Editing Lihue, Hawaii

{{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|official_name            = Līhu{{okina}}e
|native_name              = 
|nickname                 = 
|settlement_type          = [[Census-designated place]]
|motto                    = 
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline            = lihue-hawaii-aerial.jpg
|imagesize                = 250px
|image_caption            = Aerial view of Līhu{{okina}}e
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|image_map                = Kauai_County_Hawaii_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Lihue_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location in [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai County]] and the state of [[Hawaii]]
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<!-- Location ------------------>
| subdivision_type        = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Hawaii]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Hawaii|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai]]
|subdivision_type3        = 
|subdivision_name3        = 
|subdivision_type4        = 
|subdivision_name4        = 
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|established_date         = 
|established_title2       = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2        = 
|established_title3       = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3        = 
<!-- Area    --------------------->
|area_magnitude           = 
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_15.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=December 18, 2021}}</ref>
|area_total_km2           = 21.33
|area_land_km2            = 19.32
|area_water_km2           = 2.01
|area_total_sq_mi         = 8.24
|area_land_sq_mi          = 7.46
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.78
|area_water_percent       = 
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_note          = 
|population_total         = 8004
|population_density_km2   = 414.27
|population_density_sq_mi = 1072.92
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<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone                 = [[Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time Zone|Hawaii-Aleutian]]
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|coordinates              = {{coord|21|58|29|N|159|21|56|W|region:US-HI_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              = 67
|elevation_ft             = 220
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 96766
|area_code                = [[Area code 808|808]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 15-45200
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 0361837
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'''Līhu{{okina}}e''' ({{IPA|haw|liːˈhuʔe}}) is an [[unincorporated community]], [[census-designated place]] (CDP) and the [[county seat]] of [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai County]], [[Hawaii]], United States. Līhu{{okina}}e is the second-largest town on the [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian]] island of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], following [[Kapaa, Hawaii|Kapa{{okina}}a]]. As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], the CDP had a population of 6,455,<ref name="Census 2010">{{Cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1545200| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Līhu{{okina}}e CDP, Hawaii| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| work=American Factfinder| access-date=February 4, 2019}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> up from 5,694 at the 2000 census.

== History ==
In ancient times, Līhu{{okina}}e was a small village. ''Līhu{{okina}}e'' means "cold chill" in the [[Hawaiian language]].<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Līhu{{okina}}e |dic=pp |accessdate= September 24, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Līhu{{okina}}e |dic=hpn |accessdate= September 24, 2010 }}</ref> Līhu{{okina}}e is in the ancient district of [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], the southeastern coast of the island, and the land division (''[[ahupuaa|ahupua{{okina}}a]]'') of Kalapaki.<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries |Līhu{{okina}}e |HASH974f8f322d5f24f0422bab |dic=hpn |accessdate= September 24, 2010 }}</ref> [[Governors of Kauai|Royal Governor]] [[Kaikioewa|Kaikio{{okina}}ewa]] officially made it his governing seat in 1837, moving it from [[Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii|Waimea]];<ref name="Lihue">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/l299hue.asp |title= Līhuʻe |work=Hawaiian Encyclopedia |access-date=2010-04-12|author=Daniel Harrington |publisher=Mutual Publishing }}</ref> he named the town after land he owned on [[Oahu]] by the same name.

With the emergence of the [[sugar plantations in Hawaii|sugar industry]] in the 1800s, Līhu{{okina}}e became the central city of the island with the construction of a large [[sugar mill]]. Early investors were [[Henry A. Peirce]], [[Charles Reed Bishop]] and [[William Little Lee]]. The plantation struggled until [[William Harrison Rice]] built the first [[irrigation]] system in 1856.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lihue Plantation Company History (Kauai) |url= http://www2.hawaii.edu/~speccoll/p_lihue.html |work= Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives |year=2004 |access-date= September 17, 2010 |publisher= [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii at Mānoa]] Library }}</ref>

Subsequent [[plantation]] owner [[Paul Isenberg]] helped [[German people]] emigrate to Līhu{{okina}}e starting in 1881, with the first [[Lutheran]] church in Hawaii founded in 1883.<ref>{{cite web |title= Our History & Heritage |work= official web page |publisher= Lihue Lutheran Church |url= http://www.lihuelutheran.com/ |access-date= September 24, 2010}}</ref> Services were held in German well into the 1960s. By the 1930s, [[George Norton Wilcox]] became one of the largest [[sugarcane]] plantation owners, buying [[Grove Farm (Lihue, Hawaii)|Grove Farm]] from [[Hermann A. Widemann]].<ref>{{cite web |title= History |work= Grove Farm web site |url= http://www.grovefarm.com/history |access-date=  September 17, 2010 }}</ref> The Wilcox family home, Kilohana, has been converted into a restaurant and gift shop. The surrounding plantation now grows crops and livestock. A [[narrow-gauge]] [[tourist railroad]] with vintage [[diesel locomotive]]s from [[Armstrong Whitworth|Whitworth]] and [[General Electric]] offers tours of the plantation; horse-drawn carriage tours are offered as well. The grounds are also the site of [[luau]]s, many of which are offshore excursions booked through [[NCL America]]. Līhu{{okina}}e also houses the [[Kauai Museum]], which details the [[history of Kauai]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Kauaʻi Museum |work= official web site |url= http://www.kauaimuseum.org/ |access-date= September 17, 2010  }}</ref>

== Geography and climate==
[[File:NASA 1929 2012 Lihue, Kauai.gif|left|thumb|300px|Air thermography, 1929 to 2012]]
Līhu{{okina}}e is on the eastern side of the island of Kauai, bordered by [[Hanamaulu, Hawaii|Hanamaulu]] to the north and [[Puhi, Hawaii|Puhi]] to the west. Its shorefront on the [[Kauai Channel]] of the Pacific Ocean extends from Hanamaulu Bay in the north to the larger [[Nawiliwili Bay]] to the south. [[Hawaii Route 50]] leads west from Līhu{{okina}}e {{convert|12|mi}} to [[Kalaheo, Hawaii|Kalaheo]] and beyond to the western side of the island, while [[Hawaii Route 56]] leads north {{convert|7|mi|0}} to [[Kapaa, Hawaii|Kapaa]] and onwards to the northern side of the island.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Līhu{{okina}}e CDP has an area of {{convert|19.3|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|17.3|km2|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|2.0|km2|order=flip}}, or 10.42%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

Līhu{{okina}}e has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] ''As'') with a relatively dry summer season.<ref name = koppen>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kottek | first1 = M. | last2 = Grieser | first2 = J. R. | last3 = Beck | first3 = C. | last4 = Rudolf | first4 = B. | last5 = Rubel | first5 = F. | title = World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | doi = 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | journal = Meteorol. Z. | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–263 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf}}</ref> The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from {{convert|71.6|F}} in February to {{convert|79.7|F}} in August. On average, there are 7.7&nbsp;nights annually with a low below {{convert|60|F}}, and readings of {{convert|90|F}} or higher are quite rare, occurring on average once every eight years.<!--14 out of 111 years from 1905 to 2015--> Temperature records range from {{convert|46|F}} on January 14, 1930 up to only {{convert|91|F}} as recently as September 4&ndash;8, 2019. The record cool daily maximum is {{convert|67|F}} as recently as December 19, 1981, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is {{convert|81|F}} as recently as September 7&ndash;9, 2019.<ref name= NOAA/>

Normal annual rainfall is {{convert|37.05|in|mm|0}} spread over an average 195&nbsp;days<!--with measurable rain / ≥0.01 inches-->, but observed annual rainfall has ranged from {{convert|16.40|to|74.40|in|mm|0}} in 1983 and 1982, respectively. The wettest month on record is March 2006 with {{convert|36.13|in|mm|0}}, while the most rain to occur in a single calendar day is {{convert|15.81|in|mm|0}} on May 13, 1940. The record driest month is February 1983 with trace amounts.<ref name= NOAA/>

{{Weather box|location = [[Lihue Airport]], Hawaii (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1905–present){{efn|Records are based on data under "Lihue Area"}}
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 87
|Feb record high F = 89
|Mar record high F = 88
|Apr record high F = 88
|May record high F = 89
|Jun record high F = 89
|Jul record high F = 91
|Aug record high F = 91
|Sep record high F = 91
|Oct record high F = 91
|Nov record high F = 89
|Dec record high F = 89
|year record high F = 91
|Jan avg record high F = 82.6
|Feb avg record high F = 81.9
|Mar avg record high F = 81.9
|Apr avg record high F = 82.4
|May avg record high F = 84.2
|Jun avg record high F = 84.7
|Jul avg record high F = 86.3
|Aug avg record high F = 87.0
|Sep avg record high F = 87.2
|Oct avg record high F = 86.5
|Nov avg record high F = 84.1
|Dec avg record high F = 82.3
|year avg record high F = 88.2
|Jan high F = 78.6
|Feb high F = 78.1
|Mar high F = 78.5
|Apr high F = 79.8
|May high F = 81.6
|Jun high F = 83.3
|Jul high F = 84.6
|Aug high F = 85.2
|Sep high F = 85.3
|Oct high F = 83.9
|Nov high F = 81.2
|Dec high F = 79.1
|year high F = 81.6
|Jan mean F = 72.3
|Feb mean F = 72.2
|Mar mean F = 72.9
|Apr mean F = 74.6
|May mean F = 76.3
|Jun mean F = 78.3
|Jul mean F = 79.6
|Aug mean F = 80.2
|Sep mean F = 80.0
|Oct mean F = 78.7
|Nov mean F = 76.2
|Dec mean F = 73.9
|year mean F = 76.3
|Jan low F = 66.0
|Feb low F = 66.2
|Mar low F = 67.3
|Apr low F = 69.5
|May low F = 70.9
|Jun low F = 73.4
|Jul low F = 74.6
|Aug low F = 75.2
|Sep low F = 74.8
|Oct low F = 73.6
|Nov low F = 71.3
|Dec low F = 68.6
|year low F = 71.0
|Jan avg record low F = 58.2
|Feb avg record low F = 58.5
|Mar avg record low F = 59.6
|Apr avg record low F = 62.7
|May avg record low F = 64.4
|Jun avg record low F = 69.1
|Jul avg record low F = 70.4
|Aug avg record low F = 71.0
|Sep avg record low F = 69.8
|Oct avg record low F = 67.1
|Nov avg record low F = 64.6
|Dec avg record low F = 61.2
|year avg record low F = 56.4
|Jan record low F = 46
|Feb record low F = 47
|Mar record low F = 47
|Apr record low F = 51
|May record low F = 54
|Jun record low F = 57
|Jul record low F = 59
|Aug record low F = 58
|Sep record low F = 59
|Oct record low F = 54
|Nov record low F = 51
|Dec record low F = 50
|year record low F = 46
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain inch = 2.78
|Feb rain inch = 3.63
|Mar rain inch = 5.61
|Apr rain inch = 2.03
|May rain inch = 2.18
|Jun rain inch = 1.79
|Jul rain inch = 1.75
|Aug rain inch = 2.33
|Sep rain inch = 2.18
|Oct rain inch = 3.27
|Nov rain inch = 4.03
|Dec rain inch = 4.64
|year rain inch = 36.22
|unit rain days = 0.01 in
|Jan rain days = 12.0
|Feb rain days = 12.5
|Mar rain days = 15.1
|Apr rain days = 15.5
|May rain days = 14.3
|Jun rain days = 17.8
|Jul rain days = 19.3
|Aug rain days = 18.0
|Sep rain days = 16.1
|Oct rain days = 16.9
|Nov rain days = 17.5
|Dec rain days = 17.6
|year rain days = 192.6
|Jan humidity = 76.1
|Feb humidity = 75.4
|Mar humidity = 75.3
|Apr humidity = 75.2
|May humidity = 74.9
|Jun humidity = 73.5
|Jul humidity = 73.9
|Aug humidity = 74.0
|Sep humidity = 74.1
|Oct humidity = 76.2
|Nov humidity = 76.8
|Dec humidity = 76.5
|year humidity = 75.2
|Jan sun = 176.2
|Feb sun = 181.7
|Mar sun = 206.5
|Apr sun = 202.8
|May sun = 243.6
|Jun sun = 248.3
|Jul sun = 257.9
|Aug sun = 263.3
|Sep sun = 242.1
|Oct sun = 207.7
|Nov sun = 161.4
|Dec sun = 160.7
|year sun = 2552.2
|Jan percentsun = 52
|Feb percentsun = 57
|Mar percentsun = 55
|Apr percentsun = 53
|May percentsun = 60
|Jun percentsun = 61
|Jul percentsun = 62
|Aug percentsun = 66
|Sep percentsun = 66
|Oct percentsun = 58
|Nov percentsun = 48
|Dec percentsun = 48
|year percentsun = 58
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=hfo
| title = NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = September 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NCDC TXT PHLI">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00022536&format=pdf
| title = Station: Lihue WSO AP 1020.1, HI
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = September 11, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WMO 1961–90 PHLI">
{{cite web 
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__V/U1/91165.TXT 
| title = WMO climate normals for Lihue, Kauai, HI 1961−1990 
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
| access-date = September 11, 2021}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{US Census population
|2000= 5694
|2010= 6455
|2020= 8004
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2008-01-31|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 5,694 people, 2,178 households, and 1,420 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert|898.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 2,399 housing units at an average density of {{convert|379.8|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 22.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 49.2% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.2% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 6.4% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.7% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 20.5% from two or more races. 6.5% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 2,178 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,906, and the median income for a family was $56,875 in 2000. Males had a median income of $38,713 versus $28,032 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $22,619. 4.6% of the population and 1.7% of families were below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 1.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

==Transportation==
Līhu{{okina}}e is served by [[Lihue Airport]], in the eastern part of the community.<ref>"[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US1545200&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on Lihue CDP, Hawaii] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119153508/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US1545200&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |date=2011-11-19 }}." ''[[U.S. Census Bureau]]''. Retrieved on May 21, 2009.</ref> Kauai's main seaport is at [[Nawiliwili Bay|Nāwiliwili Bay]], directly southeast of town. Līhu{{okina}}e is also served by [[The Kauai Bus|The Kaua{{okina}}i Bus]], a public bus system serving the entire island.

==Facilities==
The town is home to the county administration building; Kauai's largest shopping center, [[Kukui Grove Center]], which houses the island's only big department store and several big-box stores. There are also several car dealerships and restaurants.

== Education ==
Līhu{{okina}}e is home to [[Kauai Community College]], part of the [[University of Hawaii]] system.

Līhu{{okina}}e is also served by the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. Two [[Kindergarten|K]]-[[fifth grade|5]] [[elementary school]]s, Wilcox Elementary School in Līhu{{okina}}e and Kaumualii Elementary School in downtown [[Hanamaulu, Hawaii|Hanamaulu]] serve the area. All of the area is zoned to Kamakahelei Middle School and [[Kauai High School]].

[[Island School (Hawaii)|Island School]], a private pre-kindergarten to 12 school, is also located in Līhu{{okina}}e.

== Notable people ==
* [[Bethany Hamilton]] (b. 1990) surfer
* [[Eric Shinseki]], (b. 1942) retired [[United States Army]] [[General (United States)|general]] who served as 34th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|chief of staff of the Army]] and the seventh [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|U.S. secretary of veterans affairs]].
* [[Robert Yasuda]] (b. 1940) American abstract painter<ref name="STG14">Sundaram Tagore Gallery. [https://issuu.com/sundaramtagoregallery/docs/duo ''DUO: Judith Murray: and Robert Yasuda''], New York/Singapore: Sundaram Tagore, 2014.</ref>
* [[Kirby Yates]] (b. 1987) [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher
* [[Tyler Yates]] (b. 1977) former Major League Baseball pitcher

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Lihue, Hawaii}}

{{Hawaii}}
{{Kauai County, Hawaii}}
{{Hawaii county seat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lihue}}
[[Category:Census-designated places in Kauai County, Hawaii]]
[[Category:Populated places on Kauai]]
[[Category:County seats in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Hawaii]]