Editing Les Halles

{{Short description|Location of former food market and now a modern mall in Paris, France}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Westfield Forum des Halles
| image = La Canopée du Forum des Halles.jpg
| image_width = 275px
| caption = Canopy over the mall
| location = [[Paris]] ([[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]]), [[France]]
| opening_date = 1979,<br />''<small>reconstruction by 2018</small>''
| owner = [[Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield]] ''(mall)'',<br />[[RATP Group|RATP]] ''(transit hub of [[Châtelet–Les Halles station|Châtelet–Les Halles]])''
| number_of_stores = 168
| floor_area = 60,000 square metres
| parking = 2,100 spaces
| publictransit = {{rint|paris|m|}} {{rint|paris|m|1}} {{rint|paris|m|4}} {{rint|paris|m|7}} {{rint|paris|m|11}} {{rint|paris|m|14}} [[Châtelet station|Châtelet]]<br/>{{rint|paris|r|}} {{rint|paris|r|A}} {{rint|paris|r|B}} {{rint|paris|r|D}} [[Châtelet–Les Halles station|Châtelet–Les Halles]]<br/>{{rint|paris|m|}} {{rint|paris|m|4}} [[Les Halles station|Les Halles]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.westfield.com/france/forumdeshalles}}
}}
'''Les Halles''' ({{IPA|fr|le al|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Anonymât (Kvardek du)-Les Halles.wav}}; 'The Halls') was [[Paris]]' central fresh food market. It last operated on 12 January 1973<ref name=NYT011373>{{cite news| title=Les Halles Dead at 200, A Victim of Progress| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/13/archives/les-halles-dead-at-200-a-victim-of-progress.html| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=January 13, 1973| page=8| access-date=October 27, 2023}}</ref> and was replaced by an underground shopping centre and a park. The unpopular modernist development was demolished yet again in 2010, and replaced by the '''Westfield Forum des Halles''', a modern [[shopping mall]] built largely underground and topped by an undulating 2.5 hectare canopy. The mall sees around 50 million visitors every year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Westfield Forum des Halles |url=https://www.visitparisregion.com/fr/westfield-forum-des-halles |website=Visit Paris Region |publisher=Centres d'Accueil Régionaux du Tourisme |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref> making it the busiest in France as of 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paris : 50 millions de visiteurs et un nouveau nom pour le Forum des Halles |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-50-millions-de-visiteurs-et-un-nouveau-nom-pour-le-forum-des-halles-12-09-2019-8150805.php |access-date=2023-12-11 |work=Le Parisien |date=2019-09-12}}</ref> It is directly connected to the massive [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] and [[Paris métro|métro]] transit hub of [[Gare de Châtelet – Les Halles|Châtelet–Les Halles]], Paris's busiest station.

==History==
[[File:Plan_de_Paris_vers_1300-1330_-_ALPAGE.svg|thumb|left|237x237px|Paris in the first third of the 14th century, with les Halles towards the top]]

===The market of the Little Fields===
In the 11th century, a market grew up by a cemetery to the northwest of Paris in an area called the Little Fields ({{lang|fr|Champeaux}}).<ref name="chev">{{cite book| first=Jim| last=Chevallier| title=A History of the Food of Paris: From Roast Mammoth to Steak Frites| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ1ODwAAQBAJ&q=champeaux| date=June 15, 2018| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield| pages=41–42| isbn=978-1-4422-7283-5}}</ref> This was mainly a [[dry goods]] and money changing market. A bishop briefly took control of the market before sharing control with [[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]] in 1137. In 1183, [[Philip Augustus]] took full control of the market and built two market halls — {{lang|fr|halles}} — to protect the textiles. He also built walls around the market, including land which had recently been confiscated from [[History of the Jews in France#Expulsion from France, 1182|exiled Jews]] that originally belonged to the church. When he then built walls around the city, these embraced the market, which quickly became the city's largest (and, over time, went from being at the edge of the city to at its center). Officially, it would remain a dry goods market for centuries, but food stalls soon grew up around the main buildings and by the 15th century [[food prices]] at les Halles were being cited as significant for the whole city.

The market would have ups and downs over the coming centuries and was rebuilt more than once. Over time, an increasing number of halls were built explicitly for food, but the dry goods market remained central to the (increasingly cramped) space.

===The wholesale market===
The [[Église Saint-Eustache, Paris|church of Saint-Eustache]] was constructed in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.saint-eustache.org/histoire-et-patrimoine/histoire-de-leglise/| title=Histoire de l'église| website=Eglise Saint Eustache| access-date=2018-11-17| language=fr-FR}}</ref> The circular [[Halle aux Blés (Paris)|Halle aux Blés]] (Corn Exchange), designed by [[Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières]], was built between 1763 and 1769 at the west end of Les Halles. Its circular central court was later covered with a dome, and it was converted into the [[Bourse de commerce (Paris)|Bourse de Commerce]] in 1889.<ref name="auto">Parimage, "Les Halles, The New Heart of Paris". ''Mairie de Paris and SemPariSeine''. July 2012.</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| total_width       = 250
| image1            = Halles de Paris, 1863.jpg
| caption1          = Design of Les Halles in 1863, By Victor Baltard.
| image2            = Vedere a Halelor din Paris de pe Biserica Saint Eustache.jpg
| caption2          = View of Les Halles from Saint-Eustache in 1870
| align             = left
}}

In the 1850s, [[Victor Baltard]] designed the famous glass and iron structure which would house les Halles for over a century and became one of the sights of Paris; this would last until the 1970s. Having become entirely a food market, the remodeled market was known as the "Belly of Paris", as [[Émile Zola]] called it in his 1873 novel {{Lang|fr|[[Le Ventre de Paris]]}}, which is set in the busy marketplace of the 19th century.

===Major conversion===
Unable to compete in the new market economy and in need of massive repairs, the colourful ambience once associated with the bustling area of merchant stalls disappeared in 1973, when Les Halles was demolished (fruit, flower and vegetable markets had moved in 1969, and only the butchers at the meat markets remained); the wholesale market was relocated to the suburb of [[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]].<ref name=NYT011373/> Two of the glass and cast iron market pavilions were dismantled and re-erected elsewhere; one in the Paris suburb of [[Nogent-sur-Marne]], the other in [[Yokohama]], Japan,<ref name="auto"/> and the rest were destroyed. The site was chosen to host the station [[Châtelet–Les Halles|Châtelet–Les-Halles]], the point of convergence of the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], a new network of express underground railway lines through the city. Three lines leading out of the city to the south, east and west were to be extended and connected in the new underground station. For several years, the site of the markets was an enormous open pit, nicknamed {{lang|fr|le trou des Halles}} ("the hole of Les Halles"), regarded as an [[eyesore]] at the foot of the historic [[Église Saint-Eustache, Paris|church of Saint-Eustache]]. The construction on Paris's new central railway hub was completed in 1977.

[[File:Les-halles.jpg|thumb|The modernist first incarnation of Forum des Halles, in 2007]]
The '''{{lang|fr|Forum des Halles|italic=no}}''', a partially underground multiple story commercial and shopping centre, designed by [[Claude Vasconi]] and Georges Pencreac'h, opened at the east end of the site on 4 September 1979 in the presence of the [[Mayor of Paris]] [[Jacques Chirac]]. A public garden covering {{convert|4|ha}} opened in 1986.<ref name="auto" /> Many of the surrounding streets were pedestrianized.

The demolition of Baltard's market hall structure and the design of the spaces that replaced it proved highly controversial over the subsequent decades. The critic Oliver Wainwright called the razing "one of the worst acts of urban vandalism of the century", and that the place became a "national embarrassment" with the park "a magnet for drug dealing".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |date=2016-04-06 |title=A custard-coloured flop: the €1bn revamp of Les Halles in Paris |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/apr/06/les-halles-paris-architecture-custard-coloured-flop |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Historian Donato Severo called the events "the most violent act ever committed against the heritage of Paris", with architect Lloyd Alter adding that the replacement complex was "nearly universally reviled for its mean spirit".<ref>{{cite news |last=Alter |first=Lloyd |date=2016-04-06 |title=Sold for scrap: great city buildings that were stupidly demolished |language=en-GB |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/06/great-city-buildings-demolished-destroyed-les-halles |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===21st century redesign===
Against that background, in 2002 Mayor [[Bertrand Delanoë]] announced that the City of Paris would begin public consultations regarding the remodeling of the area, calling Les Halles "a soulless, architecturally bombastic concrete jungle".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE66Q4GG20100727 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202023710/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE66Q4GG20100727 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2013 |title=Revamp of the Belly of Paris meets resistance |first=Michael |last=Rose |website=[[Reuters]] |date=July 27, 2010 |access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news| last=Riding| first=Alan| title=For Paris, the Newest Look Is a Canopy| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/07/arts/design/07hall.html| newspaper=The New York Times| date=July 7, 2007| access-date=October 27, 2023| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

A design competition for the Forum and gardens was held, with entries from [[Jean Nouvel]], [[Winy Maas]], [[David Mangin]], and [[Rem Koolhaas]]. Mangin's design for the gardens, which proposed replacing the landscaped mounds and paths of the 1980s design with a simplified pattern of east–west pedestrian promenades and a large central lawn, was selected. The plan also included extending the pedestrianized area further east to include all the streets bordering the gardens. Another competition was held for the redesign of the Forum. Ten teams submitted plans, and the proposal by [[Patrick Berger]] and [[Jacques Anziutti]] was selected in 2007. Their design included a large undulating glass canopy covering the redesigned Forum.<ref name="auto1"/> STIF and RATP began plans for the remodeling of the Châtelet-Les-Halles station in 2007, and the following year Berger and Anziutti were awarded a contract for redesign of the station.

The station redesign included new entrances on Rue Berger, Rue Rambuteau, and Place Marguerite de Navarre, an expanded [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]] concourse, and improved pedestrian circulation. Construction began in 2010 on the gardens, Forum, and station.<ref name="auto"/> The canopy over the Forum was inaugurated in April 2016;<ref>{{cite news |title=Paris hopes to turn its old 'belly' into new 'beating heart' |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20160405/introducing-the-canopy-new-forum-des-halles-opens-in-central-paris |access-date=2023-12-11 |work=The Local France |publisher=The Local Europe AB |date=2016-04-05}}</ref> construction finished in 2018.

==In popular culture==

* Scenes of the old Les Halles marketplace can be seen in the films {{lang|fr|[[Bonjour Tristesse (1958 film)|Bonjour Tristesse]]}} (1958) and in {{lang|fr|[[Charade (1963 film)|Charade]]}} and {{lang|fr|[[Irma la Douce]]}} (both 1963).
* Part of the actual demolition of the site is featured in the 1974 film {{lang|fr|Touche pas à la femme blanche}} (''[[Don't Touch the White Woman!]]''), which iconoclastically restages General [[George Armstrong Custer|Custer]]'s [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|'last stand']] in a distinctly French context in and around the area.
* In 1977, [[Roberto Rossellini]] made a 54-minute documentary film that testified to the public's response to the demolition of Les Halles and the construction of {{lang|fr|[[Centre Georges Pompidou]]|italic=no}}. "The result was a sceptical vision rather than a pure celebration."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macba.cat/en/exhibition-filming-beaubourg- |title=Roberto Rossellini. Filming Beaubourg |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona}}</ref>
* The 1998 action movie ''[[Ronin (film)|Ronin]]'', well known for its famous [[car chase]] scenes, used the Les Halles tunnel network as one of the locations for the final emblematic pursuit across Paris.
* The open-air market and Baltard's pavilions were digitally reconstructed for the 2004 film {{lang|fr|Un long dimanche de fiançailles}} (''[[A Very Long Engagement]]''), which was set after the First World War.
* The Revolution-era version of Les Halles and Halles aux Blés can be found in the 2014 video game ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'', where the observational tower built by [[Catherine de Médici]] beside the pavilion acts as the district's synchronisation point. It serves as the location for a mission, which results in an explosion and the severe burning of the interior.<ref>{{cite video game|title=[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]|developer=[[Ubisoft Montreal]]|publisher=[[Ubisoft]]|date=November 11, 2014|platform=[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[PlayStation 4|PS4]], [[Xbox One]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* in french: Bertrand Lemoine'', Les Halles de Paris : L'histoire d'un lieu, les péripéties d'une reconstruction, la succession des projets, l'architecture d'un monument, l'enjeu d'une cité'', L'Équerre, coll. « Les Laboratoires de l'imaginaire » (<abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1), Paris, 283 p. ({{ISBN|2-86425-008-X}}) ; in Italian: ''Le Halles di Parigi: La storia di un luogo, le peripezie della ricostruzione, la successione dei progetti, l'architettura di un monumento'', trad. Giuliana Aldi Pompili, Jaca Book, coll. « Di fronte e attraverso / Saggi di Architettura » (<abbr>n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 96), Milan, 1984 ({{ISBN|88-16-40096-X}})

==External links==
{{Commons category|Les Halles}}
* {{official website|http://forumdeshalles.com/en/}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20031203213620/http://www.insecula.com/musee/M0104.html Châtelet-Les Halles on Insecula]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.projetleshalles.fr Remodeling project official site]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cremeriedeparis.com/histoire.html historic photos from Les Halles via the Cremerie de Paris]
* [http://paris1900.lartnouveau.com/cartes_postales_anciennes/les_halles_de_paris.htm Les halles Baltard ] postcards from the 1900s.

{{1st arrondissement of Paris}}
{{French cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:11th-century establishments in France]]
[[Category:Food markets]]
[[Category:Districts of Paris]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in France]]
[[Category:Philip II of France]]