225800/http://www.lincolngrandprix.org.uk/site/race-history |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Since 2013 the city has had a [[Professional Wrestling|professional wrestling]] promotion and training academy, Lincoln Fight Factory Wrestling. The [[Lincoln Lions (rugby union)|Lincoln Lions]] rugby union team has been playing since 1902.

Two short-lived [[Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom|greyhound racing]] tracks were opened by Lincolnshire Greyhound Racing Association. One was the Highfield track in Hykeham Road, which opened on 13 September 1931, and the second the Lincoln Speedway on the Rope Walk, which opened on 4 June 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greyhoundderby.com/Lincoln%20Rope%20Walk%20Greyhound%20track.html |title=Lincoln Rope Walk Greyhound Stadium |publisher=Greyhound Derby.com |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730223634/http://greyhoundderby.com/Lincoln%20Rope%20Walk%20Greyhound%20track.html |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Racing at both was independent, as they were "flapping" tracks unaffiliated to the sport's governing body, the [[National Greyhound Racing Club]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Julia |title=Daily Mirror Greyhound Fact File |year=1988 |publisher=Ringpress Books |isbn=0-948955-15-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lincolnshire Greyhound Racing Association Opening Meetings – 7 June |year=1932 |newspaper=Lincolnshire Echo}}</ref>

==Notable people==
In alphabetical order:
*[[Aaron of Lincoln]] (c. 1125–1186), medieval Jewish financier
*[[Marlon Beresford]] (born 1969), professional footballer.
*[[Gary Blades]] (born 1980), professional darts player competing in the [[Professional Darts Corporation]]
*[[George Boole]] (1815–1864), mathematician, developer of Boolean logic, born in Lincoln in 1815<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Boole, George}}</ref>
*[[Peter Buravytskiy]] (born 2001), trampoline gymnast
*[[William Byrd]] (c. 1539–40 or 1543–1623), composer, [[organist]] attached to [[Lincoln Cathedral]] from 1563 to 1572
*[[George Francis Carline]] (1855–1920), artist, born in Lincoln
*[[Jamie Clapham]] (born 1975), former professional footballer. He currently a first-team coach at [[Barnsley F.C.]]
*[[Sam Clucas]] (born 1990), footballer, who currently plays with [[Oldham Athletic A.F.C.]] He was born and attended school in Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/sport/sport-opinion/success-sam-clucas-should-inspire-365267 |title=The success of Sam Clucas should inspire young footballers in Lincoln to follow their dreams |first=Mark |last=Whiley |date=23 August 2017 |website=Lincolnshire Live |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152429/http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/sport/sport-opinion/success-sam-clucas-should-inspire-365267 |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Peter Day (broadcaster)|Peter Day]] (born 1947), broadcaster. He attended [[Lincoln Grammar School]].
*[[Penelope Fitzgerald]] (1916–2000), novelist, biographer, born in Penelope Mary Knox in 1916<ref>Jenny Turner: "In a Potato Patch". Review of ''Penelope Fitzgerald: A Life'' by Hermione Lee. ''London Review of Books'' 35/24, 19 December 2013.</ref>
*[[Keith Fordyce]] (1928–2011), broadcaster, born in Lincoln
*[[Lee Frecklington]] (born 1985), footballer. He last played for the [[EFL League One|League One]] side [[Lincoln City F.C.|Lincoln City]].
*[[Sheila Gish]] (1942-2005), Olivier Award winning actress
*[[James Hall (historian)]] (1846–1914), born and raised in Lincoln before leaving for teacher training in 1864, he subsequently settled in Cheshire
*[[Francis Hill]] (1899–1980), local historian, mayor of Lincoln and Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, born in Lincoln in 1899<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb159-fhl |title=Papers of Sir Francis Hill (1899–1980), Solicitor, Mayor of Lincoln and Chancellor of The University of Nottingham, 1768–1979 – Archives Hub |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529105755/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/d1a33da4-9ee6-398e-ade0-1ead7aa2ff96 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[William Hilton (painter)|William Hilton]] (1786–1839), portrait and history painter, born in Lincoln
*[[John Hurt]] (1940–2017), actor. He attended Lincoln School.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/apr/27/guardianinterviewsatbfisouthbank "The Guardian Interview: John Hurt"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201175829/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/apr/27/guardianinterviewsatbfisouthbank |date=1 December 2016}}; [[Guardian.co.uk]], 27 April 2000. Retrieved 27 April 2012.</ref>
*[[John Hutchinson (Roundhead)|Colonel John Hutchinson]] (1615–1664), [[Roundhead]] politician and signatory to the death warrant of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. He attended Lincoln Free School.
*[[Benjamin Lany]] (1591–1675), academic, royal chaplain and religious writer. He was [[Bishop of Lincoln]] in 1663–1667.<ref>Elizabeth Allen, "Lany, Benjamin (1591–1675)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16003 Retrieved 9 April 2016, pay-walled.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419141522/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16003 |date=19 April 2016}}</ref>
*[[Trevor Lock]] (born 1973), English comedian, actor and playwright was born in Lincoln.
*[[William Logsdail]] (1859–1944), painter, born in Lincoln
*[[Mary Mackie]] (née Kathleen Mary Whitlam, living), novelist and non-fiction writer, born in Lincoln in the Second World War, she attended [[Lincoln Christ's Hospital School|Lincoln Christ's Hospital High School]]
*[[Karen Maitland]] (born 1956), English author of medieval thriller fiction
*[[Neville Marriner]] (1924–2016), violinist, conductor, founder of the [[Academy of St Martin in the Fields]], born in Lincoln and educated at [[Lincoln Grammar School]]
*[[Ross McLaren (actor)|Ross McLaren]] (born 1991), actor, born in Lincoln and trained at the [[Joyce Mason School of Dance]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.joycemason.co.uk/news/success-for-past-pupil-ross-mclaren/ |title=Success for past pupil Ross McLaren |publisher=[[Joyce Mason School of Dance]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128105116/http://www.joycemason.co.uk/news/success-for-past-pupil-ross-mclaren/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rose Mead]] (1867–1946), portrait painter. She attended Lincoln School of Art.
*[[Henry Whitehead Moss]] (1841–1917), born at Lincoln, he went to Lincoln School before attending [[Shrewsbury School]] where he became headmaster
*[[Paul Palmer (swimmer)|Paul Palmer]] (born 1974), swimmer who won an Olympic silver medal at the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, he was twice a short-course world champion
*[[William Pool (engineer)|William Pool]] (c. 1783–1856), maritime inventor. He worked in Lincoln in the 1820s and 1830s.
*[[Thomas Pownall]] (1722–1805), politician, Governor of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]]
*[[Steve Race]] (1921–2009), musician, broadcaster, host of [[BBC Radio 4|Radio 4]]'s ''[[My Music (radio)|My Music]]'' 1967–1993. He was born in Lincoln and attended Lincoln School in 1932–1939.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/5604727/Steve-Race.html "Obituaries: Steve Race"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123625/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/5604727/Steve-Race.html |date=27 December 2017}}, [[Www.telegraph.co.uk|Telegraph.co.uk]], 22 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2012.</ref>
*[[Fanny Robertson]] (1765–1855), actress and theatre owner, manager of The Lincoln Circuit of theatres<ref>{{cite book|title= Treading the Boards|author= Neil R Wright|publisher= SLHA|year= 2016}}</ref>
*[[David Robinson (film critic)|David Robinson]] (born 1930), film critic and author, official biographer of [[Charlie Chaplin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robinson, David, Born 1930 {{!}} Discover Our Archives |url=https://archives.shef.ac.uk/agents/people/87 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=archives.shef.ac.uk}}</ref>
*[[Charlotte Scott]] (1858–1931), mathematician, born in Lincoln
*[[Lee Swaby]] (born 1976), former professional boxer at both cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions
*[[John Taylor (English publisher)|John Taylor]] (1781–1864), publisher of [[John Keats]] and [[John Clare]]. He attended Lincoln Grammar School.
*[[William Tritton]] (1875–1946), Chairman of [[William Foster & Co. Ltd]] from 1911 to 1939, directly involved in developing the military vehicle, the [[tank]]
*[[James Ward Usher]] (1845–1921), jeweller and philanthropist. He spent his life in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Usher Gallery |url=http://www.thecollectionmuseum.com/?/about-us/history-of-the-usher-gallery |work=The collection web site |publisher=Lincolnshire county council |access-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193334/http://www.thecollectionmuseum.com/?%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory-of-the-usher-gallery |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
*[[William T. Warrener]] (1861–1934), English painter, born in Lincoln in 1861. He attended [[Lincoln College of Art|Lincoln School of Art]].
*[[Juan Watterson]] (born 1980), Manx politician, Speaker of the [[House of Keys]]. He studied at the [[University of Lincoln]].
*[[Victor Wells-Cole]] (1897–1987), first-class cricketer, British Army officer

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in England}}

===Twin towns===
Lincoln is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/civic-and-twinning/lincolns-twin-towns/ |title=Lincoln's Twin Towns |access-date=11 June 2013 |last=Fenn |first=Kate |publisher=City of Lincoln Council, City Hall, Beaumont Fee, Lincoln |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703205849/http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/civic-and-twinning/lincolns-twin-towns/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Neustadt an der Weinstraße]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany <small>(since 1969)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small>
* [[Port Lincoln]], [[South Australia|SA]], Australia <small>(since 1991)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small>
* [[Radomsko]], [[Łódź Voivodeship]], Poland <small>(since 2007)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small>
* [[Tangshan]], [[Hebei]], China <small>(since 1988)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small>
* [[Nanchang]], [[Jiangxi]], China <small>(since 2014)<ref name="Lincoln twinning agreed with Chinese city">{{Cite web |url=http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2014/10/lincoln-twinning-agreed-chinese-city/ |title=Lincoln Twinning agreed with Chinese city |access-date=22 October 2014 |last=Norton |first=Emily |date=22 October 2014 |publisher=The Lincolnite, Stonebow Media Ltd, Sparkhouse Studios, Lincoln, LN6 7DQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029165656/http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2014/10/lincoln-twinning-agreed-chinese-city/ |archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref></small>

==Freedom of the city==
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Lincoln.

{{Incomplete list|date=March 2022}}

===Individuals===
* [[Edward Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln]]: 1989
* [[Patrick Cormack|Lord Cormack]]: 18 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2022/03/lincoln-arts-champion-to-be-presented-with-freedom-of-the-city/ |title=Lincoln arts champion to be presented with Freedom of the City |last=Jaines |first=Daniel |date=18 March 2022 |website=The Lincolnite |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319003910/https://thelincolnite.co.uk/2022/03/lincoln-arts-champion-to-be-presented-with-freedom-of-the-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Military units===
* [[RAF Waddington]]: 25 April 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/astra-gazette-12|title=Astra Gazette 12|first=British|last=Pathé|website=britishpathe.com|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320094014/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/astra-gazette-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[RAF Scampton]]: 14 May 1993.<ref>http://www.lincolnshireecho.co.uk/parade-shun-waddington-scampton-s-centenary-march/story-29132299-detail/story.html {{dead link|date=December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2017/04/raf-stations-set-freedom-city-parade-lincoln/|title=RAF stations set for Freedom of the City parade in Lincoln|date=4 April 2017|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404175618/http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2017/04/raf-stations-set-freedom-city-parade-lincoln/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2nd Battalion The [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]: 1997.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Royal Anglian | title=The Royal Anglian and Royal Lincolnshire Regimental Association | website=The Royal Anglian and Royal Lincolnshire Regimental Association | url=http://www.thelincolnshireregiment.org/free2009.shtml | access-date=2020-12-08 | archive-date=17 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017200852/http://www.thelincolnshireregiment.org/free2009.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[Grenadier Guards]]: 8 May 2008.<ref name="Privileges and Customs">{{cite web|url=http://grengds.com/static.php?content_id=59 |title=Privileges and Customs |publisher=Grenadier Guards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329235736/http://grengds.com/static.php?content_id=59 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|escutcheon = Argent on a cross Gules a fleur-de-lis Or
|motto = Civitas Lincolnia, or Floreat Lindum<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://civicheraldry.co.uk/east_midlands.html |title=East Midlands Region |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=Civic Heraldry of England |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150340/http://civicheraldry.co.uk/east_midlands.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==See also==
{{Portal|England}}

===Attractions===
<!-- Only add places that have their own Wikipedia article. -->
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Empowerment (sculpture)|Empowerment]]
*[[Jew's House]]
*[[Jew's Court]]
*[[Lincoln Arboretum]]
*[[Lincoln Castle]]
*[[Lincoln Cathedral]]
*[[Lincoln City F.C.]]
*[[Lincoln Imp]]
*[[Museum of Lincolnshire Life]]
*[[Newport Arch]]
*[[Norman House]]
*[[Steep Hill]]
*[[The Collection (Lincolnshire)]]
*[[The Lawn, Lincoln]]
*[[The Collection (Lincolnshire)|Usher Gallery]]
*[[Viking Way]]
{{div col end}}

===Places===
<!-- Only add names here if the place has its own article – anything else will be removed. -->
{{div col |colwidth=18em}}
*[[Boultham, Lincoln]]
*[[Engine Shed (theatre)|Engine Shed]]
*[[Hartsholme Country Park]]
*[[High Street, Lincoln]]
*[[Theatre Royal, Lincoln]]
*[[Ritz Theatre (Lincoln, England)]]
*[[Lincoln Drill Hall]]
*[[Lincoln Medieval Bishop's Palace]]
*[[Lincoln Performing Arts Centre]]
*[[Lincoln Racecourse]]
*[[St Catherine's, Lincoln]]
*[[St Hugh's Church, Lincoln]]
*[[St Swithin's Church, Lincoln]]
*[[Steep Hill]]
*[[University of Lincoln]]
*[[Bishop Grosseteste University]]
*[[Sincil Bank]]
{{div col end}}

===People===
<!-- Only add names here if the person has their own article – anything else will be removed. -->
{{div col |colwidth=18em}}
*[[Aaron of Lincoln]]
*[[Hugh of Lincoln]]
*[[Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln]]
*[[Jason Maxwell (footballer)|Jason Maxwell]]
{{div col end}}

===Societies and groups===
{{div col |colwidth=18em}}
*[[Lincoln Philosophy Café|The Lincoln Philosophy Café]]
*[[Lincoln Record Society]]
{{div col end}}
*[[Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology]] at [[Jew's Court]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |first1=John |last1=Boyes |first2=Ronald |last2=Russell |title=The Canals of Eastern England |year=1977 |publisher=David and Charles |isbn=978-0-7153-7415-3}}
*Francis Hill, 1948. ''Medieval Lincoln'' (Cambridge: University Press)
*{{Cite book |last1=Kissane |first1=Alan |title=Civic Community in Late Medieval Lincoln: Urban Society and Economy in the Age of the Black Death, 1289-1409 |date=2017 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |isbn=9781783271634 |pages=335 |url=https://boydellandbrewer.com/civic-community-in-late-medieval-lincoln-hb.html |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104144958/https://boydellandbrewer.com/civic-community-in-late-medieval-lincoln-hb.html |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wedgwood |first=C. V. |year=1970 |title=The King's War: 1641–1647 |publisher=London: Fontana}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lincoln, England}}
{{EB9 Poster|Lincoln}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lincoln}}
*[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/ City of Lincoln Council] 
*{{OpenDomesday|SK9771|lincoln|Lincoln}}

===Video links===
*[https://archive.today/20120728234726/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=33300 Pathe Newsreel, 1950, Europes largest foundry opens in Lincoln]
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=9657 Pathe newsreel, 1934, about Lincoln] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043800/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=9657 |date=4 November 2011}}

{{Lincolnshire|state=collapsed}}
{{East Midlands|state=collapsed}}
{{UK cities|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|England|United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lincoln, England| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Local government in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Coloniae (Roman)]]
[[Category:Non-metropolitan districts of Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Local government districts of the East Midlands]]
[[Category:Towns in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Cities in the East Midlands]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Boroughs in England]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:River Witham]]