Editing Leaf by Niggle

{{Short description|Short story by J. R. R. Tolkien}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{See Wiktionary|redirect=Niggle||niggle}}
{{Infobox short story | 
| name          = Leaf by Niggle
| image         = Leaf by Niggle (cover).png
| caption       = English edition of ''Leaf by Niggle'', HarperCollins, 2016
| author        = [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
| country       = United Kingdom
| language      = English/Spanish
| genre         = [[Fantasy]] short-story
| published_in  = ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]''
| release_date  = January 1945
| pages         =
| preceded_by_italics = [[The Hobbit]]
| followed_by   = [[On Fairy-Stories]]
}}

"'''Leaf by Niggle'''" is a short story written by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] in 1938–39<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Tolkien|1964|loc=Introductory Note}}</ref> and first published in the ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]'' in January 1945. It was reprinted in Tolkien's book ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'', and in several later collections. Contrary to Tolkien's claim that he despised [[allegory]] in any form, the story is an allegory of Tolkien's own creative process, and, to an extent, of his own life, following the structure of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Purgatorio]]''. It also expresses his philosophy of divine creation and human [[sub-creation]]. The story came to him in a dream.

== Context ==

{{main|J. R. R. Tolkien}}

[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was a scholar of English literature, a [[philologist]] and [[medievalist]] interested in language and poetry from the [[Middle Ages]], especially that of [[Anglo-Saxon England]] and Northern Europe. His professional knowledge of works such as ''[[Beowulf]]'' shaped his fictional world of [[Middle-earth]], including his [[high fantasy]] novel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#131 to [[Milton Waldman]], late 1951 }}</ref>{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=146–149}}

== Plot summary ==

In this story, an artist named Niggle lives in a society that does not value art. Working only to please himself, he [[painting|paints]] a canvas of a great tree with a forest in the distance. He invests each and every leaf of his tree with obsessive attention to detail, making every leaf uniquely beautiful. Niggle ends up discarding all his other artworks, or tacks them onto the main canvas, which becomes a single vast embodiment of his vision.

However, mundane duties constantly prevent Niggle from giving his work the attention it deserves, so it remains incomplete and is not fully realised. At the back of his head, Niggle knows that he has a great trip looming, and he must prepare for it, but Niggle's next door neighbour, a gardener named Parish, frequently drops by asking for assistance. Parish is lame, has a sick wife, and genuinely needs help. Niggle, having a good heart, takes time out to help—but he is also reluctant because he would rather work on his painting. Niggle has other pressing work duties as well that require his attention. Then Niggle himself catches a chill doing errands for Parish in the rain.

Eventually, Niggle is forced to take his trip, and cannot get out of it. He has not prepared, and as a result the trip goes wrong, and he ends up in a kind of institution, in which he must perform menial labour each day. Back at the home to which he cannot return, Niggle's painting is abandoned, used to patch a damaged roof, and all but destroyed (except for the one perfect leaf of the story's title, which is placed in the local museum).

In time, Niggle is paroled from the institution, and he is sent to a place "for a little gentle treatment". He discovers that this new place is the country of the tree and forest of his great painting. This place is the true realisation of his vision, not the flawed and incomplete version in his painting.

Niggle is reunited with his old neighbour, Parish, who now proves his worth as a gardener, and together they make the tree and forest even more beautiful. Finally, Niggle journeys farther and deeper into the Forest, and beyond into the great mountains that he only faintly glimpsed in his painting.

Long after both Niggle and Parish have taken their journeys, the place that they created together becomes a destination for many travellers to visit before their final voyage into the mountains, and it earns the name "Niggle's Parish".

== Publication history ==

"Leaf by Niggle" was first published in the ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]'' in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tolkien |first=Priscilla |author-link=Priscilla Tolkien |title=Leaf, by Niggle |url=https://www.tolkienestate.com/writing/priscilla-tolkien-leaf-by-niggle/ |website=Tolkien: The Official Site of the Tolkien Estate |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Neave" group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter 241 to [[Jane Neave]], 8–9 September 1962 }}</ref> It first appeared in a book in 1964 alongside "[[On Fairy-Stories]]" in ''[[Tree and Leaf]]''.<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Tolkien|1964}}</ref> It has been republished in the collections ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (1966),<ref group="T">{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |title=The Tolkien Reader |date=1966 |publisher=Ballantine |isbn=978-0-3452-4831-2 |oclc=26059501}}</ref> ''Poems & Stories'' (1980),<ref group="T">{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |title=Poems and Stories |date=1980 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |isbn=978-0-0482-3174-1}}</ref> ''A Tolkien Miscellany'' (2002),<ref group="T">{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |title=A Tolkien Miscellany |date=2002 |publisher=Quality Paperback Book Club |isbn=978-0-9654-6377-5}}</ref> and ''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (2021).<ref group="T">{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |title=Tales from the Perilous Realm |date=2021 |publisher=Mariner Books |isbn=978-0-3586-5296-0}}</ref>

== Analysis ==

=== Allegory ===

Tolkien made the general statement "I dislike [[allegory]]" in one of his letters,<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter 131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951 }}</ref> but in specific references to "Leaf by Niggle", he wrote that "It is not really or properly an 'allegory' so much as 'mythical'",<ref name="Neave" group="T"/> and "I tried to show allegorically how {{bracket|[[sub-creation]]}} might come to be taken up into Creation in some plane in my 'purgatorial' story ''Leaf by Niggle''."<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter 153 to Peter Hastings, draft, September 1954 }}</ref>

==== Of the journey of death ====

The Tolkien scholar and fellow-[[philologist]] [[Tom Shippey]] states categorically that the story is "quite certainly" an allegory, and that its first words recall "to any Anglo-Saxonist" the opening lines of the [[Old Northumbrian]] poem ''[[Bede's Death Song]]''. Those lines, he states, equate death to a journey, hinting to the reader to continue making such "equations" of things in the world to elements of the story; and further, that the reader of the story is meant to interpret the story in this way, every tiny detail exactly and entertainingly fitting the pattern.{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=49–50}}

[[File:Henry Holiday - Dante meets Beatrice.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|"Leaf by Niggle" matches the structure of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Purgatorio]]'', and fits Dante's [[romantic theology]]. Here, Dante looks longingly at [[Beatrice Portinari|Beatrice]] (centre) as she strolls by the [[River Arno]]. ''[[Dante and Beatrice (painting)|Dante and Beatrice]]'', by [[Henry Holiday]], 1883]]

A religious reading could lead to the conclusion that the allegory of "Leaf by Niggle" is life, death, [[purgatory]] and [[paradise]]. Niggle is not prepared for his unavoidable trip, as humans often are not prepared for death. His time in the institution and subsequent discovery of his Tree represent purgatory and [[heaven]]; Sebastian Knowles writes that the story "follows [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s '[[Purgatorio]]' in its general structure and in its smallest detail."<ref>{{cite book |last=Knowles |first=Sebastian D. G. |title=A Purgatorial Flame: Seven British Writers in the Second World War |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=1990 |pages=140–141}}<!--cited in {{cite book |first=Perry C. |last=Bramlett |title=I Am in Fact a Hobbit |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |year=2003}}--></ref>

Michael Milburn argues that [[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]]'s view of Dante as [[romantic theology]] – which Milburn glosses as the serious theology of romantic experiences, including romantic love – can be applied to Tolkien's story. Dante, he writes, has a "glorious vision" of [[Beatrice Portinari|Beatrice]] that is "as real" as the actual Beatrice.<ref name="Milburn 2011"/> She dies, leaving Dante with the inspiration to "''be'' love", to stay faithful to his vision of her. This can be applied to art with "a source text that not only takes art for its subject but locates the vision of great art in the afterlife with Beatrice, includes an experience analogous to the death of Beatrice, and explores the relationship between artistic beauty and ''caritas''.<ref name="Milburn 2011"/> Milburn states that Tolkien's "Leaf by Niggle" is just such a text, because Niggle's allegorical "journey" signifies death, the "Workhouse" signifies purgatory, and the place Niggle reaches after that is the [[Earthly Paradise]], the place for Tolkien as for Dante of final purification before heaven, Niggle's "mountains".<ref name="Milburn 2011"/> Tolkien had met Williams, as they were both members of [[the Inklings]] literary group. Further, Milburn notes, Tolkien, despite denying that Williams had been an influence, wrote a poem about him, in which he praises William's understanding of Dante, his romantic theology: "But heavenly footsteps, too, can Williams trace, / and after Dante, plunging, soaring, race / up to the threshold of Eternal Grace".<ref name="Milburn 2011">{{cite journal |last=Milburn |first=Michael |year=2011 |title=Art According to Romantic Theology: Charles Williams's Analysis of Dante Reapplied to J.R.R. Tolkien's 'Leaf by Niggle' |journal=[[Mythlore]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |at=Article 6 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol29/iss3/6}}</ref>

==== Of Tolkien's life ====

An autobiographical interpretation places Tolkien himself as Niggle—in mundane matters as well as spiritual ones.{{sfn|Shippey|2001|p=xxxiii "'Leaf by Niggle' and '[[Smith of Wootton Major]]' are in their different ways 'autobiographical allegories'"}}<ref name="Baltasar 2004">{{cite book |last=Baltasar |first=Michaela  |chapter=J. R. R. Tolkien: A Rediscovery of Myth |editor-last=Chance |editor-first=Jane |editor-link=Jane Chance |title=Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader |title-link=Tolkien and the Invention of Myth |year=2004 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2301-1 |pages=29–30}}</ref> Tolkien was compulsive in his writing, his endless revisions, his desire for perfection in form and in the "reality" of his invented world, [[Tolkien's languages|its languages]], its chronologies, its existence. Like Niggle, Tolkien came to abandon other projects or graft them onto his "Tree", Middle-earth. Like Niggle, Tolkien faced many chores and duties that kept him from the work he loved;<ref name="Hammond and Hammond"/> and like Niggle, Tolkien was a confirmed procrastinator.{{sfn|Carpenter|1977|loc=Part Seven "1959–1973 Last years", Chapter 1: "Headington"}} Shippey comments that whereas Tolkien had once felt that one could return to [[Faerie|Faërie]] in some way, later in his life he came to doubt that he would "[rejoin] his own creations after death, like Niggle; he felt they were lost, like the [[Silmarils]]."{{sfn|Shippey|2005|p=324}} He adds that when Tolkien presents images of himself in his writings, as with Niggle and [[Smith of Wootton Major|Smith]], there is "a persistent streak of alienation".<ref name="Shippey 2004">{{cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |chapter=Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: Edda and Kalevala |editor-last=Chance |editor-first=Jane |editor-link=Jane Chance |title=Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader |year=2004 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2301-1 |page=158}}</ref> Shippey lists several elements of the allegory in "Leaf by Niggle".{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=49–50}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ [[Tom Shippey]]'s analysis of "Leaf by Niggle" as an [[allegory]] of Tolkien's life{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=49–50}}
|-
! Story element !! Aspect of Tolkien's life
|-
| Niggle the painter || Tolkien the writer
|-
| Niggle's "leaf" || ''[[The Hobbit]]'', published 1937
|-
| Niggle's "Tree" || ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', still in work when "Leaf by Niggle" was written
|-
| The "country" that opens from it || [[Middle-earth]]
|-
| The "other pictures ... tacked on to the edges of his great picture" || [[Poetry in The Lord of the Rings|Tolkien's poems]] and [[Tolkien's artwork|other works]] which he fitted into his novel
|-
| "Potatoes" sacrificed to "paint" || Medievalist research articles sacrificed to ''The Lord of the Rings''
|}

==== Of creation and sub-creation ====

{{further|Christianity in Middle-earth}}

"Leaf by Niggle" can be interpreted, too, as an illustration of Tolkien's religious philosophy of creation and sub-creation.<ref name="Hammond and Hammond">{{cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=J. Samuel |last2=Hammond |first2=Marie K. |chapter=Creation and Sub-creation in Leaf by Niggle |series=Inklings Forever |volume=VII |title=A Collection of Essays Presented at the Seventh Frances White Colloquium on C.S. Lewis & Friends |publisher=[[Taylor University]] |location=Upland, Indiana |year=2010 |oclc=825560650 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Manganiello |first=Dominic |title='Leaf by Niggle': The Worth of the Work |journal=English Studies in Canada |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=1998 |pages=121–137 |doi=10.1353/esc.1998.0035}}</ref> In this philosophy, true creation is the exclusive province of [[God in Christianity|God]], and those who aspire to creation can only make echoes (good) or mockeries (evil) of truth. The sub-creation of works that echo the true creations of God is one way that mortals honour God. This philosophy is evident in Tolkien's other works, especially ''[[The Silmarillion]]''—one [[Vala (Middle-earth)|Vala]], [[Morgoth]], creates the [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Orc]] race as a foul mockery of the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]]. Another Vala, [[Aulë]], creates the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarf]] race as an act of subcreation that honoured [[Eru Ilúvatar]] (the analogue of God in Tolkien's writings), and which Eru accepted and made real, just as Niggle's Tree was made real.<ref name="Evans 2013">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Evans (scholar) |chapter=Dwarves |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael Drout |title=[[J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2006 |pages=134–135 |quote=The myth of the Dwarves' creation illustrates Tolkien's theory of subcreation as expressed in 'Mythopoeia,' and may indicate anxieties about the independent value of art.}}</ref> Niggle's yearnings after truth and beauty (God's creations) are echoed in his great painting. After death, Niggle is rewarded with the realisation (the making-real) of his yearning; or, alternatively, Niggle's Tree always existed and he simply echoed it in his art. From a [[metanarrative]] viewpoint, Tolkien's [[Arda (Middle-earth)|Arda]] is itself a subcreation designed to honour the true stories of the real world. Thus, ''The Lord of the Rings'', despite its lack of overt religious elements, can be interpreted [[Christianity in Middle-earth|as a profoundly religious work]].<ref name="Walsh 2013">{{cite book |last=Walsh |first=John |chapter=Tertullian |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael Drout |title=[[J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2006 |pages=639–640 |quote=While 'Lord of the Rings' contains many elements from Northern Mythology ... it has at its heart several Christian themes.}}</ref>

=== Surrealistic dream memory ===

Michael Organ, writing in the ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'', notes that Tolkien stated in a letter that the story came to him one morning in 1939, shortly before the start of the [[World War II|Second World War]], when he woke up with the story, which he called "that odd thing", in his mind "virtually" complete.<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter 98 to Stanley Unwin, c. 18 March 1945 }}</ref><ref name="Organ 2018"/> Tolkien stated in another letter that he then wrote it out "almost in a sitting and very nearly in the form in which it now appears", commenting that looking back at the story<!--over a decade later-->, he thought it "arose" from a combination of [[Trees in Middle-earth|his love of trees]] and his concern that ''The Lord of the Rings'' would never be finished.<ref group="T">{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=Letter 199 to Caroline Everett, 24 June 1957 }}</ref> Organ describes the birth of "Leaf by Niggle" as "a frenzy of activity" resembling the [[automatic writing]] "popularised by proponents of [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism]]" in the early 20th century.<ref name="Organ 2018"/> He notes, too, that Tolkien knew that dreams had an irrational side, and had commented that it was "exceptional" for fantasy to appear in dreams, as "Fantasy is a rational, not an irrational, activity".<ref name="Organ 2018"/> Organ comments that Tolkien may have resisted "what he saw as the morbidity of surrealism" in connection with his story, precisely because "Leaf by Niggle"'s message is so positive.<ref name="Organ 2018">{{cite journal |last=Organ |first=Michael |year=2018 |title=Tolkien's surrealistic pillow: Leaf by Niggle |journal=[[Journal of Tolkien Research]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |at=Article 7 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol5/iss1/7}}</ref>

=== Visual imagery ===

Jeffrey MacLeod and Anna Smol write in ''[[Mythlore]]'' that while Tolkien defines sub-creation "in linguistic terms", he often links such verbal creation to visual images. For instance, in his poem "[[Mythopoeia (poem)|Mythopoeia]]", he mentions "script and limning packed of various hue", which they gloss as "writing and drawing, alphabet and image, the linguistic and the visual ... side by side." Similarly, they comment, in "Leaf by Niggle", the allegory uses the image of a painter<!-- to portray a writer, too!-->. In his own life, Tolkien combined the writing of fiction with his artwork, while he defined imagination visually as the "mental power of image-making".<ref name="MacLeod Smol 2008">{{cite journal |last1=MacLeod |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Smol |first2=Anna |year=2008 |title=A Single Leaf: Tolkien's Visual Art and Fantasy |journal=[[Mythlore]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |at=Article 10 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol27/iss1/10}}</ref>

== References ==

=== Primary ===

{{reflist|30em|group="T"}}

=== Secondary ===

{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* {{ME-ref|Carpenter}}  <!--Carpenter, 1977-->
* {{ME-ref|Letters}}    <!--Carpenter, 1981-->
* {{ME-ref|Author}}     <!--Shippey, 2001--> {{sfn whitelist|CITEREFShippey2001}}
* {{ME-ref|Road}}       <!--Shippey, 2005-->
* {{ME-ref|T&L}}        <!--Tolkien, 1964-->

== External links ==

* [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/reviews/leafbyniggle.htm Leaf by Niggle – a symbolic story about a small painter] at Tolkien Library

{{J. R. R. Tolkien}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1945 short stories]]
[[Category:Short stories by J. R. R. Tolkien]]
[[Category:Fantasy short stories]]
[[Category:Metafictional works]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)]]