Editing Liber Pontificalis

{{short description|Book of biographies of popes}}
{{italic title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox Medieval text
<!----------Name---------->
|name                  = ''Liber Pontificalis''
|alternative title(s)  = "The Book of Pontiffs"
<!----------Image---------->
|image                 = File:A page from Liber Pontificalis (16th century).png
|width                 = 200
|caption               = A page from a 16th-century copy of Liber Pontificalis.
<!----------Information---------->
|full title            = 
|also known as         = ''Liber episcopalis in quo continentur acta beatorum pontificum Urbis Romae''; ''Gesta pontificum''; ''Chronica pontificum''
|author(s)             = largely anonymous, but contributors include [[Martin of Opava]]
|ascribed to           = [[Jerome]] for the first chapters up to [[Pope Damasus I|Damasus I]]
|compiled by           = 
|illustrated by        = 
|patron                = 
|dedicated to          = 
|audience              = 
|language              = Latin
|date                  = started in the 3rd century as list of bishops; continued as biographical series at various stages between the 6th and 9th century, and between ''c.''  1100 and the 15th century.
|date of issue         = 
|provenance            = 
|state of existence    = 
|authenticity          = 
|series                = 
|manuscript(s)         = 
|MS class 1            = 
|MS class 2            = 
|MS class 3            = 
|MS class 4            = 
|MS class 5            = 
|MS class 6            = 
|MS class 7            = 
|principal manuscript(s)= 
|first printed edition = J. Busæus, ''Anastasii bibliothecarii Vitæ seu Gesta. Romanorum Pontificum'' (Mainz, 1602).

<!----------Form and content---------->
|verse form            = 
|length                = 
|illustration(s)       = 
|genre                 = biography of the popes
|subject               = 
|setting               = 
|period covered        = from [[St. Peter]] (1st century) to the 15th century. 
|personages            = 
|personages (long list)= 
|sources               = 
|below                 = 
}}

The '''''Liber Pontificalis''''' ([[Latin]] for 'pontifical book' or ''Book of the Popes'') is a book of [[biography|biographies]] of [[pope]]s from [[Saint Peter]] until the 15th century. The original publication of the ''Liber Pontificalis'' stopped with [[Pope Adrian II]] (867–872) or [[Pope Stephen V]] (885–891),<ref name="levillain"/> but it was later supplemented in a different style until [[Pope Eugene IV]] (1431–1447) and then [[Pope Pius II]] (1458–1464).<ref name="catholic">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Liber Pontificalis}}</ref> Although quoted virtually uncritically from the 8th to 18th centuries,<ref>Loomis, 2006, p. xi.</ref> the ''Liber Pontificalis'' has undergone intense modern scholarly scrutiny. The work of the French priest [[Louis Duchesne]] (who compiled the major scholarly edition), and of others has highlighted some of the underlying redactional motivations of different sections, though such interests are so disparate and varied as to render improbable one populariser's claim that it is an "unofficial instrument of pontifical propaganda."<ref name="levillain"/>

The title ''Liber Pontificalis'' goes back to the 12th century, although it only became current in the 15th century, and the canonical title of the work since the edition of Duchesne in the 19th century. In the earliest extant manuscripts it is referred to as '''''Liber episcopalis in quo continentur acta beatorum pontificum Urbis Romae''''' ('episcopal book in which are contained the acts of the blessed pontiffs of the city of Rome') and later the '''''Gesta''''' or '''''Chronica pontificum'''''.<ref name="levillain">Levillain, Philippe. 2002. ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92228-3}}. p. 941.</ref>

==Authorship==
[[Image:Raban-Maur Alcuin Otgar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rabanus Maurus]] (left) was the first to attribute the ''Liber Pontificalis'' to [[Jerome|Saint Jerome]].]]
During the Middle Ages, [[Jerome|Saint Jerome]] was considered the author of all the biographies up until those of [[Pope Damasus I]] (366–383), based on an [[apocrypha]]l letter between Saint Jerome and Pope Damasus published as a preface to the Medieval manuscripts.<ref name="catholic"/> The attribution originated with [[Rabanus Maurus]] and is repeated by [[Martin of Opava]], who extended the work into the 13th century.<ref name="levillain"/>  Other sources attribute the early work to [[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]] and [[Irenaeus]], having been continued by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]].<ref name="tuker"/>
[[Image:Martin von Troppau.PNG|thumb|left|[[Martin of Opava]] continued the ''Liber Pontificalis'' into the 13th century.]]
In the 16th century, [[Onofrio Panvinio]] attributed the biographies after Damasus until [[Pope Nicholas I]] (858–867) to [[Anastasius Bibliothecarius]]; Anastasius continued to be cited as the author into the 17th century, although this attribution was disputed by the scholarship of [[Caesar Baronius]], [[Ciampini]], [[Schelstrate]] and others.<ref name="catholic"/>
[[Image:Eusebius of Caesarea.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eusebius of Caesarea]] may have continued the ''Liber Pontificalis'' into the 4th century.]]
The modern interpretation, following that of [[Louis Duchesne]], is that the ''Liber Pontificalis'' was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions (e.g. the biography of [[Pope Stephen II]] (752–757) to papal "Primicerius" Christopher; the biographies of Pope Nicholas I and [[Pope Adrian II]] (867–872) to Anastasius).<ref name="catholic"/> Duchesne and others have viewed the beginning of the ''Liber Pontificalis'' up until the biographies of [[Pope Felix III]] (483–492) as the work of a single author, who was a contemporary of [[Pope Anastasius II]] (496-498), relying on ''[[Liberian Catalogue|Catalogus Liberianus]]'', which in turn draws from the papal catalogue of [[Hippolytus of Rome]],<ref name="catholic"/> and the ''[[Leonine Catalogue]]'', which is no longer extant.<ref>Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. 1890. ''The Apostolic Fathers: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations''. Macmillan. p. 311.</ref> Most scholars believe the ''Liber Pontificalis'' was first compiled in the 5th or 6th century.<ref>Lightfoot, 1890, p. 65.</ref>

Because of the use of the ''[[vestiarium]]'', the records of the [[Apostolic Camera|papal treasury]], some have hypothesised that the author of the early ''Liber Pontificalis'' was a clerk of the papal treasury.<ref name="catholic"/> [[Edward Gibbon]]'s ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' (1788) summarised the scholarly consensus as being that the ''Liber Pontificalis'' was composed by "apostolic librarians and notaries of the viii<sup>th</sup> and ix<sup>th</sup> centuries" with only the most recent portion being composed by Anastasius.<ref>[[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon, Edward]]. 1788. ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]''. Vol V. Chapter XLIX. Note 32.</ref>

Duchesne and others believe that the author of the first addition to the ''Liber Pontificalis'' was a contemporary of [[Pope Silverius]] (536–537), and that the author of another (not necessarily the second) addition was a contemporary of [[Pope Conon]] (686–687), with later popes being added individually and during their reigns or shortly after their deaths.<ref name="catholic"/>

==Content==
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' originally only contained the names of the bishops of Rome and the durations of their pontificates.<ref name="tuker">Tuker, Mildred Anna Rosalie, and Malleson, Hope. 1899. ''Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome''. A. and C. Black. pp. 559-560.</ref> As enlarged in the 6th century, each biography consists of: the birth name of the pope and that of his father, place of birth, profession before elevation, length of pontificate, historical notes of varying thoroughness, major theological pronouncements and decrees, administrative milestones (including building campaigns, especially of [[Rome|Roman]] [[Church (building)|churches]]), [[ordination]]s, date of death, place of burial, and the duration of the ensuing ''[[sede vacante]]''.<ref name="levillain"/>

[[Pope Adrian II]] (867–872) is the last pope for which there are extant manuscripts of the original ''Liber Pontificalis'': the biographies of [[Pope John VIII]], [[Pope Marinus I]], and [[Pope Adrian III]] are missing and the biography of [[Pope Stephen V]] (885–891) is incomplete. From Stephen V through the 10th and 11th centuries, the historical notes are extremely abbreviated, usually with only the pope's origin and reign duration.<ref name="catholic"/>

==Extension==
It was only in the 12th century that the ''Liber Pontificalis'' was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources.<ref name="catholic"/>

===Petrus Guillermi===
Duchesne refers to the 12th-century work by [[Petrus Guillermi]] in 1142 at the [[monastery of St. Gilles]] ([[Diocese of Reims]]) as the ''Liber Pontificalis of Petrus Guillermi (son of William)''.<ref name="catholic"/> Guillermi's version is mostly copied from other works with small additions or excisions from the papal biographies of Pandulf, nephew of [[Hugo of Alatri]], which in turn was copied almost verbatim from the original ''Liber Pontificalis'' (with the notable exception of the biography of [[Pope Leo IX]]), then from other sources until [[Pope Honorius II]] (1124–1130), and with contemporary information from [[Pope Paschal II]] (1099–1118) to [[Pope Urban II]] (1088–1099).<ref name="catholic"/>

Duchesne attributes all biographies from [[Pope Gregory VII]] to Urban II to [[Pandolfo da Lucca|Pandulf]],<ref name="catholic"/> while earlier historians like [[Giesebrecht]]<ref>"Allgemeine Monatsschrift", Halle, 1852, 260 sqq.</ref> and [[Watterich]]<ref>Romanorum Pontificum vitæ, I, LXVIII sqq.</ref> attributed the biographies of Gregory VII, Victor III, and Urban II to [[Cardinal Petrus Pisanus|Petrus Pisanus]], and the subsequent biographies to Pandulf. These biographies until those of [[Pope Martin IV]] (1281–1285) are extant only as revised by Petrus Guillermi in the manuscripts of the monastery of St. Gilles having been taken from the Chronicle of [[Martin of Opava]].<ref name="catholic"/>

Early in the 14th century, an unknown author built upon the continuation of Petrus Guillermi, adding the biographies of popes [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] (d. 1285) through [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (1316–1334), with information taken from the "[[Chronicon Pontificum]]" of [[Bernard Gui|Bernardus Guidonis]], stopping abruptly in 1328.<ref name="catholic"/>

===Boso===
Independently, the [[cardinal-nephew]] of [[Pope Adrian IV]], [[Boso Breakspeare|Cardinal Boso]] intended to extend the ''Liber Pontificalis'' from where it left off with Stephen V, although his work was only published posthumously as the ''[[Gesta Romanorum Pontificum]]'' alongside the ''[[Liber Censuum]]'' of [[Pope Honorius III]]. Boso drew on [[Bonizo of Sutri]] for popes from [[Pope John XII|John XII]] to [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]], and wrote from his own experiences about the popes from [[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]] (1118–1119) to [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]] (1179–1181).<ref name="catholic"/>

===Western Schism===
An independent continuation appeared in the reign of [[Pope Eugene IV]] (1431–1447), appending biographies from [[Pope Urban V]] (1362–1370) to [[Pope Martin V]] (1417–1431), encompassing the period of the [[Western Schism]]. A later recension of this continuation was expanded under [[Pope Eugene IV]].<ref name="catholic"/>

===15th century===
The two collections of papal biographies of the 15th century remain independent, although they may have been intended to be continuations of the ''Liber Pontificalis''. The first extends from popes [[Pope Benedict XII|Benedict XII]] (1334–1342) to [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]] (1417–1431), or in one manuscript to [[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]] (1431–1447). The second extends from [[Pope Urban VI]] (1378–1389) to [[Pope Pius II]] (1458–1464).<ref name="catholic"/>

==Editions==
[[Image:Theodor Mommsen by Ludwig Knaus (1881).jpg|thumb|right|[[Theodor Mommsen]]'s 1898 edition of the ''Liber Pontificalis'' terminates in 715.]]
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' was [[editio princeps|first edited]] by [[Joannes Busaeus]] under the title ''Anastasii bibliothecarii Vitæ seu Gesta Romanorum Pontificum'' (Mainz, 1602). A new edition, including the ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica (disambiguation)|Historia ecclesiastica]]'' of Anastasius, was edited by Fabrotti (Paris, 1647). Another edition, editing the older ''Liber Pontificalis'' up to [[Pope Adrian II]] and adding [[Pope Stephen VI]], was compiled by [[Francesco Bianchini|Fr. Bianchini]] (4 vols., Rome, 1718–35; a projected fifth volume did not appear).<ref name="catholic"/> Muratori reprinted Bianchini's edition, adding the remaining popes through [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (Scriptores rerum Italicarum, III). Migne also republished Bianchini's edition, adding several appendixes (P. L., cxxvii–cxxviii).<ref name="catholic"/>

Modern editions include those of [[Louis Duchesne]] (''Liber Pontificalis. Texte, introduction et commentaire'', 2 vols., Paris, 1886–92) and [[Theodor Mommsen]] (''Gestorum Pontificum Romanorum pars I: Liber Pontificalis'', [[Mon. Germ. hist.]], Berlin, 1898). Duchesne incorporates the ''[[Annales Romani]]'' (1044–1187) into his edition of the ''Liber Pontificalis'', which otherwise relies on the two earliest known recensions of the work (530 and 687).<ref name="tuker"/> Mommsen's edition is incomplete, extending only until 715.<ref name="catholic"/> Translations and further commentaries appeared throughout the 20th century.

==See also==
*[[List of popes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Editions==
* Davis, Raymond. ''The Book of Pontiffs'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-85323-216-4}}. An English translation for general use, but not including scholarly notes.
** Davis, Raymond. ''The Book of Pontiffs'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Second Edition. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-85323-545-7}}. Stops with Pope Constantine, 708–15; contains an extensive and up to date bibliography,
** Davis, Raymond. "The Lives of the Eighth Century Popes." Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1992. From 715 to 817.
** Davis, Raymond. "The Lives of the Ninth Century Popes" Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1989. From 817 to 891.

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Franklin|first=Carmela Vircillo|date=2017|title=Reading the Popes: The Liber pontificalis and Its Editors|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692789|journal=Speculum|language=en|volume=92|issue=3|pages=607–629|doi=10.1086/692789|s2cid=164937976 |issn=0038-7134}}
* {{cite book | last=McKitterick | first=Rosamond | title=Rome and the Invention of the Papacy : The Liber Pontificalis |publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, United Kingdom | date=2020 | isbn=978-1-108-87258-4 | oclc=1157344076}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ZLAAAAMAAJ&q=1602+anastasius ''Anastasii Bibliothecarii Historia, de vitis romanorum pontificum a b. Petro apostolo usque ad Nicolaum I nunquam hactenus typis excusa. Deinde Vita Hadriani II et Stephani VI'']; full view of the 1602 ''editio princeps''.
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liberpontificalis1.html Full text from The Latin Library] until [[Pope Felix IV]] (526–530)
*[https://fontistoriche.org/liber-pontificalis/ Full text from Fontistoriche] after [[Pope Felix IV]] (526–530) until [[Adrian I]] (772-795)
*[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_9999-9996-_Pontificorum_Vitae.html Full Latin text of best reading of different manuscripts]
*[https://archive.org/details/bookofpopesliber00loom English Translation (Loomis, Louise Ropes 1916)] until [[Pope Gregory I]] (590–604)

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[[Category:Documents of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:History of the papacy]]
[[Category:Prose texts in Latin]]
[[Category:Books about popes]]