Editing Lee Miller

{{short description|American photographer and photojournalist (1907–1977)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name        = Lee Miller
| image       = War correspondents-Lee-Miller.jpg
| caption     = Miller in 1943
| birth_name  = Elizabeth Miller
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1907|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Poughkeepsie, New York]], U.S.
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1977|7|21|1907|4|23}}
| death_place = [[Chiddingly]], [[East Sussex]], UK
| spouse      = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Aziz Eloui Bey|1934|1947|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Roland Penrose]]|1947}}}}
| children    = [[Antony Penrose]]
| field       = [[Photojournalism]]
| movement    = [[Surrealism]]
| website     = {{URL|leemiller.co.uk}}
| signature   = Lee Miller Autograph.svg
}}

'''Elizabeth''' "'''Lee'''" '''Miller, Lady Penrose''' (April 23, 1907&nbsp;– July 21, 1977), was an American photographer and photojournalist. Miller was a fashion model in New York City in the 1920s before going to Paris, becoming a [[Fashion photography|fashion]] and [[Fine-art photography|fine-art photographer]] there.

During [[World War II]], she was a war correspondent for ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', covering events such as the [[The Blitz|London Blitz]], the [[liberation of Paris]] and the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] at [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]].<ref name="2015-09-19 Guardian">{{cite news |last=Cooke |first=Rachel |author-link1=Rachel Cooke |date=October 19, 2015 |title=Women at war: Lee Miller exhibition includes unseen images of conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/19/lee-miller-a-womans-war-exhibition-imperial-war-museum-second-world-war-dachau-hitler |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042805/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/19/lee-miller-a-womans-war-exhibition-imperial-war-museum-second-world-war-dachau-hitler |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |quote=A new Imperial War Museum show explores women's wartime experience – and reveals the spirit and determination behind the photographer's reportage.}}</ref> Her reputation as an artist in her own right is due mostly to her son's discovery and promotion of her work as a fashion and war photographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2024 |title=Lee Miller {{!}} Biography, Photography, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Miller |access-date=May 8, 2024 |website=Britannica.com }}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Miller was born on April 23, 1907, in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]]. Her parents were Theodore and Florence Miller (née MacDonald). Her father was of German descent, and her mother was of Scottish and Irish descent. She had a younger brother named Erik, and her older brother was the aviator [[Johnny Miller (aviator)|Johnny Miller]]. Theodore always favored Lee, and often used her as a model for his amateur photography.<ref name="2007-09-08 Guardian">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ali |author-link1=Ali Smith |date=September 8, 2007 |title=The look of the moment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/sep/08/photography.art |url-status=live 
 |newspaper=The Guardian  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913104212/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/sep/08/photography.art |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |quote=Gifted, beautiful and unpredictable, Lee Miller's career took her from the fashion pages of Vogue to the front line of the second world war. But while she is celebrated as one of the finest photographers of the 20th century, her great talents as a writer are often forgotten, argues Ali Smith.}}</ref> When she was seven years old, Lee was raped while staying with a family friend in [[Brooklyn]] and was infected with [[gonorrhea]].<ref name="2013-01-27 Independent">{{cite news |last=Darwent |first=Charles |date=January 27, 2013 |title=Man crush: When Man Ray met Lee Miller |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/man-crush-when-man-ray-met-lee-miller-8463783.html |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Independent]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183118/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/man-crush-when-man-ray-met-lee-miller-8463783.html |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |quote=A major new exhibition finally explores the extraordinary effect an unlikely meeting with the model Lee Miller had on the Surrealist Man Ray.}}</ref> In her childhood, Miller was expelled from almost every school she attended while living in the Poughkeepsie area.<ref name="NGS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/features/lee-miller|title=Lee Miller|publisher=National Galleries of Scotland|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=July 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701103058/https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/features/lee-miller|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1925, aged 18, Miller moved to [[Paris]] in France, where she studied lighting, costume, and design at the [[Ladislas Medgyes]]' School of Stagecraft.<ref name="NGS" /> She returned to New York in 1926 and joined an experimental drama programme at [[Vassar College]], taught by [[Hallie Flanagan]], a pioneer of [[experimental theatre]].<ref name="NGS" /><ref name="Brit">{{Cite encyclopaedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Miller|title=Lee Miller {{!}} American photographer, artist, and model|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905210742/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Miller|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after, Miller left home at 19 to enroll in the [[Art Students League of New York]] in [[Manhattan]] to study life drawing and painting.<ref name="NGS" /><ref name="Brit" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Women Artists|last=Foley|first=Jeana K.|publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers]]|year=1997|isbn=1-884964-21-4|editor-last=Gaze|editor-first=Delia|volume=2 (Artists J-Z)|location=London|page=953|chapter=Miller, Lee|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome0002unse/page/953/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Career==
===Modeling===
Miller's father introduced her and her brothers to photography at an early age. She was his model – he took many [[stereoscope|stereoscopic photographs]] of his nude teenage daughter – and showed her technical aspects of the art.<ref name="prose">{{cite book |title=The Lives of the Muses |author=Prose, Francine |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-06-019672-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofmuses00pros |author-link=Francine Prose}}</ref> At 19 she nearly stepped in front of a car on a Manhattan street but was prevented by [[Condé Montrose Nast|Condé Nast]], the publisher of [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']].<ref name="2007-09-08 Guardian" /> This incident helped launch her modeling career; she appeared in a blue hat and pearls in a drawing by George Lepape on the cover of ''Vogue'' on March 15, 1927. Miller's look was what ''Vogue''{{'s}} then editor-in-chief [[Edna Woolman Chase]] was looking for to represent the emerging idea of the "modern girl."<ref name="ErinC">{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Erin |title=The Lesser-Known Lee Miller|type=From the Archives |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-lesser-known-lee-miller/ |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=October 7, 2013 |access-date=November 18, 2024}}</ref>

For the next two years, Miller was one of the most sought-after models in New York, photographed by leading fashion photographers, including [[Edward Steichen]], [[Arnold Genthe]], [[Nickolas Muray]], and [[George Hoyningen-Huene]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Miller: Portraits|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/lee-miller-portraits.php?searched=tim+smit&advsearch=allwords&highlight=ajaxSearch_highlight+ajaxSearch_highlight1+ajaxSearch_highlight2|publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]|access-date=June 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802102104/https://www.npg.org.uk/about/press/lee-miller-portraits.php?searched=tim+smit&advsearch=allwords&highlight=ajaxSearch_highlight+ajaxSearch_highlight1+ajaxSearch_highlight2|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kotex]] used a photograph of Miller by Steichen to advertise their menstrual pads<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mum.org/lemiller.htm|author=Harry Finley|title=Photographer Lee Miller and Kotex menstrual pads|website=Famous People in Advertising|year=1999|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=December 3, 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203020728/http://www.mum.org/lemiller.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> without her knowledge.<ref name="NPR2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/08/20/139766533/much-more-than-a-muse-lee-miller-and-man-ray|title=Much More Than A Muse: Lee Miller And Man Ray|author=npr Staff|date=August 20, 2011|website=npr|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=August 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821032658/https://www.npr.org/2011/08/20/139766533/much-more-than-a-muse-lee-miller-and-man-ray|url-status=live}}</ref> She was hired by a fashion designer in 1929 to make drawings of fashion details in [[Renaissance art|Renaissance paintings]] but, in time, grew tired of this and found photography more efficient.<ref name="ErinC" />

===Photography===
{{external media |width=210px | headerimage=[[File:Lee Miller (5595220206).jpg|210px]] [[Farley Farm House]] |float=right |video1={{YouTube|KIr9NXrp1ro|Man Ray Portraits: Lee Miller's house}} (4:33)
}}
In 1929, Miller traveled to Paris intending to apprentice with the [[surrealist]] artist and photographer [[Man Ray]]. Although, at first, he insisted that he did not take students, Miller soon became his model and collaborator (announcing to him, "I'm your new student"), as well as his lover and muse.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Shinkle, Eugénie |title=Fashion as Photograph: Viewing and Reviewing Images of Fashion |year=2008 |pages=71–72 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-255-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2012/07/16/surrealist-love-affair-of-man-ray-and-lee-miller-exposed-in-san-francisco-museum-show-2/ |title=Surrealist Love Affair of Man Ray and Lee Miller Exposed in San Francisco Museum Show | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042839/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2012/07/16/surrealist-love-affair-of-man-ray-and-lee-miller-exposed-in-san-francisco-museum-show-2/ |author=Keats, Jonathon |website=Forbes |date=16 July 2012 |archive-date=August 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="2013-01-27 Independent" /><ref name="JDGiovanni">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/style/tmagazine/21miller.html |title = What's a Girl to Do When a Battle Lands in Her Lap? |last = Giovanni |first = Janine D. |date = 21 October 2007 |website=The New York Times Magazine |pages=68–71 |access-date = 5 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famousphotographers.net/lee-miller|title=Lee Miller {{!}} Photography and Biography|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042811/https://www.famousphotographers.net/lee-miller|url-status=live}}</ref> Some photographs taken by Miller are credited to Man Ray.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Prodger, Phillip |author2=Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe |author3=Penrose, Antony |type=exhibition catalogue, Peabody Essex Museum, Montclair Art Museum, and Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco |title=Man Ray / Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism |year=2011 |publisher=Peabody Essex Museum/Merrell |location=Salem, Massachusetts/New York |isbn=978-1-85894-557-6}}</ref>

Along with Man Ray, Miller rediscovered the photographic technique of [[solarisation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/solarisation|title=Solarisation – Art Term|last=Tate|website=Tate|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=August 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823042816/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/solarisation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Wells, Liz |title=Photography: A Critical Introduction |year=2004 |page=272 |publisher=Routledge |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-415-30704-8}}</ref> through an accident which has been variously described. One of Miller's accounts involved a mouse running over her foot, causing her to switch on the light in the [[darkroom]] in mid-development of the photograph.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.famsf.org/blog/man-ray-and-lee-miller-excerpts-conversation-julian-cox|title=Man Ray and Lee Miller: Excerpts from a Conversation with Julian Cox|date=July 13, 2012|website=FAMSF|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=July 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701030725/https://www.famsf.org/blog/man-ray-and-lee-miller-excerpts-conversation-julian-cox|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple made the technique a distinctive visual signature, examples being Man Ray's solarised portrait of Miller taken in Paris circa 1930, and Miller's portraits of fellow surrealist [[Méret Oppenheim|Meret Oppenheim]] (1930), Miller's friend Dorothy Hill (1933), and the silent film star [[Lilian Harvey]] (1933).<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Williams, Val |author2=Bright, Susan |type=exhibition catalogue, [[Tate Britain]] |chapter=New Freedoms in Photography |title=How We Are: Photographing Britain from the 1840s to the present |year=2007 |publisher=Tate Publishing |isbn=978-1-85437-714-2}}</ref>

Solarisation fits the [[surrealism|surrealist]] principle of the unconscious accident being integral to art and evokes the style's appeal to the irrational or paradoxical in combining opposites of positive and negative. [[Mark Haworth-Booth]] describes solarisation as "a perfect surrealist medium in which positive and negative occur simultaneously, as if in a dream".<ref>{{Citation |author1=Haworth-Booth, Mark |author2=Miller, Lee |type=exhibition catalogue |title=The Art of Lee Miller |year=2007 |page=https://archive.org/details/artofleemiller0000hawo/page/30 30] |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |isbn=978-0-300-12375-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/artofleemiller0000hawo/page/30}}</ref>

Among Miller's friends were Duchess [[Solange d'Ayen]]–the fashion editor of [[Vogue France|French ''Vogue'']],<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Kate Winslet Joined by Marion Cotillard, Jude Law, Andrea Riseborough & Josh O'Connor for Film on Model-Turned-WWII Photographer Lee Miller |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/kate-winslet-lee-miller-wwii-film-marion-cotillard-jude-law-andrea-riseborough-josh-oconnor-1234859103/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 22, 2023 |date=October 21, 2021 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021185235/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kate-winslet-lee-miller-wwii-film-marion-cotillard-jude-law-andrea-riseborough-josh-oconnor-1234859103/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pablo Picasso]] and fellow surrealists [[Paul Éluard]] and [[Jean Cocteau]]. Cocteau was so mesmerized by Miller's beauty that he transformed her into a plaster cast of a classical statue for his film, ''[[The Blood of a Poet]]'' (1930).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/homeofsurrealis00penr|url-access=registration|quote=Cocteau's The Blood of a Poet|page=[https://archive.org/details/homeofsurrealis00penr/page/31 31]|title=The Home of the Surrealists: Lee Miller, Roland Penrose, and Their Circle at Farley Farm|publisher=Frances Lincoln|isbn=978-0-7112-1726-3|first2=Anthony|last2=Penrose|first1=Alen |last1=MacWeeney|year=2001}}</ref> During a dispute with Man Ray regarding the attribution of their co-produced work, Man Ray is said to have slashed an image of Miller's neck with a razor.<ref name="Bukhari">Bukhari, Nuzhat; Amir Feshareki (2007). "Lee Miller's Ariadne Aesthetics," ''Modernism/Modernity,'' 14.1, pp. 147–152. ProQuest, March 2, 2017.</ref>

After leaving Man Ray and Paris in 1932, Miller returned to New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Lee Miller of Poughkeepsie, NY, young artist who went to Paris several years ago to study painting but changed to camera study making quite a reputation for herself, is seen here aboard the S. S. Ile de France as she arrived in New York on Oct. 18. |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/miss-lee-miller-of-poughkeepsie-ny-young-artist-who-went-to-news-photo/515582336 |website=[[Getty Images]] |publisher=[[Bettmann Archive]] |access-date=November 12, 2021 |location=New York |date=October 18, 1932 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112100259/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/miss-lee-miller-of-poughkeepsie-ny-young-artist-who-went-to-news-photo/515582336 |url-status=live}}</ref> She established a portrait and commercial photography studio (with $10,000 worth of backing from [[Christian R. Holmes II]] and Cliff Smith) with her brother Erik (who had worked for the fashion photographer Toni von Horn) as her darkroom assistant. Miller rented two apartments in a building one block from [[Radio City Music Hall]]. One of the apartments became her home, while the other became the Lee Miller Studio.<ref name="BEConekin">{{Cite book|title=Lee Miller in Fashion|last=Conekin|first=Becky E.|publisher=The Monacelli Press|year=2013}}</ref> Clients of the Lee Miller Studio included [[BBDO]], Henry Sell, [[Elizabeth Arden]], [[Helena Rubinstein]], [[Saks Fifth Avenue]], [[I. Magnin]] and Co., and Jay Thorpe.<ref name="BEConekin" />

During 1932, Miller was included in the ''Modern European Photography'' exhibition at the [[Julien Levy Gallery]] in New York and the [[Brooklyn Museum]]'s exhibition ''International Photographers'' with [[László Moholy-Nagy]], [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Margaret Bourke-White]], [[Tina Modotti]], [[Charles Sheeler]], Man Ray, and [[Edward Weston]].<ref name="P.Allmer">{{Cite book|title=Lee Miller: Photography, Surrealism, and Beyond|last=Allmer|first=Patricia|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2016}}</ref> In response to the exhibition, Katherine Grant Sterne wrote a review in ''Parnassus'' in March 1932, noting that Miller "has retained more of her American character in the Paris milieu. The very beautiful ''Bird Cages'' at Brooklyn; the study of a pink-nailed hand embedded in curly blond hair which is included in both the Brooklyn and the Julien Levy show; and the brilliant print of a white statue against a black drop, illuminating it rather than distort it."<ref name="P.Allmer" />

In 1933, Julien Levy gave Miller the only solo exhibition of her life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conekin|first=Becky E.|title=Lee Miller: Model, Photographer and War Correspondent in Vogue, 1927–1953|journal=[[Fashion Theory]]|year=2006|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=97–126 |doi=10.2752/136270406778051058|s2cid=162325789}}</ref> Among her portrait clients were the surrealist artist [[Joseph Cornell]], actresses [[Lilian Harvey]] and [[Gertrude Lawrence]], and the African-American cast of the [[Virgil Thomson]]–[[Gertrude Stein]] opera ''[[Four Saints in Three Acts]]'' (1934).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spark.adobe.com/page/5TU0qyWCjrHyb/|title=Lee Miller|website=Adobe Spark|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304014521/https://spark.adobe.com/page/5TU0qyWCjrHyb/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1934, Miller abandoned her studio to marry the Egyptian businessman and engineer Aziz Eloui Bey, who had come to New York City to buy equipment for the [[Egyptian National Railways]]. Although she did not work as a professional photographer during this period, the photographs she took while living in Egypt with Eloui, including ''Portrait of Space'', a desert landscape seen through a torn fly screen, are regarded as some of her most striking surrealist images.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wotfoto.com/photographers/lee-miller|title=Lee Miller Photographer {{!}} Biography & Information {{!}} wotfoto.com|website=Wotfoto|access-date=March 4, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304014521/https://wotfoto.com/photographers/lee-miller|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Cairo]], Miller took a photograph of the desert near Siwa that [[René Magritte|Magritte]] saw and used as inspiration for his 1938 painting ''Le Baiser''.<ref name="JDGiovanni" /> Miller also contributed an object to the ''Surrealist Objects and Poems'' exhibition at the London Gallery in 1934.<ref name="P.Allmer" />

By 1937, Miller had grown bored with her life in Cairo. She returned to Paris and went to a party the day she arrived, where she reconciled with Man Ray, and met the British surrealist painter and curator [[Roland Penrose]].<ref name="NPR2011"/>

Four of her photographs, "Egypt" (1939), "Roumania" (1938), "Libya" (1939), and "Sinai" (1939), were displayed at the [[Anton Zwemmer#Zwemmer Gallery|Zwemmer Gallery]]'s 1940 exhibition, ''Surrealism To-Day''. The [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) included her work in the exhibition ''Britain at War'' in New York City in 1941.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britain at War. May 23 – Sep 2, 1941 |type=Archive |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3002 |website=The Museum of Modern Art }}</ref><ref name="P.Allmer" /> No other exhibition would include her photographs until 1955, when she was included in the renowned ''[[The Family of Man]]'' exhibition curated by [[Edward Steichen]], director of the MoMA Department of Photography.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Livingston|first=Jane|author-link=Jane Livingston|title=Lee Miller: Photographer|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1989|isbn=978-0500541395}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:War correspondents (cropped).jpg|thumb|Miller in 1943 with other female war correspondents who covered the U.S. Army in the European Theater during World War II; from left to right: [[Mary Welsh Hemingway|Mary Welsh]], [[Dixie Tighe]], [[Kathleen Harriman Mortimer|Kathleen Harriman]], [[Helen Kirkpatrick]], Lee Miller, and [[Tania Long]]]]
At the outbreak of [[World War II]], Miller was living at [[Downshire Hill]] in [[Hampstead]], London with Penrose when [[Nazi Germany|Germany's]] aerial bombardment of the city began. Ignoring pleas from friends and family to return to the U.S., Miller embarked on a new career in [[photojournalism]] as the official [[War photography|war photographer]] for ''Vogue'', documenting what became known as [[the Blitz]]. Because the British Army would not let her accompany them, she managed to be accredited with the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] instead as a [[war correspondent]] for [[Condé Nast Publications]] from December 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/lee_miller_biography_beautiful_young_thing_audacious_muse_photographer_3l.jpg |title=Lee Miller's war correspondence I.D. card |website=Messynessychic.com |access-date=November 12, 2021 |date=December 30, 1942 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112112519/https://www.the.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/lee_miller_biography_beautiful_young_thing_audacious_muse_photographer_3l.jpg |url-status=live}}<!-- https://www.messynessychic.com/2018/03/30/the-mad-mad-love-of-man-ray-lee-miller/ https://the.me/lee-miller-biography-from-beautiful-young-thing-to-audacious-muse-and-above-all-photographer/ --></ref> Miller's first article for [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] was on nurses at an army base in [[Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2022 |title=Lee Miller: Nurses |url=https://www.fitzroviachapel.org/lee-miller-nurses/ |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=The Fitzrovia Chapel |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501161937/https://www.fitzroviachapel.org/lee-miller-nurses/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She took portraits of nurses across Europe, including those on the front lines and prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jansen |first=Charlotte |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Lee Miller and the nurses of the Second World War |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1a5ecaa1-cf59-4030-ab0f-b42a446087cc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/1a5ecaa1-cf59-4030-ab0f-b42a446087cc |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref>

Following the [[D-Day]] invasion of France in 1944, Miller was tasked with reporting on what she was told was the newly-liberated town of [[Saint-Malo]]. She traveled there only to find that the town was still being heavily fought over. Miller's military accreditation as a female war correspondent did not allow her to enter an active combat zone, but rather than leave she decided to stay, and spent five days on the front lines photographing as much of the [[Battle of Saint-Malo]] as she could.<ref name="JMackrell">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/sep/11/now-i-owned-a-private-war-lee-miller-and-the-female-journalists-who-broke-battlefield-rules|title='Now I owned a private war': Lee Miller and the female journalists who broke battlefield rules|author=Judith Mackrell |website=The Guardian |date=September 11, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Her photographs included the first recorded use of [[napalm]]. When the military authorities realized where she was, they put Miller under temporary [[house arrest]] and placed strict limits on her movements.<ref name="JMackrell"/>

While she was working with ''Vogue'' during World War II, Miller's goal was to "document war as historical evidence".<ref name="Hilditch">Hilditch, L. "Believe It! Lee Miller's Second World War Photographs as Modern Memorials." ''Journal of War & Culture Studies,'' July 3, 2018, 11(3), pp. 209–222.</ref> Her work provided "context for events"<ref>Zelizer, Barbie. ''Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. ??.</ref> and "an eye-witness account" of the casualties of war.<ref name="Hilditch" /> Miller's work was very specific and surrealist, like her previous publications and modelling with ''Vogue''. She spent time composing her photographs, famously framing some from inside the [[Holocaust trains|cattle trains]] that had transported thousands of Jews to [[Extermination camp|Nazi death camps]]. Miller's work with ''Vogue'' during wartime was often a combination of journalism and art, sometimes manipulated to evoke emotion.<ref name="Hilditch" />

Miller teamed up with American photojournalist [[David E. Scherman]], a [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] correspondent, on many assignments, including the [[liberation of Paris]], the [[Battle of Alsace]], and the horrors of the [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[concentration camp]]s at [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]]. Scherman's iconic photograph<ref name="Bukhari" /> of Miller sitting in the bathtub in [[Hitler's Munich apartment|Adolf Hitler's private apartment]] in Munich,<ref name="LMbath">{{cite web |title=Lee Miller in Hitler's apartment at 16 Prinzregent – 2245 {{!}} LeeMiller |url=https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/Lee-Miller-in-Hitler-s-apartment-at-16-Prinzregentenplatz-Note-the-combat-boots-on-the-bath-mat-now-stained-with-the-du/kX36YYnRPRhGQ1uHwG83hA..a |website=leemiller.co.uk |date=April 30, 1945 |quote=Note the combat boots on the bath mat now stained with the dust of Dachau; and a photograph of the previous owner of the flat propped on the edge of the tub. |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108012227/https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/Lee-Miller-in-Hitler-s-apartment-at-16-Prinzregentenplatz-Note-the-combat-boots-on-the-bath-mat-now-stained-with-the-du/kX36YYnRPRhGQ1uHwG83hA..a |url-status=live}}</ref> with the dried mud of that morning's visit to Dachau on her boots deliberately dirtying Hitler's bathroom,<ref>{{cite web |last=Beggs |first=Alex |title=Don't Let History Forget This Incredible Female World War II Photographer |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/09/female-wwii-photographer-lee-miller |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116004238/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/09/female-wwii-photographer-lee-miller |archive-date=November 16, 2020|date=September 30, 2015 |url-status=live |quote=After trudging through the liberated concentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau... Lee Miller took off her muddy boots, making sure to wipe their horrific mud on the clean, fluffy bathmat, and posed in Hitler's bathtub.}}</ref> was taken in the evening on 30 April 1945, coincidentally the same day that [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler committed suicide]].<ref name="BBC-WitHist1">{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct4x9p | title = Witness History – Lee Miller in Hitler's bath | date = 12 Jun 2023 | website = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC World Service | access-date = 5 October 2024 | quote = I was living in Hitler's private apartment when his death was announced. It was midnight of May Day, it was snowing, we were celebrating being there anyhow and the dry, convincing voice of the BBC was just another vague rumour. Well alright. He was dead. He'd never really been alive for me until this day. He'd been an evil machine monster all these years, until I visited all the places he'd made famous, talking to the people who knew him, dug into backstairs gossip, and ate and slept in his house.}}</ref> After posing for the bathtub photograph, Miller took a bath in the tub, and then slept in Hitler's bed.<ref name="JDGiovanni" /><ref name="BBC-WitHist2">{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct4x9p | title = Witness History – Lee Miller in Hitler's bath | date = 12 Jun 2023 | website = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC World Service | access-date = 5 October 2024 | quote = He had so recently been there. The private telephone wires were still operating, and one of the soldiers picked up the phone. I took some pictures of the place, and I also got a good night's sleep in Hitler's bed.}}</ref> She was also photographed in [[Eva Braun]]'s bed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lee Miller in Eva Brauns bed |url=http://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/aNDpfu83sUQxWZ8DuzWxtg..a |website=leemiller.co.uk |year=1945 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206194809/http://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/aNDpfu83sUQxWZ8DuzWxtg..a |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During this period, Miller photographed dying children in a Vienna hospital, peasant life in post-war Hungary, corpses of Nazi officers and their families, and finally, the execution of former Hungarian Prime Minister [[László Bárdossy]]. After the war, she continued working for ''Vogue'' for another two years, covering fashion and celebrities.<ref name="2007-09-08 Guardian" />

At the war's end, Miller's work as a wartime photojournalist continued as she sent [[telegram]]s back to the British ''Vogue'' editor, Audrey Withers, urging her to publish photographs from the camps.<ref>Miller, Lee. "Germans Are Like This." British ''Vogue,'' (Features/Articles/People), June  1945, 105(10), pp. 102j, 192, 193. [https://archive.vogue.com/article/1945/06/01/germans-are-like-this Digitized] in Vogue Online Archive (registration required). Retrieved October 2, 2024.</ref> She did this following a CBS broadcast from Buchenwald by [[Edward R. Murrow]], and [[Richard Dimbleby]]'s BBC broadcast from inside [[Bergen-Belsen]].<ref>[[Edward R. Murrow|Murrow, E. R.]] (April 16, 1945). "They Died 900 a Day in 'the Best' Nazi Death Camp. Buchenwald, Germany", CBS.</ref><ref name="Hilditch" /> This was in consequence of people's disbelief at such atrocities, when these broadcasters urged photographers to do what they could to show the public what they saw.

===Life in Britain===
After returning to Britain from central Europe, Miller suffered severe episodes of [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]] which her son believes was due to [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Chris |date=March 19, 2016 |title=Lee Miller, the mother I never knew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/19/lee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> He also described her alcoholism and recovery from alcohol abuse in his 1985 [[biography]], ''The Lives of Lee Miller.''

In November 1946, Miller was commissioned by British ''Vogue'' to illustrate an article titled, "When [[James Joyce]] Lived in Dublin", by Joyce's old friend and confidant Constantine Curran. Following a list given to her by Curran, Miller photographed numerous places and people in Dublin, many with a connection to Joyce. The article and photographs appeared in American ''Vogue'' in May 1947 and British ''Vogue'' in 1950. The photos provide a remarkable record of Joyce's hometown and Dublin during that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2014.photoireland.org/program/lee-miller/|title=Lee Miller in James Joyce's Dublin|date=June 2014|work=PhotoIreland|access-date=December 7, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208153819/http://2014.photoireland.org/program/lee-miller/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1946, Miller travelled with Roland Penrose to the United States, where she visited Man Ray in California. After she discovered she was pregnant by Penrose, she divorced Bey and, on May 3, 1947, married Penrose. Their only son, [[Antony Penrose]], was born on September 9, 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony Penrose |url=https://www.leemiller.co.uk/artists/antony-penrose/ |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=Lee Miller Archives}}</ref> In 1949, the couple bought [[Farley Farm House]] in [[Chiddingly]], East Sussex. During the 1950s and 1960s, Farley Farm became a sort of artistic Mecca for visiting artists such as Picasso, Man Ray, [[Henry Moore]], [[Eileen Agar]], [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Dorothea Tanning]], and [[Max Ernst]].

While Miller continued to do the occasional photo shoot for ''Vogue'', she soon discarded the darkroom for the kitchen, becoming a gourmet cook. According to her housekeeper Patsy, she specialized in "historical food" like roast [[suckling pig]] as well as treats such as marshmallows in a cola sauce (especially made to annoy English critic [[Cyril Connolly]] who told her Americans didn't know how to cook).<ref name="JDGiovanni" />

She also provided photographs for her husband's biographies of Picasso and [[Antoni Tàpies]]. However, images from the war, especially of the concentration camps, continued to haunt her, and she started on what her son later described as a "downward spiral". Her depression may have been accelerated by her husband's long affair with the trapeze artist Diane Deriaz.<ref name="prose" />

Miller was investigated by the British security service [[MI5]] during the 1940s and 1950s, on suspicion of being a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardham|first=Duncan|title=MI5 investigated Vogue photographer Lee Miller on suspicion of spying for Russians, files show|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/4927532/MI5-investigated-Vogue-photographer-Lee-Miller-on-suspicion-of-spying-for-Russians-files-show.html|access-date=May 9, 2014|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=March 3, 2009|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506010745/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/4927532/MI5-investigated-Vogue-photographer-Lee-Miller-on-suspicion-of-spying-for-Russians-files-show.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="S.Berg">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7919000/7919211.stm |title=The Lee Miller File |author=Sanchia Berg |date=March 3, 2009 |work=Today BBC Radio 4 |access-date=September 22, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304130121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7919000/7919211.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 1969, Miller was asked in an interview with a ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter what drew her to photography. Her response was that it was "a matter of getting out on a damn limb and sawing it off behind you".<ref name="Bukhari" />

==Death==
Miller died of lung cancer at Farley Farm House in 1977, aged 70.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elkin |first=Lauren |date=February 15, 2019 |title=A Novel About the Life and Times of the Photographer Lee Miller |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/books/review/whitney-scharer-age-light.html |access-date=September 14, 2024 |work=New York Times}}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Mehek |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Lee Miller: A woman who took 60,000 WWII photographs and also bathed in Hitler’s tub, the day he committed suicide! |url=https://medium.com/the-collector/lee-miller-a-woman-who-took-60-000-wwii-photographs-and-also-bathed-in-hitlers-tub-the-day-he-b7f04f07c137 |url-status=live |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=Medium}}</ref> The title (with '!') alone should disqualify the text as source. Obnoxious.--> She was cremated, and her ashes were spread through her herb garden at Farley.<ref name="NGS" />

==Legacy==
Miller's work has served as inspiration for Gucci's [[Frida Giannini]], [[Ann Demeulemeester]], and [[Alexander McQueen]]. Playwright [[David Hare (playwright)|David Hare]] comments, "Today, when the mark of a successful iconographer is to offer craven worship of wealth, or yet more craven worship of power and celebrity, it is impossible to imagine an artist of Lee's subtlety and humanity commanding the resources of a mass-market magazine."<ref name="ErinC" /> [[Mark Haworth-Booth]], curator of ''The Art of Lee Miller'', has said "her photographs shocked people out of their comfort zone" and that "she had a chip of ice in her heart... she got very close to things... [[Margaret Bourke-White]] was far away from the fighting, but Lee was close. That's what makes the difference—Lee was prepared to shock."<ref name="JDGiovanni" />

In 1932, for the ''Poughkeepsie Evening Star'', Miller stated that photography was "perfectly suited to women as a profession... it seems to me that women have a bigger chance at success in photography than men... women are quicker and more adaptable than men. And I think they have an intuition that helps them understand personalities more quickly than men."<ref name="BEConekin" />

Throughout her life, Miller did very little to promote her photographic work.<ref name="2007-09-08 Guardian" /> That Miller's work is known today is mainly due to the efforts of her son, Antony Penrose, who has been studying, conserving, and promoting his mother's work since the early 1980s. He discovered sixty thousand or so photographs, [[Negative (photography)|negatives]], documents, journals, cameras, love letters, and souvenirs in cardboard boxes and trunks in Farley Farm's attic after his mother's death. He owns the house and offers tours of the works of Miller and Penrose.<ref name="Bukhari" /> The house is home to the private collections of Miller and Penrose, their work, and some of their favourite art pieces. In the dining room, the fireplace was decorated in vivid colours by Penrose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farleys House and Gallery|url=http://www.leemiller.co.uk/article/Artists/b4OcCNM2-8snMwHxWgoJ5Q..a?cl=b4OcCNM2-8snMwHxWgoJ5Q..a&ts=Ugo-hyympA5mqfpQPjNcCA..a#fh|access-date=March 14, 2017|archive-date=March 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085344/http://www.leemiller.co.uk/article/Artists/b4OcCNM2-8snMwHxWgoJ5Q..a?cl=b4OcCNM2-8snMwHxWgoJ5Q..a&ts=Ugo-hyympA5mqfpQPjNcCA..a#fh|url-status=live}}</ref> Her pictures are accessible at the ''Lee Miller Archives''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Miller Archives|url=http://www.leemiller.co.uk/|access-date=May 9, 2014|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027001425/http://www.leemiller.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:LEE MILLER 1907-1977 Photographer and Sir ROLAND PENROSE 1900-1984 Surrealist lived here.jpg|thumb|Blue Plaque, 21&nbsp;Downshire Hill, Hampstead]]
In 1985, Penrose published the first biography of Miller, entitled ''The Lives of Lee Miller''. Since then, a number of books, mostly accompanying exhibitions of her photographs, have been written by art historians and writers such as Jane Livingstone, [[Richard Calvocoressi]], and Haworth-Booth. Penrose and [[David Scherman]] collaborated on the book ''Lee Miller's War: Photographer and Correspondent With the Allies in Europe 1944–45'', in 1992. Interviews with Penrose form the core of the 1995 documentary ''Lee Miller: Through the Mirror'', made with Scherman and writer-director Sylvain Roumette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1jrxzu_lee-miller-through-the-mirror-1995_webcam |title=Lee Miller, Through the Mirror (1995) |date=March 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Dailymotion]] |access-date=July 13, 2015 |archive-date=May 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515181557/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1jrxzu_lee-miller-through-the-mirror-1995_webcam |url-status=live}}</ref> The audiobook ''Surrealism Reviewed'' was published in 2002, and a 1946 radio interview with Miller can be heard on it.<sup>Missing ref.</sup>

A [[blue plaque]] was attached to Miller's and Penrose's residence at 21 [[Downshire Hill]], Hampstead, London.

In 2005, Miller's life story was turned into a musical, ''Six Pictures of Lee Miller'', with music and lyrics by British composer [[Jason Carr]]. It premiered at the [[Chichester Festival Theatre]], [[West Sussex]].<ref>[https://www.jasoncarr.org.uk/leemiller.html ''Six Pictures of Lee Miller''] on Jason Carr's homepage.</ref> Also in 2005, [[Carolyn Burke]]'s substantial biography, ''Lee Miller, A Life'', was published.

In 2007, ''Traces of Lee Miller: Echoes from St. Malo'', an interactive CD and DVD about Miller's war photography in St. Malo, was released with the support of Hand Productions and [[Sussex University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Artists |url=https://www.ltmrecordings.com/surrealism_reviewed_ltmcd2343.html |website=www.ltmrecordings.com |publisher=LTM Recordings |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2015, an exhibition of Miller's photographs at the [[Scottish National Portrait Gallery]], ''Lee Miller and Picasso'', focussed "on the relationship between Lee Miller, Roland Penrose and Pablo Picasso".<ref>{{cite web |title=Lee Miller and Picasso |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/whatson/on-now-coming-soon/lee-miller-and-picasso/ |website=National Galleries Scotland |access-date=May 30, 2015 |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530015128/https://www.nationalgalleries.org/whatson/on-now-coming-soon/lee-miller-and-picasso/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 

Two works of historical fiction, that build their stories around Miller's life, work, and relationship with Man Ray in Paris circa 1930, were a book written by Dana Gynther titled ''The Woman in the Photograph,''  published in 2015,<ref>{{cite book|last=Gynther|first=Dana|title=The Woman in the Photograph|year=2015|publisher=Gallery Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4767-3195-7}}</ref> and ''The Age of Light'', by Whitney Scharer, released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The age of light : a novel|last=Whitney|first=Scharer|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=2019|isbn=978-0-316-52408-7|edition=First|location=New York|oclc=1083101034}}</ref>

Penrose's 1985 biography of Miller was the basis for the 2023 film by [[Ellen Kuras]], ''[[Lee (2023 film)|Lee]]'', with [[Kate Winslet]] starring as Miller.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/kate-winslet-lee-miller-biopic|title=A New Film about Vogue Model & War Correspondent Lee Miller Will Star Kate Winslet and Marion Cotillard|author1=Hayley Maitland|author2=Radhika Seth|magazine=[[British Vogue]]|date=October 22, 2021|access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref> Most of the movie shows Miller during World War II, depicting the occasions for some of her most well known pictures from the Blitz, the liberation of Paris, and the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps, and including a glimpse into the relationships with main characters in her life, such as her colleague photojournalist [[David Scherman]], British ''Vogue'' editor [[Audrey Withers]], and her husband Roland Penrose.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Zuckerman |first=Esther |date=September 27, 2024 |title=The True Story Behind the War Photographer Biopic Lee |url=https://time.com/7022783/lee-miller-movie-true-story/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2024 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

In the 2024 film ''[[Civil War (film)|Civil War]]'' by [[Alex Garland]], Miller was referred to as a role model for [[Kirsten Dunst]]'s character, Lee Smith, who is a famed war photographer in much the same way as Miller and has the same first name.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |title=Famed War Photographer Lee Miller Gets a Surprise Shoutout in New Alex Garland Film 'Civil War' |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/civil-war-lee-miller-war-photography-1234702641/ |website=ARTnews |date=April 12, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
* 2001: ''Roland Penrose and Lee Miller: The Surrealist and the Photographer'', [[Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art]], Edinburgh
* 2007:  ''The Art of Lee Miller'', [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London
* 2015: ''Lee Miller and Picasso'', Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
* 2015/16: ''Lee Miller'', [[Albertina]], Vienna
** [[Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale]]
** [[Berliner Festspiele]]: [[Martin-Gropius-Bau]], Berlin
* 2018/19: ''Lee Miller and Surrealism in Britain'', [[The Hepworth Wakefield]], Wakefield
** [[Fundació Joan Miró]], Barcelona<ref>[https://www.fmirobcn.org/media/upload/pdf/ddp-lee-miller-y-el-surrealismo-en-la-gran-bretana-eng_154263975576.pdf Press release (PDF)] for the exhibition at Fundació Joan Miró. Retrieved October 23, 2024.</ref>
* 2023/24: ''[https://www.heide.com.au/exhibitions/surrealist-lee-miller/ Surrealist Lee Miller]'', [[Heide Museum of Modern Art]], Melbourne
* 2024: ''Lee Miller: A Photographer at Work (1932–1945)'', [[The Image Centre]], Toronto
* 2024: ''Lee Miller, Saint-Malo under Siege August 1944'', [[Sainte-Victoire Chapel]], Saint-Malo
* 2025: ''Lee Miller in Print'', [[FOMU]], Antwerp

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Allmer |first=Patricia |title=Lee Miller: Photography, Surrealism, and Beyond |year=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-8547-5|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Bouhassane |first=Ami |title=Lee Miller |year=2019 |publisher=Eiderdown Books |isbn=978-1-916041-64-6|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Burke |first=Carolyn |author-link=Carolyn Burke |title=Lee Miller, a Life |year=2005 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-37540147-4 |ref=none}}
** Paperback edition (2007): University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-22608067-6.
* {{cite book |last=Calvocoressi |first=Richard|author-link=Richard Calvocoressi |title=Lee Miller: Portraits from a Life |year=2002 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-54260-0 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Ernestine |others=Edward R. Murrow (foreword), Lee Miller a. o. (photographs) |title=Grim Glory. Pictures of Britain under Fire |year=1941 |publisher=Lund Humphries/Scribners |location=London/Bradford}}
* {{cite book |last=Clayton |first=Eleanor |title=Lee Miller and Surrealism in Britain |year=2018 |publisher=Lund Humphries |isbn=978-1-84822-272-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Conekin |first=Becky E. |title=Lee Miller in Fashion |year=2013 |publisher=Monacelli |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58093-376-6}} 
* {{cite book |last=Conley |first=Katharine |title=Surrealist Ghostliness |year=2013 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-2659-3|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Haworth-Booth |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Haworth-Booth |title=The Art of Lee Miller |type=exhibition catalogue, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |year=2007 |publisher=V & A Publ./Yale University Press |location=London/New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-12375-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Mackrell |first=Judith |title=The Correspondents: Six Women Writers on the Front Lines of World War II |year=2023 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-59347115-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Moser |editor-first=Walter |editor-last2=Schröder |editor-first2=Klaus Albrecht |title=Lee Miller |type=exhibition catalogue, [[Albertina]], Vienna |year=2015 |publisher=Hatje Cantz |location=Ostfildern, Germany |isbn=978-3-7757-3955-9 |language=German, English |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Muir |first1=Robin |last2=Butchart |first2=Amber |last3=Bouhassane |first3=Ami (introduction) |title=Lee Miller: Fashion in Wartime Britain |year=2021 |publisher=Lee Miller Archives/Farley's House and Gallery |isbn=978-0-9532389-8-9|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Noel-Johnson |first=Victoria |title=Lee Miller / Man Ray: Fashion – Love – War |year=2023 |publisher=Thames & Hudson/Skira |location=London/New York |isbn=9788857244150}}
* {{cite book |last=Penrose |first=Antony |title=The Lives of Lee Miller |year=1985 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-03005833-3 |ref=none}}
** Paperback edition (1988): ISBN 0-500-27509-2 (several printings).
** New pb. edition (2021): ISBN 978-0-500-29428-4.
** New pb. edition (2024): on occasion of the release of the film ''[[Lee (2023 film)|Lee]],'' with [[Kate Winslet]] on cover. ISBN 978-0-500-29752-0.
* {{cite book |last=Penrose |first=Antony |title=Surrealist Lee Miller |year=2019 |publisher=Lee Miller Archives/Farley's House and Gallery |isbn=978-0-9532389-3-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Penrose |first=Antony |title=Surrealist Weekends. Farley in the Fifties |year=2022 |publisher=Lee Miller Archives/Farley's House and Gallery |isbn=978-1-91429801-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=Antony |last2=Macweeney |first2=Alen |title=The Home of the Surrealists: Lee Miller, Roland Penrose and Their Circle at Farley Farm |year=2001 |publisher=Frances Lincoln/Lee Miller Archives |location=London |isbn=0-71121726-2 |ref=none}} 
* {{cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=Antony |last2=Slusher |first2=Katherine |title=Lee Miller: Picasso in Private/Picasso en privado/Picasso en privat |year=2007 |publisher=Picasso Museum. Ajuntament de Barcelona, Institut de Cultura |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-8-49850019-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Penrose |first=Antony |title=Lee Miller: Photographs |others=Foreword by Kate Winslet |year=2023 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-02592-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Penrose |first=Roland |title=The Road Is Wider Than Long. An Image Diary from the Balkans July-August 1938 |editor-last=Mesens|editor-first=E. L. T.|editor-link=E. L. T. Mesens |series=Series of Surrealist Poetry No. 1. Edition of 500 + 10 |year=1939 |publisher=Gallery Editions |location=London}}
** (1980): London: Arts Council of Great Britain, ISBN 0-7287-0235-5.
** (2003): Oxford: Oxford University Press, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 0-89236-716-4.
** (2021): Muddles Green, Sussex: Lee Miller Archives, ISBN 978-0-95323899-6.
* {{cite book |type=exhibition catalogue, [[Dean Gallery]] |title=Roland Penrose, Lee Miller: The Surrealist and the Photographer |year=2001 |publisher=Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-903278-20-1|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Prodger |first1=Philip |last2=Hartigan |first2=Lynda Roscoe |last3=Penrose |first3=Antony |title=Man Ray / Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism |type=exhibition catalogue, Peabody Essex Museum, Montclair Art Museum, and Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco |year=2011 |publisher=Merrell/Peabody Essex Museum |location=New York/Salem, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-85894-557-6 }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Roberts |first1=Hilary |last2=Penrose |first2=Antony |title=Lee Miller: A Woman's War |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015|isbn=978-0-500-51818-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Naomi  |author-link=Naomi Rosenblum |title=A History of Women Photographers |year=1994 |publisher=Abbeville |location=New York |isbn=1-55859761-1 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Slusher |first=Katherine |title=Lee Miller and Roland Penrose: The Green Memories of Desire |year=2007 |publisher=Prestel |location=Munich/New York/London |isbn=978-3791337623|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=van Kampen-Prein |first=Saskia |title=Lee Miller in Print |year=2024 |type=exhibition catalogue |publisher=Museum Boijmans van Beuningen |location=Rotterdam |isbn=978-90-6918-330-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lee Miller (photographer)|Lee Miller}}
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* [http://www.leemiller.co.uk/ Lee Miller Archives official site]
* [https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24515.html Lee Miller: Artist Chronology] [[Museum of Modern Art]]
* [https://www.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk/ Farleys House and Gallery official site]
* {{cite news |last=Cosslett |first=Rhiannon Lucy |title='Picasso nearly fell over backwards when he saw her' – Lee Miller's son on their intense relationship |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/sep/05/picasso-lee-miller-son-nazis-muse |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 5, 2022}} – article discussing the relationship between Miller and Picasso
* [https://www.leemillerresearchguide.com/ Lee Miller Research Guide] – Offering a new perspective on the Lee Miller story.

{{Surrealism}}
{{Man Ray}}
{{Authority control}}

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