Editing Limoges

{{About|the French commune|the Canadian village|Limoges, Ontario}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Limoges
|native name            = {{native name|oc|Limòtges}}
|commune status         = [[Prefectures of France|Prefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
|image                  = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 250
|image1 = Centre-ville et champ de Juillet.JPG
|caption1 = Central Limoges and the Champ de Juillet
|image2 = Limoges Mairie.jpg
|caption2 = [[Hôtel de Ville, Limoges|Hôtel de Ville]]
|image3 = Limoges st michel lions 2 (22378242672).jpg
|caption3 = [[Church of St. Michel des Lions]]
|image4 = Limoges cathedral gate st jean (21619267553).jpg
|caption4 = [[Limoges Cathedral]]
|image5 = Gare de Limoges Bénédictins.jpg
|caption5 = [[Limoges-Bénédictins station]]
|image6 = Limoges les halles.JPG
|caption6 = Halls of Limoges
}}
|image coat of arms     = Heraldique blason ville fr Limoges.svg
|arrondissement         = Limoges
|canton                 = [[Canton of Limoges-1|Limoges-1]], [[Canton of Limoges-2|2]], [[Canton of Limoges-3|3]], [[Canton of Limoges-4|4]], [[Canton of Limoges-5|5]], [[Canton of Limoges-6|6]], [[Canton of Limoges-7|7]], [[Canton of Limoges-8|8]] and [[Canton of Limoges-9|9]]
|INSEE                  = 87085
|postal code            = 87000
|mayor                  = [[Emile-Roger Lombertie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term                   = 2020&ndash;2026
|intercommunality       = [[Communauté urbaine Limoges Métropole|CU Limoges Métropole]]
|coordinates            = {{coord|45.8353|1.2625|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 294
|elevation min m        = 209
|elevation max m        = 431
|area km2               = 77.45
|population             = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date        = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
|urban pop              = 186799
|urban area km2         = 270.9
|urban pop date         = 2018<ref name=compar/>
|metro area pop         = 323789
|metro area km2         = 3407
|metro area pop date    = 2018<ref name=compar/>
|website                = [http://www.ville-limoges.fr/ www.ville-limoges.fr]
}}

'''Limoges''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|ˈ|m|oʊ|ʒ}} {{respell|lih|MOHZH}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/limoges |title=Limoges |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster |Limoges|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|l|iː|ˈ|-}} {{respell|lee|-}},<ref name="Collins"/><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Limoges|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|limɔʒ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-Limoges.wav}};<ref name="Collins"/> {{langx|oc|Lemòtges}}, locally {{lang|oc|Limòtges}} {{IPA|oc|liˈmɔdzes|}}) is a city and [[Communes of France|commune]], and the prefecture of the [[Haute-Vienne]] [[Departments of France|department]] in west-central [[France]].<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/commune/87085-limoges INSEE commune file]</ref> It was the administrative capital of the former [[Limousin]] region. Situated on the first western foothills of the [[Massif Central]], Limoges is crossed by the river [[Vienne (river)|Vienne]], of which it was originally the first ford crossing point.

The second most populated town in the [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine|New Aquitaine]] region after [[Bordeaux]], a [[University of Limoges|university town]], an administrative centre and intermediate services with all the facilities of a regional metropolis, it has an urban area of 323,789 inhabitants in 2018.<ref name=compar/> The inhabitants of the city are called the Limougeauds.

Founded around 10 BC under the name of Augustoritum, it became an important [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city. During the [[Middle Ages]] Limoges became a large city, strongly marked by the cultural influence of the [[Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges|Abbey of Saint-Martial]], where the [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Dukes of Aquitaine]] were invested and crowned. From the 12th century onwards, its [[Vitreous enamel|enamels]] were exported throughout the Christian world. In 1765, during the industrial revolution, the discovery of a deposit of [[Kaolinite|kaolin]] in the [[Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche]] region enabled the development of the [[Limoges porcelain]] industry. It is sometimes nicknamed "the red city" or "the Rome of socialism" because of its tradition of [[Socialism in France|voting on the left]] and the workers' events it experienced from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.

Since the 1990s, the city has had a basketball club, [[Limoges CSP]], which has won several [[ProA|French championships]] and the [[EuroLeague|European championship]] in 1993. Because of its heritage policy, it has held the label "City of Art and History" since 2008. Economic activities include [[butcher]]ing, [[electrical equipment]] for the [[building industry]], and luxury goods. It is home to porcelain houses and art workshops working with [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] or [[stained glass]]. This craft expertise led it to join the [[UNESCO Creative Cities Network]] in 2017 in the thematic category "Crafts and Popular Arts".

== History ==
{{see also|Timeline of Limoges}}
[[File:Limoges - Limòtges.jpg|thumb|[[Occitan language|Occitan]] and French name of the city]]

=== Ancient and medieval history ===
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the [[Gaul]]ish people of the [[Lemovices]], who lived in the area, was probably either near [[Villejoubert]], some kilometres south-east of [[Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat]], or St Gence, just west of Limoges.

The city proper was founded as '''Augustoritum''' by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], around 10&nbsp;BC: "rito-" is [[Gaulish]] for "[[Ford (crossing)|ford]]". The foundation was part of the reorganization of the province by the emperor [[Augustus]], hence the new name. The Roman city included an [[amphitheatre]] measuring 136 x 115&nbsp;metres, a theatre, a [[Forum (Roman)|forum]], baths and several sanctuaries. According to tradition, a temple consecrated to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Minerva]] and [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] was located near the modern cathedral. The city was on the typical Roman square plan, with two main streets crossing in the centre. It had a Senate and a currency of its own, a sign of its importance in the imperial age. Later, like many towns and cities in Gaul, it was renamed after the tribe (here the [[Lemovices]]) whose chief town it was; "Lemovices" subsequently evolved into "Limoges", and "Lemovicinus" for the area around changed into "[[Limousin]]".{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Limoges was evangelized by [[Saint Martial]], who came to the city around 250 with two companions, Alpinianus and Austriclinienus. However, in the late 3rd century it was increasingly abandoned, due to unsafe conditions created by the invasions of various Germanic tribes. The population was concentrated instead in a more easily fortifiable site, the modern Puy Saint-Étienne, which is the centre of the modern Limoges. Starting from the construction of the [[Abbey of St. Martial]] (9th century), another settlement grew around the tomb of the saint, while a third area, next to the residence of the [[Viscounty of Limoges|viscount]] (the future Castle of Saint Martial), seems to have been populated from the 10th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Starting from the 11th century, thanks to the presence of the Abbey of St. Martial and its large library, Limoges became a flourishing artistic centre. It was home to an important school of medieval music composition, which is usually called the [[St. Martial School]]; its most famous member was the 13th-century [[troubadour]] [[Bertran de Born]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[File:Limoges ciborium circa 1200.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Limoges enamel]] [[Ciborium (container)|ciborium]] with [[champlevé]] enamel, and center rim in [[pseudo-Kufic]] 
script, {{circa|1200}}<ref name="Louvre">{{cite web |url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en |title=Louvre museum notice |publisher=Louvre.fr |access-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615183547/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref>]]

In the 13th century, at the peak of its splendour, central Limoges consisted of two fortified settlements.
* The town proper, with a new line of walls encompassing the [[Vienne River]], inhabited mainly by clerks and workers. It has a bridge on the Vienne river named after Saint-Étienne, built by the bishops, and a developed port. Sacked in 1370, it never recovered entirely.
* The castle, with 12&nbsp;metre high walls, including the abbey and controlled by the abbot, sometimes in contrast with the bishop-ruled town ("la Cité"). Traces of the walls can still be seen in the city centre.  Outside the lines of walls were the popular quarters.

In 1370, Limoges was occupied by [[Edward, the Black Prince]], who [[Massacre of Limoges|massacred]] some 300 residents, "perhaps a sixth of the normal population", with another 60 members of the garrison of 140 dead as well.<ref>Sumption, Jonathan. 2009. ''The Hundred Years War III: Divided Houses''. 82–83</ref>

=== Modern history ===
[[File:Yale Mobile Hospital Unit No. 39 Christmas 1917 Limoges China Factory.jpg|thumb|[[Yale University|Yale Mobile Hospital Unit No. 39]] stationed at the Limoges factory, Christmas, 1917]]

The porcelain industry started to develop, favoured by the presence of [[kaolinite]] which was discovered near Limoges in 1768<ref name="indy"/> (near St Yrieix, south-west of Limoges). Many of the inhabitants became employed in the new sector or in connected activities (including the lumbering of wood needed for firing the porcelain) in manufacture and exporting needed for European distribution of [[Limoges Box]]es, dinnerware, and other porcelain wares. Because the Limousin region has had a long history of breeding (Baronet sheep and [[Limousin cattle|Limousine cows]]), the leather industry also settled in and around Limoges along the banks of the Vienne–the river providing the necessary water and power. Factories in Limoges and St Junien still produce luxury leather shoes, gloves, and bags.

The city and castle were united in 1792 to form the single city of Limoges. During the [[French Revolution]] several religious edifices, considered symbols of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', were destroyed by the population: these included the Abbey of St. Martial itself.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

In the 19th century Limoges saw strong construction activity, which included the destruction and rebuilding of much of the city centre. The unsafe conditions of the poorer population is highlighted by the outbreak of several riots, including [[July Revolution|that of July–November 1830]] and April 1848. The first French confederation of workers, Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) ([[General Confederation of Labour (France)|General Confederation of Labour]]), was created in Limoges in 1895.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

In early 1905, strikes began in another local industry, shoe factories soon followed in the porcelain factories. Barricades were built, the army intervened. There would be two casualties: a horse and a young porcelain worker, Camille Vardelle.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

During [[World War II]], many [[History of Jews in Alsace|Jews from Alsace]] were evacuated to and around Limoges.

== Climate ==
Limoges experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'') common to much of Western France. Most precipitation occurs between October and February. On 27 December 1999, winds reached {{Convert|148|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. On average, the city experiences 41&nbsp;days of frost and 18&nbsp;days of snow each winter. In June, July and August, precipitation tends to come only from violent thunderstorms coming from the [[Bay of Biscay]].

{{Weather box
|location = Limoges ([[Limoges – Bellegarde Airport|LIG]]), elevation: {{convert|402|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 17.2
|Feb record high C = 23.1
|Mar record high C = 24.7
|Apr record high C = 27.8
|May record high C = 29.8
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 37.2
|Sep record high C = 34.5
|Oct record high C = 30.0
|Nov record high C = 22.9
|Dec record high C = 18.3
|Jan high C = 7.2
|Feb high C = 8.4
|Mar high C = 12.1
|Apr high C = 14.8
|May high C = 18.5
|Jun high C = 22.0
|Jul high C = 24.2
|Aug high C = 24.4
|Sep high C = 20.6
|Oct high C = 16.2
|Nov high C = 10.7
|Dec high C = 7.9
|year high C = 15.6
|Jan mean C = 4.6
|Feb mean C = 5.1
|Mar mean C = 8.2
|Apr mean C = 10.6
|May mean C = 14.1
|Jun mean C = 17.5
|Jul mean C = 19.5
|Aug mean C = 19.6
|Sep mean C = 16.2
|Oct mean C = 12.7
|Nov mean C = 7.8
|Dec mean C = 5.3
|year mean C = 11.8
|Jan low C = 1.9
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 4.3
|Apr low C = 6.4
|May low C = 9.8
|Jun low C = 13.0
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 14.8
|Sep low C = 11.9
|Oct low C = 9.2
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 2.6
|year low C = 7.9
|Jan record low C = -19.2
|Feb record low C = -15.0
|Mar record low C = -9.6
|Apr record low C = -4.7
|May record low C = -0.6
|Jun record low C = 4.0
|Jul record low C = 7.2
|Aug record low C = 5.4
|Sep record low C = 2.6
|Oct record low C = -2.6
|Nov record low C = -7.2
|Dec record low C = -10.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 90.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 75.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 77.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 87.7
|May precipitation mm = 92.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 80.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 62.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 71.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 74.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 94.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 106.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 105.0
|year precipitation mm = 1018.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.2
|Feb precipitation days = 11.2
|Mar precipitation days = 11.2
|Apr precipitation days = 12.0
|May precipitation days = 11.2
|Jun precipitation days = 9.5
|Jul precipitation days = 8.3
|Aug precipitation days = 8.1
|Sep precipitation days = 9.7
|Oct precipitation days = 12.1
|Nov precipitation days = 13.9
|Dec precipitation days = 13.3
|year precipitation days = 133.7
|Jan snow days = 4.6
|Feb snow days = 3.8
|Mar snow days = 2.7
|Apr snow days = 2.0
|May snow days = 0.2
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 1.7
|Dec snow days = 3.0
|year snow days = 18.1
|Jan humidity = 85
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 76
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 75
|Jun humidity = 73
|Jul humidity = 71
|Aug humidity = 72
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 80
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 84
|Jan sun = 79.6
|Feb sun = 104.1
|Mar sun = 157.6
|Apr sun = 173.0
|May sun = 205.6
|Jun sun = 224.4
|Jul sun = 243.5
|Aug sun = 236.8
|Sep sun = 198.0
|Oct sun = 135.0
|Nov sun = 85.6
|Dec sun = 78.9
|year sun = 1922.0
|source 1 = [[Meteo France]] (snow days 1981-2010)<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/limoges/87085006/normales |title=Climatological Information for Limoges, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_87085006.pdf
| title = LIMOGES–BELLEGARDE (87)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 August 2019}}</ref>
| source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07434-limoges-bellegarde.html
| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Limoges-Bellegarde (87) – altitude 402m
| language = fr
| publisher = Infoclimat
| access-date = 14 February 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165239/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07434-limoges-bellegarde.html
| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
In 2018, the population of the commune proper was 131,479, and of the Limoges functional urban area 323,789.<ref name=compar>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-041+UU2020-87601+COM-87085 Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Limoges (041), Commune de Limoges (87085)], INSEE</ref> Inhabitants of Limoges are called ''limougeauds'' in French.<ref>[https://www.habitants.fr/haute-vienne-87 Haute-Vienne], habitants.fr</ref> The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Limoges proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Limoges absorbed the former commune of Beaune-les-Mines in 1962.<ref name=ehess/>

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|19609|Limoges}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-87085#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |20864
|1800 |20255
|1806 |21757
|1821 |24992
|1831 |27070
|1836 |29706
|1841 |29870
|1846 |38119
|1851 |41630
|1856 |46564
|1861 |51053
|1866 |53022
|1872 |55134
|1876 |59011
|1881 |63765
|1886 |68477
|1891 |72697
|1896 |77703
|1901 |84121
|1906 |88597
|1911 |92181
|1921 |90187
|1926 |98209
|1931 |92577
|1936 |95217
|1946 |107857
|1954 |105990
|1962 |118576
|1968 |132935
|1975 |143725
|1982 |140400
|1990 |133464
|1999 |133968
|2007 |138882
|2012 |136221
|2017 |132175
}}

== Main sights ==
[[File:Cathédrale de Limoges.jpg|thumb|upright|St Etienne Cathedral, Limoges]]
[[File:Limoges bridge Saint Martial.JPG|thumb|Saint Martial Bridge]]
[[File:LimogesStationTower.jpg|thumb|''Gare des Bénédictins'']]
[[File:Limoges - Hôtel de ville 11.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Limoges|Hôtel de Ville]]'']]
* The [[Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges|Crypt of Saint Martial]], 10th century, including the tomb of the bishop who evangelized the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09721c.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Martial |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1 October 1910 |access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> It was discovered in the 1960s while building an underground parking lot (place de la république).
* Remains of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre, one of the largest in ancient Gaul. {{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}
* The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Limoges Cathedral]] (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges), begun in 1273 and only finished in 1888. It is noted for a fine loft built in 1534 and for the partly octagonal bell tower. The main artistic works are a Renaissance [[rood screen]] and the tomb of the bishop Jean de Langeac, with sculpted scenes of the Apocalypse.
* The [[Chapel of St. Aurelianus, Limoges|''Chapelle Saint-Aurélien'']] (14th–17th centuries). It includes the relics of [[St. Aurelian]], the second bishop of [[Bishopric of Limoges|Limoges]], and has medieval statues and Baroque works of art.
* The [[Church of St. Pierre du Queyroix|church of ''St-Pierre-du-Queyroix'']], begun in the 12th century
* [[Church of St. Michel des Lions|Church of ''St-Michel-des-Lions'']], begun in 1364. It houses the relics of St. Martial and has stained-glass windows from the 15th–16th century. The most striking feature is the 65&nbsp;m-high tower, with a spire surmounted by a big bronze ball.
* The bridges of Saint Martial (dating from the Roman era) and of St-Étienne (13th century).
* The Limoges Fine Arts Museum (Musée des Beaux-Arts), housed in the 18th-century bishops' palace ('Palais de l'Évêché').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museebal.fr/en|title=Découvrez le musée des Beaux-Arts de Limoges - Musée des Beaux-Arts de Limoges|website=www.museebal.fr}}</ref>
* The ''[[Hôtel de Ville, Limoges|Hôtel de Ville]]'', completed in 1883<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00100361}}</ref>
* The railway station, ''[[Gare de Limoges Bénédictins]]'', inaugurated in 1929.
* The ''Château de La Borie'' (17th century), at {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city. It is home to the Centre Culturel de Rencontre de La Borie et l'Ensemble Baroque de Limoges.
* The remains of the 12th-century Castle of Chalucet, {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the city. During the [[Hundred Years' War]] it was a base of the bands of pillagers which ravaged the country.
* The city's [[botanical garden]]s include the [[Jardin botanique de l'Evêché]] next to the cathedral.
* The [[University of Limoges]] was founded in 1968.<ref>[http://www.unilim.fr/spip.php?rubrique106&lang=en Université de Limoges website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721022912/http://www.unilim.fr/spip.php?rubrique106&lang=en |date=21 July 2011 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref>

==Art and literature==
[[File:Thomas Becket Louvre OA11333.jpg|thumb|''The murder of [[Thomas Becket]]'', [[Limoges enamel]], 12th century, [[Louvre]] Museum]]

"Le marché de Limoges" (Limoges market) is the name of a section of [[Pictures at an Exhibition]] by [[Modest Mussorgsky]].

In 1768,<ref name="indy">{{cite web |url=http://facstaff.uindy.edu/~guyonneau/france2000/Limoges.html |title=Limoges |publisher=Facstaff.uindy.edu |access-date=14 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718095203/http://facstaff.uindy.edu/~guyonneau/france2000/Limoges.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kaolinite|kaolin]], a rock rich in fine, white clay which is used for making [[porcelain]], was discovered at [[Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche]], 30&nbsp;km south of Limoges. Under the impetus of the progressive economist [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune]], who had been appointed ''intendant'' of this impoverished and isolated region, a new [[Ceramic art|ceramics]] industry was developed, and [[Limoges porcelain]] became famous during the 19th century. However, [[Limoges porcelain]] is a generic term for porcelain produced in Limoges rather than at a specific factory (there are still several porcelain factories in and around Limoges). More than 50% of all porcelain made in France comes from Limoges.<ref name="indy"/>

== Education ==
Limoges hosts the national [[ceramic]]s school [[École d'ingénieurs ENSIL-ENSCI]], created in 1893,<ref>[https://www.gralon.net/articles/enseignement-et-formation/ecole/article-l-ecole-nationale-superieure-de-ceramique-industrielle-a-limoges-4417.htm L'ecole Nationale Supérieure De Céramique Industrielle à Limoges]</ref> and also the [[University of Limoges]].

== Sports ==
The city is one of France's basketball capitals. The [[Palais des Sports de Beaublanc]], has been host for international basketball events such as the [[EuroBasket 1983]] and serves as home court for the professional team [[CSP Limoges]] (Cercle St Pierre). Since 1983, the club has been French champion 11 times (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2014, 2015) and 5 European titles (1982, 1983, 2000 ([[Korac Cup]]), 1988 (FIBA Saporta Cup), 1993 (Euroleague)). It was the first French club team to become [[Europe]]an champion in a collective sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/9066/180/item|title=F4 History: 1993, A surprise from France}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humanite.fr/node/40345|title=Une liste de 200 personnalités "à abattre" a été découverte lors de perquisitions chez des|date=26 September 1992}}</ref>
The team currently plays in [[LNB Pro A|Pro A]], the French first basketball professional league.

[[Limoges Hand 87]] is a French handball team based in Limoges, France, which is currently playing in the Division 2 of Ligue Nationale de Handball.

[[Limoges FC]] was the major city [[association football]] team before the club folded in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Their home games were played at Stade St. Lazare.

[[USA Limoges]] is an amateur rugby union club, based in Limoges. Currently competing in Fédérale 1, the top level of the French amateur rugby pyramid and one level below the professional leagues.

== Transport ==
The main railway station of Limoges is the [[Limoges-Bénédictins station]]. It offers direct connections with [[Paris]], and Toulouse, and several regional destinations. Limoges was the last major urban centre of Metropolitan France to be connected to the national motorway system; since the early 1990s, the motorway [[A20 autoroute|A20]] connects Limoges with [[Châteauroux]], [[Vierzon]], [[Orléans]] and Paris to the north, and [[Brive-la-Gaillarde]], [[Cahors]], [[Montauban]] and [[Toulouse]] to the south. The nearest airport is [[Limoges – Bellegarde Airport]].

Urban transport in Limoges and its metropolitan area is operated by Société de transports en commun de Limoges Métropole (STCL).  The Limoges urban bus network includes the [[Trolleybuses in Limoges|Limoges trolleybus system]], one of only four such systems currently operating in France.

== Notable people ==
* [[Bernard Gui]] (1261–1331), Inquisitor of Toulouse, Bishop of [[Lodève]], buried in Limoges.
*[[Pierre de Casa]] [[Prior General of the Order of Carmelites]] then Became Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vaison|Diocese of Vaison]] (1341–1348) and [[Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] (1342–1348)
* [[Jean Daurat]] (or Dorat) (1508–1588), poet and scholar, member of the [[La Pléiade|Pléiade]]
* [[Henri François d'Aguesseau]] (1668–1751), [[chancellor of France]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]] (1762–1833), [[marshal of France]]
* [[Stephen Grellet]] (1773–1855), [[Quaker]] [[missionary]]
* [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie]], Duke of Duchy of Isly (1784–1849), [[marshal of France]]
* [[Jean Cruveilhier]] (1791–1874), anatomist and pathologist, born in Limoges
* [[Michel Chevalier]] (1806–1879), [[engineer]], [[economist]], and statesman
* [[Élie Berthet]] (1815–1891), writer
* [[Jean-Baptiste Joseph Émile Montégut]] (1825–1895), critic
* [[Marie François Sadi Carnot]] (1837–1894), [[President of France]]
* [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] (1841–1919), painter
* [[André Antoine]] (1858–1943), theater pioneer, actor, director, filmmaker
* [[René Navarre]] (1877–1968), actor
* [[Marcel Vardelle]] (1883–1969), politician
* [[Roger Gonthier]] (1884–1978), architect
* [[Raoul Hausmann]] (1886–1971), artist
* [[Maryse Bastié]] (1898–1952), aviator
* [[Fred Sirieix]] (born 1972), maître d'hôtel famous for appearing on ''[[First Dates]]''.
* [[Franck Pulcini]], 20th-century French trumpeter.
*[[Fabienne Delsol]], singer active since 1996
*[[Stéphane Delautrette]] (born 1972), politician
*[[Guillaume Moreau]] (born 1983), racing driver
*[[Marie-Ange Magne]] (born 1987), politician
*[[Matthieu Vaxivière]] (born 1994), racing driver

==Twin towns - sister cities==
[[File:Limoges-fountain.jpg|thumb|Fountain and Carousel at Place de la République]]
Limoges is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Les villes jumelles : une autre façon d'aborder les relations internationales|url=https://www.limoges.fr/fr/pratique/les-villes-jumelles-une-autre-facon-daborder-les-relations-internationales|website=limoges.fr|publisher=Limoges|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], United States
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Fürth]], Germany
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Grodno]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Plzeň]], Czech Republic
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seto, Aichi|Seto]], Japan
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Icheon]], South Korea

== See also ==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges]], the Bishopric of Limoges
* [[Communes of the Haute-Vienne department]]
*[[Chapel of St. Aurelianus, Limoges]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Diocese of Limoges}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Limoges#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Limoges}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.ville-limoges.fr/ City council website]
* [http://www.musee-adriendubouche.fr/ Adrien Dubouché Museum] – ceramics, glassware, porcelain from Limoges
* [http://pedagogie.ac-limoges.fr/hist_geo/ History and Geography] at Academy of Limoges

{{Cities in France}}
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Haute-Vienne communes}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1st-century BC establishments in Roman Gaul]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Lemovices]]
[[Category:Gallia Aquitania]]
[[Category:Prefectures in France]]
[[Category:Cities in France]]
[[Category:Cities in Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]