Editing Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

{{Short description|Holy Roman Emperor from 1658 to 1705}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Leopold I
| title        = [[Imperator Romanorum]]
| full name    = Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician
| image        = Benjamin von Block 001.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Benjamin von Block]], {{circa|1672}}
| succession   = [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
| moretext     = 
| reign        = 18 July 1658 – {{nowrap|5 May 1705}}
| coronation   = 1 August 1658 <br> [[Frankfurt Cathedral]]
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor#German ritual|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]
| successor    = [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=yes|1640|06|9}}
| birth_place  = [[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=y|1705|05|5|1640|06|9}}
| death_place  = Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
| burial_place = [[Imperial Crypt]]
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Margaret Theresa of Spain]]|1666|1673|end=d}}
* {{marriage|[[Claudia Felicitas of Austria]]|1673|1676|end=d}}
* {{marriage|[[Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg]]|1676}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Maria Antonia of Austria|Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria]]
* [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (governor)|Maria Elisabeth, Governor of the Netherlands]]
* [[Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)|Archduke Leopold Joseph]]
* [[Maria Anna of Austria|Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1684–1696)|Archduchess Maria Theresa]]
* [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1687–1703)|Archduchess Maria Josepha]]
* [[Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1689–1743)|Archduchess Maria Magdalena]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Private life
| house        = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
| father       = [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| mother       = [[Maria Anna of Spain]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church]]
| succession1  = [[King of Hungary]]
| reign1       = 27 June 1655 – 5 May 1705
| coronation1  = 27 June 1655 <br> [[Bratislava|Pressburg]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]
| successor1   = [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]
| regent1         = {{plainlist|
*Ferdinand III (1655–1657)
*Joseph I (1687–1705)}}
| reg-type1       = Co-rulers
| succession2  = [[List of Bohemian monarchs|King of Bohemia]]
| reign2       = 14 September 1656 – 5 May 1705
| coronation2  = 14 September 1656 <br> [[Prague]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]
| successor2   = [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]
| succession3  = [[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]]<br>[[List of dukes and kings of Croatia|King of Croatia]]
| reign3       = 2 April 1657 – 5 May 1705
| predecessor3 = [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]
| successor3   = [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]
| signature    = Signature of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.svg
}}

'''Leopold I''' (Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician; {{langx|hu|I. Lipót}}; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[King of Hungary]], [[List of Croatian monarchs|Croatia]], and [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Bohemia]]. The second son of [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]], by his first wife, [[Maria Anna of Spain]], Leopold became [[heir apparent]] in 1654 after the death of his elder brother [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]]. Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the [[Holy Roman Empire]] until his death in 1705, becoming the second longest-ruling emperor (46 years and 9 months) of the [[House of Hapsburg]]. He was both a composer and considerable [[patron]] of music.

Leopold's reign is known for conflicts with the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1699) and rivalry with [[Louis XIV]], a contemporary and first cousin (on the maternal side; fourth cousin on the paternal side), in the west. After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious in the east thanks to the military talents of [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]. By the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], Leopold recovered almost all of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], which had fallen under Turkish power in the years after the 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]].

Leopold fought three wars against France: the [[Franco-Dutch War]], the [[Nine Years' War]], and the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. In this last, Leopold sought to give his younger son [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]] the entire Spanish inheritance, disregarding the will of the late [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]. Leopold started a war that soon engulfed much of Europe. The early years of the war went fairly well for [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], with victories at [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]] and [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]], but the war would drag on until 1714, nine years after Leopold's death, which barely had an effect on the warring states. When peace returned with the [[Treaty of Rastatt]], Austria could not be said to have emerged as triumphant as it had from the war against the Turks.<ref name="Schumann2012">{{cite book |last=Schumann |first=Jutta |title=Die andere Sonne: Kaiserbild und Medienstrategien im Zeitalter Leopolds I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbBJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP3 |date=13 September 2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-05-005581-7 |pages=3– }}</ref>

==Early years==
[[File:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|250px|left|Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648]]
Born on 9 June 1640 in [[Vienna]], Leopold received the traditional program of education in the [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]], history, literature, natural science and astronomy. He was particularly interested in music, as his father Emperor Ferdinand III had been. From an early age Leopold showed an inclination toward learning.{{sfn|Spielman|1977|pages=33–34}} He became fluent in [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{sfn|Spielman|1977|p=34}} Leopold disdained the German language and preferred to speak and read in Italian, which was the language most often spoken at his court and used in his official correspondence; in 1656 he founded an Italian literary academy in Vienna.<ref>Hanlon, Gregory. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Taylor and Francis: January 2002. Kindle Edition: location 5157-5171.</ref>

Likewise he had received comprehensive ecclesiastical training as he had originally been selected for a career in the higher clergy. This plan, though, was dropped upon the 1654 death of his older brother, [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]], when Leopold became heir apparent.<ref name="JAB">Joseph A. Biesinger; "Germany: European nations" in ''Facts on File library of world history''. p. 529.</ref>{{sfn|Crankshaw|1971|p=132}} Nonetheless, Leopold's spiritual education had had a manifest impact on him. Leopold remained under the spell of his clerical education and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] influence throughout his life. For a monarch he was uncommonly knowledgeable about theology, metaphysics, jurisprudence and the sciences. He also retained his interest in [[astrology]] and [[alchemy]] which he had developed under Jesuit tutors.<ref name="JAB" /> A deeply religious and devoted person, Leopold personified the ''pietas Austriaca'', or the loyal Catholic attitude of his house. On the other hand, his piety and education may have caused in him a fatalistic strain which inclined him to reject all compromise on denominational questions, which is not always considered a positive characteristic of a ruler.<ref>Heide Dienst; Professor, Institute of Austrian History Research, University of Vienna.</ref><ref name="Schumann2012" />

[[File:Kaiser Leopold I (Österreich 17 Jh).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Young Leopold by anonymous, c. 1660]] Leopold was said to have typical [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] physical attributes, such as the prominent ''[[Habsburg jaw|Habsburg lower jaw]]''. Short, thin, and of sick constitution, Leopold was cold and reserved in public and socially inept. However, he is also said to have been open with close associates. [[William Coxe (historian)|Coxe]] described Leopold in the following manner: "His gait was stately, slow and deliberate; his air pensive, his address awkward, his manner uncouth, his disposition cold and phlegmatic."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coxe |first= William |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhouseof00kell |title=History of the House of Austria: From the Foundation of the Monarchy by Rhodolph of Hapsburgh, to the Death of Leopold the Second: 1218 to 1792 |publisher=London: Henry G. Bohn |year=1853 |page=515}}</ref> Spielman argues that his long-expected career in the clergy caused Leopold to have "early adopted the intense Catholic piety expected of him and the gentle manners appropriate to a merely supporting role. He grew to manhood without the military ambition that characterized most of his fellow monarchs. From the beginning, his reign was defensive and profoundly conservative."<ref name="JPS2">John P. Spielman; "Europe, 1450 to 1789" in ''Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World''</ref>

Elected king of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] in 1655, he followed suit in 1656 and 1657 in [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]] respectively. In July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, Leopold [[1658 imperial election|was elected Holy Roman Emperor]] at [[Frankfurt]] in opposition to the French [[Cardinal Mazarin]], who sought to place the Imperial Crown on the head of [[Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria]] or some other non-Habsburg prince. To conciliate [[Kingdom of France|France]], which had considerable influence in German affairs thanks to the [[League of the Rhine]], the newly elected emperor promised not to assist Spain, then at [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|war with France]].{{sfn|O'Connor|1978|pp=7–14}} This marked the beginning of a nearly 47-year reign characterized by a lasting rivalry with France and its king, [[Louis XIV]]. The latter's dominant personality and power completely overshadowed Leopold, even to this day, but Leopold was no less a warrior-king given the greater part of his public life was directed towards the arrangement and furtherance of wars.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vollendung und Neuorientierung des frühmodernen Reiches |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-9726 |last=Johannes Burkhardt |date=2001 |publisher=H-Soz-Kult |isbn=9783608600117 |access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>

==Second Northern War==
Leopold's first war was the [[Second Northern War]] (1655–1660), in which King [[Charles X of Sweden]] tried to become King of Poland with the aid of allies including [[György II Rákóczi]], [[Prince of Transylvania]]. Leopold's predecessor, [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], had allied with King [[John II Casimir Vasa]] of [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] in 1656. In 1657, Leopold expanded this alliance to include Austrian troops (paid by Poland). These troops helped defeat the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvanian]] army, and campaigned as far as Denmark. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Oliwa]] in 1660.<ref name="Schumann2012" /><ref name="Press1991">{{Cite book |last=Volker Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-ZhpUD_ggAC |title=Kriege und Krisen: Deutschland 1600–1715 |publisher=C.H.Beck |year=1991 |isbn=978-3-406-30817-8}}</ref>

==Early wars against the Ottoman Empire==
The [[Ottoman Empire]] often interfered in the affairs of Transylvania, always an unruly state, and this interference brought on a war with the [[Holy Roman Empire]], which after some desultory operations really began in 1663. By a personal appeal to the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|diet]] at [[Regensburg]] Leopold induced the princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664, the great Imperial general [[Raimondo Montecuccoli]] gained a notable victory at [[Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)|Saint Gotthard]]. By the [[Peace of Vasvár]] the Emperor made a twenty years' truce with the Sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary.<ref name="Schumann2012" /><ref name="Press1991" />

==Wars against France==
[[File:Pietro Liberi or Guido Cagnacci (attr.) - Emperor Leopold I in coronation armor.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Leopold I, painted by [[Guido Cagnacci]] (1657–1658)]]
French expansion increasingly threatened the empire, especially the seizure of the strategic [[Duchy of Lorraine]] in 1670, followed by the 1672 [[Franco-Dutch War]]. By mid-June, the [[Dutch Republic]] teetered at the brink of destruction, which led Leopold to agree to an alliance with [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] and the Republic on 25 June.{{sfn|Mckay|1997|p=206}} However, he was also facing a [[Kuruc|revolt in Hungary]] and viewed French conquests in the [[Rhineland]] a higher priority than helping the Dutch. His commander, [[Raimondo Montecuccoli]], was ordered to remain on the defensive and avoid a direct conflict. Chaotic logistics made it impossible to maintain the troops and Brandenburg left the war in June 1673 under the [[Treaty of Vossem (1673)|Treaty of Vossem]].{{sfn|Mckay|1997|p=207}}<ref name="Schumann2012" />

An anti-French Quadruple Alliance was formed in August, consisting of the Dutch Republic, [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], Emperor Leopold, and the [[Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine|Duke of Lorraine]], while in May 1674, the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] declared it an [[Reichskrieg|Imperial war]]. The 1678 [[Treaty of Nijmegen]] is generally seen as a French victory, although the Alliance succeeded in limiting their gains.<ref name="Press1991" />
{{HRE Arms|leopold1}}
Almost immediately after the conclusion of peace Louis renewed his aggressions on the German frontier through the [[Chambers of Reunion|''Réunions'' policy]]. Engaged in a serious struggle with the Ottoman Empire, the emperor was again slow to move, and although he joined the Association League against France in 1682 he was glad to make a [[Truce of Ratisbon|truce at Regensburg]] two years later. The whole European position was now bound up with events in [[Kingdom of England|England]], and the tension lasted until 1688, when [[William III of England|William III of Orange]] won the English crown through the [[Glorious Revolution]] and Louis invaded Germany. In May 1689, the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]] was formed, including the emperor, the kings of England, Spain and Denmark, the Elector of [[Brandenburg-Prussia|Brandenburg]] and others, and a fierce struggle against France was waged throughout almost the whole of Western Europe. In general the several campaigns were favourable to the allies, and in September 1697, England, Spain and the United Provinces made peace with France at the [[Treaty of Rijswijk]].<ref name="Schumann2012" />

Leopold refused to assent to the treaty, as he considered that his allies had somewhat neglected his interests, but in the following month he came to terms and a number of places were transferred from France to the Holy Roman Empire. The peace with France lasted for about four years and then Europe was involved in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. The King of Spain, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], was a Habsburg by descent and was related by marriage to the Austrian branch, while a similar tie bound him to the royal [[House of Bourbon|house of France]]. He was feeble and childless, and attempts had been made by the European powers to arrange for a peaceable division of his extensive kingdom. Leopold refused to consent to any partition, and when in November 1700 Charles died, leaving his crown to [[Philip V of Spain|Philippe, Duke of Anjou]], a grandson of Louis XIV, all hopes of a peaceable settlement vanished. Under the guidance of William III a powerful league, a renewed Grand Alliance, was formed against France; of this the emperor was a prominent member, and in 1703 he transferred his claim on the Spanish monarchy to his second son, Archduke [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]]. The early course of the war was not favorable to the Imperialists, but the tide of defeat had been rolled back by the great victory of [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]] before Leopold died on 5 May 1705.<ref name="Neuhaus2019">{{Cite book |last=Helmut Neuhaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2KEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Die Frühe Neuzeit als Epoche |date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-065083-9 |pages=35–}}</ref>

==Internal problems==
[[File:Trieste Piazza-della-Borsa.jpg|thumb|Leopold I column (1673) in [[Trieste]]]]

The emperor himself defined the guidelines of the politics. [[Johann Weikhard of Auersperg]] was dismissed in 1669 as the leading minister. He was followed by [[Wenzel Eusebius, Prince of Lobkowicz]]. Both had arranged some connections to France without the knowledge of the emperor. In 1674 Lobkowicz also lost his appointment.<ref name=":0">{{NDB | 14 | 257 | 257 | Leopold I.| Volker Press}}</ref>

He also expelled Jewish communities from his realm, for example the [[History of the Jews in Vienna|Viennese Jewish]] community, which used to live in an area called "Im Werd" across the Danube Canal. After the expulsion of the Jewish population, with popular support, the area was renamed ''[[Leopoldstadt]]'' as a thanksgiving. But [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]], issued an edict in 1677, in which he announced his special protection for 50 families of these expelled Jews.<ref name="Schumann2012" />

In governing his own lands Leopold found his chief difficulties in Hungary, where unrest was caused partly by his desire to crush [[Protestant]]ism and partly by the so-called [[Magnate conspiracy]]. A rising was suppressed in 1671 and for some years Hungary was treated with great severity. In 1681, after another rising, some grievances were removed and a less repressive policy was adopted, but this did not deter the Hungarians from revolting again. Austrian forces occupied the castle of [[Trebišov]] in 1675, but in 1682 [[Imre Thököly]] captured it and then fled from continuous Austrian attacks, so they blew the castle up, leaving it in ruins. They fled as supposedly Hungarian rebel troops under the command of Imre Thököly, cooperating with the Turks, and sacked the city of [[Bielsko-Biała|Bielsko]] in 1682. In 1692, Leopold gave up his rights to the property, giving his rights by donation to Theresia [[House of Keglević|Keglević]].<ref>Das Königreich Ungarn: Ein topograph.-hist.-statistisches Rundgemälde, d. Ganze dieses Landes in mehr denn 12,400 Artikeln umfassend, Band 3, Seite 271, J.C. von Thiele, 1833.</ref><ref>Henryk Rechowicz: Bielsko-Biała. Zarys Rozwoju miasta i powiatu. Katowice: Wydawnictwo "Śląsk", 1971.</ref>

Espousing the cause of the rebels Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] sent an enormous army into Austria early in 1683; this advanced almost unchecked to [[Vienna]], which was besieged from July to September, while Leopold took refuge at [[Passau]]. Realizing the gravity of the situation somewhat tardily, some of the German princes, among them the electors of [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]], led their contingents to the [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Army]], which was commanded by the emperor's brother-in-law, [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles, Duke of Lorraine]], but the most redoubtable of Leopold's allies was the King of Poland, [[John III Sobieski]], who was already dreaded by the Turks.

==Success against the Turks and in Hungary==
[[File:Atlas Van der Hagen-KW1049B10 050-De belegering van Wenen door de Turken in 1683.jpeg|thumb|The [[Battle of Vienna]] marked the historic end of the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|expansion of the Ottoman Empire]] into Europe.]]

On 12 September 1683, the allied army fell upon the enemy, who was completely routed, and Vienna was saved. The Imperial forces, among whom [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] was rapidly becoming prominent, followed up the victory with others, notably one near [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Mohács]] in 1687 and another at [[Battle of Zenta|Zenta]] in 1697, and in January 1699, Sultan [[Mustafa II]] signed the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] by which he ceded almost the whole of Hungary (including [[Serbs in Vojvodina]]) to the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. As the Habsburg forces retreated, they withdrew 37,000 [[Serb]] families under Patriarch [[Arsenije III Čarnojević]] of the [[Serbian Patriarchate of Peć]]. In 1690 and 1691 Emperor Leopold I had conceived through a number of edicts (Privileges) the autonomy of Serbs in his dominions, which would last and develop for more than two centuries until its abolition in 1912. Before the conclusion of the war, however, Leopold had taken measures to strengthen his hold upon this country. In 1687, the [[Diet of Hungary]] in [[Pressburg]] (now Bratislava) changed the constitution; the right of the Habsburgs to succeed to the throne without election was admitted and the emperor's elder son [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]] was crowned hereditary King of Hungary.<ref name="Ingrao2000">{{Cite book |last=Charles W. Ingrao |author-link=Charles Ingrao
|url=https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000ingr |title=The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 |page=84 |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=Second|isbn= 978-0-521-78505-1}}</ref><ref name="Wheatcroft2009">{{Cite book |last=Andrew Wheatcroft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCmwFM8_QCoC |title=The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe |date=10 November 2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4090-8682-6}}</ref>

==The Holy Roman Empire==
The [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648 had been a political defeat for the Habsburgs. It ended the idea that [[Europe]] was a single Roman Catholic empire; governed spiritually by the [[Pope]] and temporally by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Moreover, the treaty was devoted to parceling out land and influence to the "winners", the anti-Habsburg alliance led by France and Sweden. However, the Habsburgs did gain some benefits out of the [[Thirty Years' War]]; the Protestant aristocracy in Habsburg territories had been decimated, and the ties between Vienna and the Habsburg domains in Bohemia and elsewhere were greatly strengthened. These changes would allow Leopold to initiate necessary political and institutional reforms during his reign to develop somewhat of an absolutist state along French lines. The most important consequences of the war was in retrospect to weaken the Habsburgs as emperors but strengthen them in their own lands. Leopold was the first to realize this altered state of affairs and act in accordance with it.<ref name="Noble">{{cite book |first=Thomas |last= Noble |title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries |publisher=Cengage Learning. |year=2008 |pages=507–508}}</ref><ref name="Neuhaus2019" />

===Administrative reform===
The reign of Leopold saw some important changes made in the constitution of the Empire.{{sfn|Crankshaw|1971|p=140}} In 1663 the Imperial Diet entered upon the last stage of its existence, and became a body permanently in session at Regensburg. This perpetual diet would become a vital tool for consolidation of Habsburg power under Leopold.<ref name="Schindling">[[Anton Schindling]]. "The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg". The Journal of Modern History 58 (December 1986). p. S69.</ref>

===Political changes===
In 1692, the Duke of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]] was raised to the rank of an elector, becoming the ninth member of the electoral college. In 1700, Leopold, greatly in need of help for the impending war with France, granted the title of [[King in Prussia]] to the Elector of [[Brandenburg-Prussia|Brandenburg]]. The net result of these and similar changes was to weaken the authority of the emperor over the princes of the empire and to compel him to rely more and more upon his position as ruler of the Austrian archduchies and of Hungary and Bohemia.<ref name="Klueting1999">{{Cite book |last=Harm Klueting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7MzdP2N9hUC&pg=PA56 |title=Das Reich und Österreich 1648-1740 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-8258-4280-2 |pages=56–}}</ref>

==Character and overall assessment==
Leopold was a man of industry and education, and during his later years, he showed some political ability. Regarding himself as an absolute sovereign, he was extremely tenacious of his rights. Greatly influenced by the [[Jesuits]], he was a staunch proponent of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. In person, he was short, but strong and healthy. Although he had no inclination for a military life, he loved outdoors exercise, such as hunting and riding. He also had a taste and talent for music and
composed several Oratorios and Suites of Dances.

Perhaps due to inbreeding among his progenitors, the hereditary Habsburg jaw was most prominent in Leopold. Because his jaw was depicted unusually large on a 1670 silver coin, Leopold was nicknamed "the Hogmouth"; however, most collectors do not believe the coin was an accurate depiction.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Marriages and children==
[[File:Jan Thomas - Leopold I as Acis in the play "La Galatea".jpg|thumb|Leopold I in costume as [[Acis and Galatea (mythology)|Acis]] in ''La Galatea'', 1667, by [[Jan Thomas van Ieperen]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]]]]
[[File:Jan Thomas - Infanta Margaret Theresa, Empress, in theater dress.jpg|thumb|Margaret Theresa in theater dress, 1667, by [[Jan Thomas van Ieperen]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]]]]

[[File:Detail sarcophagus Leopold I Kaisergruft Vienna.jpg|thumb|Detail of sarcophagus of Leopold I, [[Imperial Crypt|Kapuzinergruft]], Vienna, Austria]]
On 12 December 1666, he married [[Margaret Theresa of Spain]] (1651–1673), daughter of King [[Philip IV of Spain]], who was both his niece and his first cousin. She was depicted in [[Diego Velázquez]]' paintings sent from the court of Madrid to Leopold as he waited in Vienna for his fiancée to grow up. Leopold and Margaret Theresa had four children, all but one short-lived:

# Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel (1667–1668)
# [[Maria Antonia of Austria|Archduchess Maria Antonia]] (1669–1692), who married [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]]
# Archduke Johann Leopold (1670)
# Archduchess Maria Anna Antonia (1672)

His second wife was [[Claudia Felicitas of Austria]], who died in 1676 at the age of 22. Neither of their two daughters survived:

# Archduchess Anna Maria Josepha (1674)
# Archduchess Maria Josepha Clementina (1675–1676)

His third wife was [[Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg]]. They had the following children:

# [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1678–1711), who married [[Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
# Archduchess Maria Christina (1679)
# Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1680–1741)|Maria Elisabeth]] (1680–1741), Governor of the [[Austrian Netherlands]]
# Archduke [[Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria (1682–1684)|Leopold Joseph]] (1682–1684)
# Archduchess [[Maria Anna of Austria|Maria Anna]] (1683–1754) married [[John V of Portugal]]
# Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1684–1696)|Maria Theresa]] (1684–1696)
# [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] (1685–1740), who married [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
# Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1687–1703)|Maria Josepha]] (1687–1703)
# Archduchess [[Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria (1689–1743)|Maria Magdalena]] (1689–1743)
# Archduchess Maria Margaret (1690–1691)[[File:Jakob Heybel - Emperor Leopold I and Eleonora Magdalene of Neuburg.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Leopold and Eleonora Magdalena, detail from 1684 portrait by Jakob Heybel]]

==Music==
Like his father, Leopold was a patron of music and a composer himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward |title=The Cambridge Modern History: Volume V: The Age of Louis XIV |publisher=New York: The MacMillan Company |year=1912 |page=341 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> He continued to enrich the court's musical life by employing and providing support for distinguished composers such as [[Antonio Bertali]], [[Giovanni Bononcini]], [[Johann Kaspar Kerll]], [[Ferdinand Tobias Richter]], [[Alessandro Poglietti]], and [[Johann Fux]]. Leopold's surviving works show the influence of Bertali and Viennese composers in general (in oratorios and other dramatic works), and of [[Johann Heinrich Schmelzer]] (in ballets and German comedies). His sacred music is perhaps his most successful, particularly ''Missa angeli custodis'', a [[Music for the Requiem Mass|Requiem Mass]] for his first wife, and ''Three Lections'', composed for the burial of his second wife.<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Schnitzler |first=Rudolf |last2=Seifert |first2=Herbert |title=Leopold I|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Much of Leopold's music was published with works by his father, and described as "works of exceeding high merit."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=(organization), Jstor |year=1892 |title=Musical times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xukEAAAAMAAJ&q=Leopold+I+Music&pg=PA400 |format=PDF |journal=[[The Musical Times]] |volume=1892 |access-date=2009-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adler, Guido |title=Musikalishe Werke der Kaiser Ferdinand III., Leopold I., and Joseph I. |publisher=Vienna, Austria: Antaria & Company |year=1892}}</ref>

==Coins==
<gallery widths="270px">
File:Hungary-thaler-leopold-1692.png|Hungarian [[Thaler]] of Leopold I minted in 1692. Latin inscription: Obverse, <small>LEOPOLDVS D[EI] G[RATIA] RO[MANORVM] I[MPERATOR] S[EMPER] AVG[VSTVS] GER[MANIAE] HV[NGARIAE] BO[HEMIAE] REX</small>; Reverse, <small>ARCHIDVX AVS[TRIAE] DVX BVR[GVNDIAE] MAR[CHIO] MOR[AVIAE] CO[MES] TY[ROLIS] 1692</small>, "Leopold, by the grace of God, Emperor of the Romans, Ever Augustus, King of Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia; Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Margrave of Moravia, Count of Tyrol 1692"
File:Coin of Leopold I 3 Kreuzer 1670.jpg|Silver coin of Leopold I, 3 [[Kreuzer]], dated 1670. The Latin inscription reads (obverse): ''LEOPOLDVS D[EI] G[RATIA] R[OMANORVM] I[MPERATOR] S[EMPER] A[VGVSTVS] G[ERMANIAE] H[VNGARIAE] B[OHEMIAE] REX'' (reverse):''ARCHID[VX] AVS[TRIAE] DVX B[VRGVNDIAE] CO[MES] TYR[OLIS] 1670.'' In English: "Leopold, by the Grace of God, Emperor of the Romans, always August, King of Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Tyrol, 1670."
</gallery>

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor'''
| 2 = 2. [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| 3 = 3. [[Maria Anna of Spain]]
| 4 = 4. [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="NDB-Ferdinand III">{{NDB|5|85|86|Ferdinand III.|Eder, Karl|118532529}}</ref>
| 5 = 5. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<ref name="NDB-Ferdinand III" /> (≠9 & 15)
| 6 = 6. [[Philip III, King of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Spanien">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien |volume=7 |page=23}}</ref>
| 7 = 7. [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Spanien" />
| 8 = 8. [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria]]<ref name="NDB-Ferdinand II">{{NDB|5|83|85|Ferdinand II.|Eder, Karl|118532510}}</ref> (=14)
| 9 = 9. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<ref name="NDB-Ferdinand II" /> (=15, ≠5)
| 10 = 10. [[William V, Duke of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Bayern">{{BLKO|wstitle=Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern|volume=7 |page=23}}</ref>
| 11 = 11. [[Renata of Lorraine]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria Anna von Bayern" />
| 12 = 12. [[Philip II, King of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp III. |volume=7 |page=120}}</ref>
| 13 = 13. [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III" />
| 14 = 14. [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien) |volume=7 |page=13}}</ref> (=8)
| 15 = 15. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha" /> (=9, ≠5)
}}

==Male-line family tree==
{{Habsburg family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]
* [[Family tree of the German monarchs]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Leopold I. (emperor)|volume=16||pages=458–459}}
*{{cite book |last= Crankshaw |first= Edward |author-link=Edward Crankshaw
|title=The Habsburgs: Portrait of a Dynasty |location=New York |publisher= The Viking Press |year= 1971}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Frey |first1=Linda |last2=Frey |first2=Marsha |year=1978 |title=A Question of Empire: Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1715 |journal=Austrian History Yearbook |volume=14 |pages=56–72 |doi=10.1017/s0067237800009061|s2cid=143446372 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Frey |first1=Linda |last2=Frey |first2=Marsha |year=1978 |title=The Latter Years of Leopold I and his Court, 1700–1705: A Pernicious Factionalism |journal=Historian |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=479–491 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1978.tb01904.x}}
*{{cite book |last1=Frey |last2=Frey |first1=Linda |first2=Marsha |title= A Question of Empire: Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1705 |year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/questionofempire0000lind |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn= 0-88033-038-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Goloubeva |first=Maria |title=The Glorification of Emperor Leopold I in Image, Spectacle and Text |location=Mainz |year=2000 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte}} Abteilung für Universalgeschichte, 184
* {{Cite journal |last=Kampmann |first=Christoph |year=2012 |title=The English Crisis, Emperor Leopold, and the Origins of the Dutch Intervention in 1688 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=521–532 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X1200012X|s2cid=162523435 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mckay |first=Derek |editor-last1=Oresko |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Gibbs |editor-first2=GC |url=https://archive.org/details/royalrepublicans0000unse |title=Small Power Diplomacy in the age of Louis XIV in Royal and Republican Sovereignty: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521419109 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Connor |first=John T. |title=Negotiator out of Season |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=1978 |isbn=0-8203-0436-0 |location=Athens, GA}}
*{{cite book |title=Leopold I |last=Spielman |first=John Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/leopoldiofaustri0000spie|year=1977 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London|isbn=978-0-500-87005-1 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor}}
===Regnal titles===
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Habsburg|House of Habsburg]]|9 June|1640|5 May|1705}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Holy Roman Emperor]]<br />[[King of the Romans]]|years=1658–1705}}
{{s-aft|rows=5|after=[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Hungarian monarchs|King of Hungary]]|years=1655–1705|regent1=[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]|years1=1655–1657}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Bohemian monarchs|King of Bohemia]]|years=1656–1705|regent1=[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]]|years1=1656–1657}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]]<br />[[List of rulers of Croatia|King of Croatia]]<br />[[Duchy of Teschen|Duke of Teschen]]|years=1657–1705}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria|Sigismund Francis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Further Austria]]|years=1665–1705}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Michael II Apafi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Transylvania|Prince of Transylvania]]|years=1692–1705}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francis II Rákóczi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Holy Roman Emperors}}
{{Monarchs of Bohemia}}
{{German monarchs}}
{{Hungarian kings}}
{{Croatian kings}}
{{Rulers of Austria}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1640 births]]
[[Category:1705 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:18th-century Holy Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century archdukes of Austria]]
[[Category:18th-century archdukes of Austria]]
[[Category:17th-century monarchs of Bohemia]]
[[Category:18th-century monarchs of Bohemia]]
[[Category:17th-century Hungarian monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century Hungarian monarchs]]
[[Category:German monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at the Imperial Crypt]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]]
[[Category:Austrian Baroque composers]]
[[Category:Male classical composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Vienna]]
[[Category:Dukes of Teschen]]
[[Category:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Leopoldstadt]]
[[Category:People of the Great Turkish War]]
[[Category:17th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:Austrian patrons of music]]
[[Category:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor| ]]
[[Category:Children of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia]]
[[Category:Kings of Hungary]]
[[Category:Kings of Croatia]]