Editing Liberty Hyde Bailey

{{Short description|U.S. botanist (1858–1954)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Liberty Hyde Bailey
| image             = Portrait of Liberty Hyde Bailey.jpg
| image_size        = 255px
| caption           =
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1858|3|15}}
| birth_place       = [[South Haven, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1954|12|25|1858|3|15}}
| death_place       = [[Ithaca, New York]], U.S.
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = 
| ethnicity         = 
| field             = [[Botany]]
| work_institutions = Michigan State University, Cornell University
| alma_mater        = Michigan Agricultural College (now [[Michigan State University]])
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| prizes            = [[Veitch Memorial Medal]] <small>(1897)</small>
| footnotes         = 
| signature         = 
| author_abbrev_bot = L.H. Bailey 
}}

'''Liberty Hyde Bailey''' (March 15, 1858 – December 25, 1954) was an American [[Horticulture|horticulturist]] and reformer of rural life. He was cofounder of the [[American Society for Horticultural Science]].<ref name=MAB>Makers of American Botany, [[Harry Baker Humphrey]], Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435</ref>{{rp|10–15}} As an energetic reformer during the [[Progressive Era]], he was instrumental in starting agricultural extension services, the [[4-H]] movement, the [[nature study]] movement, [[parcel post]] and [[rural electrification]]. He was considered the father of rural [[sociology]] and rural [[journalism]].

==Biography==
Born in [[South Haven, Michigan]], as the third son of farmers Liberty Hyde Bailey Sr. and Sarah Harrison Bailey. In 1876,  Bailey met [[Lucy Millington]] who encouraged his interest in botany and mentored him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Liberty Hyde|date=1939-01-01|title=Lucy Millington|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32128731|journal=Torreya; A Monthly Journal of Botanical Notes and News|volume=39|pages=159–163|via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Science Education of American Girls: a Historical Perspective.|last=Tolley|first=Kim|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781135339203|location=Hoboken|page=116|oclc=876513332}}</ref> Bailey entered the Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now [[Michigan State University]]) in 1877 and graduated in 1882 (he had taken a year off from study for health reasons). The next year, he became assistant to the renowned botanist [[Asa Gray]], of [[Harvard University]]. This was arranged by a professor at MAC, [[William James Beal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dupree|first=A. Hunter|year=1988|title=Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn=978-0-801-83741-8|pages=384–385, 388}}</ref> Bailey spent two years with Gray as his herbarium assistant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/BAILEYH.html|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey Jr. (1858-1954) Papers|publisher=Harvard University Herbaria|access-date=March 8, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154749/http://botlib.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/BAILEYH.html}}</ref> The same year, he married Annette Smith, the daughter of a Michigan cattle breeder, whom he met at the Michigan Agricultural College. They had two daughters, Sara May, born in 1887, and [[Ethel Zoe Bailey|Ethel Zoe]], born in 1889.

In 1884 Bailey returned to MAC to become professor and chair of the Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Department, establishing the first horticulture department in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rise.natsci.msu.edu/about/who-was-liberty-hyde-bailey/ | title=Who Was Liberty Hyde Bailey?}}</ref>

In 1888, he moved to [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhort.bh.cornell.edu/bailey.htm|access-date=September 26, 2017|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey}}</ref> where he assumed the chair of Practical and Experimental Horticulture. In 1896, he was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Liberty+H.+Bailey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was elected an Associate Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1900.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> He founded the [[Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|College of Agriculture]], and in 1904 he was able to secure public funding. He was dean of what was then known as New York State College of Agriculture from 1903 to 1913. In 1908, he was appointed Chairman of The [[Country life movement|National Commission on Country Life]] by president [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. Its 1909 Report called for rebuilding a great agricultural civilization in America. In 1913, he retired to become a private scholar and devote more time to social and political issues. In 1917 he was elected a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bailey-liberty-h.pdf|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858—1954|author=Banks, Harlan P.|journal=Biographical Memoirs|volume=64|year=1994}}</ref>

He edited ''The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture'' (1907–09), the ''Cyclopedia of American Horticulture'' (1900–02) (continued as the ''Standard Cyclopedia Of Horticulture'' (1916–1919){{sfn|Bailey|1919}}) and the ''Rural Science, Rural Textbook, Gardencraft,'' and ''Young Folks Library'' series of manuals. He was the founding editor of the journals ''Country Life in America'' and the ''Cornell Countryman.'' He dominated the field of horticultural literature, writing some sixty-five books, which together sold more than a million copies, including scientific works, efforts to explain botany to laypeople, a collection of [[poetry]]; edited more than a hundred books by other authors and published at least 1,300 articles and over 100 papers in pure taxonomy.<ref name=cornell>{{cite web|url=http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/bailey/writings/index.html|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey Writings|publisher=Cornell University Library|access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> 

He coined the words ''[[cultivar]]'',<ref>Bailey, L.H. (1923). Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature. ''Gentes Herb''. 1: pages 113-136</ref> ''[[cultigen]]'',<ref>Bailey, L.H. (1918). The indigen and the cultigen. ''Science'' ser. 2, 47: pages 306-308.</ref> and ''[[indigen]]''. His most significant and lasting contributions were in the botanical study of cultivated plants. Bailey's publisher was [[George Platt Brett, Sr.]] of [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographic Memoirs V. 64|page=9}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:LakeViewCemeteryMausoleum.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Liberty Hyde Bailey designed mausoleum at Lake View Cemetery, Ithaca, New York.]]
Bailey and his family are interred in a grand [[Egyptian revival architecture|Egyptian Revival]] styled mausoleum of his own design at [[Lake View Cemetery (Ithaca, New York)|Lake View Cemetery]] in Ithaca, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lakeview-ithaca.org/cemetery-history/|title = Cemetery History – Lake View Cemetery Co., Inc}}</ref>

==Rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work==
Bailey was one of the first to recognize the overall importance of [[Gregor Mendel]]'s work. He cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, "Cross Breeding and Hybridizing". Mendel is mentioned again in the 1895 edition of Bailey's "Plant Breeding".<ref>"The Role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and [[Hugo de Vries]] in the Rediscovery of Mendelism," Conway Zirkle, ''Journal of the History of Biology,'' Volume 1, Number 2 (Autumn, 1968), pages 205-218. Here is an excerpt: "De Vries as we have noted, gave three different accounts, and this leads us to Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954). In a letter to Bailey, de Vries stated that he was led to Mendel's work by an item in a bibliography that Bailey had published in 1892. Bailey inserted an excerpt from this letter in a footnote in the later editions of his book, ''Plant Breeding,'' a very successful book that went through several editions. De Vries wrote (from the Fourth Edition, 1906, page 155): Many years ago you had the kindness to send me your article on Cross Breeding and Hybridization of 1892; and I hope it will interest you to know that it was by means of your bibliography therein that I learned some years afterwards of the existence of Mendel's papers, which now are coming to so high credit. Without your aid I fear I should not have found them at all. Some years later (1924), de Vries gave another and different account in a letter he wrote to Roberts....."</ref><ref>Conway Zirkle: [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00351920 "The role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the rediscovery of  Mendelism,"] ''The Journal of the History of Biology,'' Vol. 1, No. 2 / September, 1968.</ref><ref>"L.H. Bailey's citations to Gregor Mendel" in: Michael H. MacRoberts, ''The Journal of Heredity'' 1984:75(6):500-501. Here's part of the abstract: "L. H. Bailey cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, Cross-Breeding and Hybridizing, and Mendel is mentioned once in the 1895 edition of Bailey's ''Plant-Breeding.'' Bailey also saw a reference to Mendel's 1865 paper in Jackson's ''Guide to the Literature of Botany.'' Bailey's 1895 mention of Mendel occurs in a passage he translated from Focke's ''Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge.''"</ref>

==Agrarian ideology==
Bailey represented an [[agrarianism]] that stood in the tradition of [[Thomas Jefferson]]. He had a vision of suffusing all higher education, including horticulture, with a spirit of public work and integrating "expert knowledge" into a broader context of democratic community action.<ref>Stephen L. Elkin, Karol Edward Sołtan: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq4m4MgJ7IC&pg=PA272 ''Citizen competence and democratic institutions''] p. 272. Penn State Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-271-01816-4}}</ref> As a leader of the [[Country Life Movement]], he strove to preserve the American [[rural]] civilization, which he thought was a vital and wholesome alternative to the impersonal and corrupting city life. In contrast to other [[progressivism|progressive]] thinkers at the time, he endorsed the family, which, he recognized, played a unique role in socialization. Especially the [[family farm]] had a benign influence as a natural cooperative unit where everybody had real duties and responsibilities. The independence it fostered made farmers "a natural correction against organization men, habitual reformers, and extremists". It was necessary to uphold fertility in order to maintain the welfare of future generations.<ref name=Carlson>Allan C Carlson: [https://books.google.com/books?id=2ii4AnrkK8IC&pg=PA25 ''The New Agrarian Mind''] Chapter 1 "Toward a New Rural Civilization: Liberty Hyde Bailey"</ref>

According to Bailey, the American rural population, however, was backward, ignorant and saddled with inadequate institutions. The key to his reform program was guidance by an educated elite toward a new social order. The [[Cooperative extension service|Extension System]] was partly pioneered by Bailey. The grander design of a new rural social structure needed a philosophical vision that could inspire and motivate. Bailey proposed a Society of the Holy Earth in his book, ''The Holy Earth'' (1915). He envisioned farmers and others rising to the task of stewardship of the land, forests, oceans and all creation. ''The Holy Earth'' has been recognized as an early text of ecological theology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Liberty H. |title=The Holy Earth: The Birth of a New Land Ethic, edited by John Linstrom |publisher=Counterpoint |year=2015 |isbn=9781619025875 |location=Berkeley, California}}</ref>

Bailey's real legacy was, according to [[Allan C. Carlson]], the themes and direction that he gave the new agrarian movement, ideas very different from previous agrarian thought. He saw technological innovation as friendly to the family farm and inevitably resulting in decentralization. He was scornful of the actual forms of peasant life and wanted to transform it by cutting the farmers loose from "the slavery of old restraints". Parochial and communal social groups should be broken down and replaced by "inter–neighborhood" and "inter–community" groups, while new leaders would be called in "who will promote inclusive rather than exclusive sociability." Bailey and his followers held a quasi–religious faith in education by enlightened experts, which meant suppression of inherited ways and substitution by progressive ways. It was accompanied by a corresponding hostility to traditional religion.<ref name=Carlson />

Bailey's simultaneous embrace of the rural civilization and of technological progress had been based on a denial of the possibility of [[overproduction]] of farm products. When that became a reality in the 1920s, he turned to a "new economics" that would give farmers special treatment. Finally, after desperately toying with [[Communism]], he had to choose between fewer farmers and farm families and restraint on technology or production. He chose to preserve technology rather than the family farms. After this, he retreated from the Country Life movement into scientific study.<ref name=Carlson />

Bailey's influence on modern American Agrarianism remains determinative. The inherent contradictions of his ideas have been equally persistent: the tension between real farmers and rural people and the Country Life campaign; difficulties to understand the operative economic forces; the reliance on state schools to safeguard family farms; and hostility to traditional Christian faith.<ref name=Carlson />

== Palm studies ==
Bailey made significant contributions to the taxonomic study of [[Arecaceae|palms]]. His interest in the plants reportedly stemmed from his inability to answer his wife's questions about the plants during a family trip to [[Jamaica]] in 1910.<ref name="Dorf1956">{{Cite book|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey; An Informal Biography|last=Dorf|first=Philip|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1956|location=Ithaca, New York}}</ref>{{rp|182}} After retiring as dean of the [[Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences]] in 1913, he devoted the better part of three decades to finding, collecting, and writing about palms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Moon|first=Mary H.|date=June 1958|title=Botanical Explorations of Liberty Hyde Bailey 2. The Caribbean Islands and Bermuda|journal=Baileya|volume=6|pages=73–82}}</ref> He developed a detailed method of collecting palm specimens that included photographing the tree in its entirety, preserving flowers and fruits in alcohol, pressing flower clusters, and carefully folding sections of the leaves to fit [[herbarium]] sheets.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Liberty Hyde|date=July 17, 1946|title=The palm herbarium - with remarks on certain taxonomic practices|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035572612&view=1up&seq=11|journal=Gentes Herbarum|volume=7|pages=151–180|via=Hathi Trust}}</ref>

Bailey traveled extensively in search of palms and other plants. In the 1920s, he was often accompanied by his daughter and scientific collaborator, [[Ethel Zoe Bailey]].<ref name=":1" /> Already in his fifties when he began studying palms, Bailey continued to collect into his 90s. He was frequently abroad on his birthday, March 15. Thus, he could recall spending his 79th in [[Port-au-Prince|Port-au-Prince, Haiti]], his 82nd in [[Oaxaca|Oaxaca, Mexico]], his 88th in [[Trinidad]], his 90th in [[Grenada]], and his 91st at sea on a small sailboat between [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saint Kitts]].<ref name=":1" /> Friends and colleagues at [[Cornell University|Cornell]] hoped to hold a 90th birthday celebration for Bailey, and they did, but only after their guest of honor returned to Ithaca in May.<ref name=":1" />  

When Bailey began studying palms, about 700 species had been identified. The number reached thousand by 1946, the rise due in large part to his intensive study of the family.<ref name="Dorf1956" />{{rp|219}} Ill health finally forced Bailey to discontinue collecting abroad in 1949, at the age of 91.<ref name=":1" /> He continued to study, compare, and write about his palm specimens. His ultimate goal was to produce an authoritative guide to all palms, titled ''[[Genera Palmarum]]''.<ref name=":1" /> When he died, he left behind a manuscript of the first page of the introduction. ''Genera Palmarum'' was ultimately published by Drs. [[Natalie Whitford Uhl|Natalie Uhl]] and [[John Dransfield]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr.|last1=Uhl|first1=Natalie W.|last2=Dransfield|first2=John|date=1987|publisher=L.H. Bailey Hortorium|isbn=0935868305|location=Lawrence, Kan.|oclc=15641317}}</ref> A second, expanded, edition was released in 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Genera Palmarum: the evolution and classification of palms|last1=Dransfield|first1=John|last2=Uhl|first2=Natalie W.|last3=Asmussen|first3=Conny B.|last4=Baker|first4=William J.|last5=Harley|first5=Madeline|last6=Lewis|first6=Carl|date=2008|publisher=Kew Pub|isbn=9781842461822|location=Richmond, Surrey, UK|oclc=265983827}}</ref>  

==Legacy==
Bailey was awarded the [[Veitch Memorial Medal]] of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] in 1897.
[[File:Bailey-hall-cornell.JPG|thumb|right|Bailey Hall at [[Cornell University]]]]
Cornell has memorialized Bailey by dedicating [[Bailey Hall (Ithaca, New York)|Bailey Hall]] in his honor, as well as the LH Bailey Hortorium and Herbarium, a named professorship, and the ''[[Baileya (journal)|Baileya]]'' journal. The Herbarium houses many of his palm collections, as well as an assortment of photos, a portrait, and several of his personal items including his desk. Since 1958 the [[American Horticultural Society]] has issued the annual Liberty Hyde Bailey Award.<ref name="ahs">{{cite web|url=http://www.ahs.org/gardening-programs/national-awards/great-american-gardeners/previous-winners|title=Previous Winners: Honoring Horticultural Heroes|access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> A residence hall in [[Brody Complex]] at [[Michigan State University]], and an elementary school in [[East Lansing, Michigan]], were also named after him.

With [[Rose Agnes Greenwell]] he discovered a Kentucky berry plant that he named ''[[Rubus rosagnetis]]'' in her honor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunn |first=Charles R. |date=1959 |title=A Flora of Bernheim Forest, Bullitt County, Kentucky |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4031814 |journal=Castanea |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=61–98 |issn=0008-7475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=H. A. |last2=Fuller |first2=Albert M. |last3=Davis |first3=Tyreeca |date=1968 |title=Contributions toward the Revision of the Eubati of Eastern North America. III. Flagellares |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4032218 |journal=Castanea |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=206–241 |issn=0008-7475}}</ref>

In 1928, a tree (''[[Sterculia foetida]]'') dedicated to Bailey was planted at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] Campus Arboretum, and is now listed there as an Exceptional Tree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manoa.hawaii.edu/landscaping/plants/collections.php|title=UH Mānoa · Campus Plant Collections|website=manoa.hawaii.edu|access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref>

About 140 years after his birth, the Liberty Hyde Bailey Scholars Program was created at [[Michigan State University]], the institution of higher learning where Bailey was both educated and began his career.  The Bailey Scholars Program incorporates L.H. Bailey's love of learning and expressive learning styles to provide a space for students to become educated in fields that interest them.

The [[Liberty Hyde Bailey Birthplace]] is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].


{{Botanist|L.H.Bailey|Bailey, Liberty Hyde}}

==Selected works==
{{refbegin}}
'''Books'''
*[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46023 Talks Afield About Plants and the Science of Plants] (1885)
*Field Notes on Apple Culture (1886)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47955 The Nursery-Book: A Complete Guide to the Multiplication and Pollination of Plants] (1891)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39779  American grape training: An account of the leading forms now in use of training the American grapes] (1893)
*The Survival of the Unlike (1896)
*[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47992 The Forcing-Book] (1897)
*The Principles of Fruit-Growing (1897)
*The Nursery Book (1897)
*Plant-Breeding (1897)
*The Pruning Manual (1898)
*Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits (1898)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits'' by L. H. Bailey|journal=The Athenæum|date=6 January 1900|issue=3767|page=21|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101077276531;view=1up;seq=31}}</ref>
*Principles of Agriculture (1898)
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first=L.H.|editor-link=L.H.Bailey| title = Cyclopedia of American Horticulture | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29309 | date=1906|orig-date=1900|edition=5th|series = Volume 1 A-D, Volume 2 E–M, Volume 3 N–Q, Volume 4 R–Z |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|location=New York}}
**[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/54764#/summary First Edition, 1900]
**''subsequently "rewritten, enlarged and reset" in 1914 as:''{{sfn|Banks|1994}}
**{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first=L.H.|editor1-link=L.H.Bailey|title=The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists|format=6 vols.|location=New York|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|date=1919|orig-date=1914|edition=3rd.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23351#/summary}}
***[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/25505#/summary Second Edition, 1914, reprinted 1917] 
*The Principles of Vegetable Gardening (1901)
*The Nature-Study Idea (1903)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34602 The Practical Garden-Book] (1903)
*[https://archive.org/embed/outlooktonature00bailuoft The Outlook to Nature] (1905)
*The State and the Farmer (1908)
*The Training of Farmers (1909)
*[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16758 Animal biology; Human biology. Parts II & III of First course in biology] with W.M. Coleman (1910)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=DDh79L_gEiAC Manual of Gardening] (1910)
*{{cite book
 | title = Cyclopedia of American agriculture
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ljiucRg4skwC
 | series = Volume 2 -- Crops
 | year = 1910
| last1 = Bailey
 | first1 = Liberty Hyde
 }}
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9550 Manual of Gardening (Second Edition)] (1910)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40197 The Country-Life Movement in the United States] (1911)
*The Practical Garden Book (1913)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33178 The Holy Earth] (1915)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rko-AQAAMAAJ Wind and Weather (Poetry)] (1916)
*Universal Service (1918)
*What is Democracy? (1918)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73531 Beginners' Botany]'' (1921)
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26132 The Apple-Tree]'' (1922)
*The Seven Stars (1923)
*The Harvest: Of the Year to the Tiller of the Soil (1927)
*The Garden Lover (1928)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uLC8fJi0QZAC The Horticulturist's Rule-Book]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=stYlUg7i_kIC Farm and Garden Rule-Book]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=3URzIvdBx1cC How Plants get Their Names]
*Manual of Cultivated Plants. (1st ed. 1924, Revised ed. 1949) New York: Macmillan

'''Articles'''
*Bailey, L.H. - Canna ''x generalis''. Hortus, 118 (1930); cf. Standley & Steyerm. in Fieldiana, Bot., xxiv. III.204 (1952).
*Bailey, L.H. - Canna ''x orchiodes''. Gentes Herb. (Ithaca), 1 (3): 120 (1923).

{{refend}}

==See also==
*[[Country life movement]]
*[[:Category:Taxa named by Liberty Hyde Bailey]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Bailey, Liberty Hyde. ''The country-life movement in the United States'' (Macmillan, 1915).
*Bailey, Liberty Hyde. ''Liberty Hyde Bailey: Essential Agrarian and Environmental Writings'' (Cornell University Press, 2011)
*{{cite web|last1=Banks|first1=Harlan P.|title=Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858-1954. A biographical memoir|url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/bailey-liberty-h.pdf|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=22 July 2015|location=Washington, D.C.|date=1994}}
*Bogue, Margaret Beattie. "Liberty Hyde Bailey, Jr. and the Bailey Family Farm." ''Agricultural history'' 63.1 (1989): 26-48. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743973 online]

* Colman, Gould P. ''Education & Agriculture: A History of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University''. (Cornell University Press, 1963), 228–329; on Bailey’s career at Cornell.

*Connors, James J. "Liberty Hyde Bailey: agricultural educator and philosopher." ''NACTA Journal'' 56.4 (2012): 44-51. [https://www.nactateachers.org/attachments/article/2014/7%20Connors%20NACTA%20Journal%20Dec%202012.pdf online]
*Kates, James. "Liberty Hyde Bailey, Agricultural Journalism, and the Making of the Moral Landscape." ''Journalism History'' 36.4 (2011): pages 207-217. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00947679.2011.12062833 online]
*Minteer, Ben A. "Biocentric Farming?: Liberty Hyde Bailey and Environmental Ethics." ''Environmental Ethics'' 30.4 (2008): pages 341-359.
*Morgan, Paul A., and Scott J. Peters. "The foundations of planetary agrarianism. Thomas Berry and Liberty Hyde Bailey." ''Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics'' 19.5 (2006): pages 443-468. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31821668/Morgan___Peters_2006.pdf online]
*Peters, Scott J. " 'Every Farmer Should Be Awakened]: Liberty Hyde Bailey's Vision of Agricultural Extension Work." ''Agricultural History'' (2006): pages 190-219. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31821589/Peters_LHB_AH.pdf online]
*{{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Rodgers
  | first = Andrew Denny III
  | title = Bailey, Liberty Hyde
  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 395–397
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year = 1970
  | isbn = 978-0-684-10114-9
 }}
*Rodgers, A.D. 1949. ''Liberty Hyde Bailey: A Story of American Plant Sciences'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
*Zirkle, Conway. "The role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the rediscovery of Mendelism." ''Journal of the History of Biology'' 1.2 (1968): pages 205-218.

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource author}}
*[http://libertyhydebailey.org/ Liberty Hyde Bailey Museum, South Haven, Michigan]
*[http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/bailey A Man for All Seasons: Liberty Hyde Bailey. Cornell University Library Online Exhibition]
*{{Gutenberg author |id=3089| name=Liberty Hyde Bailey}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Liberty Hyde Bailey}}
* {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Bailey, Liberty Hyde |volume= 1 |page=184 |short=1}}
*{{Librivox author |id=11499}}
*[http://cannanews.blogspot.com/2007/06/greatest-canna-exhibition-ever.html The Columbian Exposition, 1893]
*[http://www.englewoodreview.org/?p=145 Introduction to Bailey's volume of poetry, Wind and Weather]

{{Presidents of the Botanical Society of America|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Liberty Hyde}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:American botanical writers]]
[[Category:American garden writers]]
[[Category:American science writers]]
[[Category:American agrarianists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Veitch Memorial Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Cornell University faculty]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University faculty]]
[[Category:American pteridologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Ithaca, New York]]
[[Category:People from South Haven, Michigan]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American botanists]]
[[Category:20th-century American botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Phi Delta Theta members]]