Editing Leonard Bloomfield

{{short description|American linguist (1887–1949)}}
{{distinguish|Leonard Blomefield}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Leonard Bloomfield
| image             = Leonard Bloomfield.jpg
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1887|04|01}}
| birth_place       = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], US
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1949|04|18|1887|04|01}}
| death_place       = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], US
| alma_mater        = [[Harvard College]]<br />[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]]<br />[[University of Chicago]]<br />[[University of Leipzig]]<br />[[University of Göttingen]]
| thesis_title      = A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut,
| thesis_year       = 1909
| workplaces        = [[University of Cincinnati]], [[University of Illinois]], [[Ohio State University]], [[University of Chicago]], [[Yale University]]
| fields            = [[Linguistics]], [[ethnolinguistics]]
| spouse            = Alice Sayers
}}
'''Leonard Bloomfield''' (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American [[linguist]] who led the development of [[structural linguistics]] in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. He is considered to be the father of American [[distributionalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Roman Jakobson and the Transition of German Thought to the Structuralist Paradigm|year=2016|doi=10.17613/M6BX9Z|doi-access=free|last1=Flack|first1=Patrick|journal=Acta Structuralica|volume=1|pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zelligharris.org/description.html |title="Harrisian distributionalism is usually represented as a prime exemplar of the alleged striving of 'Bloomfieldians' to eliminate meaning from linguistics. In fact, it explicates Leonard Bloomfield's affirmation that the form of an utterance and the meaning that it conveys are two aspects of the same thing. It has a deep connection with the search for configuration and pattern in language data exemplified by Edward Sapir, who regarded Harris as his intellectual heir." Zellig Harris, ''Description'' |access-date=2020-07-31 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131052652/http://zelligharris.org/description.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His influential textbook ''[[Language (Bloomfield book)|Language]]'', published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1933</ref> He made significant contributions to [[Indo-European linguistics|Indo-European historical linguistics]], the description of [[Austronesian languages]], and description of languages of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] family.

Bloomfield's approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the [[scientific method|scientific]] basis of linguistics and emphasis on formal procedures for the analysis of linguistic data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Lourdes R. da F. Passos |first1=Maria |last2=Matos |first2=Maria Amelia |date=2007 |title=The Influence of Bloomfield's Linguistics on Skinner |journal=The Behavior Analyst |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=133–151 |doi=10.1007/BF03392151 |issn=0738-6729 |pmc=2203636 |pmid=22478493}}</ref> The influence of Bloomfieldian structural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of [[generative grammar]] developed by [[Noam Chomsky]] came to predominate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Structuralism {{!}} Definition, Characteristics, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/structuralism-linguistics |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331155140/https://www.britannica.com/science/structuralism-linguistics |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bloomfield was born in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], on April 1, 1887, to Jewish parents (Sigmund Bloomfield and Carola Buber Bloomfield). His father immigrated to the United States as a child in 1868; the original family name ''Blumenfeld'' was changed to Bloomfield after their arrival.<ref>Depres, Leon, 1987, p. 11, Fn. 1</ref> In 1896 his family moved to [[Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin]], where he attended elementary school, but returned to Chicago for secondary school.<ref>Hall, Robert, 1990, pp. 5–6</ref> His uncle [[Maurice Bloomfield]] was a prominent linguist at [[Johns Hopkins University]],<ref name="Despres, Leon, 1987, p. 4">Despres, Leon, 1987, p. 4</ref><ref name="Bloch, Bernard, 1949, p. 87">Bloch, Bernard, 1949, p. 87</ref> and his aunt [[Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler]] was a well-known concert pianist.<ref name="Despres, Leon, 1987, p. 4"/>

Bloomfield attended [[Harvard College]] from 1903 to 1906, graduating with the [[Bachelor's degree|A.B.]] degree.<ref name="Bloch, Bernard, 1949, p. 87"/>  He subsequently began graduate work at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]], taking courses in [[German language|German]] and Germanic [[philology]], in addition to courses in other Indo-European languages.<ref>Hall, Robert, 1990, pp. 7–8</ref> A meeting with Indo-Europeanist [[Eduard Prokosch]], a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin, convinced Bloomfield to pursue a career in linguistics.<ref name="Bloch, Bernard, 1949, p. 87"/> In 1908 Bloomfield moved to the [[University of Chicago]], where he took courses in German and Indo-European philology with Frances A. Wood and [[Carl Darling Buck]]. His doctoral dissertation in [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] historical linguistics, ''A semasiologic differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut'', was supervised by Wood, and he graduated in 1909.

He undertook further studies at the [[University of Leipzig]] and the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1913 and 1914 with leading Indo-Europeanists [[August Leskien]], [[Karl Brugmann]], as well as [[Hermann Oldenberg]], a specialist in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Bloomfield also studied at Göttingen with Sanskrit specialist [[Jacob Wackernagel]], and considered both Wackernagel and the Sanskrit grammatical tradition of rigorous grammatical analysis associated with [[Pāṇini]] as important influences on both his historical and descriptive work.<ref>Hall, Robert, 1990, p. 16</ref><ref>Rogers, David, 1987</ref> Further training in Europe was a condition for promotion at the [[University of Illinois]] from Instructor to the rank of assistant professor.<ref>Hall, Robert, 1990, pp. 13–14</ref>

==Career==
Bloomfield was instructor in [[German language|German]] at the [[University of Cincinnati]], 1909–1910; Instructor in German at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]], 1910–1913; promoted to assistant professor of Comparative Philology and German, also University of Illinois, 1913–1921; Professor of German and Linguistics at the [[Ohio State University]], 1921–1927; Professor of Germanic Philology at the [[University of Chicago]], 1927–1940; [[Sterling Professor]] of Linguistics at [[Yale University]], 1940–1949. During the summer of 1925 Bloomfield worked as Assistant Ethnologist with the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] in the Canadian Department of Mines, undertaking [[Field work|linguistic field work]] on [[Plains Cree language|Plains Cree]]; this position was arranged by [[Edward Sapir]], who was then Chief of the Division of Anthropology,  Victoria Museum, [[Geological Survey of Canada]], Canadian Department of Mines.<ref>Bloch, Bernard, 1949, p. 88</ref><ref>Hockett, Charles, 1987, p. 40</ref> In May 1946, he suffered a debilitating stroke, which ended his career.<ref>Born, Renate (2005), 'Bloomfield, Leonard', in Strazny, Philip (ed.), "Encyclopedia of Linguistics", New York: Fitzroy Dearborn</ref>

Bloomfield was one of the founding members of the [[Linguistic Society of America]]. In 1924, along with George M. Bolling (Ohio State University) and [[Edgar H. Sturtevant|Edgar Sturtevant]] (Yale University) he formed a committee to organize the creation of the Society, and drafted the call for the Society's foundation.<ref>Anonymous, 1925</ref><ref>Hall, Robert, 1990, p. 27</ref> He contributed the lead article to the inaugural issue of the Society's journal [[Language (journal)|''Language'']],<ref name="Bloomfield, Leonard, 1925">Bloomfield, Leonard, 1925</ref> and was President of the Society in 1935.<ref>Hockett, Charles, 1970, 323</ref> He taught in the Society's summer [[Linguistic Society of America#Linguistic Institutes|Linguistic Institute]] in 1938–1941, with the 1938–1940 Institutes being held in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], and the 1941 Institute in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]].<ref>Bloch lists only 1938–40, but Hall lists 1938–1941; Bloch, Bernard, 1949, 88; Hall, Robert, 1990, p. 52</ref> Bloomfield was also a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Leonard+Bloomfield&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=search.amphilsoc.org |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418162543/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Leonard+Bloomfield&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Indo-European linguistics==
Bloomfield's earliest work was in historical Germanic studies, beginning with his dissertation, and continuing with a number of papers on Indo-European and Germanic phonology and morphology.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1909/1910</ref><ref>Bloch, Bernard, 1949, 88</ref>  His post-doctoral studies in Germany further strengthened his expertise in the [[Neogrammarian]] tradition, which still dominated Indo-European historical studies.<ref>Lehman, Winfred, 1987, pp. 163–164</ref> Bloomfield throughout his career, but particularly during his early career, emphasized the Neogrammarian principle of regular [[sound change]] as a foundational concept in historical linguistics.<ref name="Bloomfield, Leonard, 1925"/><ref name="Bloomfield, Leonard, 1928a">Bloomfield, Leonard, 1928a</ref>

Bloomfield's work in Indo-European beyond his dissertation was limited to an article on [[palatal consonant]]s in Sanskrit<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1911</ref> and one article on the Sanskrit grammatical tradition associated with Pāṇini,<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1927</ref> in addition to a number of book reviews. Bloomfield made extensive use of Indo-European materials to explain historical and comparative principles in both of his textbooks, ''An introduction to language'' (1914), and his seminal ''Language'' (1933).<ref name="Lehmann, Winfred, 1987, 164-165">Lehmann, Winfred, 1987, pp. 164–165</ref> In his textbooks he selected Indo-European examples that supported the key Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change, and emphasized a sequence of steps essential to success in comparative work: (a) appropriate data in the form of texts which must be studied intensively and analysed; (b) application of the [[comparative method (linguistics)|comparative method]]; (c) reconstruction of proto-forms.<ref name="Lehmann, Winfred, 1987, 164-165"/> He further emphasized the importance of [[Dialectology|dialect studies]] where appropriate, and noted the significance of sociological factors such as prestige, and the impact of meaning.<ref>Lehmann, Winfred, 1987, 165</ref> In addition to regular linguistic change, Bloomfield also allowed for [[Loanword|borrowing]] and [[Comparative method (linguistics)|analogy]].<ref>Lehman, Winfred, 1987, 167</ref>

It is argued that Bloomfield's Indo-European work had two broad implications: "He stated clearly the theoretical bases for Indo-European linguistics" and "he established the study of Indo-European languages firmly within general linguistics."<ref>Lehmann, Winfred, 1987, pp. 167–168</ref>

===Sanskrit studies===
As part of his training with leading Indo-Europeanists in Germany in 1913 and 1914 Bloomfield studied the Sanskrit grammatical tradition originating with [[Pāṇini]], who lived in northwestern [[India]] during the fifth or fourth century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pāṇini: a survey of research|last=Cardona|first=George|date=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=8120814940|location=Delhi|language=en|oclc = 1014545991}}</ref> Pāṇini's grammar is characterized by its extreme thoroughness and explicitness in accounting for Sanskrit linguistic forms, and by its complex context-sensitive, rule-based generative structure. Bloomfield noted that "Pāṇini gives the formation of every inflected, compounded, or derived word, with an exact statement of the sound-variations (including accent) and of the meaning".<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1929, 274; cited in Rogers, David, 1987, p. 88</ref> In a letter to Algonquianist Truman Michelson, Bloomfield noted "My models are Pāṇini and the kind of work done in Indo-European by my teacher, Professor Wackernagel of Basle."<ref>Hockett, Charles, 1987, p. 41</ref>

Pāṇini's systematic approach to analysis includes components for: (a) forming grammatical rules, (b) an inventory of sounds, (c) a list of verbal roots organized into sublists, and (d) a list of classes of [[Morpheme|morphs]].<ref>Rogers, David, 1987, 90</ref> Bloomfield's approach to key linguistic ideas in his textbook ''Language'' reflect the influence of Pāṇini in his treatment of basic concepts such as ''linguistic form'', ''free form'', and others. Similarly, Pāṇini is the source for Bloomfield's use of the terms ''exocentric'' and ''endocentric'' used to describe [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] words.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wujastyk|first=Dominik|date=1982|title=Bloomfield and the Sanskrit Origin of the Terms 'Exocentric' and 'Endocentric'|journal= Historiographia Linguistica|language=en|volume=9|issue=1–2|pages=179–184|doi=10.1075/hl.9.1-2.19wuj|issn=0302-5160}}</ref><ref>Rogers, David, 1987, pp. 103–114</ref> Concepts from Pāṇini are found in ''Eastern Ojibwa'', published posthumously in 1958, in particular his use of the concept of a [[Null morpheme|morphological zero]], a [[morphology (linguistics)|morpheme]] that has no overt realization.<ref>Rogers, David, 1987, pp. 120–122</ref> Pāṇini's influence is also present in Bloomfield's approach to determining [[Lexical category|parts of speech]] (Bloomfield uses the term "form-classes") in both ''Eastern Ojibwa'' and in the later ''Menomini language'', published posthumously in 1962.<ref>Rogers, David, 1987, pp. 126–128</ref>

==Austronesian linguistics==
While at the University of Illinois Bloomfield undertook research on [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken in the [[Philippines]]. He carried out linguistic field work with Alfredo Viola Santiago, who was an engineering student at the university from 1914 to 1917. The results were published as ''Tagalog texts with grammatical analysis'', which includes a series of texts dictated by Santiago in addition to an extensive grammatical description and analysis of every word in the texts.<ref>Hockett, Charles F., 1970, pp. 78–79</ref> Bloomfield's work on Tagalog, from the beginning of field research to publication, took no more than two years.<ref>Wolff, John, 1987, p. 174</ref> His study of Tagalog has been described as "the best treatment of any Austronesian language&nbsp;... The result is a description of Tagalog which has never been surpassed for completeness, accuracy, and wealth of exemplification."<ref>Wolff, John, 1987, p. 173</ref>

Bloomfield's only other publication on an Austronesian language was an article on the [[syntax]] of [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]], based upon research undertaken with a native speaker of Ilocano who was a student at Yale University. This article has been described as a "tour de force, for it covers in less than seven pages the entire taxonomic syntax of Ilocano".<ref>Wolff, John, 1987, p. 176</ref><ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1942</ref>

==Algonquian linguistics==
Bloomfield's work on Algonquian languages had both [[Descriptive linguistics|descriptive]] and [[Comparative linguistics|comparative]] components. He published extensively on four Algonquian languages: [[Fox language|Fox]], [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Menominee language|Menominee]], and [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], publishing grammars, lexicons, and text collections. Bloomfield used the materials collected in his descriptive work to undertake comparative studies leading to the reconstruction of [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]], with an early study reconstructing the [[phonology|sound system]] of Proto-Algonquian,<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1925a</ref> and a subsequent more extensive paper refining his phonological analysis and adding extensive historical information on general features of Algonquian grammar.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1946</ref>

Bloomfield undertook field research on Cree, Menominee, and Ojibwe, and analysed the material in previously published Fox text collections. His first Algonquian research, beginning around 1919, involved study of text collections in the Fox language that had been published by [[William Jones (anthropologist)|William Jones]] and [[Truman Michelson]].<ref>Jones, William, 1907</ref><ref>Michelson, Truman, 1921</ref> Working through the texts in these collections, Bloomfield excerpted grammatical information to create a grammatical sketch of Fox.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1925–1927</ref> A lexicon of Fox based on his excerpted material was published posthumously.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1984b</ref>

Bloomfield undertook field research on Menominee in the summers of 1920 and 1921, with further brief field research in September 1939 and intermittent visits from Menominee speakers in Chicago in the late 1930s, in addition to correspondence with speakers during the same period.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1987, pp. 179, 187–188</ref>  Material collected by [[Morris Swadesh]] in 1937 and 1938, often in response to specific queries from Bloomfield, supplemented his information.<ref>Goddard, Ives, 1987, pp. 179-180</ref> Significant publications include a collection of texts,<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1928</ref> a grammar and a lexicon (both published posthumously),<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1962</ref><ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1975</ref> in addition to a theoretically significant article on Menomini phonological alternations.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1939</ref>

Bloomfield undertook field research in 1925 among Plains Cree speakers in [[Saskatchewan]] at the [[Division No. 16, Saskatchewan|Sweet Grass]] reserve, and also at the [[Division No. 6, Saskatchewan#List of Indian Reserves|Star Blanket]] reserve, resulting in two volumes of texts and a posthumous lexicon.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1930</ref><ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1934</ref><ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1984</ref> He also undertook brief field work on [[Swampy Cree language|Swampy Cree]] at [[Opaskwayak Cree Nation|The Pas, Manitoba]]. Bloomfield's work on Swampy Cree provided data to support the predictive power of the hypothesis of exceptionless phonological change.<ref name="Bloomfield, Leonard, 1928a"/>

Bloomfield's initial research on Ojibwe was through study of texts collected by William Jones, in addition to nineteenth century grammars and dictionaries.<ref>Jones, William, 1917, 1919</ref><ref>Goddard, Ives, 1987</ref> During the 1938 Linguistic Society of America [[Linguistic Society of America#Linguistic Institutes|Linguistic Institute]] held at the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], he taught a field methods class with Andrew Medler, a speaker of the [[Ottawa language|Ottawa]] dialect who was born in [[Saginaw, Michigan]], but spent most of his life on [[Walpole Island]], [[Ontario]]. The resulting grammatical description, transcribed sentences, texts, and lexicon were published posthumously in a single volume.<ref>Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958</ref> In 1941 Bloomfield worked with Ottawa dialect speaker Angeline Williams at the 1941 Linguistic Institute held at the [[University of North Carolina]] in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], resulting in a posthumously published volume of texts.<ref>Nichols, John and Leonard Bloomfield, eds., 1991</ref>

==Selected publications==
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1909/1910. "A semasiological differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut". ''Modern Philology'' 7:245–288; 345–382.
*{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/288802 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1911 | title = The Indo-European Palatals in Sanskrit | jstor = 288802| journal = The American Journal of Philology | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 36–57 | hdl = 2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t0mt16d4t | hdl-access = free }}
* Bloomfield, Leonard. 1914. ''[[Introduction to the Study of Language]]''. New York: Henry Holt. Reprinted 1983, John Benjamins. Retrieved April 19, 2009. {{ISBN|90-272-1892-7}}.
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/282688 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1914a | title = Sentence and Word | jstor = 282688| journal = Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association | volume = 45 | pages = 65–75 }}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/282823 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1916 | title = Subject and Predicate | jstor = 282823| journal = Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association | volume = 47 | pages = 13–22 }}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1917. ''Tagalog texts with grammatical analysis''. University of Illinois studies in language and literature, 3.2-4. Urbana, Illinois.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1925 | title = Why a linguistic society? | journal = Language | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 1–5 | jstor = 409544}}
*{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/409540 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1925a | title = On the sound-system of Central Algonquian | jstor = 409540| journal = Language | volume = 1 | issue = 4| pages = 130–156 }}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1925–1927. "Notes on the Fox language." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 3:219-232; 4: 181–219
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/408741 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1926 | title = A set of postulates for the science of language | jstor = 408741 | journal = Language | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 153–164 | url = http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2282987/component/escidoc:2282986/Bloomfield_1926_Set_Postulates.pdf | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-002A-5F51-4 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2018-04-20 | archive-date = 2017-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922031854/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2282987/component/escidoc:2282986/Bloomfield_1926_Set_Postulates.pdf | url-status = live }} (reprinted in: Martin Joos, ed., ''Readings in Linguistics I'', Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press 1957, 26–31).
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/593241 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1927 | title = On Some Rules of Pāṇini | jstor = 593241| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 47 | pages = 61–70 }}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/451863 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1927a | title = Literate and illiterate speech | jstor = 451863| journal = American Speech | volume = 2 | issue = 10| pages = 432–441 | s2cid = 147012813 }}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1928. ''Menomini texts.'' Publications of the American Ethnological Society 12. New York: G. E. Stechert, Agents. [reprinted 1974. New York: AMS Press] {{ISBN|0-404-58162-5}}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/408791 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1928a | title = A note on sound change | jstor = 408791| journal = Language | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 99–100 }}
* Bloomfield, Leondard. 1929. Review of Bruno Liebich, 1928, ''Konkordanz Pāṇini-Candra'', Breslau: M. & H. Marcus. ''Language'' 5:267–276. Reprinted in Hockett, Charles. 1970, pp.&nbsp;219–226.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1930. ''Sacred stories of the Sweet Grass Cree''. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, 60 (Anthropological Series 11). Ottawa. [reprinted 1993, Saskatoon, SK: Fifth House]. {{ISBN|1-895618-27-4}}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. ''[[Language (Bloomfield book)|Language]]''. New York: Henry Holt. {{ISBN|0-226-06067-5}}, {{ISBN|90-272-1892-7}}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1934. ''Plains Cree texts''. American Ethnological Society Publications 16. New York. [reprinted 1974, New York: AMS Press]
* Bloomfield, Leonard. 1935. "Linguistic aspects of science". ''Philosophy of Science'' 2/4:499–517.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1939. "Menomini morphophonemics". ''Etudes phonologiques dédiées à la mémoire de M. le prince N.S. Trubetzkoy'', 105–115. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 8. Prague.
* Bloomfield, Leonard. 1939a. ''Linguistic aspects of science''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-57579-9}}
*{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/409552 | last1 = Bloomfield | first1 = Leonard | year = 1942 | title = Outline of Ilocano syntax | jstor = 409552| journal = Language | volume = 18 | issue = 3| pages = 193–200 }}
* Bloomfield, Leonard. 1942a. ''Outline guide for the practical study of foreign languages.'' Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1946. "Algonquian." Harry Hoijer et al., eds., ''Linguistic structures of native America'', pp.&nbsp;85–129. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 6. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958. ''Eastern Ojibwa.'' Ed. Charles F. Hockett. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1962. ''The Menomini language.'' Ed. Charles F. Hockett. New Haven: Yale University Press.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1975. ''Menomini lexicon.'' Ed. Charles F. Hockett. Milwaukee Public Museum Publications in Anthropology and History. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Public Museum.
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1984. ''Cree-English lexicon.'' Ed. Charles F. Hockett. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. {{ISBN|99954-923-9-3}}
*Bloomfield, Leonard. 1984b. ''Fox-English lexicon.'' Ed. Charles F. Hockett. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. {{ISBN|99954-923-7-7}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Anonymous | year = 1925 | title = The call for the organization meeting | journal = Language | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 6–7 | jstor = 409545}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Bloch | first1 = Bernard | author-link = Bernard Bloch (linguist) | year = 1949 | title = Leonard Bloomfield | journal = Language | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 87–89 | jstor = 409937}}
*[[Leon Despres|Despres, Leon M.]] 1987. "My recollections of Leonard Bloomfield." Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;3–14. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Fought, John G. 1999a. ''Leonard Bloomfield: Biographical Sketches''. Taylor & Francis.
*Fought, John G. 1999b. "Leonard Bloomfield's linguistic legacy: Later uses of some technical features". ''Historiographica linguistica'' 26/3: 313–332. [http://www.ilx.nl/blonline/blonlinesearch2.php?ficheid=200000063412]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[[Ives Goddard|Goddard]], Ives. 1987. "Leonard Bloomfield's descriptive and comparative studies of Algonquian". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;179–217. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*[[Robert A. Hall, Jr.|Hall, Robert A. Jr.]] 1987. ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work''. Amsterdam: Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Hall, Robert A. 1987. "Bloomfield and semantics". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;155–160. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Hall, Robert A. Jr. 1990. ''A life for language: A biographical memoir of Leonard Bloomfield.'' Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|1-55619-350-5}}
*[[Charles F. Hockett|Hockett, Charles F.]], ed., 1970. ''A Leonard Bloomfield Anthology.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0-226-06071-3}}
*Harris, Randy Allen. 1995. ''The Linguistics Wars''. New York: Oxford University Press.
*Hockett, Charles F. 1987. "Letters from Bloomfield to Michelson and Sapir." Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;39–60. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Hockett, Charles F. 1999. "Leonard Bloomfield: After fifty years." ''Historiographica linguistica'' 26/3: 295–311. [http://www.ilx.nl/blonline/blonlinesearch2.php?ficheid=200000063411]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Hoenigswald, Henry M. 1987. "Bloomfield and historical linguistics." Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work, '' pp.&nbsp;73–88. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*[[William Jones (anthropologist)|Jones, William]]. 1907. "Fox texts". American Ethnological Society Publications 1. Leiden. [reprinted 1974, New York: AMS Press]
*Jones, William. 1911. "Algonquian (Fox)". [edited posthumously by Truman Michelson] Franz Boas, ed., ''Handbook of American Indian languages'', Part I, pp.&nbsp;735–873. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Jones, William. 1917. ''Ojibwa texts. Volume 1.'' Ed. Truman Michelson. Leiden: American Ethnological Society Publications 7.1 (Vol. 1).
*Jones, William. 1919. ''Ojibwa texts. Volume 2.'' Ed. Truman Michelson. New York: G. Stechert.
*[[Winfred P. Lehmann|Lehmann, Winfred P.]] 1987. "Bloomfield as an Indo-Europeanist". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;163–172. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*[[Alexis Manaster|Manaster Ramer, Alexis]]. 1992–1993. "Ever since Bloomfield". in: ''Proceedings of the international congress of linguists'' 15/1: 308–310. [http://www.ilx.nl/blonline/blonlinesearch2.php?ficheid=110021451474]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[[Truman Michelson|Michelson, Truman]]. 1921. "The Owl sacred pack of the Fox Indians". ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 72''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Michelson, Truman. 1925. "Accompanying papers". ''Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report'' 40: 21–658. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds. 1991. ''The dog's children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams''. Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba. {{ISBN|0-88755-148-3}}
*[[R. H. Robins|Robins, R. H.]] "Leonard Bloomfield: The man and the man of science". ''Transactions of the Philological Society'' 86: 63–87.
*Rogers, David E. 1987. "The influence of Pāṇini on Leonard Bloomfield". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;89–138. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Sayers, Frances Clarke. 1987. "The small mythologies of Leonard Bloomfield". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;16–21. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
*Wolff, John U. 1987. "Bloomfield as an Austronesianist". Robert A. Hall, Jr., ed., ''Leonard Bloomfield: Essays on his life and work'', pp.&nbsp;173–178. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. {{ISBN|90-272-4530-4}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/bloomfield_leonard.html A biography] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100603174532/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/bloomfield_leonard.html archived version])
* [https://linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-2350/ A bibliographic list about Bloomfield's reputation as a teacher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108202808/http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-2350.html |date=2007-01-08}} in [https://linguistlist.org/ Linguist List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212175743/https://linguistlist.org/ |date=2024-02-12 }} website.
* [http://hplinguistics.pbworks.com/f/Tomalin%20Bloomfield%20maths.pdf Leonard Bloomfield "Linguistics and Mathematics" (Marcus Tomalin)] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20161023133635/http://hplinguistics.pbworks.com/f/Tomalin%20Bloomfield%20maths.pdf archived version])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040538/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/fa/bloomfield.pdf Finding Aid to the Papers of Leonard Bloomfield], National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution ([http://anthropology.si.edu/naa/fa/bloomfield.pdf archived version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129003310/https://anthropology.si.edu/naa/fa/bloomfield.pdf |date=2018-11-29 }})
* [http://www.linguisticsociety.org/about/who-we-are/lsa-awards#bloomfield Leonard Bloomfield Book Award, Linguistic Society of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916054200/http://www.linguisticsociety.org/about/who-we-are/lsa-awards#bloomfield |date=2013-09-16 }}
* [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.BLOOMFIELD Guide to the Leonard Bloomfield Papers 1935-1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228124751/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.BLOOMFIELD |date=2021-02-28 }} at the [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/ University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423182317/http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/spcl/centcat/pres/presch02_01.html |date=2016-04-23 }}

{{Philosophy of language}}
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