Editing Le Figaro

{{Short description|French daily newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Expand French|Le Figaro|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}
| logo = Le Figaro.svg
| image = Le Figaro front page.jpg
| caption = Front page of 22 November 2015
| type = [[Newspaper|Daily newspaper]]<br />(since 16 November 1866)
| format = [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]]
| owners = [[Groupe Figaro]] ([[Dassault Group]])
| editor = Alexis Brézet<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-06-27|title=Brexit: Europe's media eye more referendums|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36641827|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Nowrap|{{Start date and age|1826|1|15|df=y}}}}
| political = {{Plainlist|
* [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Anthony Ridge-Newman |editor2=Fernando León-Solís |editor3=Hugh O'Donnell |chapter=Left Versus Right, or Mainstream Versus Margins? Divisions in French Media and Reactions to the 'Brexit' Vote |last1=Martin |first1=Thomas |last2=Binet |first2=Laurent |title=Reporting the Road to Brexit: International Media and the EU Referendum 2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EShaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |page=146 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |date=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-73681-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Anna Galluzzi |title=Libraries and Public Perception: A Comparative Analysis of the European Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ10AwAAQBAJ&dq=Centre-right+Le+Figaro&pg=PA29 |date=2014 |page=29 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-1-78063-425-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Eric Kaufmann |title=Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration, and the Future of White Majorities |quote=Two newer stars on the French right are Renaud Camus, author of Le Grand Remplacement (The Great Replacement) and Éric Zemmour, an observant Jew of Algerian provenance who wrote for the centre-right {{Lang|es|Le Figaro|italic=no}}. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9mEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Centre-right+Le+Figaro&pg=PT334 |date=2019 |publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4683-1698-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Semi Purhonen |editor2=Riie Heikkilä |editor3=Irmak Karademir Hazir |title=Enter Culture, Exit Arts?: The Transformation of Cultural Hierarchies in European Newspaper Culture Sections, 1960–2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FatxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Centre-right+Le+Figaro&pg=PA15 |date=2018 |page=15 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-72804-1 }}</ref>
* [[French nationalism]]<ref name=Kuhn>Raymond Kuh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3t-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 The Media in France]. Routledge, London and New York, 1995. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</ref>
* [[Liberal conservatism]]<ref name=Kuhn/>
}}
| language = French
| headquarters = 14 [[Boulevard Haussmann]] <br /> 75009 Paris
| circulation = 354,853 (total, 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acpm.fr/Support/le-figaro |title=Le Figaro − History |date=n.d. |website=[[Alliance pour les chiffres de la presse et des médias]] |language=fr |access-date=24 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230624105212/https://www.acpm.fr/Support/le-figaro |archive-date=24 June 2023}}</ref><br />84,000 (digital, 2018)<ref>[https://www.internationalmediasales.net/international/portfolio/detail/le-figaro/ {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}] internationalmediasales.net</ref>
| ISSN = 0182-5852
| eISSN = 1638-606X
| oclc = 473539292
| website = {{URL|https://www.lefigaro.fr}}
| image_alt = border
| image_size = 250px
| publishing_country = [[France]]
}}

'''{{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}''' ({{IPA|fr|lə fiɡaʁo|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Mathieu Kappler-Le Figaro.wav}}) is a French daily morning [[newspaper]] founded in 1826. It was named after Figaro, a character in several plays by [[polymath]] [[Pierre Beaumarchais|Beaumarchais]] (1732–1799): ''[[Le Barbier de Séville]]'', ''[[The Guilty Mother|La Mère coupable]]'', and the [[eponym|eponymous]] ''[[The Marriage of Figaro (play)|Le Mariage de Figaro]]''. One of his lines became the paper's motto: "Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise".

The oldest national newspaper in France,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lunden |first=Ingrid |date=12 February 2010|title=Le Figaro opts for freemium web model |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2010/feb/12/digital-media-newspapers-figaro-paid-content |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127201911/https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2010/feb/12/digital-media-newspapers-figaro-paid-content |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} is considered a French [[newspaper of record]],<ref>{{cite book |last= J. Savelsberg |first=Joachim |date=2021 |title=Knowing about Genocide: Armenian Suffering and Epistemic Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQUaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |url-status=live |edition=1st |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=197 |doi=10.1525/luminos.99 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-0-5203-8018-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209141946/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQUaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |archive-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> along with {{Lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}} and ''[[Libération]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Since 2004, the newspaper has been owned by [[Dassault Group]]. Its editorial director has been Alexis Brézet since 2012.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4295349.stm|title=The press in France|date=11 November 2006|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ''Le Figaro'' is the second-largest national newspaper in France, after ''Le Monde''.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=11 February 2021 |title=Quel bilan pour la presse en 2020? |trans-title=What balance sheet for the press in 2020? |url=https://www.europe1.fr/medias-tele/les-quotidiens-nationaux-ont-tire-leur-epingle-du-jeu-en-2020-4024574 |url-status=live |language=fr |work=[[Europe 1]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205121327/https://www.europe1.fr/medias-tele/les-quotidiens-nationaux-ont-tire-leur-epingle-du-jeu-en-2020-4024574 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> It has a [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] editorial stance and is headquartered on [[Boulevard Haussmann]] in the [[9th arrondissement of Paris]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206556/Le-Figaro|title=Le Figaro – French newspaper}}</ref> Other [[Groupe Figaro]] publications include ''[[Le Figaro Magazine]]'', ''[[TV Magazine]]'' and ''Evene''. The paper is published in [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] format.

==History==
[[File:Premier numéro du Figaro.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|6th issue, 20 January 1826]]
[[File:Figaro 4 aout 1914.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Front page of {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}, 4 August 1914]]
{{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} was founded as a satirical weekly in 1826,<ref name=bbc11>{{cite news|title=The press in France|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295349.stm|access-date=22 November 2014|work=BBC|date=11 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Media Landscape Media Claims |url=http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/methods/ESS6_media_landscape_media_claims_ed_02_0.pdf |publisher=European Social Survey |access-date=12 January 2015 |date=May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816014141/http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/methods/ESS6_media_landscape_media_claims_ed_02_0.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> taking its name and [[motto]] from ''[[The Marriage of Figaro (play)|Le Mariage de Figaro]]'', the 1778 play by [[Pierre Beaumarchais]] that poked fun at privilege. Its motto, from Figaro's monologue in the play's final act, is "''Sans la liberté de blâmer, il n'est point d'éloge flatteur''" ("Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise"). In 1833, editor [[Nestor Roqueplan]] fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}, and was wounded but recovered.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Dueling Including Narratives of the Most Remarkable Encounters|author=Millingen, J.G.|year=2004}}</ref> [[Albert Wolff (journalist)|Albert Wolff]], [[Émile Zola]], [[Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr]], [[Théophile Gautier]], and [[Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie]] were among the paper's early contributors. It was published somewhat irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by [[Hippolyte de Villemessant]].

In 1866, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} became a daily newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical development of the media in France|url=http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005455/http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> Its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. Its editorial line was royalist.<ref>Alan Grubb, [https://books.google.com/books?id=82y4liegw5kC&pg=PA409 The Politics of Pessimism: Albert de Broglie and Conservative Politics in the Early Third Republic]</ref> [[Pauline Savari]] was among the contributors to the paper at this time.

On 20 February 1909 {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} published a manifesto signed by [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]] which initiated the establishment of [[Futurism]] in art.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi |year=1992|title=The aestheticization of politics: A study of power in Mussolini's fascist Italy|degree=PhD |id={{ProQuest|303984014}}|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|page=67|isbn=979-8-207-42060-8}}</ref>

On 16 March 1914, [[Gaston Calmette]], the editor of {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}, was assassinated by [[Henriette Caillaux]], the wife of [[Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)|Finance Minister]] [[Joseph Caillaux]], after he published a letter that cast serious doubt on her husband's integrity.<ref>Sarah Sissmann and Christophe Barbier, [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/faitdiv/dossier.asp?ida=429007 "Une épouse outragée"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703212939/http://www1.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/faitdiv/dossier.asp?ida=429007 |date=3 July 2006 }}, ''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]'', 30 August 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> In 1922, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} was purchased by perfume millionaire [[François Coty]].<ref>Janet Flanner (3 May 1930),[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/articles/050314fr_archive01?050314fr_archive01 "Perfume and Politics"], ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Republished 7 May 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> [[Abel Faivre]] did cartoons for the paper.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/359/|title=Deposit Your Gold for France. Gold Fights for Victory |website=[[World Digital Library]]|year=1915|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Coty enraged many in March 1929 when he renamed the paper simply ''Figaro'', which it remained until 1933.<ref>Roulhac Toledano, Elizabeth Z. Coty, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lqCC4JUOw_4C&dq=coty+change+name+le+figaro&pg=PA147 "Napoleon of the Press"],"François Coty: Fragrance, Power, Money". Retrieved 28 May 2018</ref>

By the start of [[World War II]], {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} had become France's leading newspaper. After the war, it became the voice of the [[upper middle class]], and continues to maintain a conservative position.

[[File:Figaro 1923.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|Share of the Société du Figaro, issued 13 June 1923]]

In 1975, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} was bought by [[Robert Hersant]]'s [[Socpresse]]. In 1999, [[The Carlyle Group]] obtained a 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Since March 2004, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} has been controlled by [[Serge Dassault]],<ref name=bbc11/> a conservative businessman and politician best known for running the aircraft manufacturer [[Dassault Aviation]], which he inherited from his father, its founder, [[Marcel Dassault]] (1892–1986). Dassault owns 80% of the paper, by way of its media subsidiary [[Groupe Figaro]].<ref name=bbc11/>

[[Franz-Olivier Giesbert]] was editorial director of ''Le Figaro'' from 1998 to 2000.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2022 |title=Franz-Olivier Giesbert |url=https://www.lesoir.be/473543/article/2022-10-26/franz-olivier-giesbert |url-status=live |language=fr |newspaper=[[Le Soir]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230623153141/https://www.lesoir.be/473543/article/2022-10-26/franz-olivier-giesbert |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 2006, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} was banned in [[Egypt]] and [[Tunisia]] for publishing articles allegedly insulting [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/PolicingBelief_Egypt.pdf|title=The impact of blasphemy laws on human Rights|format=Policy Brief|work=Freedom House|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/2006/09/tunisia-egypt-ban-newspaper-editions-on-controvers.php|title=Tunisia, Egypt ban newspaper editions on controversy over pope's comments|date=27 September 2006|location=New York|work=CPJ|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

{{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} switched to Berliner format in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Figaro|url=http://www.eurotopics.net/en/home/medienindex/media_articles/?frommedia=505|publisher=Euro Topics|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413215147/http://www.eurotopics.net/en/home/medienindex/media_articles/?frommedia=505|archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> The paper has published ''The New York Times International Weekly'' on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from ''[[The New York Times]]'' translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro.fr created a section called Le Figaro in English,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/cercle/le-figaro-in-english|title=Mon Figaro - Cercle - Le Figaro in English - articles|work=Le Figaro|access-date=5 July 2012|archive-date=5 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705181712/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/cercle/le-figaro-in-english}}</ref> which provides the global English-speaking community with daily original or translated content from {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}{{'s}} website. The section ended in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/this-weeks-top-stories-from-france-20120426-905995|title=Mon Figaro - This Week's Top Stories from France|work=Le Figaro|date=26 April 2012|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>

In the 2010s, {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} saw future presidential candidate [[Éric Zemmour]]'s columns garner great interest among readers that would later serve to launch his political career.<ref>[https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/presidentielle-2022-zemmour-se-retire-du-figaro-pour-la-promotion-de-son-livre-un-pas-de-plus-vers-une-candidature-01-09-2021-IFULPPITHVBWNDQPH2KSKUBIWA.php "Présidentielle 2022 : Zemmour se retire du Figaro pour la promotion de son livre, un pas de plus vers une candidature ?"], ''[[Le Parisien]]'' (in French), 1 September 2021.</ref>

==Logo==
<gallery class="center">
File:Le Figaro logo 1826 - Gallica.jpg|Logo during the 1820s
File:Le Figaro Logo 1854.png|Logo from an 1854 issue
File:Logo du Figaro 1920.png|Logo since the 1920s
File:Le Figaro Logo 1952.png|Logo of Le Figaro from a 1952 issue
</gallery>

==Editorial stance and controversies==
{{Conservatism in France|Media}}
{{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} has traditionally held a [[Conservatism|conservative]] editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes.<ref name=":2" /> More recently, the newspaper's political stance has become more centrist.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The newspaper's ownership by [[Serge Dassault]] was a source of controversy in terms of conflict-of-interest, as Dassault also owned a major military supplier and served in political positions from the [[Union for a Popular Movement]] party. His son [[Olivier Dassault]] served as a member of the [[National Assembly (France)|French National Assembly]].<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3236,36-381288,0.html "Dassault se sépare d'Yves de Chaisemartin"], {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}}, 1 October 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station [[France Inter]] that "newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas" and that "left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas."<ref>[https://archive.today/20120526210025/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-880582,0.html "M. Dassault veut une presse aux « idées saines »"], {{Lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}}, 12 December 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref>

In February 2012, a general assembly of the newspaper's journalists adopted a motion accusing the paper's managing editor, [[Étienne Mougeotte]], of having made {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} into the "bulletin" of the governing party, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]], of the government and of President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]. They requested more pluralism and "honesty" and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting. Mougeotte had previously said that {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2012/02/09/le-figaro-n-est-pas-le-bulletin-d-un-parti_1641372_3236.html ""Le Figaro" n'est pas "le bulletin d'un parti""], {{Lang|fr|[[Le Monde]]}}, 9 February 2012</ref><ref>[http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/319647-la-question-du-jour-le-figaro-est-il-un-journal-d-opinion-ou-un-bulletin-de-l-ump.html "La question du jour. "Le Figaro" est-il un journal d'opinion ou un "bulletin" de l'UMP?"], ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'', 10 February 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.rue89.com/rue89-presidentielle/2012/02/09/presidentielle-les-journalistes-du-figaro-reclament-plus-d-honnetete?page=2 "Présidentielle : les journalistes du Figaro réclament un journal plus « honnête »"], [[Rue89]], 9 February 2012</ref> Mougeotte publicly replied: "Our editorial line pleases our readers as it is, it works. I don't see why I should change it. [...] We are a right-wing newspaper and we express it clearly, by the way. Our readers know it, our journalists too. There's nothing new to that!"<ref name=Mougeotte>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/medias/20120210.OBS1132/le-figaro-mougeotte-repond-aux-critiques-de-ses-journalistes.html ""Le Figaro" : Mougeotte répond aux critiques de ses journalistes"], ''Le Nouvel Observateur'', 10 February 2012</ref>

==Circulation history==
In the period of 1995–96, the paper had a circulation of 391,533 copies, behind ''[[Le Parisien]]''{{-'}}s 451,159 copies.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Media Policy: Convergence, Concentration & Commerce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HU9WdjwgkC&pg=PA7|access-date=3 February 2014|date=24 September 1998|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4462-6524-6|page=10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
! 2009
! 2010
|-
| Circulation || 366,690 || 360,909 || 366,529 || 369,108 || 369,706 || 365,083 || 337,118 || 332,818 || 338,618 || 330,482 || 323,991 || 325,509
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! 2011
! 2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
! 2017
! 2018
! 2019
! 2020
|-
| Circulation  || 329,367 || 330,952||324,170||320,732||317,152||311,127 || 312,994 || 313,694 || 329,462 || 331,927
|}

== Le Figaro Group ==
''Le Figaro'' formed the [[Groupe Figaro]] (a subsidiary of the [[Marcel Dassault Industrial Group]]). The former company, [[Socpresse]], which was dismantled in 2005, officially became Dassault Media (Figaro Group) in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olivierdassault.fr/edito.php |title=Olivier Dassault: The Journey, Professional Career |year=2011 |website=olivierdassault.fr }}.</ref>

=== The Daily ''Le Figaro'' and Its Supplements ===
The newspaper was accompanied by two daily supplements: ''[[Le Figaro Économie]]'', since 1984, printed on [[Salmon (color)|salmon-colored paper]], and ''Le Figaro et vous'', since 2005, dedicated to culture and lifestyle.

Additionally:
* The [[Monday]] edition was accompanied by a tabloid-format supplement, ''[[Le Figaro Réussir]]'', as well as 4 special "Health" pages since February 2010.
* The [[Tuesday]] edition was accompanied by an 8-page supplement, ''[[New York Times]]''.
* The [[Wednesday]] edition, in addition to the usual four sections, included the ''[[Le Figaro Étudiant]]'' section and was accompanied in [[Île-de-France]] by a supplement on entertainment and leisure, ''[[Le Figaroscope]]''.
* The [[Thursday]] edition was accompanied by an 8-page supplement, ''[[Le Figaro Littéraire]]''.
* The [[Friday]] and [[Saturday]] editions optionally included more voluminous magazine-type supplements: ''[[Le Figaro Magazine]]'', ''[[Madame Figaro]]'', and ''[[TV Magazine]]''.

=== Other Supplements, Sections, and Titles ===
* ''[[Le Figaro Patrimoine]]'' was a monthly supplement of ''Le Figaro''.
* ''[[Le Figaro Étudiant]]'' was a monthly supplement of ''Le Figaro''.
* ''F, l'art de vivre du Figaro'' (formerly ''Almaviva'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Read F, l'art de vivre online |url=http://kiosque.lefigaro.fr/f-art-de-vivre |website=Le Kiosque Figaro Digital |access-date=2020-06-09}}.</ref> was a supplement of ''Le Figaro'' published six times a year (September, October, November, March, April, May) since September 2015.
* ''Figaro plus'' was a thematic supplement (sports or others) published irregularly;
* ''Le Figaro demain''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/demain | title=Figaro demain }}</ref> was an irregularly published supplement;
* ''Paris Chic'' was a section of about thirty pages offering a selection of articles from the "Et vous" section, dedicated to lifestyle and the Figaroscope, aimed at wealthy Chinese visitors in Paris.
* The Figaro Group relaunched the title ''[[Jours de France]]'', specializing in celebrity news and European royal families. It first appeared as a website in 2011, then as a quarterly print magazine from August 7, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.offremedia.com/voir-article/le-groupe-figaro-relance-le-magazine-jours-de-france-avec-une-periodicite-trimestrielle-/newsletter_id=169184/ |title=The Figaro Group Relaunches the Jours de France Magazine with Quarterly Frequency |date=2013-07-23 |website=offremedia.com}}.</ref>
* Every week, a volume of the "essentials" of the [[Encyclopædia Universalis]] was sold as a supplement on Tuesdays, with the first volume being free. This [[encyclopedia]] contained 6,000 articles, 17,000 ''notices,'' and 200,000 links.

=== Online Edition, ''lefigaro.fr'' ===
{{anchor|lefigaro.fr}}
{{Infobox website
| name = lefigaro.fr
| logo =
| logo_size = 230
| url = [https://www.lefigaro.fr lefigaro.fr]
| type = Online Newspaper
| founded = 1999
| headquarters = [[Paris]], [[Île-de-France]]
| location_country = France
| owner = Le Figaro
}}

The online newspaper's address has been ''lefigaro.fr'' since 1999.

In January 2010, ''lefigaro.fr'' introduced features reserved for subscribers.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2009/08/11/04002-20090811ARTFIG00221-lefigarofr-lance-l-espace-premium-pour-ses-abonnes-.php "Official announcement of the launch of the premium offer at the beginning of 2010"].</ref> Access to archived articles was also made available for a fee. In September 2011, the newspaper launched an online wine magazine. In February 2014, [[#FigaroVox|FigaroVox]], a platform for debates and ideas, was launched.<ref>[http://www.cbnews.fr/medias/figaro-vox-place-aux-debats-didees-a1010519 Thierry Wojciak, "Figaro Vox: a platform for debates and ideas," ''CBS News'', February 3, 2014].</ref><ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2014/02/03/20004-20140203ARTFIG00346-le-figaro-lance-la-plate-forme-de-debats-figarovox.php Alexandre Debouté, "Le Figaro launches the debate platform FigaroVox," ''Le Figaro'', February 3, 2014].</ref>

In 2008, ''Le Figaro'' became the leading news site on the Internet according to Internet audience data published by [[Nielsen Company|Nielsen]] [[Médiamétrie]]/[[Nielsen Ratings|NetRatings]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=M.-C. B. |title=Lefigaro.fr, the leading general news site |journal=Le Figaro |date=2008-07-16 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2008/07/16/04002-20080716ARTFIG00019-lefigarofr-premier-site-d-information-generaliste-.php |access-date=2020-06-09}}.</ref> On November 17, 2011, the site was awarded the title of "Best Mobile Media" for the second time at the 2011 Mobile Internet Trophies.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Le Figaro.fr "Best Mobile Media" |journal=Le Figaro |date=2011-11-18 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2011/11/18/97002-20111118FILWWW00579-le-figarofr-meilleur-media-sur-mobile.php |access-date=2020-06-09}}.</ref> In 2013, it was still ranked as the leading French online press site in France.<ref>Benjamin Ferran, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/secteur/high-tech/2013/11/05/01007-20131105ARTFIG00557-le-figaro-redessine-son-site-internet-pour-mieux-raconter-l-actualite.php "Le Figaro redesigns its website to better tell the news"], in ''Le Figaro'', "Economy" section, Wednesday, November 6, 2013, page 27.</ref> In November of the same year, it broke the record of 11 million unique visitors on a French news website.<ref>Enguérand Renault, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/secteur/high-tech/2014/01/01/01007-20140101ARTFIG00078-record-d-audience-pour-le-site-du-figaro.php "Audience record for the ''Figaro'' website"], "Economy" section, Thursday, January 2, 2014, p. 24.</ref>

On April 13, 2015, Figaro Premium was launched, a paid offer (€9.90 per month initially, increasing to €15; free for newspaper subscribers). It provided access to all articles from ''Le Figaro'' and its related magazines in a more comfortable reading format with minimal advertising, available from 10 p.m. the evening before the print publication. At this stage, digital activities represented 25% of the group's revenue and 22% of advertising revenue. Various platforms were simultaneously created: Scan Politique, Scan Sport, Scan TV, Figaro Immobilier, Figaro Jardin, and recently, Scan Éco.<ref>Chloé Woitier, [http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2015/04/10/20004-20150410ARTFIG00389-le-figaro-premium-arrive-lundi.php "Le Figaro Premium arrives Monday"], ''Le Figaro'', Saturday 11 / Sunday 12 April 2015, p. 24.</ref>

The number of digital subscribers grew rapidly. In 2017, ''Le Figaro'' had 80,000 digital subscribers, in addition to 70,000 subscribers to both print and digital editions.<ref name="BFMBusiness">{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Le Monde and Le Figaro join forces in online advertising |url=http://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/entreprise/le-monde-et-le-figaro-s-allient-dans-la-pub-en-ligne-1211336.html |website=bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com |access-date=2017-07-20}}.</ref> In 2019, it was among the 50 most visited sites in France<ref>[https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/FR Top sites in France] - Alexa Rank</ref> and had 130,000 digital subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Goodbye Le Figaro.fr, hello Le Figaro|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/adieu-le-figaro-fr-bonjour-le-figaro-20191009|website=Le Figaro.fr|date=2019-10-09|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> The milestone of 200,000 website subscribers was reached in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |first=Alexandre |last=Debouté |title=Le Figaro reaches 200,000 digital subscribers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/le-figaro-franchit-le-cap-des-200-000-abonnes-numeriques-20201103 |website=Le Figaro.fr |date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref>

A study conducted in early 2020 by a cybersecurity company indicated that the personal data of the newspaper's website subscribers had been exposed on an unprotected server.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Damien Leloup |title=Personal data of thousands of ''Figaro'' readers exposed on a server |journal=Le Monde.fr |date=2020-04-30 |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/04/30/les-donnees-personnelles-de-milliers-de-lecteurs-du-figaro-exposees-sur-un-serveur_6038227_4408996.html |access-date=2020-04-30 }}</ref> In July 2021, the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (France)|National Commission for Informatics and Liberties]] fined ''Le Figaro'' €50,000 for installing third-party [[Cookie (computer science)|cookies]] without users' consent, in violation of the [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]].<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr-FR |first=Molly |last=Killeen |title=Le Figaro fined 50,000 euros for GDPR violation |url=https://www.euractiv.fr/section/medias/news/le-figaro-publisher-fined-e50000-for-gdpr-violation/ |website=euractiv.fr |date=2021-07-30 |access-date=2021-08-01}}.</ref>

==== FigaroVox ====
FigaroVox is an online section of ''figaro.fr'' created in 2014 by [[Alexis Brézet]], a former journalist at ''[[Valeurs actuelles]]'' (from 1987 to 2000),<ref name=Monde>{{Cite journal|language=fr|title=How "Le Figaro" covers UMP affairs|journal=Le Monde.fr|date=2014-03-19|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/03/19/le-figaro-journal-de-droite-face-aux-affaires-de-l-ump_4385874_823448.html|access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref> "holding a very right-wing line",<ref name="FigaroVoxrue89"/> on the advice of [[Patrick Buisson]],<ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|author=[[Ariane Chemin]]|author2=[[Vanessa Schneider]]|title=Le mauvais génie|location=Paris|publisher=[[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]]|year=2015 |isbn=978-2-213-68664-6}}.</ref> a figure associated with Nicolas Sarkozy's shift to the far right in 2012.<ref name=Monde/> FigaroVox was an extension of the "debates and opinions" pages of the print daily on [[Internet]];<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|language=French|title=At FigaroVox, multiple voices debate|url=http://www.causeur.fr/figarovox-tremolet-villers-figaro-38165.html|website=causeur.fr|date=May 13, 2016|access-date=December 26, 2016}}.</ref> appearing on the homepage of Figaro's website, FigaroVox articles accentuated the political character of this daily.<ref name=Monde/> The journalists contributing to FigaroVox were positioned at the crossroads of the right, practicing Catholicism, and the "[[Nouveaux réactionnaires (France)|new reactionaries]]".<ref> RAISON DU CLEUZIOU Yann, "An Inverse Rally? The Neo-Republican Discourse of the Right Since the Manif pour tous," ''Mil neuf cent. Revue d'histoire intellectuelle'', 2016/1 (n° 34), pp. 125-148. DOI: 10.3917/mnc.034.0125. URL: https://www-cairn-info.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/revue-mil-neuf-cent-2016-1-page-125.htm </ref> FigaroVox was led by [[Vincent Trémolet de Villers]], who co-authored a book on [[La Manif pour tous]] (''And France Awoke. An Investigation into the Revolution of Values'').<ref name=Monde/> It was edited by Alexandre Devecchio, a former journalist for the site [[Atlantico]].<ref name=Monde/> Its contributors included [[Maxime Tandonnet]], a former advisor on immigration to Nicolas Sarkozy, and [[Gilles-William Goldnadel]], an attorney for [[Patrick Buisson]].<ref name=Monde/>

FigaroVox's preferred themes were "the decline of the republican school, poorly controlled [[immigration]], and [[Islam]] as the primary threat to national identity".<ref name="FigaroVoxrue89"/>

Sociologist [[Philippe Corcuff]] considered FigaroVox an "ultraconservative" section.<ref>{{Cite book|language=fr|first1=Philippe|last1=Corcuff|title=The Great Confusion: How the Far-Right Wins the Battle of Ideas?|publisher=Textuel|date=2021-03-10 |isbn=978-2-84597-855-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfgZEAAAQBAJ&dq=figarovox+extr%C3%AAme-droite&pg=PT305|access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref> Sociologist [[Jean-Louis Schlegel]] of the magazine ''Esprit'' described it as a platform for "the right of the right", akin to ''Causeur'' or ''Valeurs actuelles''.<ref> SCHLEGEL Jean-Louis, "The Right in Search of Cultural Hegemony," ''Esprit'', 2017/12 (December), pp. 25-30. DOI: 10.3917/espri.1712.0025. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-esprit-2017-12-page-25.htm </ref> Political scientist Eszter Petronella suggested that FigaroVox allowed ''Le Figaro'' to "balance" the more moderate positions of the print daily by giving voice to an "identitarian and militant journalism," thereby catering to the needs of all readers.<ref>{{Cite book|language=en|first1=Eszter Petronella|last1=Soós|title=Magyarország-kép Franciaországban |chapter =Magyarország-kép vagy önarckép? Esettanulmány a 2010-2020 közötti időszakból|series=A Magyarságkutató Intézet Kiadványai |editor=Magyarország-kép Franciaországban |publisher=Magyarságkutató Intézet|date=2022|volume=49 |isbn=978-615-6117-63-2 |doi=10.53644/MKI.MKF.2022.305  |pages=305–333|url=http://real.mtak.hu/152765/1/MKI_bodo_B5_011_1.pdf }}</ref> Nolwenn Le Blevennec of [[Rue89]] described it as a {{quote|platform for the hard right of ''Le Figaro''}}.<ref name="FigaroVoxrue89">{{Cite web |language=fr |author=Nolwenn Le Blevennec |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-medias/20151014.RUE0933/figarovox-rech-jeune-plume-qui-vomit-son-epoque.html |title=FigaroVox: Seeking a young pen who rejects its time |date=2015-10-14 |website=tempsreel.nouvelobs.com }}.</ref> Information science specialist Aurélie Olivesi noted the proximity between the "polemical site" FigaroVox and the magazine ''[[Causeur (magazine)|Causeur]]'', with some journalists having worked for both media.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Aurélie|last1=Olivesi|first2=Zoé|last2=Kergomard|title="Just as Orwell said": The Emergence of a "Dystopian Framing" in French Conservative Media in the 2010s|journal=SFRA Review|volume=50|issue=4|date=December 2020|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03127627|access-date=2022-12-04|pages=119–127}}</ref> According to ''Causeur'', the section opened its doors to authors from both the left and the right.<ref name=":9" /> According to Nolwenn Le Blevennec, however, FigaroVox was haunted by an "identitarian obsession," exhibited an ultra-[[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Sovereignty|sovereignist]] editorial line, and remained a platform where {{quote|one could read the [[National Rally (France)|National Front]] in the text, or link [[Islam]] and [[Daesh]]}}. Left-wing figures, such as [[Gaël Brustier]], [[Jean-Luc Mélenchon]], and [[Thomas Guénolé]],<ref name=":9" /> were invited "sometimes"<ref name="FigaroVoxrue89"/> or more regularly like [[Laurent Bouvet (political scientist)|Laurent Bouvet]].<ref> [https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/la-revue-de-presse/la-revue-de-presse-du-lundi-20-decembre-2021 Laurent Bouvet was so influential in our republican disputes! Le Figaro, Libération, l'Express, Le Point...], Claude Askolovitch, France Inter, December 20, 2021.</ref> [[Éric Zemmour]] and [[Alain Finkielkraut]] were very appreciated there.<ref name="FigaroVoxrue89"/> According to ''[[L'Express]]'', the invited authors included liberals and left-wing sovereignists, but in larger numbers were advocates of the "conservative reaction." These intellectuals and polemicists used the platform to criticize [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |author=Tugdual Denis and Eric Mandonnet |title=Buisson, Zemmour, Villiers... The Demons of the Right |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/politique/buisson-zemmour-de-villiers-les-demons-de-la-droite_1732115.html |website=L'Express |date=2015-11-03 |access-date=2023-11-01}}</ref>

Since 2019, the section has been headed by [[Guillaume Perrault]]; Alexandre Devecchio, whom ''Le Monde'' associates with the far right,<ref>In an article titled "How the far right infiltrated the media", ''Le Monde'' discusses the shift of conservative Alexandre Devecchio, "deputy editor of the debate pages of Figaro" (FigaroVox) into the camp of reactionaries, {{Cite journal|language=fr|title=How the far right infiltrated the media|journal=Le Monde.fr|date=2022-07-08|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2022/07/08/comment-l-extreme-droite-a-infiltre-les-medias_6133900_3234.html|access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref> was its deputy editor. In 2020, the section had six regular columnists, Bertille Bayart, [[Nicolas Baverez]], [[Renaud Girard]], [[Mathieu Bock-Côté]], [[Luc Ferry]], [[Ivan Rioufol]], along with guest contributors.<ref name=":9" />

=== Participation and Subsidiaries ===
In February 2006, Le Figaro acquired the sports information and content site [[sport24.com]], which had already been managing the sports section of [[Figaro interactif|Figaro.fr]] since 2004; this was the first time that Figaro made such an acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/medias/20060208.OBS5570/le-figaro-achete-sport24-com.html |title=Le Figaro acquires Sport24.com |date=2006-02-08 |website=nouvelobs.com}}.</ref> In May 2007, ''Le Figaro'' purchased the cultural site [[evene.fr]], which quickly found synergies with [[Le Figaroscope]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.strategies.fr/articles/r93339W/le-figaro-rachete-le-site-culturel-evene-fr.html |title=Le Figaro acquires the cultural site evene.fr |date=2007-05-22 |website=[[Stratégies|strategies.fr]]}}.</ref> and then in June 2007, the ticketing service Ticketac.com was acquired by the group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.strategies.fr/actualites/medias/r93639W/le-figaro-rachete-la-billetterie-en-ligne-ticketac.html |title=Le Figaro acquires the online ticketing service Ticketac |date=2007-06-12 |website=[[Stratégies|strategies.fr]]}}.</ref> In 2008, the group took over the company [[Météo Consult]], which included [[La Chaîne Météo]],<ref name="zdnet">{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Le Figaro acquires Meteo Consult to complement its online services |url=https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/le-figaro-rachete-meteo-consult-pour-completer-ses-services-en-ligne-39383856.htm |website=zdnet.fr |date=2008-10-03 |access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref> and in December 2008, it acquired La Banque Audiovisuelle, the publishing company of [[vodeo.tv]], through its subsidiary The Skreenhouse Factory, dedicated to TV and video on the Internet. On May 18, 2009, it purchased [[Particulier et Finances Éditions]], which included ''[[Particulier et Finances Éditions|Le Particulier]]'', ''Le Particulier pratique'', ''Le Particulier Immobilier'', and ''La Lettre des Placements'', as well as about thirty practical guides and the site leparticulier.fr.<ref name="zdnet"/> In September 2010, it took over Adenclassifieds, following a friendly [[takeover bid]]; the subsidiary became [[Figaro Classifieds]],<ref>"[http://www.lefigaro.fr/societes/2010/09/29/04015-20100929ARTFIG00472-une-opa-lancee-sur-le-solde-des-actions-d-adenclassifieds.php Le Figaro launches a takeover bid for the remainder of Adenclassifieds shares]", ''http://www.lefigaro.fr'', September 30, 2010.</ref> which included ''[[Cadremploi]]'', ''[[Keljob.com]]'', ''kelformation'', ''kelstage'', ''kelsalaire.net'', ''CVmail'', ''Explorimmo'', ''CadresOnline'', ''OpenMedia'', ''Seminus'', ''Microcode'', ''achat-terrain.com''.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Figaro Classifieds |url=http://www.figaroclassifieds.fr/uploads/File/adenclassifieds/timeline.pdf |title=Company History |year=2013 |website=figaroclassifieds.fr}}.</ref> The sites ''achat-terrain.com'' and ''constructeurs-maisons.com'', created in 2005, were acquired in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Thierry Wojciak |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/immobilier/logement/20120912.OBS2097/figaro-classifieds-rachete-achat-terrain.html |title=Figaro Classifieds acquires Achat Terrain |date=2014-06-18 |website=nouvelobs.com}}.</ref> ''Campus-Channel'', a video platform for students launched in 2011, was acquired by Figaro Classifieds in June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Thierry Wojciak |url=http://www.cbnews.fr/digital/formation-le-groupe-figaro-rachete-campus-channel-a1013488 |title=Education: The Figaro Group acquires Campus Channel |date=2014-06-18 |website=[[CB News|cbnews.fr]]}}.</ref> In 2015,<ref>{{Cite journal|language=fr-FR|title=The Figaro Group, with CCM Benchmark, becomes the French leader in digital media|journal=Le Figaro|date=2015-10-01|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2015/10/01/20004-20151001ARTFIG00332-avec-ccm-benchmark-le-groupe-figaro-devient-le-leader-francais-des-medias-numeriques.php|access-date=2017-10-18}}.</ref> CCM Benchmark Group was acquired at 100%, including leading websites like [[L'Internaute]], [[Journal du Net]], Le Journal des femmes, Droit-finances.net... The acquisition of these leading sites allowed Figaro to move from the fifteenth place in non-mobile web traffic to fourth place, with 24 million unique visitors, behind Google (41 million), Microsoft (35 million), and Facebook (26 million).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/entreprises/article/2015/10/01/le-figaro-rachete-le-groupe-internet-ccm-benchmark_4780530_1656994.html |title=Le Figaro makes a big move in digital|date=October 2015 }}.</ref>

* Media Figaro (formerly Publiprint, formerly Figaro media) (advertising agency),
* [[Météo Consult]] and [[La Chaîne Météo]],
* [[Particulier et Finances Éditions]],
* Figaro Classifieds ([[Cadremploi]], [[Keljob.com]], Explorimmo, Propriétés Le Figaro, Le Figaro Étudiant, KelFormation, etc.)
* [[Marco Vasco]].

=== Group Partnerships ===
Le Figaro sponsored the sailing race, the [[Solitaire du Figaro]], since its creation in 1970.

The newspaper and the ''Center for Political Research at Sciences Po'' (CEVIPOF) presented their "Political Studies." ''Le Figaro'' replaced ''[[Le Monde]]'' as a partner of the program ''[[Le Grand Jury]]'' in September 2006.

In partnership with [[Dargaud Benelux]], the newspaper launched in 2010 a 20-volume collection of [[XIII (comics)|XIII]] in a "prestige" edition<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Thibaut Dary, "[http://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2010/06/25/03005-20100625ARTFIG00431-xiii-les-vii-raisons-d-un-triomphe.php XIII: The VII Reasons for a Triumph]," ''Le Figaro'', June 29, 2010.</ref> and a pre-publication of the latest volumes of the series throughout the summer of the same year in ''[[Le Figaro Magazine]]''. Additionally, the daily also offered a selection of comic books, from [[Largo Winch]] to [[Blake and Mortimer]] to [[Gaston (comics)|Gaston]], [[The Adventures of Tintin|Tintin]], [[Lucky Luke]], and [[Spirou and Fantasio]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Journalism|France}}
* ''[[Le Monde]]''
* ''[[Libération]]''
*''[[Madame Figaro]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
* Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. ''The World's Great Dailies: Profiles of Fifty Newspapers'' (1980) pp 124–29

==External links==
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* [http://www.lefigaro.fr/ {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} website] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34355551z/date {{Lang|fr|Le Figaro}} digital archives from 1826 to 1952] in [[Gallica]], the digital library of the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]]

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