Editing Li Ao

{{Short description|Chinese-Taiwanese writer}}
{{For|other people with similar name|Li Ao (disambiguation)}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Li (surname 李)|Li]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Li Ao
| native_name         = {{nobold|李敖}}
| native_name_lang    = zh-tw
| image               = LiAoAtFayuansi.JPG
| caption             = Li Ao at [[Fayuan Temple]] in [[Beijing]] in 2005
| office              = Member of the [[Legislative Yuan]]
| constituency        = [[Taipei 2nd district|Taipei 2]]
| term_start          = 1 February 2005
| term_end            = 31 January 2008
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1935|4|25|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Harbin]], [[Manchukuo]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|2018|3|18|1935|4|25}}
| death_place         = [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
| death_cause         = Brain tumor
| parents             = Li Dingyi<br/>Zhang Kuichen
| education           = [[National Taiwan University]] ([[B. A.|BA]], [[M. A.|MA]])
| children            = {{ill|vertical-align=sup|Hedy W. Lee|lt=Hedy Lee|zh|李文 (作家)}} (1964, daughter)<br/>{{ill|vertical-align=sup|Li Kan (writer)|lt=Li Kan|zh|李戡}} (1992, son)<br/>Li Chen (1994, daughter)
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Terry Hu]]|6 May 1980|28 August 1980|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Wang Zhihui|8 March 1992}}
}}
| known_for           = [[Civil rights movement]], [[Activism]], [[Chinese culture criticism]]
| occupation          = Writer, social commentator, historian, independent politician
| blank1              = [[Courtesy name]]
| data1               = Aozhi (敖之) ({{zh|poj=Ngô͘ Chi}})
}}

'''Li Ao''' ({{zh|c=李敖|poj=Lí Ngô͘|p=Lǐ Áo}}, also spelled '''Lee Ao'''; 25 April 1935 – 18 March 2018) was a Taiwanese writer, politician and television personality.<ref name="wencui">{{cite journal |editor1=Huang Ming ({{lang|zh|黄明}})|date=20 March 2018 |script-title=zh:李敖：对抗整个时代的“骂将” |trans-title=Li Ao: a "general" against the whole age |journal=Wencui ({{lang|zh|《文萃》}}) |language=zh |volume=2705 |location=Changsha |publisher=Hunan Daily |page=16 }}</ref> 

Li rose to prominence in the early 1960s through his articles in ''Wenxing'' (1957–1988), an intellectual Taiwanese magazine where he defended [[Hu Shih]], criticized traditional Chinese culture, and advocated for complete Westernization, igniting a cultural debate over Chinese and Western ideologies. During the 1970s, he became active in the pro-democracy [[Tangwai movement]], which resulted in two prison sentences as a political prisoner. 

After martial law was lifted in Taiwan in 1987, Li frequently ran for public office. In 2000, he ran for the presidency of Taiwan as the [[New Party (Taiwan)|New Party]] candidate. From 2004 to 2008, he served as an independent legislator in the [[Legislative Yuan]]. After leaving office, Li focused on writing and teaching, and became a media personality hosting shows such as ''Li Ao Speaks His Mind'' (李敖有话说) and ''Li Ao's Wit and Humor'' (李敖语妙天下).

Over his career, Li espoused [[Liberalism in China|liberalism]], [[Chinese nationalist]] ideals, [[anti-American]] and [[Anti-Japanese sentiment#Taiwan|anti-Japanese sentiments]]. A prominent critic of the [[Chiang family]] and the [[Kuomintang]]'s authoritarian rule in Taiwan, following the democratization in the late 1980s, he also criticized the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] and the [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwanese independence movement]]. In his later years, Li praised the [[Chinese Communist Party]] for revitalizing China but also condemned its authoritarianism.

==Early life and education==
Li was born in [[Harbin]], [[Manchukuo]] to Li Dingyi ([[:zh:李鼎彝|李鼎彝]]), a professor of Chinese, and Zhang Kuichen ({{lang|zh-hant|張桂貞}}).<ref name="wencui"/> His family had ancestry in [[Weifang|Wei County]] (modern-day Weifang), [[Shandong]] Province, and [[Fuyu County, Jilin|Fuyu County]], [[Jilin]] Province. When Li was two years old, the family moved to [[Beijing]], where Li's father worked in the government's opium suppression bureau.<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news|last1=Qin|first1=Amy|title=Li Ao, Writer and Political Firebrand in Taiwan, Dies at 82|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/obituaries/li-ao-taiwanese-dissident-who-fought-martial-law-dies-at-82.html|access-date=30 March 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

There, Li's father was accused of being a traitor to the Kuomintang by his superiors.<ref name="NYTobit" /> Li then began feeling enmity towards the party.<ref name="NYTobit" /> The entire Li family, except for two children, moved to Taiwan at the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]] in 1949.<ref name="wencui" /> Li received his bachelor's degree in history from [[National Taiwan University]] (NTU) in 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hwang |first=Jim |url=http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=489&ctNode=2198&mp=9 |title=Li Ao (New Party): Exposing the Dark Side |journal=Free China Review |publisher=Taiwan Today |date=1 March 2000 |access-date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> In 1963, he earned a master's degree in history from NTU. As a graduate student, he was the executive editor of the magazine ''Wenxing''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who's Who in the ROC |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/Upload/WebArchive/4695/Who's%20Who%20in%20the%20ROC.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020105104/http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/Upload/WebArchive/4695/Who%27s%20Who%20in%20the%20ROC.pdf |archivedate=20 October 2016 |accessdate=5 May 2016 |page=408 |pages= |agency=Executive Yuan}}</ref>

==Writing career==
Li participated in the [[democracy|democratic]] movement in Taiwan between the 1960s and 1980s. In the 1960s, he was the editor-in-chief of pro-democracy magazine ''Wenxing'' (文星).<ref name="wencui"/> He was jailed by the [[Kuomintang]] government from 1971 to 1976,<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Butterfield| first = Fox| title = Chiang's Son Has Tightened Hold on Taiwan| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2017-06-15| date = 1977-04-09| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/09/archives/chiangs-son-has-tightened-hold-on-taiwan.html}}</ref> for helping a pro-[[Taiwan independence]] legal scholar, [[Peng Ming-min]], escape to Japan in 1970;<ref>{{Cite news| last = Loa Iok-Sin| title = Peng tells details of escape from KMT| work = Taipei Times| access-date = 2017-06-15| date = 2008-09-21| url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/21/2003423802}}</ref> even though Li himself had a long history of being an advocate of [[reunification]]. Throughout the 1970s, Li received international attention for his imprisonment. He was highlighted by [[Amnesty International]] as one of the three most important political prisoners in Taiwan in 1974. From 1981 to 1982 Li was imprisoned over a dispute with a former employer.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Auto |first1=Hermes |date=19 March 2018 |title=Li Ao dies: Taiwan's self-proclaimed 'No. 1 writer of banned books', TV star and politician led a rich life {{!}} The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/li-ao-dies-taiwans-self-proclaimed-no1-writer-of-banned-books-tv-star-and |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www.straitstimes.com |publisher=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref>

Li's novel ''Mountaintop Love'' ({{lang|zh-hant|上山．上山．愛}}), about a mother and a daughter who fall in love with the same man, though several years apart, established his status as a novelist, solidified by ''Martyrs' Shrine: The Story of the Reform Movement of 1898 in China'' (北京法源寺), a novel about the [[Hundred Days' Reform]]. Ninety-six of his books were banned in Taiwan until 1991.<ref name="Li Ao">{{Cite web|title=Li Ao|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/09/content_73205.htm|access-date=2021-02-17|website=en.chinaculture.org}}</ref> Popular in mainland China in the 1990s and 2000s, the majority of his books have been prohibited from republishing since 2012 amid China's tightened censorship under [[Xi Jinping]], except his two memoirs and ''Martyrs' Shrine.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=中時新聞網 |date=2021-03-16 |title=李敖之子李戡：支持兩岸統一理想未變 但自己無法說服台灣人 - 兩岸 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210316004714-260409?chdtv |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=中時新聞網 |language=zh-TW}}</ref>

==Political career==
Li participated in Taiwan's [[2000 ROC presidential election|presidential election in 2000]] as a candidate for the [[New Party (Republic of China)|New Party]]. Li usually played the role of a political gadfly, and his campaign was largely symbolic. He took the election as an opportunity to "educate" the people of Taiwan. Both Li<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 2| last = Prelypchan| first = Erin| title = Li Ao backs Soong, but Hsu hangs on| access-date = 2024-06-18| date = 2000-03-12| url = https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2000/03/12/0000027539}}</ref> and his party{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} publicly encouraged people to vote for [[James Soong]]. During the presidential debates, Li even stated that he was not planning to vote for himself and that people should vote for Soong.

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|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=7 | [[2000 Republic of China presidential election|2000 Republic of China Presidential Election]] Result
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan= 2 colspan=2 | Political affiliation
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=2 | Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=3 | Votes
|- bgcolor=#E9E9E9
|align="center"|[[President of the Republic of China|President]]
|align="center"|[[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]]
|align="center"|Total votes
|align="center" colspan=2|Percentage
|-
|bgcolor="#1B9431"|
|align=left  |[[Image:Green Island with White Cross.svg|25px]] [[Democratic Progressive Party]]
|align="left"|[[Chen Shui-bian]]
|align="left"|[[Annette Lu]]
|align="left"|'''4,977,737'''
|align="left"|'''39.3%'''
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|-
|bgcolor="#000000"|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|align="left"|[[James Soong]]
|align="left"|[[Chang Chau-hsiung]]
|align="left"|4,664,932
|align="left"|36.8%
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|-
|bgcolor="#000099"|
|align="left"|[[File:Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg|25px]] [[Kuomintang]]
|align="left"|[[Lien Chan]]
|align="left"|[[Vincent Siew]]
|align="left"|2,925,513
|align="left"|23.1%
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|-
|bgcolor="#000000"|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|align="left"|[[Hsu Hsin-liang]]
|align="left"|[[Josephine Chu]]
|align="left"|79,429 
|align="left"|0.63%
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|bgcolor="#FFFF00"|
|align="left"|[[New Party (Republic of China)|New Party]]
|align="left"|Li Ao
|align="left"|[[Elmer Fung]]
|align="left"|16,782
|align="left"|0.13%
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| colspan="4" align="right" | Total || align="left" | 12,786,671 || align="left" | 82.69% voter turnout ||rowspan=3| 
|- bgcolor=CCCCCC
| colspan="4" align="right" | Valid votes || colspan="2" align="left" | 12,664,393
|- bgcolor=CCCCCC
| colspan="4" align="right" | Invalid votes || colspan="2" align="left" | 122,278
|}

Since the 2000 presidential election, Li had bitterly spoken out against pro-independence Nobel laureate [[Yuan T. Lee]], who publicly supported [[Chen Shui-bian]]. He also accused former President [[Lee Teng-hui]] of corruption. In October 2004, Li ran in the [[2004 ROC legislative election|December 11 legislative election]] as a non-partisan candidate of the South [[Taipei]] constituency, and was subsequently elected to be the last winning place. He took office as an independent legislator on 1 February 2005.

In February 2005, Li held a press conference, accusing the PFP leader, [[James Soong]] of having changed his opposition towards military weapons purchase from the United States under the influence of people of pro-American inclination, people with [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] backgrounds and arms traders who would receive kick-backs. Li threatened Soong that he would reveal the names of the people with CIA backgrounds, who were influencing Soong, to the general public unless Soong reverted to his previous opposition position.<ref>{{cite web|author1=中廣新聞網|title=李敖警告宋楚瑜軍購別鬆手 否則爆出身邊CIA臥底|url=http://news.yam.com/bcc/politics/200502/20050224323150.html|website=news.yam.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506043707/http://news.yam.com/bcc/politics/200502/20050224323150.html|archive-date=May 6, 2005|date=February 24, 2005}}</ref> PFP legislators dismissed the accusation and responded that Li Ao should reveal his evidence to support his story.<ref>{{cite web|author1=中廣新聞網|title=親民黨立委：李敖有證據就直接講|url=http://news.yam.com/bcc/politics/200502/20050224324480.html|website=news.yam.com|date=February 24, 2005}}</ref>

Later that year, in June, Li claimed to the Taiwanese press that he had exclusive information from the CIA concerning the [[3-19 shooting incident]].{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} He alleged that the real motive of the killer was to assassinate the Vice-President [[Annette Lu]] in order to garner sympathy votes for [[Chen Shui-bian]], and that the killer had been condoned by the governing party for ulterior political reasons.  After flashing several allegedly CIA-endorsed documents to reporters, he mailed them to Annette Lu, claiming that she needed to know the truth about the assassination attempt to the full extent.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

On 19 September 2005, Li returned to Mainland China for the first time in 56 years.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} He was invited to give speeches at [[Peking University]], [[Tsinghua University]] and [[Fudan University]] where he was warmly received, and the trip was claimed to have had significant impact on observers of [[Cross-Strait relations]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/23/international/asia/23china.html?_r=1&oref=slogin China Lectured by Taiwan Ally], New York Times, September 23, 2005</ref><ref>[http://english.sina.com/taiwan_hk/1/2005/0921/46842.html Gadfly Taiwan writer calls for more academic freedom in address to mainland students], Associated Press, September 21, 2005</ref><ref>[http://zonaeuropa.com/20050924_1.htm Li Ao's Speech At Beijing University], English translation</ref>

Li was a candidate for the [[2006 Republic of China municipal elections|2006 Taipei Mayoral election]], and a candidate for the [[2012 Republic of China legislative election|2012 Legislative Yuan elections]], campaigning in Taipei City District 8 under the [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People First Party]] (PFP) banner. Li also satirized Mao Zedong's [[Little Red Book]] in his article.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=7 | [[2006 Republic of China municipal elections|2006 Taipei City Mayoral Election]] Result
|-
!width="20"|No
!width="150"|Candidate
!width="230"|Party
!width="70"|Votes
!width="40"|%
|-
|1
|Li Ao
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|7,795
|0.61%
|-
|2
|[[Clara Chou]]{{efn|Despite Chou's expulsion from the [[Taiwan Solidarity Union]] on November 9, 2006, the party could not withdraw their recommendation for Chou under Republic of China's Public Officials Election and Recall Law. She would still contest the elections as a TSU candidate.<ref>{{cite news|title=TSU expels Taipei mayoral candidate|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/2006/11/10/94814/TSU-expels.htm|access-date=January 16, 2015|work=China Post|date=November 10, 2006}}</ref>}}
|[[Taiwan Solidarity Union]]
|3,372
|0.26%
|-
|3
|[[Frank Hsieh]]
| [[Democratic Progressive Party]]
|525,869
|40.89%
|-
|4
|[[James Soong]]{{efn|James Soong was Chairman of the [[People First Party (Republic of China)|People's First Party]] at the time of the elections, but entered the elections as an independent.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shih|first1=Hsiu-chuan|title=Elections 2006: People First Party chairman announces an end to his career|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/12/10/2003339840|access-date=January 16, 2015|work=Taipei Times|date=December 10, 2006}}</ref>}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|53,281
|4.14%
|-style="background:#ccccff"
|'''5'''
|'''[[Hau Lung-pin]]'''
|[[Kuomintang]]
|'''692,085'''
|'''53.81%'''
|-
|6
|[[Ke Tsi-hai]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|3,687
|0.29%
|}

On 24 October 2006, Li sprayed [[tear gas]] and wielded a [[Electroshock weapon|stun gun]] during a Legislative Yuan National Defense Committee meeting, forcing several members of the parliament to flee. He was attempting to stop debate on purchasing attack submarines and [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] anti-aircraft missiles for $16 billion from the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6081738.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Taiwan MP in 'tear gas' protest|date=24 October 2006 }}</ref> He was also wearing the [[Guy Fawkes mask]] from ''[[V for Vendetta]]''.<ref>[http://news.163.com/06/1024/14/2U74K2Q7000120GU.html News.163.com: Li Ao wears gas mask and sprays tear gas in Legislative Yuan] {{in lang|zh}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Li has a reputation of a womanizer. In the early 1960s, Li cohabited with Wang Shangqin, a [[National Taiwan University]] student and the younger sister of the writer Wang Shangyi. In 1964, Wang went to the United States for study, only to discover that she was pregnant with Li’s child. She gave birth to their daughter, Hedy W. Lee, out of wedlock in Seattle. However, during Wang Shangqin’s pregnancy, Li Ao became romantically involved with another woman, Wu Haidi. In 1966, Wang brought their daughter to Taiwan and briefly reconciled with Li, but their relationship ultimately ended due to his involvement with multiple other women.<ref>[http://news.163.com/15/0303/17/AJQ55NUU00014AEE.html 请不要叫我“李敖的女儿”] Retrieved 2017-03-21</ref> Wang has acrimonious relationships with both Li and their daughter Lee thereafter. After she returned to the US from Taiwan, she remarried Wen Naijian, an engineer. Lee, in a book published in 2004, accused Wen, her stepfather, of molesting her when she was 14, which Wang denied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=《我和李敖一起骂》（节） |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/news/2004year/2004-07-28/26/465331.shtml |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref>

On 6 May 1980, Li married Taiwanese actress [[Terry Hu]].<ref>[http://paper.people.com.cn/hqrw/html/2006-09/16/content_11463845.htm 胡因梦: 此生和李敖纠缠不清] Retrieved 2017-03-21</ref> The couple divorced on 28 August 1980, after 115 days in total.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/yzyd/gangao/20130425/c_115543492.htm |script-title=zh:难忘美人前妻胡因梦 李敖感性祝其生日快乐(图) |publisher=Xinhuanet |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329200719/http://news.xinhuanet.com/yzyd/gangao/20130425/c_115543492.htm |archive-date=2014-03-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gb.cri.cn/27564/2013/04/24/1326s4095214.htm |script-title=zh:李敖忆与前妻胡因梦旧情 揭上世纪台湾四大美女(图) |publisher=CRL |language=zh}}</ref>

On 8 March 1992, Li married his second wife, Wang Zhihui ([[:zh:王志慧|王志慧]]). They had one son and one daughter. Their son, Li Kan ([[:zh:李戡|李戡]]), graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA degree]] in history from [[Peking University]] and with a PhD degree in Chinese Studies from [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>[http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/directory/kan-lee Kan Lee - Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies] Retrieved 2017-04-28</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Xiong Qixia |date=November 12, 2016 |script-title=zh:李昕：我写李敖没有为他打抱不平的意思 |url=http://jb.sznews.com/html/2016-11/12/content_3660083.htm |website=晶报 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>[http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20140717/40182920_0.shtml 李敖儿子北大毕业出书 李敖现身撑台赞其天才] Retrieved 2017-03-21</ref><ref>[http://book.ifeng.com/yeneizixun/special/2014xianggangshuzhan/content-2/detail_2014_07/21/37438140_0.shtml 李敖李戡妙语连珠] Retrieved 2017-03-21</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000 presidential election candidates, Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Ao}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people from Shandong]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Taiwanese historians]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Japanese sentiment]]
[[Category:Chinese Civil War refugees]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Liberalism in China]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Legislative Yuan]]
[[Category:National Taiwan University alumni]]
[[Category:New Party (Taiwan) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Politicians from Harbin]]
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[[Category:Taiwanese people from Jilin]]
[[Category:Taiwanese male novelists]]
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[[Category:Taiwanese activists for Chinese unification]]