Editing Lillian Moller Gilbreth

{{Short description|American psychologist and industrial engineer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Lillian Moller Gilbreth, 1921.jpg
| image_upright      = 0.9
| caption            = Gilbreth in 1921
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1878|5|24}}
| birth_name         = Lillie Evelyn Moller{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/makingtimelillia00lanc/page/21 21]}}
| birth_place        = [[Oakland, California]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1972|1|2|1878|5|24}}
| death_place        = [[Phoenix, Arizona]], U.S.
| occupation         = [[Industrial psychologist]]<br>[[Ergonomics expert]]<br>[[Management consultant]]<br>[[Professor]]
| known_for          = Seminal contributions to [[human factors|human factors engineering]] and [[ergonomics]];<br>[[Therblig]]
| alma_mater         = [[University of California, Berkeley]]<br/>[[Brown University]]
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Frank Bunker Gilbreth]]|October 19, 1904|June 14, 1924|end=d}}
| children           = 12, including [[Ernestine Gilbreth Carey|Ernestine]], [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr.|Frank Jr.]], and [[Robert Moller Gilbreth|Robert]]
| relatives          = [[Frederick Delger]] (maternal grandfather)
| awards             = [[National Academy of Engineering]] (elected 1965)<br>[[Hoover Medal]] (1966)
| signature          = 
}}

'''Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth''' ({{nee|'''Moller'''}}; May 24, 1878 – January 2, 1972) was an American [[psychologist]], [[industrial engineer]], consultant, and educator who was an early pioneer in applying psychology to [[time and motion study|time-and-motion studies]]. She was described in the 1940s as "a genius in the art of living."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guide to the Management Gurus |author=Carol Kennedy|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Random House Business|isbn=978-1-905211-02-9|oclc=655247876}}</ref>

Gilbreth, one of the first female [[engineer]]s to earn a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], is considered to be the first [[industrial and organizational psychology|industrial/organizational psychologist]].{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/makingtimelillia00lanc/page/21 21]}} She and her husband, [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth]], were efficiency experts who contributed to the study of [[industrial engineering]], especially in the areas of [[time and motion study|motion study]] and [[human factors]].

''[[Cheaper by the Dozen]]'' (1948) and ''[[Belles on Their Toes]]'' (1950), written by two of their children ([[Ernestine Gilbreth Carey|Ernestine]] and [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr.|Frank Jr.]]) tell the story of their family life and describe how time-and-motion studies were applied to the organization and daily activities of their large family.<ref name=Ferguson-Dozen>{{cite web|author=David Ferguson |title=That Most Famous Dozen|publisher=The Gilbreth Network|url=http://gilbrethnetwork.tripod.com/dozen.html

|access-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref> Both books were later made into feature films.<ref name="Ferguson-Dozen" />

== Early life and education ==

Lillie Evelyn Moller was born in [[Oakland, California]], on May 24, 1878,{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/makingtimelillia00lanc/page/21 21]}} to Annie ({{nee|Delger}}) and William Moller, a builder's supply merchant. She was their second child and the eldest of the family's nine surviving children.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=21, 35}} Their first child, Anna Adelaide, had died at age four months.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=24–25}} Her maternal grandfather [[Frederick Delger]] was a German immigrant who became the richest man in Oakland.

Educated at home until the age of nine, Moller began formal schooling in the first grade at a public elementary school and was rapidly promoted through the grade levels.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=38–39}} She was elected vice president of her senior class at Oakland High School and graduated with exemplary grades in May 1896.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=41}}

Although Moller wanted to go to college, her father was opposed to such education for his daughters. Because of this, she did not take all the required college preparatory courses in high school. She did persuade her father to let her try college for a year and was admitted to the [[University of California]] on the condition that she take the missing Latin course from high school in her first semester at university. In August 1896, Moller was one of 300 entering students. The University of California at that time was housed in four buildings in the hills above the little town of [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]. It charged no tuition for California residents and was underfunded. Classes were large and many were held in tents. There were no dormitories; men lived in nearby boarding houses and women commuted from home.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=44–46}}

Moller did well enough during her first year, coming in near the top of her class, that her father agreed to allow her to continue her education. She commuted from home on the streetcar, and in the evenings helped her mother with the household and her siblings with their homework. She majored in English, also studying philosophy and psychology, and had enough education courses to earn a teaching certificate. She also won a prize for poetry and acted in student plays.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/makingtimelillia00lanc/page/21 21]}} In the spring of her senior year the new university president, [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]], asked her to be one of the student speakers at the commencement ceremonies. On May 16, 1900, she graduated from the university and became the first woman to speak at a University of California commencement. The title of her speech was "Life: A Means or an End".{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=47–52}}{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=131}}

Moller had begun to think of a professional career rather than staying at home after graduation. She now wished to be called Lillian because she felt it was a more dignified name for a university graduate, and she left home to enroll in graduate school at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]]. Her literature professor [[Charles Mills Gayley|Charles Gayley]] had suggested she study there with [[Brander Matthews]]. Graduate enrollment at Columbia was almost half women at the time, but Matthews would not allow them in his classes. Instead, she studied literature with [[George Edward Woodberry]].<ref name="Held2010" /> A lasting influence was her study with the psychologist [[Edward Thorndike]], newly appointed at Columbia. Though she became ill with [[pleurisy]] and was brought home by her father, she continued to refer to him in her later work.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=54–57}} Back in California, she returned to the University of California in August 1901 to work toward a master's degree in literature. Under the supervision of Gayley, she wrote a thesis on Ben Jonson's play ''Bartholomew Fair'', and received her master's degree in the spring of 1902.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=57–61}}<ref name="Held2010">{{cite PFV |last=Held |first=Lisa |year=2010 |title=Lillian Gilbreth |url=https://feministvoices.com/profiles/lillian-gilbreth |access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref>

Moller began studies for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] at the University of California, but took time off to travel through [[Europe]] in the spring of 1903. Following her marriage to [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth]] in 1904 and relocation to [[New York City|New York]],{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=131}} she completed a dissertation for a [[doctorate]] from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, but was not awarded the degree due to her noncompliance with residency requirements for doctoral candidates.{{sfnp|Wood|2003|p=125}} The dissertation was published as ''[[The Psychology of Management|The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste]]'' in 1914.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=125}}{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=132}}

After the Gilbreths relocated their family to [[Providence, Rhode Island]], Lillian enrolled at [[Brown University]]. She earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in applied psychology in 1915, which made her the first of the pioneers of [[industrial management]] to have a doctorate.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=132}}{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=157–159}} The topic of her dissertation was efficient teaching methods and titled ''Some Aspects of Eliminating Waste in Teaching''.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=363}} Her doctoral dissertation was published in 2019 as a book titled ''Eliminating Waste in Teaching'' ({{ISBN|978-1-7320191-0-2}}).

== Marriage and family ==

Lillian Moller met [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth]] in June 1903 in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], en route to [[Europe]] with her chaperone, who was Frank's cousin.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|pp=63–64}} He had apprenticed in several building trades in the [[Eastern United States|East]] and established a contracting business with offices in Boston, New York, and [[London]].{{sfnp|Weber|1997}}

The couple married on October 19, 1904, in [[Oakland, California]], and settled in New York. They later moved to Providence, Rhode Island, and eventually relocated their family to [[Montclair, New Jersey]].{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=132}}

As planned, the Gilbreths became the parents of a large family that included twelve children. One died young in 1912; one was still-born in 1915; and eleven of them lived to adulthood, including [[Ernestine Gilbreth]], [[Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr.]], and [[Robert Moller Gilbreth]].<ref name=Ferguson-Dozen/><ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news |last1=Saxon |first1=Wolfgang |title=Frank Gilbreth Jr., 89, Author Of 'Cheaper by the Dozen' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/arts/frank-gilbreth-jr-89-author-of-cheaper-by-the-dozen.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 February 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gilbreth Family Tree|url=http://cheaperbelles.tripod.com/tree.html|publisher=Cheaper and Belles|access-date=April 18, 2011}}</ref>

After Frank died of a heart attack on June 14, 1924, Lillian never remarried.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=42}}

== Career ==

For more than forty years, Gilbreth's career combined [[psychology]] with the study of [[scientific management]] and engineering. She also included her perspectives as a wife and mother in her research, writing, and consulting work. Gilbreth became a pioneer in what is now known as [[industrial and organizational psychology]].<ref name="Held2010" /> She helped industrial engineers recognize the importance of the psychological dimensions of work. In addition, she became the first American engineer ever to create a synthesis of psychology and scientific management. (Gilbreth introduced the concept of using psychology to study management at the Dartmouth College Conference on Scientific Management in 1911).{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/161 161]}}

In addition to jointly running [[Gilbreth, Inc.|Gilbreth, Incorporated]], their business and engineering consulting firm, Lillian and Frank wrote numerous publications as sole authors, as well as co-authoring multiple books and more than fifty papers on a variety of scientific topics. However, in their joint publications, Lillian was not always named as a co-author, possibly due to publishers' concerns about naming a female writer. Although her credentials included a doctorate in psychology, she was less frequently credited in their joint publications than her husband, who did not attend college.<ref name="Held2010" />{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|pp=157, 163–64}}

The Gilbreths were certain that the revolutionary ideas of [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]] would be neither easy to implement nor sufficient; their implementation would require hard work by engineers and psychologists to make them successful. The Gilbreths also believed that scientific management as formulated by Taylor fell short when it came to managing the human element on the shop floor.{{sfnp|Graham|1998|pp=49, 54}} The Gilbreths helped formulate a constructive critique of [[Taylorism]]; this critique had the support of other successful managers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hartness |first=James |author-link=James Hartness |title=The Human Factor in Works Management |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1912 |location=New York and London |url=https://archive.org/details/humanfactorinwo00hartgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/humanfactorinwo00hartgoog/page/n172 159] pages }} Republished in 1974. See: {{cite book|author=Hartness, James | title = The Human Factor in Works Management | publisher =Hive Publishing Company|series=Hive management history series|volume=46 |edition = | year =1974 | location =Easton, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-87960-047-1}}).</ref>

In 1934, Gilbreth organized the energy-saving kitchen, along with the nursery and the clothery for [[America's Little House]]. Designed by architect, [[Roger Bullard]], it was a project from [[Better Homes in America]] for a three-story suburban type home to be situated in New York City on Park Avenue and 39th Street, amongst all the skyscrapers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purdue Agriculturist 1 February 1939 — Purdue University Newspapers Collection |url=https://historicalnewspapers.lib.purdue.edu/?a=d&d=AGR19390201-01.2.15&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=historicalnewspapers.lib.purdue.edu}}</ref>

After Frank's passing and the mourning period, Lillian found that the homages to her husband were not a sign of her own taking, when three of her biggest clients did not renew or cancelled contracts.  Close associates offered her employment in their firms, but she wanted to keep Frank's business afloat.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science|last=Des Jardens|first=Julie|publisher=The Feminist Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-55861-613-4|location=New York City|pages=74}}</ref>

===Time, motion, and fatigue study===
{{See also|Time and motion study|Gilbreth, Inc.}}

Gilbreth and her husband were equal partners in the engineering and management consulting firm of Gilbreth, Incorporated. She continued to lead the company for decades after his death in 1924.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=131}} The Gilbreths, both pioneers in scientific management, were especially adept at performing [[time and motion study|time-and-motion studies]]. They named their methodology the Gilbreth System and used the slogan, "The One Best Way to Do Work," to promote it. The Gilbreths also developed a new technique for their studies that used a motion-picture camera to record work processes. These filmed observations enabled the Gilbreths to redesign machinery to better suit workers' movements to improve efficiency and reduce fatigue.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|pp=40–41}} Their research on fatigue study was a forerunner to [[ergonomics]].<ref name="Dempsey2006">{{cite book |last=Dempsey |first=P.G.|editor=Waldemar Karwowski|title=International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqSA2DVm6nsC&pg=PA3355 |edition=2nd|volume=3 |year=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-415-30430-6 |pages=3354–3356 |chapter=Scientific Management Influences on Ergonomic Analysis Techniques}}</ref> In addition, the Gilbreths applied a human approach to scientific management to develop innovations in workplace efficiency, such as improved lighting and regular breaks, as well as ideas for workplace psychological well-being, such as suggestion boxes and free books.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|pp=131–2}}<ref name=Graham1999>{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Laurel D.|date=1999|title=Domesticating Efficiency: Lillian Gilbreth's Scientific Management of Homemakers, 1924–1930|jstor=3175321|journal=Signs|volume=24|issue=3|pages=633–675|doi=10.1086/495368|s2cid=144624185}}</ref>

=== Domestic management and home economics ===

Gilbreth collaborated with her husband until his death in 1924.<ref name="Held2010" /> Afterwards, she continued to research, write, and teach, in addition to consulting with businesses and manufacturers. She also participated in professional organizations such as the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] until her own death nearly fifty years later in 1972.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|pp=157–59, 161, 163}} In addition, Gilbreth turned her attention to the home, despite her aversion to housework and the fact that she had long employed full-time household help. Her children once described her kitchen as a "model of inefficiency."<ref name=Graham1999 />

Due to discrimination within the engineering community, Gilbreth shifted her efforts toward research projects in the female-friendly arena of domestic management and home economics.<ref name=Graham1999 /> She applied the principles of scientific management to household tasks and "sought to provide women with shorter, simpler, and easier ways of doing housework to enable them to seek paid employment outside the home."<ref>{{cite book|last=De Léon|first=Michael A.|title=Handbook of American Women's History|date=2000|publisher=Sage Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=0-7619-1635-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00howa/page/220 220]|edition=Second|editor=Angela M. Howard and Frances M. Kavenik|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric00howa/page/220}}</ref> The Gilbreth children often took part in the experiments.<ref name=Kitchen>{{Cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/design/2012/10/lillian_gilbreth_s_kitchen_practical_how_it_reinvented_the_modern_kitchen.html |title=The Woman Who Invented the Kitchen|last=Lange|first=Alexandra|date=October 25, 2012|newspaper=Slate|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339|access-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref>

In addition, Gilbreth was instrumental in the development of the modern kitchen, creating the "work triangle" and linear-kitchen layouts that are often used today.<ref name=Kitchen/> In the late 1920s, she collaborated with [[Mary E. Dillon]], president of Brooklyn Borough Gas Company on the creation of an efficient kitchen, equipped with gas-powered appliances and named the ''Kitchen Practical''. Inspired by Dillon's criticisms of her own kitchen, it was designed on three principles: the correct and uniform height of working surfaces; a circular work place; and a general "circular routing of working", all carefully analyzed to reduce the time and effort required in the preparation of meals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Woman Engineer Vol 3|url=https://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_3a.html|website=www2.theiet.org|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> It was unveiled in 1929 at a Women's Exposition.<ref name="Kitchen" />

She is also credited with the invention of the foot-pedal trash can, adding shelves to the inside of refrigerator doors (including the butter tray and egg keeper), and wall-light switches, all now standard.<ref name="Graham1999" /> Gilbreth filed numerous patents for her designs, including one to improve the electric can opener and another for a wastewater hose for washing machines. When Gilbreth was an industrial engineer working at [[General Electric]], she "interviewed over 4,000 women to design the proper height for stoves, sinks, and other kitchen fixtures as she worked on improving kitchen designs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/articles/management-professional-practice/lillian-moller-gilbreth|title=The American Society of Mechanical Engineers|last=Giges|first=Nancy|date=May 2012|website=Lillian Moller Gilbreth|access-date=September 20, 2016}}</ref>

After [[World War I]], the Gilbreths did pioneering work with the rehabilitation of war-veteran amputees.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=42}} Lillian continued consulting with businesses and manufacturers after Frank's death. Her clients included [[Johnson & Johnson]] and [[Macy's]], among others.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=132}} Lillian spent three years at Macy's to find solutions to their sales and human resource issues.  Solutions included changing light fixtures to reduce eye fatigue and eliminating duplicate recordings of sales checks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Madame Curie Complex|last=Des Jardins|first=Julie|publisher=The Feminist Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-55861-613-4|location=New York City|pages=78–79}}</ref>

In 1926, when Johnson & Johnson hired her as a consultant to do marketing research on [[sanitary napkins]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of Gilbreth, Inc.: The perfect menstrual pad, January 1, 1927|url=http://www.mum.org/gilbret1.htm|publisher=Museum of Menstruation|access-date=April 16, 2011 }}</ref> Gilbreth and the firm benefited in three ways. First, Johnson & Johnson could use her training as a psychologist in the measurement and analysis of attitudes and opinions. Second, it could give her experience as an engineer specializing in the interaction between bodies and material objects. Third, her public image as a mother and a modern career woman could help the firm build consumer trust in its products.{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=218}} In addition to her work with Johnson & Johnson, Gilbreth was instrumental in the design of a desk in cooperation with [[IBM]]  for display at the [[1933 World's Fair|Chicago World's Fair]] in 1933<ref>"Planned Motion in the Home," ''The Gilbreth Management Desk'' pamphlet, N-File, Gilbreth Collection at Purdue University, as cited in {{harvtxt|Graham|1998|p=188}}</ref>

=== Volunteer work and government service ===

[[File:Lillian Moller Gilbreth.jpg|left|thumb|Gilbreth during the [[Great Depression]]]]

Gilbreth continued her private consulting practice while serving as a volunteer and an adviser to several government agencies and nonprofit groups. In 1927 she became a charter member of the Altrusa Club of [[New York City]], an organization for Professional and Business Women started in 1917 for the purpose of providing community service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://altrusanewyorkcity.tripod.com/id7.html|title=History|last=Altrusa International New York Club|website=altrusanewyorkcity.tripod.com|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Gilbreth's government work began as a result of her longtime friendship with [[Herbert Hoover]] and his wife [[Lou Henry Hoover]], both of whom she had known in California<ref>{{cite book|last=Gilbreth|first=Frank B.|title=Belles On Their Toes|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-059823-5|author2=Carey, Ernestine Gilbreth|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060598235/page/181 181]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060598235/page/181|date=December 16, 2003}}</ref> (Gilbreth had presided over the Women's Branch of the Engineers' Hoover for President campaign).{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=273}}

Lou Hoover urged Gilbreth to join the [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scouts]] as a consultant in 1929. She remained active in the organization for more than twenty years, becoming a member of its board of directors.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=281}} During the [[Great Depression]], President Hoover appointed Gilbreth to the Organization on Unemployment Relief as head of the "Share the Work" program.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|pp=41, 43}} In 1930, under the Hoover administration, she headed the women's section of the [[President's Emergency Committee for Employment]] and helped to gain the cooperation of women's groups for reducing unemployment.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=286}} During [[World War II]] Gilbreth continued advising governmental groups and also provided expertise on education and labor issues (especially women in the workforce) for organizations such as the [[War Manpower Commission]], the [[Office of War Information]],{{sfnp|Wood|2003|p=128}} and the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=315}} In her later years, Gilbreth served on the Chemical Warfare Board{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=309}} and on [[Harry Truman]]'s Civil Defense Advisory Council.<ref>{{cite journal|title=CD appropriations face further cut|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|date=September 1951 |volume=7 |issue=9 |page=285 |editor1-first=Eugene|editor1-last=Rabinowitch|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|issn=0096-3402}}</ref>  During the [[Korean War]] she served on the [[Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Morden |first=Betty J. |title=The History of the Women's Army Corps, 1945–1978 |url=https://archive.org/details/womensarmycorps100wash |year=1990 |publisher=Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womensarmycorps100wash/page/72 72]|isbn=978-0-16-002002-5 }}</ref>

===Author and educator===
Gilbreth had a lifelong interest in teaching and education. As an undergraduate at the University of California, Berkeley, she took enough education courses to earn a teacher's certificate,{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=47}} and her doctoral dissertation at Brown University was on applying the principles of scientific management to secondary school teaching.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=153}}

While residing in [[Providence, Rhode Island]], Gilbreth and her husband taught free, two-week-long summer schools in [[scientific management]] from 1913 to 1916.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=140}} The Gilbreths also discussed teaching the Gilbreth System of time-and-motion study to members of industry, but it was not until after her husband's death in 1924 that she created a formal motion-study course. Gilbreth presented this idea at the First Prague International Management Congress in [[Prague]] in July 1924. Her first course began in January 1925. Gilbreth's classes offered to "prepare a member of an organization, who has adequate training both in scientific method and in plant problems, to take charge of Motion Study work in that organization."<ref>Lillian Moller Gilbreth, typescript of an advertisement for Gilbreth, Inc., c.134 f. 0830-20, N-File, Gilbreth Collection at [[Purdue University]], as cited in {{harvtxt|Graham|1998|p=96}}</ref> Coursework included laboratory projects and field trips to private firms to witness the application of [[scientific management]].{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=98}} She ran a total of seven motion study courses out of her home in [[Montclair, New Jersey|Montclair]], [[New Jersey]] until 1930.{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=100}}

To earn additional income to support her large family, Gilbreth delivered numerous addresses to business and industry gatherings, as well as on college and university campuses such as [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Colgate University|Colgate]], the [[University of Michigan]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Stanford University|Stanford]], and [[Purdue University]].{{sfnp|Weber|1997|pp=40–41}} In 1925 she succeeded her husband as a visiting lecturer at Purdue, where he had been delivering annual lectures.{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=104}} In 1935 she became a professor of management at Purdue's School of Mechanical Engineering, and the country's first female engineering professor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=Isis |last2=Proctor |first2=Robert W. |title=Lillian Gilbreth and Amelia Earhart: How an eye toward diversity brought two pioneers together |journal=Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications |date=April 2021 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=13–18 |doi=10.1177/1064804619894399 |s2cid=213663779 }}</ref> She was promoted to a full professor at Purdue in 1940.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=131}}{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=158}} Gilbreth divided her time between Purdue's departments of [[industrial engineering]], [[industrial psychology]], [[home economics]], and the dean's office, where she consulted on careers for women.{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=234}} In cooperation with Marvin Mundel, Gilbreth established and supervised a time-and-motion-study laboratory at Purdue's School of Industrial Engineering. She also demonstrated how time-and-motion studies could be used in agricultural studies and later transferred motion-study techniques to the home economics department under the banner of "work simplification".{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=236}} Gilbreth retired from Purdue's faculty in 1948.{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}}

After Gilbreth's retirement from Purdue, she continued to travel and deliver lectures.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|pp=132–3}} She also taught at several other colleges and universities, and became head of the [[Newark College of Engineering]] in 1941.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=158}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Want to Learn More About Pioneering Female Engineer Lillian Gilbreth, Subject of the Once-Again Rising Best-Seller, Cheaper by the Dozen? |publisher=New Jersey Institute of Technology|date=February 13, 2004 |url=http://www.njit.edu/news/2004/2004-016.php }}</ref> Gilbreth was appointed the Knapp Visiting Professor at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]]'s School of Engineering in 1955.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=158}}{{sfnp|Lancaster|2004|p=339}} She also taught at [[Bryn Mawr College]] and [[Rutgers University]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey |author2=Joy Harvey|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century, Volume 1|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92038-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0/page/n542 502]|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0|url-access=registration}}</ref> Whilst teaching at Bryn Mawr, she met then student of social economy, [[Anne Gillespie Shaw]], who later worked for Gilbreth Management Consultants, doing commercial research studies and became a lifelong friend and colleague.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame|url=http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/profile-shaw.html|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=www.engineeringhalloffame.org}}</ref> In 1964, at the age of eighty-six, Gilbreth became resident lecturer at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kimble|first=Gregory A.|title=Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology|volume=2|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8058-2198-7|page=113 |author2=Boneau, C. |author3=Wertheimer, Alan Michael}}</ref> In 1968, when her health finally began to fail, Gilbreth retired from her active public life and eventually entered a nursing home.{{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|pp=132-3}}

==Death and legacy==
Gilbreth died of a stroke on January 2, 1972, in [[Phoenix, Arizona]] at the age of ninety-three.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Lillian Gilbreth Dies |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=09tNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7135,47401&dq=dr+lillian+gilbreth+dies&hl=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 3, 1972 |access-date=July 9, 2008 }}</ref> Her ashes were scattered at sea.

Gilbreth was best known for her work as an industrial engineer and a pioneer in the field of management theory. Dubbed "America's first lady of engineering,"{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=157}} she brought her training in psychology to time-and-motion studies and demonstrated how companies and industries could improve their management techniques, efficiency, and productivity. Gilbreth's extensive research and writings on her own and in collaboration with her husband emphasized "the human element in scientific management."{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=163}} Her expertise and major contribution to the field of scientific management was integrating the psychological and mental processes with the time-and-motion studies. She also helped make these types of studies widely accepted. In addition, Gilbreth was among the first to establish industrial engineering curricula in college and university engineering schools. Gilbreth's book, ''The Psychology of Management'' (1914), was an early major work in the history of engineering thought and the first to combine psychology with elements of management theory.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|pp=157–59, 160–61}} Major repositories of Gilbreth materials are at the Archives Center of the [[Smithsonian National Museum of American History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|title=Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Collection, 1907–2000 |url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!238649!0 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Research Information System |access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and at Purdue University Library, Archives and Special Collections, at [[West Lafayette, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web| title =The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Papers | publisher =Purdue University | url = https://archives.lib.purdue.edu/repositories/2/resources/1105
| access-date =March 12, 2018}} See also: {{cite web|title=The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Library of Management Research and Professional Papers | publisher =Purdue University  | url = https://archives.lib.purdue.edu/repositories/2/resources/1106
| access-date =March 12, 2018}} See also: {{cite web|title=The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Library of Management: The N-File |url=http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/manuscripts/fblg/ |publisher=Purdue University Libraries |access-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307063646/http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/manuscripts/fblg/ |archive-date=March 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Collection of Materials Related to Lillian Gilbreth | publisher =Purdue University  | url = https://archives.lib.purdue.edu/repositories/2/resources/1329| access-date =March 12, 2018}} See also: {{cite web| title =The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Films Collection | publisher = Purdue University  | url = https://archives.lib.purdue.edu/repositories/2/resources/558 | access-date =March 12, 2018}}</ref>

Gilbreth also made contributions on behalf of women. Her pioneering work in industrial engineering influenced women in the field.  In addition to her lectures on various engineering topics, she encouraged women to study industrial engineering and management.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=162}} Purdue awarded its first PhD in engineering to a woman in 1950, two years after Gilbreth retired from the university.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}

Several engineering awards have been named in Gilbreth's honor. The [[National Academy of Engineering]] established the Lillian M. Gilbreth Lectureships in 2001 to recognize outstanding young American engineers.<ref name="NAE" /> The highest honor bestowed by the [[Institute of Industrial Engineers]] is the Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Industrial Engineering Award for "those who have distinguished themselves through contributions to the welfare of mankind in the field of industrial engineering".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Industrial Engineering Award|url=http://www.iienet2.org/Details.aspx?id=598|publisher=Institute of Industrial Engineers|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref>  The Lillian M. Gilbreth Distinguished Professor award at [[Purdue University]] is bestowed on a member of the industrial engineering department.<ref name="Purdue">{{cite web|title=Purdue College of Engineering – Distinguished Professors|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/People/Awards/Institutional/ptAwardListing?group_id=32816|publisher=Purdue University|access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref> The [[Society of Women Engineers]] awards the Lillian Moller Gilbreth Memorial Scholarship to female engineering undergraduates.<ref name="SWESchollie">{{cite web|title=SWE – Undergraduate Scholarships|url=http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=230&Itemid=128 |publisher=Society of Women Engineers |access-date=April 16, 2011}}</ref>

Two of the Gilbreth children also paid tribute to their mother in books about their family life. ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen]]'' (1948), a bestseller by Gilbreth's son, Frank Jr., and daughter, Ernestine, was made into a [[Cheaper by the Dozen (1950 film)|motion picture]] in 1950 starring [[Myrna Loy]] as Lillian and [[Clifton Webb]] as Frank. The book's sequel, ''[[Belles on Their Toes]]'' (1950), also written by Frank Jr. and Ernestine, was made into a [[Belles on Their Toes (film)|motion picture sequel]] in 1952.<ref>{{harvnb|Weber|1997|p=45}} See also: 
* {{cite web| title =Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) | publisher =IMDb | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042327/ | access-date =March 14, 2018}} 
* {{cite web| title =Belles on their Toes (1952) | publisher = IMDb | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0044410/ | access-date =March 14, 2018}}</ref> Frank Jr. also paid tribute to his mother in ''Time Out for Happiness'' (1972).{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}

In 2018, the College of Engineering at Purdue University established the prestigious Lillian Gilbreth Postdoctoral Fellowship Program to attract and prepare outstanding individuals with recently awarded Ph.D.'s for a career in engineering academia through interdisciplinary research, training, and professional development.<ref>[https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/Research/GilbrethFellowships "Lillian Gilbreth Postdoctoral Fellowships at Purdue Engineering"]. Purdue University. Retrieved March 12, 2019.</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Gilbreth received numerous awards and honors for her contributions.
* Gilbreth is the recipient of twenty-three [[honorary degree]]s from schools such as Rutgers University, [[Princeton University]], Brown University, [[Smith College]], and the [[University of Michigan]].{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/30/archives/norden-is-honored-for-his-inventions-creator-of-bombsight-and.html |title=Norden Is Honored For His Inventions ... Other Award Winners Include E.G. Budd, R.E. Flanders and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 30, 1944 |access-date=September 29, 2012}}</ref> 
* Her portrait hangs in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]].<ref name="NPG">{{cite web|title=American Women: A selection from the National Portrait Gallery – Lillian Moller Gilbreth |url=http://www.npg.si.edu/cexh/nwomen/gilbreth2.htm |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |access-date=April 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613093314/http://www.npg.si.edu/cexh/nwomen/gilbreth2.htm |archive-date=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> 
* The Gilbreth Engineering Library at Purdue University is named in honor of Lillian and Frank Gilbreth.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=38}}
* In 1921, Lillian Gilbreth was the second person to be named an honorary member of the American Society of Industrial Engineers.{{sfnp|Kass-Simon|Farnes|1990|p=159}}
* She joined the British Women's Engineering Society in 1924.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_11.html|title=The Woman Engineer|website=www.theiet.org|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref>
* Gilbreth was accepted to the membership of the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] in 1926, becoming its second female member.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}<ref name=NYT/>{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=105}}
* In 1931 she received the first [[Gilbreth Medal]], which was initiated in honor of her late husband.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}<ref name="SWETimeline">{{cite web |url=http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=2 |title=The SWE Story... timeline of achievement |date=December 18, 2018 |publisher=[[Society of Women Engineers]]}}</ref> 
* In 1941 the Purdue University chapter of [[Mortar Board]], a national honor society, named Gilbreth an honorary member.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 15, 2016|title=Archive|url=https://purduemortarboard.com/archive/|access-date=September 20, 2021|website=Mortar Board|language=en-US|archive-date=September 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920221259/https://purduemortarboard.com/archive/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 1944 the American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded Gilbreth and her husband (posthumously) the [[Henry Laurence Gantt Medal]] for their contributions to industrial engineering.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}<ref name=NYT/>{{sfnp|Graham|1998|p=105}}
* In 1950 Gilbreth became the first honorary member of the newly created [[Society of Women Engineers]].<ref name="SWETimeline"/>
* In 1951 she was awarded the [[Wallace Clark Award]].<ref>Michael C. Wood, John Cunningham Wood (2003). ''Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Critical Evaluations in Business and ...'' p. 175.</ref>
* The University of California's alumni association named Gilbreth the 1954 Alumna of the Year.<ref name=Calalum>{{cite web|title=Alumnus/a of the Year Recipients|date=January 27, 2010|url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/services/alumni-awards/alumnus-year|publisher=Cal Alumni Association|access-date=April 23, 2011|archive-date=October 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002052943/http://alumni.berkeley.edu/services/alumni-awards/alumnus-year|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 1965 Gilbreth became the first woman elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="SWEArticle">{{Cite news   | last = Finken | first = De Anne | title = Lillian Moller Gilbreth, Ph.D.: A Legend in her own time – and now! | newspaper = SWE Magazine  | pages =16–22  | publisher = Society of Women Engineers  | date =Spring 2005  | url = http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/images/stories/lillian.pdf  | access-date =April 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="NAE">{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects20676/31202.aspx|title=National Academy of Engineering Armstrong Endowment for Young Engineers – Gilbreth Lectures|date=April 2011|publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]]}}</ref> 
* In 1966 Gilbreth became the first woman to receive the [[Hoover Medal]].{{efn|The Hoover Medal, an engineering prize awarded jointly by five engineering societies, was awarded to Gilbreth for her "contributions to motion study and to the recognition of the principle that management engineering and human relations are intertwined" and "her unselfish application of energy and creative efforts in modifying industrial and home environments for the handicapped has resulted in full employment of their capabilities and elevation of their self-esteem".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asme.org/about-asme/honors-awards/unit-awards/hoover-medal/past|title=ASME – Past Hoover Medal Recipients |publisher=[[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]| access-date=March 13, 2018}}</ref> }}
* She was made an honorary Member of the British [[Women's Engineering Society]] in 1967.<ref name=":0" />
* Gilbreth was a recipient of Gold Medal award from the US National Institute of Social Sciences.{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=45}}
* In 1984 the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]] issued a 40-cent [[Great Americans series]] postage stamp in Gilbreth's honor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/pubs/pub512/welcome.htm |title=Women On Stamps – Publication 512 |date=April 2003 |publisher=[[United States Postal Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428213716/http://www.usps.com/cpim/ftp/pubs/pub512/welcome.htm |archive-date=April 28, 2006 }}</ref>{{efn|Although the [[American Psychological Association]] identified Gilbreth as the first psychologist to be so commemorated, psychologists Dr. Gary Brucato and Dr. [[John D. Hogan]] later questioned this claim, noting that [[John Dewey]] had appeared on an American stamp in 1968, seventeen years earlier; however, Brocato and Hogan also emphasized that Gilbreth was the first female psychologist to be so honored.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brucato Jr.|first=Gary|author2=John D. Hogan |title=Psychologists on postage stamps|journal=The General Psychologist|date=Spring 1999|volume=34|issue=1|pages=65}}</ref> A comprehensive international list of psychologists on stamps (compiled by psychology historian [[Ludy T. Benjamin]]) indicates that Gilbreth was the second female psychologist commemorated by a postage stamp in all the world, preceded only by [[Maria Montessori]] in [[India]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Benjamin|first=Ludy T.|title=Why Can't Psychology Get a Stamp?|journal=Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies|year=2003|volume=5|issue=4|pages=443–454|doi=10.1023/A:1026071631669}}</ref> }}
* In 1995, Gilbreth was inducted into the US [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/lillian-moller-gilbreth/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Lillian Moller Gilbreth]</ref>

==Selected published works==
* ''A Primer of Scientific Management'' (1912), co-authored with Frank B. Gilbreth{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=41}}
* ''[[The Psychology of Management|The Psychology of Management: the Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching and Installing Methods of Least Waste]]'' (1914){{sfnp|Gugin|St. Clair|2015|p=132}}
* ''Motion Models'' (1915) with [[Frank B. Gilbreth]]{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=41}}
* ''Fatigue Study: The Elimination of Humanity's Greatest Unnecessary Waste; a First Step in Motion Study]'' (1916) with Frank B. Gilbreth<ref>{{cite book |author1=Frank Bunker Gilbreth |author2=Lillian Moller Gilbreth  | title =Fatigue Study: The Elimination of Humanity's Greatest Unnecessary Waste: A First Step in Motion Study  | publisher =Sturgis and Walton Company | year =1916 |url=https://archive.org/details/fatiguestudyeli01gilbgoog }}</ref>
* ''Applied Motion Study; A collection of papers on the efficient method to industrial preparedness.'' (1917) with Frank B. Gilbreth{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=41}}
* ''Motion Study for the Handicapped'' (1920) with Frank B. Gilbreth{{sfnp|Weber|1997|p=41}}
* ''The Quest of the One Best Way: A Sketch of the Life of Frank Bunker Gilbreth'' (1925)
* ''The Home-maker and Her Job'' (1927)
* ''Living With Our Children'' (1928)
* ''The Foreman in Manpower Management'' (1947), with Alice Rice Cook
* ''Normal Lives for the Disabled'' (1948), with [[Edna Yost]]
* ''Management in the Home: Happier Living Through Saving Time and Energy'' (1954), with Orpha Mae Thomas and Eleanor Clymer
* ''As I Remember: An Autobiography'' (1998), published posthumously

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==

* {{cite journal | last1 = Graham | first1 = Laurel D | year = 1994 | title = Critical Biography Without Subjects and Objects: An Encounter with Dr. Lillian Moller Gilbreth | journal = The Sociological Quarterly | volume = 35 | issue = 4| pages = 621–643 | doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb00420.x}}
* {{cite book | last=Graham |first=Laurel D. |title=Managing On Her Own: Dr. Lillian Gilbreth and Women's Work in the Interwar Era|location=Norcross, Georgia|publisher=Engineering & Management Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-89806-185-7}}
* {{cite book | last1=Gugin |first1=Linda C.|last2= St. Clair |first2=James E. | title =Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | pages=131–33  |isbn=978-0-87195-387-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lancaster |first=Jane |title=O Pioneer |journal=Brown Alumni Monthly |volume=96 |issue=5 |date=February 1996 |url=http://brownalumnimagazine.com/storydetail.cfm?Id=541 |access-date=September 23, 2002 |archive-date=September 23, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020923121255/http://brownalumnimagazine.com/storyDetail.cfm?ID=541 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Lancaster |first=Jane |title=Making Time: Lillian Moller Gilbreth, A Life Beyond 'Cheaper by the Dozen' |publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-55553-612-1|url=https://archive.org/details/makingtimelillia00lanc}}
* {{cite book | editor-last1 =Kass-Simon | editor-first1 =G. | editor-last2= Farnes | editor-first2=Patricia |chapter=Lillian Moller Gilbreth and the Rise of Modern Industrial Engineering | title =Women of Science: Righting the Record | publisher =Indiana University Press | year =1990 | location =Bloomington and Indianapolis | pages =[https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/157 157–64] | chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/157 |isbn=0-253-20813-0}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Sullivan | first1 = Sherry | year = 1995 | title = Management's Unsung Theorist: An Examination of the Works of Lillian M. Gilbreth | journal = Biography | volume = 18 | pages = 31–41 | doi=10.1353/bio.2010.0256| s2cid = 146743142 }}
* {{cite journal| last=Weber |first=Catherine E. Forrest| title =Dr. Lillian Gilbreth and the One Best Way | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =9 | issue =3 | pages =38–45 | publisher =[[Indiana Historical Society]] | location =Indianapolis | date = 1997}}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Michael C. |title=Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management|volume=1|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-30946-2}}
* {{cite book|year=1943 |last=Yost |first=Edna |chapter=Lillian Moller Gilbreth |title=American Women in Science| location=Philadelphia |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes}}
* {{cite book |last=Yost |first=Edna |year=1949|title=Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Partners for Life |location=Piscataway, New Jersey|publisher=Rutgers University Press}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author1=Gilbreth, Frank |author2=Lillian Gilbreth|editor1-link=William Spriegel |editor1=William R. Spriegel |editor2=Clark E. Myers | title =The Writings of the Gilbreths | publisher =Richard D. Irwin | year =1953 | location =Homewood, Illinois }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Lillian Moller Gilbreth}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|California|Engineering|Biography}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=6578| name=Lillian Moller Gilbreth}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lillian Moller Gilbreth}}
* [http://www.worksimp.com/articles/widening%20horizons%20-%20gilbreth.htm Widening Horizons – Dr. Lillian m. Gilbreth]
* [http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth.html Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160507001347/http://collections.lib.purdue.edu/fa/pdf/Gilbreth_papers_MSP7.pdf Biography and Index to Purdue University Library's vast holdings of Gilbreth papers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330154758/http://blogs2.startribune.com/blogs/oldnews/archives/285 A 1955 newspaper interview with Gilbreth]
* {{cite web |title=The Gilbreths: An Extraordinary American Family |url=http://www.thegilbreths.com}}, comprehensive family and professional history.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130730095648/http://invention.smithsonian.org/video/vid-popup.aspx?clip=1&id=610 Podcast] (with [https://web.archive.org/web/20130404224958/http://invention.smithsonian.org/video/transcript.aspx?id=610 transcript]) of interview with Gilbreth's biographer Jane Lancaster, from the [[National Museum of American History#Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation|Lemelson Center]]
* [https://www.reuther.wayne.edu/audio/by/title/gilbreth_keynote_speech Lillian Gilbreth Keynote Speech, Society of Women Engineers National Convention, 1957]
* [https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/lillian-moller-gilbreth]

{{Gilbreth family}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Henry Laurence Gantt Medal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilbreth, Lillian Moller}}
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[[Category:American industrial engineers]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
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[[Category:American women psychologists]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Engineers from California]]
[[Category:Engineers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Educators from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Girl Scouts of the USA people]]
[[Category:Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Writers from Montclair, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Writers from Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:Time and motion study]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:Oakland High School (Oakland, California) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:Women industrial engineers]]
[[Category:Graduate Women in Science members]]
[[Category:Members of the Society of Women Engineers]]