Editing Largemouth bass

{{Short description|Species of black bass}}
{{Redirect|Largemouth|the African cichlid|Serranochromis}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Largemouth.JPG
| image2 = 1351 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) 300 dpi.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2019 |title=''Micropterus salmoides'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T61265A58310038 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61265A58310038.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web|title=Micropterus nigricans|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101622/Micropterus_salmoides|website=[[NatureServe]] Explorer|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Micropterus
| species = nigricans
| authority = ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828)
| synonyms = *''Labrus salmoides'' <small>Lacepède, 1802</small> 
*''Aplites salmoides'' <small>(Lacepède, 1802)</small> 
*''Grystes salmoides'' <small>(Lacepède, 1802)</small> 
*''Huro salmoides'' <small>(Lacepède, 1802)</small> 
*''Huro nigricans'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828</small> 
*''Grystes nigricans'' <small>(Cuvier, 1828)</small> 
*''Perca nigricans'' <small>(Cuvierr, 1828)</small> 
*''Grystes megastoma'' <small>[[Theodatus Garlick|Garlick]], 1857</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name =Fishbase>{{FishBase|Micropterus|salmoides|month=December|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

The '''largemouth bass''' ('''''Micropterus nigricans''''') is a [[carnivorous]], [[freshwater fish|freshwater]], [[ray-finned fish]] in the [[Centrarchidae]] (sunfish) family, native to the [[eastern United States|eastern]] and [[central United States]], [[southeastern Canada]] and [[northern Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/special-publications/namesoffishes8/ |title=Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, 8th edition |date=2013 |publisher=American Fisheries Society |isbn=978-1-934874-69-1 |editor-last=Page |editor-first=Lawrence M. |edition=8 |doi=10.47886/9781934874691 |editor-last2=Bemis |editor-first2=Katherine E. |editor-last3=Dowling |editor-first3=Thomas E. |editor-last4=Espinosa-Pérez |editor-first4=Héctor S. |editor-last5=Findley |editor-first5=Lloyd T. |editor-last6=Gilbert |editor-first6=Carter R. |editor-last7=Hartel |editor-first7=Karsten E. |editor-last8=Lea |editor-first8=Robert N. |editor-last9=Mandrak |editor-first9=Nicholas E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Daemin |last2=Taylor |first2=Andrew T. |last3=Near |first3=Thomas J. |date=2022-06-06 |title=Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9113 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9170712 |pmid=35668124|bibcode=2022NatSR..12.9113K }}</ref><ref name=Fishbase/> It is known by a variety of regional names, such as the '''widemouth bass''', ''bigmouth bass'', ''black bass'', ''largie'', '''Potter's fish''', [[Florida bass]] or ''Florida largemouth'', ''green bass'', '''bucketmouth bass''', ''green trout'', '''growler'''{{fact|date=December 2024}}, '''Gilsdorf bass''', '''Oswego bass''', '''LMB''', and '''southern largemouth''' and '''northern largemouth'''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://myfwc.com/Fishing/Fishes/bass.html#largemouth
|title=Black Bass
|access-date=March 17, 2007
|publisher=[[Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission]]: Division of Freshwater Fisheries |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060423020219/http://myfwc.com/Fishing/Fishes/bass.html#largemouth |archive-date = April 23, 2006}}</ref>

The largemouth bass, as it is known today, was first described by French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1828. A recent study<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Daemin |last2=Taylor |first2=Andrew T. |last3=Near |first3=Thomas J. |date=2022-06-06 |title=Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus) |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11743-2 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9113 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9170712 |pmid=35668124}}</ref> concluded that the correct scientific name for the [[Florida bass]] is ''Micropterus salmoides'', while the largemouth bass is ''Micropterus nigricans''.<ref name=":2" /> It is the largest species of the [[black bass]], with a maximum recorded length of {{convert|29.5|in|cm}} and an unofficial weight of {{convert|25|lbs|1|oz|kg}}.

The largemouth bass is the [[List of U.S. state fish|state fish]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<ref>{{citation |title= Georgia Symbols |publisher= State of Georgia |url= https://georgia.gov/georgia-symbols |access-date= 2019-05-08}}</ref> and [[Mississippi]],<ref>{{citation |title= State Symbols |website=Ms.gov |url=https://www.ms.gov/Visitors/About_Mississippi/State_Symbols |access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> and the state [[freshwater fish]] of [[Florida]]<ref>{{Citation |title=State Freshwater Fish |work=Florida State Symbols |publisher=Florida Department of State |url= https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-freshwater-fish/ |access-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> and [[Alabama]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Official Alabama Fresh Water Fish |date=November 17, 2003 | url = http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_ffish.html | access-date =2019-05-07 |work=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama | publisher = Alabama Department of Archives and History }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.bassmaster.com/glossary |title=Bass fishing terms and expressions|website=Bassmaster.com |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> It is a highly prized [[sport fish]] among [[angling|angler]]s for their vigorous resistance when caught, and have been [[introduced species|introduced]] to many regions due to their popularity in [[bass fishing]] and tolerance to [[urban stream]]s. However, they have become an [[invasive species]] in some areas, causing the decline, displacement or extinction of [[native species]] through [[predation]] and [[competition (biology)|competition]].

==Taxonomy==
The largemouth bass was first formally described as ''Labrus salmoides'' in 1802 by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the Carolinas.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus|genus=Micropterus|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> Lacépède based his [[Species description|description]] on an illustration of a [[Zoological specimen|specimen]] collected by [[Louis Bosc]] near [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Recent phylogenomic studies, however, place the type locality given by Lacépède as within the range of the [[Florida bass]] (''M. floridanus'') and outside that of the largemouth bass. This study concludes that Lacépède's name is the correct binomial for the Florida bass and that the oldest available binomial for the largemouth bass is Cuvier's ''Huro nigricans'', which has a type locality of Lake Huron which is within the range of the largemouth bass.<ref name = Kim2020>{{cite journal | author1 = Daemin Kim | author2 =Andrew T. Taylor | author3 = Thomas J. Near | name-list-style = & | year = 2022 | title = Phylogenomics and species delimitation of the economically important Black Basses (Micropterus) | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 12 | issue = 9113 | page =9113 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-022-11743-2| pmid =35668124 | pmc =9170712 | bibcode =2022NatSR..12.9113K | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Description==
The largemouth bass is an olive-green to greenish gray fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Color is Your Largemouth Bass? |url=https://www.takemefishing.org/blog/february-2014/what-color-is-your-largemouth-bass/ |website=Takemefishing.org |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> The upper jaw ([[maxilla]]) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/content/largemouth-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102170517/http://www.in-fisherman.com/content/largemouth-12|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-01-02|title=Largemouth Bass1|date=January 2, 2011|access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref>

The largemouth bass is the largest of the [[black bass]]es, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of {{cvt|29.5|in|cm}}<ref name="SignOnSanDiego">{{cite news | title = Escondido's world-famous bass found dead | url = http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/sports/20080510-9999-1n10bass.html | newspaper = San Diego Union-Tribune | access-date = May 27, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005071644/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/sports/20080510-9999-1n10bass.html | archive-date = October 5, 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref> and a maximum unofficial weight of {{cvt|25|lb|1|oz|kg|1}}.<ref name="SignOnSanDiego" /> [[Sexual dimorphism]] is found, with the female larger than the male.

Largemouth bass prefer habitats with abundant [[littoral]] [[aquatic plant|vegetation]] and generally maintain relatively small [[home range]]s in lakes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahrenstorff |first1=Tyler D. |last2=Sass |first2=Greg G. |last3=Helmus |first3=Matthew R. |date=2009-05-01 |title=The influence of littoral zone coarse woody habitat on home range size, spatial distribution, and feeding ecology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-008-9660-1 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=623 |issue=1 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.1007/s10750-008-9660-1 |s2cid=2812920 |issn=0018-8158}}</ref> They have an average lifespan of 10 to 16 years in the wild.<ref name="TexasParks">{{cite web | title = Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) | url = http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/lmb/ | publisher = Texas Parks and Wildlife | access-date =October 3, 2008}}</ref>

==Feeding==
[[Juvenile fish|Juvenile]] largemouth bass consumes mostly small [[bait fish]], [[Scud (crustacean)|scud]]s, [[Cladocera|water fleas]], [[copepods]], small [[shrimp]], and insects.<ref name="cabi.org">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/74846 |title=Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) |access-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013602/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/74846 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adults consume smaller fish ([[bluegill]], [[banded killifish]], [[minnows]], [[Juvenile fish|juvenile]] bass), [[shad]], [[Earthworm|worms]], [[snail]]s,  [[crawfish]], [[frog]]s, [[snake]]s, and [[salamander]]s. {{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy slightly deeper water than younger fish, and shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish like [[shad]], [[yellow perch]], [[cisco (fish)|ciscoes]], [[Catostomidae|suckers]], [[shiner (fish)|shiners]], other [[Cyprinidae|cyprinids]], [[Neotropical silverside|freshwater silversides]], and [[Centrarchidae|sunfish]] (such as bluegill and [[green sunfish]]).<ref name="cabi.org"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/74846#tobiologyAndEcology | title=Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass)|website=Cabi.org }}</ref><ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> It also consumes younger members of larger fish species, such as [[catfish]], [[trout]], [[walleye]], [[white bass]], [[striped bass]], and even smaller black bass. Among the crayfish species preyed upon include ''[[Faxonius difficilis]]'', ''[[Faxonius harrisonii|F. harrisonii]]'', ''[[Faxonius hartfieldi|F. hartfieldi]]'', and ''[[Procambarus clarkii]].''<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> Prey items can be as large as 50% of the bass's body length or larger.<ref name="DassowCollier2018">{{cite journal|last1=Dassow|first1=Colin J.|last2=Collier|first2=Alex|last3=Hodgson|first3=Jay Y. S.|last4=Buelo|first4=Cal D.|last5=Hodgson|first5=James R.|title=Filial cannibalism by largemouth bass (''Micropterus salmoides''): a three-decade natural history record from a small northern temperate lake|journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2018|pages=361–379|issn=0270-5060|doi=10.1080/02705060.2018.1477691|bibcode=2018JFEco..33..361D |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Studies of prey utilization by largemouths show that in weedy waters, bass grow more slowly due to difficulty in acquiring prey. Less weed cover allows bass to more easily find and catch prey, but this consists of more open-water [[Bait fish|baitfish]]. With little or no cover, bass can devastate the prey population and starve or be stunted. Fisheries managers must consider these factors when designing regulations for specific bodies of water. Under overhead cover, such as overhanging banks, brush, or submerged structure, such as weedbeds, points, humps, ridges, and drop-offs, the largemouth bass uses its senses of hearing, sight, vibration, and smell to attack and seize its prey. Adult largemouth are generally [[apex predator]]s within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young, including [[great blue herons]], larger bass, [[northern pike]], [[walleye]], [[muskellunge]], yellow perch, [[channel catfish]], [[northern water snake]]s, [[crappie]], [[common carp]], and [[American eel]]s.<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{Cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Micropterus_salmoides/|title = Micropterus salmoides (American black bass)|website=Animaldiversity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in-fisherman.com/content/largemouth-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410031253/http://www.in-fisherman.com/content/largemouth-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-10|title=Largemouth Bass|date=April 10, 2011|access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref> Multiple species of [[kingfishers]], [[bitterns]], and other [[heron]]s feed on this bass, as well.<ref>Micropterus salmoides summary page. (n.d.). FishBase. https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Micropterus-salmoides</ref> Both the young and adult largemouths are targeted by the [[bald eagle]].<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/>

Notably in the [[Great Lakes]] Region, ''Micropterus nigricans'' along with many other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasive [[round goby]] (''Neogobius melanostomus''). Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently. This feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. It is illegal to use or possess live ''Neogobius melanostomus'' as bait in the Great Lakes Region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(brw3y4554cagkv4554a24a45))/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-451-1994-iii-2-1-wildlife-conservation-413.pdf|title=Excerpt of Michigan's Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act|publisher=Legislature.mi.gov|access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref>

==Spawning==
[[File:Largemouth-bass-20170129-cropped.jpg|thumb|Side view of a living largemouth bass]]
Largemouth bass usually reach sexual maturity and begin spawning when they are about a year old.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/LargemouthBassBiology.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828011136/http://www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/LargemouthBassBiology.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-28 |url-status=live|title=Largemouth Bass: Biology and Life History|last=Davis, Lock|first=James, Joe|date=August 1997|website=Southern Regional Aquaculture Center}}</ref> Spawning takes place in the spring season when the water temperature first remains continuously above {{convert|60|F}} for a sufficient period of time.{{specify|reason=Please specify how long the temperature must remain above 60°F|date=October 2021}} In the northern region of the United States and Canada, this usually occurs anywhere from late April until early July. In the southern states, where the largest and healthiest specimens typically inhabit, this process can begin in March and is usually over by June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.takemefishing.org/blog/february-2016/largemouth-bass-spawning-and-fishing-consideration/|title=Largemouth Bass Spawning and Fishing Consideration|last=Whitcomb|first=Andy|date=February 28, 2016|website=TakeMeFishing.org}}</ref> Males form nests by moving debris from the bottom of the body of water using their tails. These nests are usually about twice the length of the males, although this can vary.<ref name=":0" /> Bass prefer sand, muck, or gravel bottoms, but will also use rocky and weedy bottoms where there is cover for their nest, such as roots or twigs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/fishing/species/lmbass.html|title=Fishes Of Wisconsin: Largemouth Bass|date=August 31, 2012|website=Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources}}</ref> After finishing the nest, the males swim near the nest looking for a female to mate with. After one is found, the two bass swim around the nest together, turning their bodies so that the eggs and sperm that are being released will come in contact on the way down to the nest. Bass will usually spawn twice per spring, with some spawning three or four times, although this is not as common. The male will then guard the nest until the eggs hatch, which can take about two to four days in the southern US and Northern Mexico, and slightly longer in the northern part of its native range. Finally, depending on the water temperature, the male will stay with the nest until the infant bass are ready to swim out on their own, which can be about two more weeks after they hatch. After this, the male, female, and newborns will switch to more of a summer mode, in which they then focus more on feeding.<ref name=":0" />

==Angling==
{{Main|Bass fishing}}
[[File:Caught largemouth bass.jpg|thumb|120px|right|upright|A largemouth bass caught by an angler]]
[[File:PB-LMB.jpg|thumb|left|Largemouth bass caught in New Jersey]]

Largemouth bass are keenly sought after by [[Fisherman|angler]]s and are noted for the excitement of their 'fight', meaning how vigorously the fish resists being hauled into the boat or onto shore after being hooked. The fish will often become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species, the [[smallmouth bass]], is even more aggressive.<ref name="smallmouth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/bass/smallmouth/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111021150/http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/fish/bass/smallmouth/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-11|title=Smallmouth bass: Minnesota DNR|date=November 11, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref> Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass with [[fishing lure|lure]]s such as [[Spinnerbait]], [[plastic worm]]s (and other plastic baits), [[Jig (fishing)|jigs]], [[crankbait]]s, and live bait, such as worms and minnows. A recent trend is the use of large [[swimbait]]s to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenile [[rainbow trout]] in California. Fly fishing for largemouth bass may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials. Other live baits, such as frogs or [[crawfish]], can also be productive. Large [[golden shiner]]s are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishingtipsdepot.com/bass-fishing-tips.php |title=Bass Fishing Tips - Tips on How to Catch a Largemouth Bass |publisher=Fishingtipsdepot.com |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps one of the world's most tolerant freshwater fish.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The world record largemouth according to the [[International Game Fish Association|IGFA]] is shared by Manabu Kurita and George W. Perry. Kurita's bass was caught from [[Lake Biwa]] in Japan on July 2, 2009, and weighed {{convert|10.12|kg|lboz}}. Perry's bass was caught on June 2, 1932, from Montgomery Lake in Georgia and weighed {{convert|10.09|kg|lboz}}. This record is shared because the IGFA states a new record must beat the old record by at least 2 ounces.<ref name="record">{{Cite web|url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Bass,%20largemouth|title=Bass, largemouth (''Micropterus nigricans'')|publisher=International Game Fish Association|date=April 12, 2022|access-date=June 9, 2022}}</ref>

Strong cultural pressure among largemouth bass anglers encourages the practice of [[catch and release]], especially the larger specimens, mainly because larger specimens are usually breeding females that contribute heavily to future sport fishing stocks. Largemouth bass respond well to [[catch and release]], with a very high survival rate after release, especially if the fish is handled with care and is loosely hooked in the side or top of the mouth.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} However, if the fish swallows the hook, survival odds greatly decrease.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Largemouth bass have a white, slightly mushy meat, lower quality than that of the [[smallmouth bass]], [[bluegill]], [[yellow perch]], [[crappie]] or [[walleye]]. Small largemouth, of 10–14 inches, can contain higher quality meat, especially during the spring.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Popular bass fishing lures.jpg|thumb|Popular lures]]
Given largemouth bass' prevalence across North America and their accessibility to the everyday angler, largemouth bass are often viewed as an introductory fish. Fishing for largemouth bass can help beginner anglers transition away from traditional "worm on a hook" angling towards fishing with artificial lures and strategies. It is often the case that recreational fishermen become "addicted to fishing" shortly after they make largemouth bass their target species. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}} The cultural implications of largemouth bass are quite significant, as there are even competitions and tournaments specifically targeting largemouth bass in North America.

==Invasive species==
The largemouth bass has been introduced into many other regions and countries due to its popularity as a sport fish and tolerance to urban environments. It causes the decline, displacement or extinctions of species in its new habitat through [[predation]] and competition,<ref>{{Cite web|title = issg Database: Impact Information for Micropterus salmoides|url = http://www.issg.org/database/species/impact_info.asp?si=94&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN|website =Issg.org|access-date = January 22, 2016}}</ref> for example in [[Namibia]]. They are also an invasive species in the Canadian province of [[New Brunswick]], and are on the watch list across much of the far northern US and Canada. In colder waters, these fish are often a danger to native fish fry such as [[salmon]] and trout.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/invasive-species/alerts/largemouth_bass_alert.pdf | title=INVASIVE SPECIES ALERT! LARGEMOUTH BASS (''Micropterus salmoides'')|publisher=Government of British Columbia |location=Canada}}</ref> They have also been blamed for the extinction of the [[Atitlán grebe|Atitlan grebe]], a large waterbird which once inhabited [[Lake Atitlán|Lake Atitlan]], [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Flightless Birds|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PQD-0dYJLgC&q=largemouth%2520bass%2520kills%2520atitlan%2520grebe&pg=PA175|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|date = January 1, 2006|isbn = 9780313083945|language = en|first = Clive|last = Roots}}</ref> In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. This allows them to be successful as an invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Trophic plasticity of invasive juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Iberian streams|journal = Fisheries Research|date = January 1, 2012|pages = 153–158|volume = 113|issue = 1|doi = 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.11.002|first1 = David|last1 = Almeida|first2 = Ana|last2 = Almodóvar|first3 = Graciela G.|last3 = Nicola|first4 = Benigno|last4 = Elvira|first5 = Gary D.|last5 = Grossman}}</ref> Similarly, a study done in [[Japan]] showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the numbers of [[benthic]] organisms, resulting from the predation on fishes, crustaceans, and nymphal odonates by the bass.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Community-level impacts induced by introduced largemouth bass and bluegill in farm ponds in Japan|journal = Biological Conservation|date = January 1, 2003|pages = 111–121|volume = 109|issue = 1|doi = 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00144-1|first1 = Yasunori|last1 = Maezono|first2 = Tadashi|last2 = Miyashita| bibcode=2003BCons.109..111M }}</ref> The largemouth bass has been causing sharp decreases in native fish populations in Japan since 1996, especially in [[Rhodeus|bitterling fish]] in [[Izunuma-Uchinuma|Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/npr/nrp_japan/pdf/303_izunuma.pdf|title = Nature Restoration Projects in Japan: Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma|date = March 2009|access-date = January 22, 2016|website = Ministry of the Environment|publisher = Government of Japan}}</ref>

==Conservation==
To better understand the effects of angling on largemouth bass populations, researchers have studied physiological variation in the largemouth bass. One study found that in areas where [[angling]] was high, there was a significant effect on bass physiology. In stress tests, bass from protected areas had increased [[cortisol]] responsiveness compared to those in the highly active fisheries.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Zolderdo |title=Freshwater protected areas can preserve high-performance phenotypes in populations of a popular sportfish |journal=Conservation Physiology |date=16 March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=coad004 |doi=10.1093/conphys/coad004 |pmid=36937992 |pmc=10019442 }}</ref> The largemouth bass in Freshwater Protected Areas also had a higher aerobic scope, potentially providing them with more energy for growth, reproduction, and responding to environmental change.<ref name=":1" /> Another study found that maternal exposure to the stress hormone cortisol resulted in a lower responsiveness to angling stressors in their [[Offspring|progeny]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Redfern |first1=Julia |title=Effects of maternal cortisol treatment on offspring size, responses to stress, and anxiety-related behavior in wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) |journal=Physiology and Behavior |date=15 October 2017 |volume=180 |pages=15–24 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.001 |pmid=28782525 |s2cid=38768461 }}</ref> These studies in tandem provide evidence that repeated exposure to stress hormones and high angling pressure can bring out suboptimal phenotypes in largemouth bass populations.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Micropterus salmoides|''Micropterus salmoides''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Micropterus salmoides|Largemouth bass}}
* Illustration: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31437#page/77/mode/1up plate 45] in Cuvier & Valenciennes (circa 1834), illustration by Werner & Smith.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q755105}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Micropterus|Largemouth bass]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of the United States]]
[[Category:Fish of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1802|Largemouth bass]]
[[Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Symbols of Mississippi]]
[[Category:Symbols of Alabama]]
[[Category:Symbols of Florida]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]