Editing Lani Guinier

{{Short description|American legal scholar and civil rights theorist (1950–2022)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Lani Guinier
| image              = Lani Guinier.jpg
| alt                = photograph
| caption            = Guinier in 1993
| birth_name         = Carol Lani Guinier
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1950|4|19}}
| birth_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2022|1|7|1950|4|19}}
| death_place        = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| education          = [[Radcliffe College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Yale University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| occupation         = {{hlist|Attorney|Author|Law professor}}
| relatives          = [[Ewart Guinier]] (father)<br>[[Maurice Paprin]] (uncle)
}}
'''Carol Lani Guinier''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|i|_|ɡ|w|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɪər}} {{respell|LAH|nee|_|gwin|EER}}; April 19, 1950 – January 7, 2022) was an American educator, legal scholar, and [[civil rights]] theorist. She was the Bennett Boskey Professor of Law at [[Harvard Law School]], and the first woman of color appointed to a tenured professorship there.<ref name="law.harvard.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10344/Guinier/ |title=Harvard Law School - Lani Guinier biography |access-date=March 17, 2014 |archive-date=August 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822050915/http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10344/Guinier |url-status=live }}</ref> Before coming to Harvard in 1998, Guinier taught at the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]] for ten years. Her scholarship covered the professional responsibilities of public lawyers, the relationship between democracy and the law, the role of race and gender in the political process, [[college admissions]], and [[affirmative action]]. In 1993, President [[Bill Clinton]] nominated Guinier to be [[United States Assistant Attorney General]] for Civil Rights, but withdrew the nomination.

==Early life and career==
Carol Lani Guinier was born on April 19, 1950, in New York City, to Eugenia "Genii" Paprin and [[Ewart Guinier]].<ref name="conauth"><!-- 
 -->{{Cite book|editor-last1=Peacock|editor-first1=Scot|title=Contemporary Authors|title-link=Contemporary Authors|volume=158|year=1998|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|isbn=0-7876-1185-9|oclc=37926306|pages=[[iarchive:contemporaryauth00roon/page/153/mode/1up|153–156]]|issn=0010-7468}}</ref><ref name="lee1996"><!-- 
 -->{{Cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Margaret C.|chapter=Lani Guinier (1950–)|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Jessie Carney|title=Notable Black American Women|year=1996|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|isbn=0-8103-4749-0|oclc=24468213|volume=2|pages=[[iarchive:notableblackamer00jess/page/261/mode/1up|261–263]]}}</ref><ref name="globeobit"/> Ewart, who was born in [[Panama]] to Jamaican parents and raised in [[Panama]] and [[Boston]], was one of two black students admitted to [[Harvard College]] in 1929. He was forced to drop out in 1931, unable to afford school after he was excluded from financial aid and campus housing, but he ultimately returned to Harvard as a professor and the first chair of the [[Afro-American]] Studies Department in 1969.<ref name=":0"><!-- 
 -->{{cite book|last=Guinier|first=Lani|title=Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice|date=March 7, 2003|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0743253515|pages=58–59|orig-year=1998}}</ref><!-- 
 --> Paprin, an Ashkenazi-Jewish civil-rights activist, graduated from [[Hunter College]] in 1939.<ref name=":1"><!--
 -->{{Cite news|last=Newman|first=Maria|date=June 2, 1994|title=Commencements; Lani Guinier at Hunter: 'Silence Is Not Golden'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/02/nyregion/commencements-lani-guinier-at-hunter-silence-is-not-golden.html|access-date=January 7, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227062100/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/02/nyregion/commencements-lani-guinier-at-hunter-silence-is-not-golden.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Guinier's parents met in [[Hawaii Territory]], where each was a member of the [[Communist Party of Hawaii]] and of the Hawaii Civil Rights Congress. Guinier's father was also a national officer for the [[United Public Workers of America]], a [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) union.<ref>{{Cite book|last=United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress|title=Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary|date=January 1957|pages=2670}}</ref> Her uncle was real estate developer and social activist [[Maurice Paprin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 151 (2005), Part 20 - IN MEMORY OF MAURICE S. PAPRIN: NEW YORK REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER AND ADVOCATE, EDUCATOR AND PROMOTER OF SOCIAL WELFARE|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2005-pt20/html/CRECB-2005-pt20-Pg27629.htm|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> Guinier moved with her family to [[Hollis, Queens]], in 1956.<ref>Guinier, Lani. [https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/02/13/the-two-or-more-races-dilemma/identity-and-demography "Identity and Demography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213171946/https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/02/13/the-two-or-more-races-dilemma/identity-and-demography |date=December 13, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 25, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2019. "When my family moved to Hollis, Queens in 1956, the neighborhood changed with our arrival."</ref>

Guinier said that she wanted to be a civil rights lawyer since she was twelve years old,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schudel|first=Matt|date=January 11, 2022|title=Law professor's Justice Dept. nomination became a Clinton-era controversy|page=B6|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://washingtonpost.com|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> after she watched on television as [[Constance Baker Motley]] helped escort [[James Meredith]], the first black American to enroll in the [[University of Mississippi]].<ref name="ldf women">[http://www.thedefendersonline.com/2009/03/31/balancing-race-and-gender-ldf-women-pioneers/ "Balancing Race and Gender: LDF Women Pioneers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317070146/http://www.thedefendersonline.com/2009/03/31/balancing-race-and-gender-ldf-women-pioneers/ |date=March 17, 2012 }}, ''The Defenders Online'', March 31, 2009</ref> After graduating third in her class from [[Andrew Jackson High School (Queens)|Andrew Jackson High School]], Guinier earned her B.A. from [[Radcliffe College]] of [[Harvard University]] in 1971 and her [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree from [[Yale Law School]] in 1974. She clerked for Judge [[Damon Keith]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]], then served as special assistant to [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]] [[Drew S. Days, III|Drew S. Days]] in the [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Civil Rights Division]] during the [[Carter Administration]].<ref name=":3"><!--
 -->{{Cite web |url=https://helios.law.harvard.edu/Public/Faculty/Cv.aspx?i=10344 |title=Lani Guinier, CV |access-date=January 8, 2022 |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421235337/https://helios.law.harvard.edu/Public/Faculty/Cv.aspx?i=10344 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was admitted to the [[District of Columbia Bar]] in 1981, and after [[Ronald Reagan]] took office, she joined the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] (LDF) as an assistant counsel, eventually becoming head of its Voting Rights project.<ref name="ldf women" /> She was a highly successful litigator for LDF, winning 31 of the 32 cases she argued.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=January 7, 2022|title=LDF Mourns the Passing of Trailblazing Harvard Law Professor and Voting Rights Defender Lani Guinier|url=https://www.naacpldf.org/press-release/ldf-mourns-the-passing-of-trailblazing-harvard-law-professor-and-voting-rights-defender-lani-guinier/|website=NAACP Legal Defense Fund}}</ref> She also worked on the successful extension of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act]] in 1982.<ref name=":4" />

==Nomination for Assistant Attorney General==
Guinier was President [[Bill Clinton]]'s nominee for [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]] for [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Civil Rights]] in April 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/30/news/reno-completes-most-of-lineup-at-justice-dept.html|title=Reno Completes Most of Lineup At Justice Dept.|work=The New York Times|date=April 30, 1993|access-date=January 8, 2022|archive-date=November 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160510/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/30/news/reno-completes-most-of-lineup-at-justice-dept.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jodi|last=Kantor|title=Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart|date=July 30, 2008|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?ex=1375156800&en=337ecbaa93d25b8c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|accessdate=October 27, 2008|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327183252/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?ex=1375156800&en=337ecbaa93d25b8c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink|url-status=live}}</ref> Conservative journalists and [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] senators mounted a campaign against Guinier's nomination. Guinier was dubbed a "quota queen," a phrase first used in a ''Wall Street Journal'' op-ed by [[Clint Bolick]], a Reagan-era [[U.S. Justice Department]] official.<ref>Bolick, Clinton (1993) "Clinton's Quota Queens," ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' op-ed, April 30, 1993.</ref> The term was perceived by some to be racially loaded, combining the "[[welfare queen]]" stereotype with "quota," a buzzword used to challenge affirmative action.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ireland|first=Patricia|date=June 27, 1993|title=Still Fighting the Double Standard|page=Chicago Tribune|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-06-27-9306270039-story.html|access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Affirmative Action|work=Weekend Edition Sunday|publisher=[[National Public Radio]] (NPR)|url=https://www.npr.org/2003/01/19/926348/affirmative-action|date=January 19, 2003|access-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref> In fact, Guinier opposed racial quotas, as she attempted to make clear, responding to the misrepresentation of her views by invoking her father's experience at Harvard: "He was a victim of a racial quota, a quota of one. I have never been in favor of quotas. I could not be, knowing my father's experience."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tackett|first=Michael|date=June 5, 1993|title=Guinier Defends Her views, Denies She Backs Quotas|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-06-05-9306050143-story.html|access-date=January 7, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140252/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-06-05-9306050143-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As one reviewer of her work wrote: "The remedies Guinier advocates for diluted minority voting rights do not include laws that guarantee election outcomes for disadvantaged groups."<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 21, 1994|title=Lani Guinier States Her Case|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>

Some journalists also alleged that Guinier's writings indicated that she supported the shaping of electoral districts to ensure a black majority, a process known as "race-conscious districting." Political science and law professor [[Carol M. Swain]] argued that Guinier was in favor of "segregating black voters in black-majority districts."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Swain|first=Carol M.|date=June 3, 1993|title=Opinion {{!}} Black-Majority Districts: A Bad Idea|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/opinion/blackmajority-districts-a-bad-idea.html|access-date=January 7, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123035633/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/opinion/blackmajority-districts-a-bad-idea.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|date=June 13, 1993|title=n the End, Distortion Triumphed Over Lani Guinier's Writings|page=141|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Guinier was portrayed as a racial polarizer who believed—in the words of [[George Will]]—that "only blacks can properly represent blacks."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Will|first=George F.|date=June 13, 1993|title=Sympathy For Guinier|url=https://www.newsweek.com/sympathy-guinier-194016|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=[[Newsweek]]|language=en}}</ref>

In the face of the negative media attention, many [[US Democratic Party|Democratic]] senators, including [[David Pryor]] of [[Arkansas]], [[Ted Kennedy]] of [[Massachusetts]], and [[Carol Moseley-Braun]] of [[Illinois]] (the only African American serving in the Senate at that time),<ref name="Smith 2009">{{Cite book
|last=Clinton
|first=William Jefferson
|title=My Life
|year=2005
|isbn=1-4000-3003-X
|page={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}
|no-pp=yes
|location=New York City
|publisher=Knopf
}}</ref> informed Clinton that Guinier's interviews with senators were going poorly and urged him to withdraw Guinier's nomination.<ref>Leff, Laurel (1993), "From legal scholar to quota queen: what happens when politics pulls the press into the groves of academe," ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' 32:3 (September–October 1993).</ref>

Clinton withdrew Guinier's nomination on June 4, 1993. He stated that Guinier's writings "clearly lend themselves to interpretations that do not represent the views I expressed on civil rights during the [presidential] campaign."<ref name="David G. Savage">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-05-mn-43571-story.html|title=Guinier's Ideas Viewed as Largely Theoretical : Nominee: In her 'academic' article on voting rights, the conclusions she reaches appear to be tentative|first=David G. |last=Savage|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 5, 1993|access-date=March 17, 2014|archive-date=March 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318003146/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-06-05/news/mn-43571_1_voting-rights|url-status=live}}</ref> Guinier, for her part, acknowledged that her writings were often "unclear and subject to vastly different interpretations," but believed that the political attacks had distorted and caricatured her academic philosophies.<ref name="David G. Savage" /> [[William T. Coleman Jr.]], who had served as [[Secretary of Transportation]] under President [[Gerald Ford]], wrote that the withdrawal was "a grave [loss], both for President Clinton and the country. The President's yanking of the nomination, caving in to shrill, unsubstantiated attacks, was not only unfair, but some would say political cowardice."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.fairvote.org/reports/1993/quotes.html|title=Notable Quotes for 1993|website=archive.fairvote.org|access-date=March 17, 2014|archive-date=March 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318001803/http://archive.fairvote.org/reports/1993/quotes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Civil rights theories==
===Alternative voting systems===
In her publications, Guinier suggested various strategies for strengthening minority groups' voting power, and rectifying what she characterized as an unfair [[voting system]], not just for racial minorities, but for all numerical minority groups, including [[fundamentalist Christians]], the [[Amish]], or, in states such as Alabama, [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]]. Guinier also stated that she did not advocate for any single procedural rule, but rather that all alternatives should be considered in the context of litigation ''"after'' the court finds a legal violation."<ref>(1994:14)</ref>

Some of the ideas she considered are:
*[[cumulative voting]], a system in which each voter has "the same number of votes as there are seats or options to vote for, and they can then distribute their votes in any combination to reflect their preferences"—a system often used on corporate boards in 30 states, as well as by school boards and county commissions
*multi-member "superdistricts," a strategy that "modifies winner-take-all majority rule to require that something more than a bare majority of voters must approve or concur before action is taken."

Guinier's idea of [[cumulative voting]] was taken up by [[Roslyn Fuller]] as a potential way of protecting minority rights without compromising [[One Man, One Vote]] principles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=Roslyn |title=Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed its Meaning and Lost its Purpose|date=November 15, 2015 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=9781783605422}}</ref>

===Revising affirmative action===
From 2001 until her death, Guinier was active in civil rights in higher education, coining the term "confirmative action" to reconceptualize issues of diversity, fairness, and [[affirmative action]].  The process of confirmative action, she said, "ties diversity to the admissions criteria for all students, whatever their race, gender, or ethnic background&mdash;including people of color, working-class whites, and even children of privilege."<ref>Guinier (2001), [http://minerscanary.org/mainart/highered.shtml "Colleges Should Take 'Confirmative Action' in Admissions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628190009/http://minerscanary.org/mainart/highered.shtml |date=June 28, 2002 }}, ''Chronicle of Higher Education''. Retrieved on February 28, 2011.</ref>

Because public and private institutions of higher learning are almost all to some extent publicly funded (i.e., federal [[student loan]]s and research grants), Guinier argued that the nation has a vested interest in seeing that all students have access to higher education and that these graduates "contribute as leaders in our democratic polity." By linking diversity to merit, Guinier argued that preferential treatment of minority students "confirms the public character and democratic missions of higher-education institutions. Diversity becomes relevant not only to the college's admissions process but also to its students' educational experiences and to what its graduates actually contribute to American society."<ref>Guinier (2001), [http://minerscanary.org/mainart/highered.shtml "Colleges Should Take 'Confirmative Action' in Admissions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628190009/http://minerscanary.org/mainart/highered.shtml |date=June 28, 2002 }}, ''Chronicle of Higher Education''. Retrieved on December 9, 2008.</ref>

==="Political race"===
Developing a concept of "political race," Guinier argued that if viewed as a resource from which to develop social critique, attention to exclusions based on race had the potential to produce broad and democratizing effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Woliver|first=Laura R.|date=November 1, 2002|title=The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. Lani Guinier, Gerald Torres|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/jop.64.4.1520093|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=64|issue=4|pages=1244–1246|doi=10.1086/jop.64.4.1520093|issn=0022-3816}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In ''The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy'' ([[Harvard University Press]], 2002), Guinier and co-author Gerald Torres used the analogy of racial minorities as the canary in the coal mine, alerting others to risks in the environment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Balfour|first=Lawrie|date=2003|title=Race as a Resource - Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres: The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. P.392. $27.95.)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-politics/article/abs/race-as-a-resource-lani-guinier-and-gerald-torres-the-miners-canary-enlisting-race-resisting-power-transforming-democracy-cambridge-ma-harvard-university-press-2002-p392-2795/49C8297E46C57E8D4C7292AD0FCC4CC4|journal=The Review of Politics|language=en|volume=65|issue=2|pages=307–308|doi=10.1017/S0034670500050105|s2cid=144584585|issn=1748-6858}}</ref> As one [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] review put it, they argue for "reforms based on initiatives that are begun by minority groups but move beyond racial issues because they address the needs of other disadvantaged groups."<ref name="miner" /> One examplar Torres and Guinier cite is the way that ''[[Hopwood v. Texas]]'', an anti-affirmative action lawsuit, ultimately inspired reform that enlarged college access for all Texas students following minority activists' research on admissions. They found that the majority of admissions to the state's top colleges came from a handful of the state's high schools, prompting a reform that required the colleges to admit the top 10 percent of all high schools. The ''Times'' review concluded, "The goal of reaching such truly evenhanded solutions is what this book generously holds out."<ref name="miner">{{Cite news|last=Boyer|first=Allen D.|date=April 21, 2002|title=Books in Brief: 'The Miner's Canary'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/books/review/books-in-brief-the-miners-canary.html|access-date=January 8, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Academic career==
===Teaching===
Guinier began her career in academics in 1989 as a Professor of Law at the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]]. It was there that she took her experience with the Voting Rights Project of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and began theorizing on reforming the voting system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Risen|first=Clay|date=8 January 2022|title=Lani Guinier, Legal Scholar at the Center of Controversy, Dies at 71|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/us/politics/lani-guinier-dead.html|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> She spent 10 years at University of Pennsylvania Law School before joining [[Harvard Law School]] in 1998 as the school's first woman of color to be granted tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=HLS Professor Lani Guinier |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/guinier/ |website=www.law.harvard.edu |accessdate=June 10, 2020 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608204209/http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/guinier/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  She regularly lectured at various other law schools and universities including [[Yale]], [[Stanford]], [[New York University]] (NYU), [[UT Austin]], [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[UCLA]], [[Rice University|Rice]], and [[University of Chicago]]. In 2007 she was a visiting professor at [[Columbia Law School]], and in 2009 she was a fellow at the [[Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lani Guinier {{!}} Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences|url=https://casbs.stanford.edu/people/lani-guinier|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=casbs.stanford.edu|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212143249/https://casbs.stanford.edu/people/lani-guinier|url-status=live}}</ref>

Guinier took emerita status at Harvard in 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Milano|first=Brett|date=January 7, 2022|title=In Memoriam: Lani Guinier 1950 - 2022|url=https://today.law.harvard.edu/in-memoriam-lani-guinier-1950-2022/|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=Harvard Law Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Publications===
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?58251-1/the-tyranny-majority ''Booknotes'' interview with Guinier on ''The Tyranny of the Majority'', June 26, 1994], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?169591-1/the-miners-canary Presentation by Guinier on ''The Miner's Canary'', April 12, 2002], [[C-SPAN]]}} 
Guinier authored over two dozen law review articles,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10344/Guinier/publications |title=Harvard Law School - Lani Guinier publications |access-date=March 17, 2014 |archive-date=March 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318014504/http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10344/Guinier/publications |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as five books:
* {{cite book |last1=Guinier |first1=Lani |title=The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy |date=1994 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-02-913172-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OQPAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}<ref>1994 review: {{cite magazine
   |magazine=[[The New Republic]]
   |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/62574/voting-rites
   |title=Voting Rites
   |first=Cass R.|last= Sunstein
   |author-link=Cass Sunstein
   |pages=34–38
   |access-date=January 8, 2022
|archive-date=May 17, 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517113638/https://newrepublic.com/article/62574/voting-rites
   |url-status=live
   }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Guinier |first1=Lani |last2=Fine |first2=Michelle |author2-link=Michelle Fine |last3=Balin |first3=Jane |title=Becoming Gentlemen: Women, Law School, and Institutional Change |date=1997 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-4405-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlgDUtBcAvoC |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raymond|first=Diane|year=1998|title=Review of Becoming Gentlemen; Critical Race Feminism|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=10|issue=3|pages=216–220|doi=10.2979/NWS.1998.10.3.216 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |issn=1040-0656|jstor=4316616}}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Guinier |first1=Lani |title=Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback Into a New Vision of Social Justice |date=1998 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-81145-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pR2AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Guinier|first1=Lani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWkMAAAAYAAJ|title=The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy|last2=Torres|first2=Gerald|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00469-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Guinier|first=Lani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMJAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Tyranny+of+the+Meritocracy:+Democratizing+Higher+Education+in+a+Democracy|title=The Tyranny of the Meritocracy: Democratizing Higher Education in America|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-0628-3|language=en}}

==Personal life and death==
Guinier married Nolan Bowie in 1986.<ref name="nytobit" /> They had one son, Nikolas Bowie, who is also a Harvard law professor.<ref name="nytobit" />

Guinier died from complications of [[Alzheimer's disease]] at a care facility in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], on January 7, 2022, at the age of 71.<ref name="globeobit">{{cite news |last1=Marquard |first1=Bryan |date=January 7, 2022 |title=Lani Guinier, civil rights champion and Harvard law professor, dies at 71 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/01/07/metro/lani-guinier-civil-rights-champion-harvard-law-professor-dies-71/ |access-date=January 7, 2022 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Risen|first=Clay|date=January 7, 2022|title=Lani Guinier, Legal Scholar at the Center of Controversy, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/us/politics/lani-guinier-dead.html|access-date=January 8, 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108021113/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/07/us/politics/lani-guinier-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honors==
During her lifetime, Guinier was honored with the Champion of Democracy Award from the [[National Women's Political Caucus]];<ref name=":3" /> the [[Margaret Brent]] Women Lawyers of Achievement Award from the [[American Bar Association]] (ABA) Commission on Women in the Profession (1995);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Previous Margaret Brent Women Lawyers of Achievement Award Recipients|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/diversity/women/margaret-brent-awards/pasthonorees/|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=www.americanbar.org|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218135337/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/diversity/women/margaret-brent-awards/pasthonorees/}}</ref> and the [[Rosa Parks]] Award from the American Association of Affirmative Action.<ref name=":3" /> She was also awarded the 1994 Harvey Levin Teaching Award at the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]]<ref name=":3" /> and the 2002 Sacks-Freund Award for Teaching Excellence from [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2015 she was awarded the "[[Deborah W. Meier]] Hero in Education Award" from [[Fairtest]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=about us {{!}} FairTest|url=https://www.fairtest.org/aboutus?page=2|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=www.fairtest.org|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174056/http://www.fairtest.org/aboutus?page=2|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, she was awarded a Champion of Democracy Award from [[Fair Vote]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fairvote.org/lani_guinier_champion_of_democracy|title=Lani Guinier: Champion of Democracy|publisher=Fair Vote|accessdate=January 7, 2022|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717192931/https://www.fairvote.org/lani_guinier_champion_of_democracy|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, she received [[Yale Law School]]’s highest honor, the Award of Merit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Law School Mourns the Loss of Lani Guinier '74|url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/yale-law-school-mourns-loss-lani-guinier-74|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=law.yale.edu|date=January 7, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Symposium Honors Professor and Civil Rights Lawyer Lani Guinier '74|url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/symposium-honors-professor-and-civil-rights-lawyer-lani-guinier-74|date=November 18, 2021|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=law.yale.edu|language=en|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214035930/https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/symposium-honors-professor-and-civil-rights-lawyer-lani-guinier-74|url-status=live}}</ref>

She received eleven [[honorary degrees]],<ref name="law.harvard.edu"/> from schools including [[Hunter College]],<ref name=":1" /> [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=News Bureau|title=Lani Guinier to speak at 2004 Commencement|url=https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/207757|date=November 13, 2003|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=news.illinois.edu|language=en-US|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193152/https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/207757|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Smith College]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lani Guinier to Deliver Smith Commencement Address|url=https://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/01-075.html|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=www.smith.edu|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105090835/https://www.smith.edu/newsoffice/releases/01-075.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spelman College]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2019|title=Honorary Degree Recipients 1977 - Present|url=https://www.spelman.edu/docs/presidents-office/past-honorary-degree-recipients.pdf?sfvrsn=cecf8c50_14|url-status=live|access-date=January 7, 2022|website=President's Office|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412075423/https://www.spelman.edu/docs/presidents-office/past-honorary-degree-recipients.pdf?sfvrsn=cecf8c50_14}}</ref> [[Swarthmore College]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 8, 2014|title=Past Speakers and Honorary Degree Recipients|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/past-commencements/past-speakers-and-honorary-degree-recipients|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=www.swarthmore.edu|language=en|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227122812/https://www.swarthmore.edu/past-commencements/past-speakers-and-honorary-degree-recipients|url-status=live}}</ref> and Bard College.<ref>{{Cite web|last=cyber|date=January 8, 2022|title=BARD COLLEGE TO HOLD ONE HUNDRED FORTY-THIRD COMMENCEMENT ON SATURDAY, MAY 24, 2003 Civil Rights Champion and Harvard Law Professor Lani Guinier to Deliver Commencement Address|url=https://news.thecyber.live/host-https-www.bard.edu/news/releases/pr/fstory.php?id=587|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=News The Cyber Live|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />  In 2007 she delivered the [[Yale Law School]] Fowler Harper Lecture, entitled "The Political Representative as Powerful Stranger: Challenges for Democracy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lani Guinier '74 Discusses Challenges for Democracy April 30|url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/lani-guinier-74-discusses-challenges-democracy-april-30|date=April 24, 2007|access-date=January 8, 2022|website=law.yale.edu|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=11527145}}
* [http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/facdir.php?id=24 Guinier's publications at Harvard's website]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020305223100/http://minerscanary.org/pubs/pubs_by_lani.shtml |title=Online links to various articles Substantial list of Guinier's publications |date=March 5, 2002}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020923182654/http://www.minerscanary.org/ |title=Miner's Canary project |date=September 23, 2002}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031034103/http://www.racetalks.org/indexfla.html |title=Racetalks Initiative |date=October 31, 2005}}
* [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106guinier.html Interview with Lani Guinier in Dollars & Sense magazine]
* {{IMDb name|1560326}}
* Lani Guinier as a panelist at [http://ctforum.org/event/the-legal-system-on-trial The Connecticut Forum, ''The Legal System on Trial''], January 18, 1995
* {{C-SPAN|3164}}
**[https://www.c-span.org/video/?324509-1/depth-lani-guinier ''In Depth'' interview with Guinier, March 1, 2015]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guinier, Lani}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American academics]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century American academics]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women lawyers]]
[[Category:American legal scholars]]
[[Category:American women legal scholars]]
[[Category:African-American legal scholars]]
[[Category:Jewish legal scholars]]
[[Category:African-American Jews]]
[[Category:American civil rights lawyers]]
[[Category:American people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:American people of Panamanian descent]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:Andrew Jackson High School (Queens) alumni]]
[[Category:Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows]]
[[Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Jewish American academics]]
[[Category:Lawyers from New York City]]
[[Category:People associated with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]]
[[Category:People from Hollis, Queens]]
[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Writers from Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]
[[Category:African-American women academics]]