Editing Leighton Moss RSPB reserve

{{Short description|Nature reserve in Lancashire, England}}
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{{Infobox protected area
| name            = Leighton Moss
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| photo           = Leighton Moss Causeway.jpg
| photo_caption   = The view from Causeway hide at Leighton Moss.
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| map             = United Kingdom City of Lancaster#Lancashire
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| map_caption     = Location in the City of Lancaster district##Location in Lancashire
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| location        = [[City of Lancaster]], [[Lancashire]], England
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| coordinates     = {{coord|54.163|-2.801|display=inline,title}}
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| operator        = Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
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'''RSPB Leighton Moss''' is a [[nature reserve]] in [[Lancashire]], England, which has been in the care of the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] since 1964.<ref>[http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/3UK026.html UNITED KINGDOM	 Ramsar Site 323] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416072925/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/3UK026.html |date=2013-04-16 }}</ref> It is situated near [[Silverdale, Lancashire|Silverdale]], [[Carnforth]], on the edge of [[Morecambe Bay]] and in the [[Arnside and Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]].

Leighton Moss contains the largest area of [[reed bed]] in north-west England.<ref name="IBA" /> The site provides [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]] for many [[species]] of [[wildlife]], including [[Bearded reedling|bearded tits]], [[Western marsh harrier|marsh harriers]], [[Eurasian bittern|bittern]]s, [[Eurasian otter|otters]] and [[red deer]]. As a [[wetland]] of international importance, it was designated a [[Ramsar site]] in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leighton Moss|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/323|accessdate=31 October 2021}}</ref> It is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]], a [[Special Protection Area]], and an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref name="IBA">{{cite web | url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/index.php/site/factsheet/leighton-moss-iba-united-kingdom | title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Leighton Moss | accessdate=30 December 2012| author=BirdLife International| author-link=BirdLife International}}</ref>

The RSPB also protects a large area of [[Morecambe Bay]], where a saltmarsh provides a habitat for birds such as [[pied avocet|avocet]]s.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-18857424 | title=Avocets flourish at RSPB Leighton Moss nature reserve | work=BBC News | date=2012 | accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref> 

== History ==
In 1822 the moss came into the possession of Richard Gillow, grandson of the Lancaster furniture manufacturer [[Robert Gillow]]. Using steam technology, Gillow drained the moss for agriculture. Although the soil is of good quality, by 1918 the land was flooded again, as drainage appeared to have become uneconomic when the price of coal was high. The area was used for duck shooting.

The RSPB initially leased the moss in 1964, before purchasing it from the [[Leighton Hall, Lancashire|Leighton Hall estate]] in 1974. The site was first opened to visitors in 1965 on a permit-only basis, receiving 375 visitors in its first year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Denwood |first=Andy |title=Leighton Moss, Ice Age to Present Day |publisher=Palatine Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-874181-98-9 |location=Lancaster}}</ref>

Despite owning the land, the shooting rights were still owned by the Leighton Hall estate until 1984, when they were sold to the RSPB.<ref name=":0" />

== Facilities ==
The site is open to the public everyday except Christmas Day, with car parks, a Visitor Centre, shop (selling bird food, binoculars and nature-themed gifts), a cafe and an education room. There are a number of nature trails, seven wildlife watching hides and a variety of events.  

Some of the seven wildlife [[Bird hide|observation hide]]s were renewed in 2012 with funding from the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]]. One is named after comedian [[Eric Morecambe]].<ref name="Gazette">{{cite web | url=http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/10014481.Eric_Morecambe_s_daughter_brings_sunshine_to_new_Leighton_Moss_bird_hide/?ref=mmsp | title=Eric Morecambe's daughter brings sunshine to new Leighton Moss bird hide | work=[[Westmorland Gazette]] | date=2012 | accessdate=March 31, 2013}}</ref>
A nine-metre high Skytower provides extensive views over the nature reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSPB Leighton Moss reaches new heights |url=http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/our-work/rspb-news/news/402968-rspb-leighton-moss-reaches-new-heights}}</ref> Plans were announced in 2024 to replace the Lower Hide on the site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Plans revealed to build new bird hide at popular nature reserve near Carnforth |url=https://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/national/plans-revealed-to-build-new-bird-hide-at-popular-nature-reserve-near-carnforth-4698067 |website=Lancaster Guardian}}</ref> 

==Flora and Fauna==
The site is well known for its breeding populations of bittern, marsh harrier and bearded tit. In 2021, it was reported that six booming male bitterns were present on the site.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lakin |first1=Nick |title=Boom time for rare birds at Silverdale's RSPB Leighton Moss |url=https://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/uk-news/boom-time-for-rare-birds-at-silverdales-rspb-leighton-moss-3193316 |website=Lancaster Guardian |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> In the spring, a distinctive sound can be heard at the reserve, with male bitterns emitting noises similar to “the sound you hear when you blow on the top of a glass milk bottle” to attract a mate.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lancs.live/whats-on/whats-on-news/lancashire-nature-reserve-you-can-26515025 | title=Nature reserve where you can hear rare 'booming' sound across the shallows | date=21 March 2023 }}</ref> Other regularly seen bird species include [[marsh tit]], [[water rail]] and many [[Anatidae|wildfowl]] species such as [[common pochard]] and [[Eurasian teal]]. Red deer and otters are also present on the reserve. 

The site is also known for its breeding [[pied avocet|avocet]] colony, with a record of 40 chicks having fledged at the site in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Avocets flourish at RSPB Leighton Moss nature reserve |work=BBC News |date=16 July 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-18857424 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref>

Due to its proximity to the coast, the reserve has attracted rarer species, with species such as [[osprey]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[black tern]] and [[little gull]] recorded at the site on a fairly regular basis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conlin |first1=Alan |last2=Cullen |first2=Dr J P |last3=Marsh |first3=Pete |last4=Reid |first4=Tristan |last5=Sharpe |first5=Chris |last6=Smith |first6=Judith |last7=Williams |first7=Stephen |title=Where to watch birds in North West England |date=2008 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |page=73}}</ref> Rare birds present at the site have included [[red-footed falcon]], [[purple heron]], [[Caspian tern]], [[great reed warbler]] and [[Savi's warbler]], whilst more recently, rarities have included [[American wigeon]], [[great grey shrike]], [[green-winged teal]] and [[European honey-buzzard]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Steve |title=Lancashire Bird Report 2019 |date=2020 |publisher=Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Society}}</ref>

== Management ==
The extensive [[Reed bed|reed beds]] are managed to prevent them from drying out and also to prevent saline intrusion from the coast. Despite such control of [[ecological succession]], the breeding bittern population (measured by "booming" males) suffered declines in the 1990s and 2000s. Following extensive dynamic habitat management in recent years the number of bitterns is steadily increasing.

In 2015 there was controversy about a plan to cull small numbers of red deer, which create significant damage to the reedbeds.<ref name="deer">{{cite web | url=http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/11757589.Plans_to_cull_red_deer_at_Leighton_Moss_sparks_row_between_RSPB_reserve_and_animal_rights_campaigners/ | title=Plans to cull red deer | work=Westmorland Gazette | accessdate=1 February 2015 | author=Dickinson, Katie| date=29 January 2015 }}</ref>

== Media interest ==
In 2013 Leighton Moss hosted the BBC's ''[[Autumnwatch]]'' programme.<ref name="LG">{{cite news | url=http://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/local/silverdale-s-ancient-aura-of-wilderness-inspires-bbc-s-autumnwatch-1-6121628 | title=Silverdale's "ancient aura of wildness" | work=Lancaster Guardian | date=2013 | accessdate=3 November 2013}}</ref>  The programme returned in 2014.<ref name="WG">{{cite web | url=http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/11486452.BBC_s_Autumnwatch_to_return_to_Leighton_Moss_next_month/ | title=BBC's Autumnwatch | publisher=Westmorland Gazette (www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk) | date=September 2014 | accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>

== Opening times ==
The reserve and visitor centre are open daily all year round (except Christmas Day) from 9 am to dusk and the visitor centre from 9.30 am – 5 pm (4.30 pm November–January inclusive). Entrance is free for RSPB members, and half price for those who come by public transport, bicycle or on foot. [[Silverdale railway station]] is just a few minutes' walk away.  The reserve is on a proposed cycle way around Morecambe Bay.<ref name="cycle">{{cite web | url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/news/test-ride-new-cycle-way-around-morecambe-bay-0 | title=Test ride for new cycle way | publisher=Sustrans | date=2014 | accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Leighton Moss reedbed.jpg| The view from the Skytower
Image:Leighton Moss.jpg|[[Greylag geese]] at Leighton Moss
Image:Leighton Moss Woodcarving.jpg|A wood carving by the visitor centre at Leighton Moss
Image:Leighton Moss path.jpg|The reedbed path
Image:Leighton Moss Grisedale.jpg|The view from Grisedale hide
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Denwood|first1=Andy|title=Leighton Moss: Ice Age to Present Day|date=2014|publisher=Palatine Books|location=Lancaster|isbn=978-1-874181-98-9}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/l/leightonmoss/index.asp RSPB Leighton Moss reserve]

{{City of Lancaster}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Birdwatching sites in England]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1964]]
[[Category:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in England]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in England]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of England]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas in England]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in Lancashire]]