Editing Lightship

{{Short description|Ship that functions as a lighthouse}}
[[Image:Lightship Finngrundet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lightship Finngrundet (1903)|Lightship ''Finngrundet'']], now a [[museum ship]] in [[Stockholm]]. The day markers can be seen on the masts.]]
[[Image:Lightvessel Fehrmarnbelt.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fehmarnbelt Lightship|''Fehmarnbelt'' Lightship]], now a [[museum ship]] in [[Lübeck]]]]
[[File: Elbe 1 - Bürgermeister O´Swald II -- Ystad-2017.jpg|thumb|''Bürgermeister O´Swald II'' was the world's largest manned lightship, the last lightship at position ''[[Elbe]] 1. ''In the picture on a visit to [[Ystad]] 12 July 2017.]] 
A '''lightvessel''', or '''lightship''', is a [[ship]] that acts as a [[lighthouse]]. They are used in waters that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for [[lighthouse]] construction.<ref name="USCG.history">{{cite book|first=Willard|last=Flint|title=A History of U.S. Lightships|year=1993|publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]]|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/Lightships.pdf|access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref> Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times, the first modern lightship was located off the [[Nore]] [[sandbank]] at the mouth of the [[River Thames]] in [[London]], England, by its inventor Robert Hamblin in 1734. Lightships have since been rendered obsolete by advancing lighthouse construction techniques, and by [[LANBY|large automated navigation buoys]].<ref name="USCG.history" />

==Construction==
[[Image:Zeebrugge West-Hinder R01.jpg|thumb|right|Former Belgian lightship ''West-Hinder II'', now a [[museum ship]] in [[Zeebrugge]]]]
[[Image:Light ship tower.jpg|thumb|left|Some lightships, like this one in [[Amsterdam]], were also equipped with [[foghorn]]s.]]

The most important element of lightship design is a tall [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] upon which to mount the light. Initially, these lights consisted of [[Oil lamp|oil lamps]] that were run up the mast and could be lowered for servicing, while later vessels carried fixed lamps which were serviced in place. As they became available, [[Fresnel lens]]es were used, and many vessels housed them in smaller versions of lighthouse lanterns. Some lightships had two masts, with the second housing a reserve beacon, in case of the main light's failure.

Initially, lightship [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]s were constructed of wood, shaped like the small merchant ships of the time. However, this proved unsatisfactory for a permanently anchored ship, so the shape of the hull evolved to reduce rolling and pounding. As iron and steel hulls were popularized, they became used in lightvessels, and the advent of steam and diesel power led to self-propelled and electrically lit designs. Earlier vessels had no propulsion systems and had to be towed to and from their positions.

Much of the ship was taken up by storage for lamp oil and other supplies, as well as crew accommodations. The crew's primary duty was to maintain the light. Additional responsibilities included keeping records of passing ships, observing the weather, and occasionally performing rescues.

In the early 20th century, some lightships were fitted with warning bells mounted on their structure or lowered into the water to warn of danger in poor visibility and to permit a crude estimation of the lightship's location relative to the approaching vessel. Tests conducted by [[Trinity House]] found that sound from a bell submerged some {{convert|18|ft|m}} could be heard at a distance of {{convert|15|mi|km}}, with a practical range in operational conditions of {{convert|1|to|3|mile|spell=in}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowen|first=J. P. |title=The Engineer's Year-Book for 1946|editor=Pendred, Loughan|publisher=Morgan Brothers|location=London|year=1946|edition=52|page=656|chapter=Lighthouses}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1906/06/07/archives/the-submarine-bell-rivals-jules-verne-deep-under-water-it-sends.html|title=THE SUBMARINE BELL RIVALS JULES VERNE; Deep Under Water, It Sends Warnings in Fog and Storm. A TEST OF THE INVENTION Through the Signal's Receiver the Throb of an Unseen Steamship's Screw Could Be Heard.|work=The New York Times |date=7 June 1906|access-date=21 February 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

===Mooring===
[[Image:LV101 with Mushroom anchor.jpg|thumb|right|Lightship ''Portsmouth'' (LV-101) shows its mushroom anchor. It can be seen at downtown [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], and is a part of the Naval Shipyard Museum.]]

Holding the vessel in position was an important aspect of lightvessel engineering. Early lightships used [[Anchor#Danforth anchor|fluke anchor]]s, which are still in use on many contemporary vessels, though these anchors are prone to dragging, making their performance unsatisfactory in rough seas. 

Since the early 19th century, lightships have used [[Anchor#Mushroom|mushroom anchor]]s, named for their shape, which typically weigh 3 to 4 tons. The first lightvessel equipped with one was a converted fishing boat, renamed ''[[Pharos]],'' meaning lighthouse, which entered service on September 15th, 1807, near [[Inchcape]], Scotland with an anchor weighing 1.5 tons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cadbury|first=Deborah|title=Seven Wonders of the Industrial World|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenwondersofin0000cadb|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Fourth Estate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sevenwondersofin0000cadb/page/79 79]|isbn=9780007163045 }}</ref> The introduction of cast iron anchor [[Chain|chains]] in the 1820s improved their effectiveness dramatically, with the [[rule of thumb]] being {{convert|6|feet}} of chain for every foot of water.

===Appearance===
[[Image:Lichtschip Breeveertien.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lightvessel No. 11|LV-11]] (originally British lightship ''Trinity House'') is docked in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]], as ''Breeveertien'' serving as a restaurant]]

[[Image:north carr light ship 1988.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The ''North Carr'' Lightship showing a large foghorn]]

Early lightvessels were equipped with [[Daymark|day markers]] at the tops of their masts, which were the first objects seen from an approaching ship. These operated both at night and in fog, from one hour before sunset to one hour after sunrise, and were in addition to the lights. The markers were primarily red and occasionally white, and their designs varied. Filled circles or globes, as well as pairs of inverted cones were the most common designs among them.

[[File:Huron Lightship early career.jpg|200px|thumb|United States lightship ''Huron'' ''circa'' 1922]]

For visibility purposes, most later lightships had bright red hulls that displayed the name of the station in white, upper-case letters; relief light vessels displayed the word RELIEF instead. Some vessels had hulls colored for specific purposes. For example, the [[Huron Lightship]] was painted black since she was assigned the black buoy side of the entrance to the Lake Huron Cut. From 1854 until 1860, the lightvessel that operated at [[Minots Ledge]], [[Massachusetts]], had a light yellow hull to increase contrast between the blue-green seas and the hills behind it.

==Lightvessel service==
{{Main|Lists of lightvessels}}

===British lightships===

{{Main|List of lightvessels of Great Britain}}

[[Image:Calshot Spit Lightship.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Calshot Spit]]'' lightship on display at the [[Ocean Village, Southampton|Ocean Village]] marina, [[Southampton]]. The ship has since been moved to the [[Solent Sky]] museum, also in Southampton.]]
[[Image:Former_Breaksea_lightvessel.jpg|thumb|right|''Breaksea Light Vessel'' following a refit at [[Swansea]] in 1978.]]
In 1731, David Avery and Robert Hamblin placed the earliest British lightship at [[The Nore]] near the mouth of the [[River Thames]]. This was a private venture that operated profitably and without the need for government enforcement of payment for lighting services.<ref>Candela, Rosolino A. and Vincent J. Geloso (September 2018) "The lightship in economics", ''Public Choice'', Vol. 176, Issue 3–4, pp. 479–506.</ref>

Further vessels were placed off [[Norfolk]] in 1736, at [[Owers Bank]] in [[Sussex]] in 1788, and at the [[Goodwin Sands]] in 1793.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=G.J.|title=Heart of Oak: A Survey of British Sea Power in the Georgian Era|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1975|pages=[https://archive.org/details/heartofoaksurvey0000marc/page/53 53–54]|isbn=0192158120|url=https://archive.org/details/heartofoaksurvey0000marc/page/53}}</ref>

Over time, [[Trinity House]], the public authority charged with establishing and maintaining lighthouses in England and Wales, crowded out{{Colloquialism|date=May 2021}} the private light vessels. Trinity House is now responsible for all the remaining lightvessels England and Wales, of which there are currently eight unmanned lightvessels and two smaller [[light float]]s.<ref name=trinityhouse>[http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/aids_to_navigation/the_task/index.html Aids to Navigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828024502/http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/aids_to_navigation/the_task/index.html |date=2008-08-28 }}, [[Trinity House]], accessed 02-09-08</ref>

In the 1930s, "crewless lightships" were proposed as a way to operate a light vessel for six to twelve months without a crew.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanics+1932+protecting+the+world%27s&pg=PA856 "Crewless Lightship Is New Flying Dutchman"] ''Popular Mechanics'', December 1932</ref>

The first lightvessel conversion to [[solar power]] was made in 1995, and all vessels except the '20 class' have now been converted. The '20 class' is a slightly larger type of vessel that derives its power from diesel electric generators. Where a main light with a visible range in excess of 20 nautical miles (37&nbsp;km) is required, a '20 class' vessel is used, as the main light from a Trinity House solar lightvessel has a maximum range of 19 nautical miles (35&nbsp;km).

Hull numbers: 19, 22, 23 and 25 (the 20 class); 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 17 (solar lightvessels); and LF2 and LF3 (solar lightfloats).

The [[Spurn Lightship]], operated by the Humber Conservancy Board, was launched in 1927 and served for 48 years. It is now preserved as a [[museum ship]] and is moored at [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] marina.
===American lightships===
[[File:Lightship Columbia.jpg|thumb|left|Lightship ''Columbia,'' WLV-604]]

====History====
The first United States lightship was established at [[Chesapeake Bay]] in 1820, and the total number around the coast peaked in 1909 with 56 locations marked. Of those ships, 168 were constructed by the [[United States Lighthouse Service]] and six by the [[United States Coast Guard]], which absorbed it in 1939. From 1820 until 1983, there were 179 lightships built for the U.S. government, and they were assigned to 116 separate light stations on four coasts (including the [[Great Lakes]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/maritime/|title=Maritime Heritage Program - National Park Service|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

[[Image:Jsj-380-Light Ship Sandy Hook.jpg|thumb|right|Lightship #51 at [[Sandy Hook]], New Jersey, as it appeared in the 1890s.]]

The first United States lightships were small wooden vessels with without any propelling power. The first United States iron-hulled lightship was stationed at Merrill's Shell Bank, Louisiana, in 1847. Wood was still the preferred building material at the time due to its lower cost and ability to withstand shock loading. Wooden lightships often survived more than 50 years in northern waters, where the danger of rotting was reduced. Lightvessel 16 guarded Sandy Hook and [[Ambrose Channel|Ambrose]] stations for more than 80 years; she had both an inner hull and an outer hull with the space between was filled with salt to harden the wood and reduce decay. Several lightships built with composite wood and steel hulls in 1897 proved less durable than either wood or steel. The first modern steel lightship in United States service was lightvessel 44 built in 1882. One of the last United States wooden hulled lightships built, lightvessel 74, went into service at Portland, Maine, in 1902. The first United States lightships with steam engine propulsion were built in 1891 for service on the Great Lakes where seasonal ice required prompt evacuation of light stations to avoid destruction of the lightships.<ref name="proceedings">White, Richard D., Jr., LT USCG "Destination Nowhere - Twilight of the Lightship" ''United States Naval Institute Proceedings'' March 1976 pp.67-68</ref>

The official use of lightships in the United States ended on March 29, 1985, when the [[United States Coast Guard]] decommissioned its last such ship, the ''Nantucket I''. Many lightships were replaced with [[Texas Tower (lighthouse)|Texas Towers]] or [[Lanby buoy|large navigational buoys]]{{Snd}}both of which are cheaper to operate than lightvessels. In fact, lighthouses often replaced lightships.<ref name="cmich.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/Pages/default.aspx|title=Clarke Home - Central Michigan University|website=www.cmich.edu|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

====Naming and numbering====
Up to and through the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] lightships were identified by name, usually that of the station where they served, but as they were moved from station to station, the keeping of records became confusing. In 1867 all existing lightships were given numbers by which they would be permanently identified, and the station at which they were presently serving was painted on their sides, to be changed as needed. Lightships held in reserve to serve in place of those in dock for maintenance were labeled "RELIEF".<ref name="USCG.early">{{cite web|
url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/weblightships/Early.asp|title=Early U.S. Lightships|publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]]|access-date=2008-07-16}}</ref> Surviving lightships are commonly taken to be named according to these labels, but for instance the "Lightship ''[[United States lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)|Chesapeake]]''" actually served at two other stations as well as being used for examinations, and last served at the Delaware Light Station. In another case, the ''LV-114'' was labeled "NEW BEDFORD", though there has never been such a station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=617 |title=Lightship New Bedford LV 114/WAL 536 |date=2010-05-23 |publisher=Lighthousefriends.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004131113/http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=617 |archive-date=2012-10-04 }}</ref> In an attempt to sort out the early lightships, they were assigned one or two letter designations sometime around 1930; these identifications do not appear in early records, and they are to some degree uncertain.<ref name="USCG.early" />

There are three different and overlapping series of hull numbers. The Lighthouse Service assigned numbers beginning with "LV-" and starting from 1; however, not all numbers were used. When the Coast Guard took over the lighthouse service, all existing lightships were renumbered with "WAL-" prefixes, beginning with "WAL-501". In 1965 they were renumbered again, this time with "WLV-"; however in this case the numbers given were not sequential. Given that only six vessels were constructed after the Coast Guard takeover, the "LV-" series numbers are most commonly used.

====Surviving American lightships====
{{See also|List of lightships of the United States}}

It is estimated that there are 15 United States lightships left today. Among them:

* The [[United States lightship Barnegat (LV-79)|lightship Barnegat (LV-79)]] is moored in [[Camden, New Jersey]]. She was the [[Five Fathom Bank light station|lightship for Five Fathom Bank]] and [[Barnegat, New Jersey]].
* The [[United States lightship Swiftsure (LV-83)|lightship Swiftsure (LV-83)]] is moored at [[Northwest Seaport]] in [[Seattle, Washington]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1904 Lightship: No. 83, Swiftsure|url=http://nwseaport.org/historic-fleet/lightship-swiftsure|website=Northwest Seaport|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520100712/http://nwseaport.org/historic-fleet/lightship-swiftsure/|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> She served at all five Pacific Coast lightship stations (Blunts Reef and San Francisco, California; and the Columbia River entrance, Umatilla Reef, and Swiftsure Bank, Washington).
* The [[United States lightship Ambrose (LV-87)|lightship Ambrose (LV-87)]] is moored at the [[South Street Seaport Museum]] in [[New York City, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lightship Ambrose|url=https://southstreetseaportmuseum.org/visit/street-of-ships/lightship-ambrose|website=South Street Seaport Museum|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
* The [[United States lightship Portsmouth (LV-101)|lightship Portsmouth (LV-101)]] is moored at the naval shipyard museum in [[Portsmouth, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lightship Portsmouth|url=http://www.portsmouthnavalshipyardmuseum.com/lightship/about.html|website=Lightship Portsmouth Museum|publisher=City of Portsmouth, Virginia|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> LV-101 was built in 1915 by Pusey & Jones. She first served at [[Cape Charles, Virginia]], then Relief, [[Overfalls, Delaware]], and [[Stonehorse Shoal, Massachusetts]]. After being decommissioned, she was stored in [[Portland, Maine]], before being sold to the museum. Today LV-101 is dry docked and lettered as ''Portsmouth'', having never served there.
* The [[United States lightship Huron (LV-103)|lightship Huron (LV-103)]] is one of many that have plied the waters of the [[Great Lakes]].<ref name="cmich.edu"/><ref>Sellman, John J. Martin Reef: Lightship to Lighthouse. Cedarville, MI: Les Cheneaux Historical Association, 1995.</ref> In 1832 the first Lightship on the [[Great Lakes]]—the [[Lois McLain]]—was placed at Waugoshance Shoal.<ref>[http://clarke.cmich.edu/lighthouses/lhtime1.htm Wagner, John L., Chronology of Michigan lightship and lighthouses ''Beacons Shining in the Night'', Clarke Historical Library, Central, Michigan University.]</ref> After 1940, the Huron was the last lightship on the [[Great Lakes]]. She was decommissioned in 1970 and grounded at [[Port Huron, Michigan]] as a museum. The smallest surviving lightship, she is now a museum and a representative of the 96 foot class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0,1607,7-160-15481_19267_20424-54594--,00.html|title=Michigan Government on Huron Lightship.|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
* The lightship Winter Quarter (LV-107) is moored at Liberty Landing Marina in Jersey City, New Jersey. She serves as the office building for a sailing school. 
* The [[United States lightship Nantucket (LV-112)|lightship Nantucket (LV-112)]] is moored in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nantucket Lightship/LV-112|url=http://www.nantucketlightshiplv-112.org|website=Nantucket Lightship/LV-112|publisher=United States Lightship Museum, Inc.|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
* The [[United States lightship Frying Pan (LV-115)|lightship Frying Pan (LV-115)]] is moored at Pier 66 in [[New York City, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lightship Frying Pan|url=http://fryingpan.com|website=Lightship Frying Pan|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
* The [[United States lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)|lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)]] is moored at [[Historic Ships in Baltimore]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LV116 Chesapeake|url=http://www.historicships.org/chesapeake.html|website=Historic Ships in Baltimore|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521092537/http://www.historicships.org/chesapeake.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[United States lightship Overfalls (LV-118)|lightship Overfalls (LV-118)]] is moored in [[Lewes, Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lightship Overfalls (LV-118)|url=http://www.overfalls.org|website=Lightship Overfalls (LV-118)|publisher=Overfalls Foundation|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> She has been painted for the "OVERFALLS" station, though she never served there.
* The [[United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604)|lightship Columbia (WLV-604)]] is moored at the [[Columbia River Maritime Museum]] in [[Astoria, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lightship Columbia|url=http://www.crmm.org/maritimemuseum_collection_lightshipcolumbia.html|website=Columbia River Maritime Museum|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417223408/http://www.crmm.org/maritimemuseum_collection_lightshipcolumbia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first lightship on the Pacific Coast, she marked the entrance to the Columbia River.
* The [[United States lightship Relief (WLV-605)|lightship Relief (WLV-605)]] is moored at Jack London Square in [[Oakland, California]].
* The [[United States lightship Nantucket (WLV-612)|lightship Nantucket I (WLV-612)]] is moored in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nantucket Lightship|url=http://www.nantucketlightship.com|website=Nantucket Lightship|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> She operates as a floating hotel and events venue. Built in 1950 and operated at various stations from 1951 to 1983, she was designated ''Nantucket I'' in 1979 and rotated at the Nantucket station with the ''Nantucket II'' until 1983. She was the last American lightship to be decommissioned in 1985.
* The [[United States lightship Nantucket II (WLV-613)|lightship Nantucket II (WLV-613)]] is moored in [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]]. She was the last lightship built in the United States and was laid down on February 4, 1952, at the Coast Guard Yard in [[Curtis Bay, Maryland]]. She was launched six months later and placed in service in September of the same year. Her first assignment was to the Ambrose Shoals off New York City and served at that station until 1967. After brief service as a relief lightship, she was assigned as one of two Nantucket lightships and served at that station until replaced by a buoy on December 20, 1983. She was moored at the Wareham Shipyard in [[Wareham, Massachusetts]] from about 1990 until 2014.

===German lightships===
[[File:Lightvessel G-B FS3.JPG|thumb|''FS3'' at position ''German Bight'']]

There are currently three identical unmanned German lightvessels in service, named FS1, FS3 and FS4. The [[initialism]] ''FS'' is short for ''Feuerschiff'', which means ''lightvessel'' in German. Two of them are normally located at:
# {{coord|54|10.8|N|007|27.5|E|type:landmark_region:DE|name=GB}} German Bight (''GB'' in charts and notices, ''G—B'' on vessels)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baken-net.de/fs_gb.htm|title=Feuerschiff German Bight|website=www.baken-net.de|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://map.openseamap.org/?zoom=15&lat=54.18&lon=7.45|title=OpenSeaMap - The free nautical chart|website=map.openseamap.org|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
# {{coord|54|09.9|N|006|20.7|E|type:landmark_region:DE|name=GW/EMS}} German Bight Western Approach (''GW/EMS'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baken-net.de/fs_tw-ems.htm|title=UFS TW/EMS|website=www.baken-net.de|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://map.openseamap.org/?zoom=15&lat=54.17&lon=6.35|title=OpenSeaMap - The free nautical chart|website=map.openseamap.org|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

Both positions have the same characteristics:
* white [[Light characteristic#Isophase light|isophase light]] with a cycle period of 8s at 12m elevation and a range of 17 [[nautical miles]]
* [[foghorn]] with [[morse code]] ''R'' and 30s cycle period
* [[radar beacon]] with morse code ''T''

All three ships are operated by the [[Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt|Waterways and Shipping Office]] [[Wilhelmshaven]] and can be seen in the harbor of Wilhelmshaven during maintenance.

===Russian lightships===
[[File:Nekmangrund.jpg|thumb|Lightship ''Nekmangrund'' (1898)]]

In [[Russia]], lightships have been documented since the mid 19th century. The lightvessel service was subordinated to the [[Russian Hydrographic Office]] and most of the lightships under it were in the [[Baltic Sea]]. In the early 1900s there were about ten lightships in the Russian sector of the Baltics. Among these the following may be mentioned:

''Yelaginsky'', located on the Yelagin Channel{{Snd}}later moved to the Petrovsky Channel and renamed, ''Nevsky'' in the middle of the main channel to [[St. Petersburg]], and ''Londonsky'' on Londonsky Shoal off [[Kotlin Island]] on the approach to [[Kronstadt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plavmayak.ru/pmki/opmk/ruspmk/?lang=en|title=Lightships in Russia|website=www.plavmayak.ru|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> Other Baltic lightships were located further to the West, with ''Werkommatala'' by [[Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast|Primorsk]] (Koivisto) harbour, ''Lyserortsky'' at the entrance of the [[Gulf of Finland]], and ''Nekmangrund'' over the treacherous shoals off [[Hiiumaa]] Island's NW shore, known as [[Hiiu Madal]] in [[Estonian language|Estonian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diving.ee/articles/art103.html|title=Плавучий маяк "Nekmangrund"|website=diving.ee|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008030547/http://diving.ee/articles/art103.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another well-known lightship was ''Irbensky'' of the [[Soviet Union]] era. It was the next-to-last Russian lightship. Having been located in the Baltic in the 1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plavmayak.ru/pmki/opmk/irbensky/?lang=en|title=Irbensky Lightship|website=www.plavmayak.ru|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> it was briefly renamed ''Ventspilssky'' while serving near [[Ventspils]] port in the [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic]].

The last Russian lightvessel in service was ''Astrakhansky-priyomniy'', of the same class as Irbensky. Until 1997 she was marking the deepwater channel leading to [[Astrakhan]] harbour while it was doing service in the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plavmayak.ru/pmki/opmk/astrahan/?lang=en|title=Astrakhanskiy lightship|website=www.plavmayak.ru|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Other countries ===
[[File:Lightship CLS4 "Carpentaria" (7854156048).jpg|thumb|right|Lightship CLS4 ''Carpentaria'' at wharf close to the ANMM, Sydney]]

*The Australian lightship [[CLS-4 Carpentaria|''Carpentaria'']], an unmanned lightvessel (effectively a floating lighthouse) built during 1916–17 in Sydney, operated in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], off [[Sandy Cape|Sandy Cape, Queensland]], and in the [[Bass Strait]]. After her career ended in 1985, she was donated to the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]] in 1987 for preservation.<ref>[http://www.anmm.gov.au/whats-on/vessels/cls-4-carpentaria Carpentaria, An Unmanned Lightship - ANMM Website] (accessed 2017-01-10)</ref>

==Lost lightships==
Because lightvessels must remain anchored in specific positions for the majority of their time at sea, they are more at risk of damage or destruction. Many lightships have been lost in hurricanes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/History/weblightships/aton_lightshipbib.asp|title=U.S. Coast Guard Historical Bibliography on Lightships.|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
;United States
* Lightship No. 84 ({{convert|135|feet}} long, weighing 683 tons), lies sunk since 1997 in a shallow section of [[New York Harbor]] and its two masts are still visible above the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?ll=40.672184,-74.016706&spn=0.005326,0.010131&t=k&hl=en|title=40.672184, -74.016706|website=Google Maps|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=The masts are not visible on the map, and a source is needed for the other information about the ship|date=November 2021}}
* Lightship [[United States lightship Buffalo (LV-82)|LV-82 ''Buffalo'']] foundered in [[Lake Erie]] near [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], during the [[Great Lakes Storm of 1913]] with the loss of six lives.<ref>[http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/light/light-vessel.htm Vogel, Michael N. and Paul F. Redding ''Maritime Buffalo'', Buffalo History, Lightship LV 82.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075851/http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/light/light-vessel.htm |date=2012-05-28 }}</ref> See [[Shipwrecks of the 1913 Great Lakes storm]] and [[List of victims of the 1913 Great Lakes storm]].
* Lightship No. 61 "Corsica Shoals" was destroyed in the same storm on Lake Huron as Lightship 82.<ref>{{cite uscghist|MI}}</ref> See [[Huron Lightship]] for further details.
* LV-6 and LV-73 were both lost with all hands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBLIGHTSHIPS/LV6.html|title=LV-6 history, U.S. Coast Guard.|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Nantucket Lightship LV-117]] was rammed and sunk in 1934 by [[RMS Olympic|RMS ''Olympic'']] homing in on its radio beacon, with a loss of three out of a crew of eleven.
* [[Lightship No. 114]] (WAL-536), built by [[Albina Engine & Machine Works]], served as an active lightship from 1930 to 1971. Her last assignment was at [[Portland, Maine]]. In 1975, she was purchased by the city of [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]] and had "NEW BEDFORD" painted on her sides (despite the fact there never was a New Bedford lightship). She was never adequately maintained and her hull decayed due to years of neglect. She remained in New Bedford until she sank at her mooring on May 31, 2006. She was deemed beyond repair and was sold for scrap.

==Popular culture==
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*[[J. A. Froude]], influential English historian, in 1884 famously used the metaphor of lightships cut from their moorings and freely adrift to describe the thrilling uncertainty of industrial and cultural revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8268c689-5b4a-4eab-8354-45b76aaa2aec/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=602367911.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis|title=A Critical Sudy of the Literary Works of J. A. Froude with Special Reference to the Novels, the Essays, and the Biography of Carlyle|access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref> 
*''Lightship,'' a [[1934 in literature|1934 novel]] by [[Archie Binns]].
*''[[Men of the Lightship]]'', a 1940 British propaganda film produced during [[World War II]].
* ''The Lightship,'' a translation of the 1960 short story ''Das Feuerschiff'' by [[Siegfried Lenz]].
* ''[[The Lightship (1963 film)|The Lightship]]'', a 1963 West German film adapted from the Lenz novel, with [[James Robertson Justice]].
* ''[[The Lightship]]'', a 1985 film adapted from the Lenz novel, with [[Robert Duvall]] and [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]].
*[[List of Tugs characters#Lillie Lightship|Lillie Lightship]]: A fictional lightship from the [[children's television series]] ''[[Tugs (TV series)|TUGS]]''.
* ''Lightship'', a [[2007 in literature|2007]] children's picture book by [[Brian Floca]]. A Richard Jackson Book: Atheneum Books for Young Readers. Simon & Schuster Children's Books A [[Junior Library Guild]] Selection. {{ISBN|1-4169-2436-1}}.

==See also==
* [[Lists of lighthouses]]
* [[Lists of lightvessels]]
* [[Lighthouse tender]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* United States Coast Guard, ''Aids to Navigation'', (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945).
* {{cite uscgnavbib}}
* Putnam, George R., ''Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States'', (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933).
*{{cite book |title=Lightships of the Great Lakes |first1=Larry |last1=Wright |first2=Patricia |last2=Wright |location=Ontario |year=2011 |isbn=9780987815101 |page=146}}
* Clark, Liam. ''Light in the darkness - a history of lightships and the people who served on them''. (Amberley, 2016) {{ISBN|9781445646589}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lightships}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4YQcTpcP0g 1926 Christmas on a lightship.]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SIKFFA1_ws Floca, Brian, ''Lightship'', youtube video.]
*[http://www.feuerschiffseite.de/startgb.htm Information about lightships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605141531/http://www.feuerschiffseite.de/startgb.htm |date=2007-06-05 }}
*[http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.64/chapterId/1506/Trinity-House.html Trinity House lightvessels]
*[http://www.plavmayak.ru/?lang=en Lightship Service in Russian Waters]
*[http://www.nightbeacon.com/lighthouseinformation/articles/Lightship_Day_Markers_Hull_Colors.htm Lightship day markers]
*[http://www.nightbeacon.com/lighthouseinformation/articles/Lightship_Anchors.htm Lightship anchors]
*[http://www.bellrock.org.uk/lighthouse/lighthouse_1807.htm Stevenson's Bell Rock lighthouse]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075851/http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/light/light-vessel.htm Buffalo Harbor LV82]
*[http://www.fryingpan.com Lightship Frying Pan in New York City]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&pg=PA946 "Aboard Lightship Five-Fathoms", December 1931, Popular Mechanics]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060425134509/http://www.southstseaport.org/street/ambrose.shtm Ambrose lightship at New York City's South Street Seaport Museum]
*[http://www.uscg.mil/history/Lightship_Index.asp U. S. Coast Guard's "Lightships of the U. S. Government" site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043942/http://hnsa.org/ships/overfalls.htm HNSA Ship Page: Lightship Overfalls, Lewes, Delaware]
*[http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/huron/huron/huron.htm Huron Lightship page from Terry Pepper's Seeing the Light.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155035/http://www.phmuseum.org/lightship/lightship.htm Information on the Huron Lightship from the Port Huron Museum (including hours and a virtual tour of the Lightship.)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4CiDlyb734 Storbrotten lightship, YouTube.]

{{Lightvessels}}
{{Lighthouses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lightships| ]]
[[Category:Navigational aids]]
[[Category:Ships of the United States Lighthouse Service]]