Editing Land for peace

{{Short description|Legal interpretation in the Arab-Israeli conflict}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
'''Land for peace''' is a legalistic interpretation of [[UN Security Council Resolution 242]] which has been used as the basis of subsequent [[Arab–Israeli peace process|Arab–Israeli peace making]]. The name ''Land for Peace'' is derived from the wording of the resolution's first operative paragraph which affirms that peace should include the application of two principles: Withdrawal of Israeli forces (Giving Up Land), and Termination of all claims or states of belligerency (Making Peace). Since the resolution stipulates that both principles should apply, they can be viewed jointly as giving up land for peace, referred to more concisely as "land for peace".<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROlQUFZIpoC&pg=RA1-PA308| title = The United Nations Security Council }}</ref>

This interpretation is widely contested because it implies that Israeli withdrawal is linked to its neighbours' willingness to formally make peace. Competing interpretations of the resolution regard Israel as being obligated to withdraw unilaterally from all territories captured in 1967. Operative paragraph 1 of Resolution 242 reads as follows:

:1. Affirms that the fulfillment of Charter principles requires the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the [[Middle East]] which should include the application of both the following principles:
:::		(i) Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict;

:::		(ii) Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force;

In 1976, when [[Lord Caradon]] was asked about the concessions the Arab states would have to make to Israel as part of an overall settlement, he said "Well, that's perfectly obvious if you read again the principles of 242, which have been accepted by Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia, and in effect by Israel. The provision is that if there is an adequate withdrawal, all states in the area must be free to live within secure and recognized boundaries, free from force and threat of force. So it is an acceptance that Israel has a right to exist, just as they would have  a right to their homeland, and have a right to exist. This is the essential bargain that we are proposing. It's not a new thing, it's been going since 1967.<ref>An Interview with Lord Caradon, ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 5, No. 3/4 (Spring – Summer, 1976), page 147</ref>

==Peace treaties==
[[File:EgyptIsraelBorderEilat.JPG|thumb|200px|Egypt–Israel border, looking north from the Eilat Mountains]]
On 19 June 1967, shortly after the Six-Day War, the Israeli government voted to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in exchange for a permanent peace settlement and a demilitarization of the returned territories.<ref>Herzog, ''Heroes of Israel'', p. 253.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Seth S. King |date=30 June 1967 |title=Israeli aims tied to 6 vital areas |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/06/30/83128870.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=21 September 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Drew Middleton |date=1 June 1967 |title=Latin nations bid Israel withdraw |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/07/01/83130813.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=21 September 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> This decision was not made public at the time, nor was it conveyed to any Arab state. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Abba Eban]] has said that it had been conveyed, but there seems to be no solid evidence to corroborate his claim; no formal peace proposal was made either directly or indirectly by Israel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raz |first=Avi |date=2013 |title=The Generous Peace Offer that was Never Offered: The Israeli Cabinet Resolution of June 19, 1967 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254276 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–108 |issn=0145-2096}}</ref> The Americans, who were briefed of the Cabinet's decision by Eban, were not asked to convey it to Cairo and Damascus as official peace proposals, nor were they given indications that Israel expected a reply.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |title=The Iron Wall – Israel and the Arab World |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-103322-8 |edition=paperback 2014 |page=270 |quote=The decision of 19 June read, "Israel proposes the conclusion of a peace agreement with Egypt based on the international border and the security needs of Israel." The international border placed the Gaza strip within Israel's territory. ... it makes no mention of a request by Eban to transmit these terms to Egypt and Syria. ... One is left with the impression that Eban was more interested in using the cabinet decision of 19 June to impress the Americans than to engage the governments of Egypt and Syria in substantive negotiations}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Shlomo Ben-Ami |title=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli–Arab Tragedy |publisher=Phoenix |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7538-2104-6 |page=125 |quote="But was there on 19 June 1967 an Israeli peace overture towards Syria and Egypt? Did the Israeli cabinet end its deliberations on that day with a decision to convey concrete peace proposals to its Arab neighbors along the lines as discussed in the Cabinet, or perhaps ask the American administration to do so on its behalf? Notwithstanding Abba Eban's (Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1967) insistence that this was indeed the case, there seems to be no solid evidence to corroborate his claim. No formal peace proposal was made either directly or indirectly by Israel. The Americans, who were briefed on the Cabinet's decision by Eban, were not asked to convey it to Cairo and Damascus as official peace proposals, nor were they given indications that Israel expected a reply. At the meeting of 19 June the Israeli government developed policy guidelines; it did not discuss a peace initiative, nor did it ever formalise it as such."}}</ref> Eban rejected the prospect of a mediated peace, insisting on the need for direct negotiations with the Arab governments.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Terrebce |date=15 August 1967 |title=A Mediated Peace Rejected by Eban |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/08/15/90390826.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

The Arab position, as it emerged in September 1967 at the [[Khartoum Resolution|Khartoum Arab Summit]], was to reject any peaceful settlement with the State of Israel. The eight participating states—Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, and Sudan—passed a resolution that would later become known as the "three no's": there would be no peace, no recognition and no negotiation with Israel. Prior to that, King [[Hussein of Jordan]] had stated that he could not rule out a possibility of a "real, permanent peace" between Israel and the Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=27 June 1967 |title=Eban rejects aid in settling crisis |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/06/26/83125500.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=21 September 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=3}}</ref>

The first application of the land for peace formula was [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|Israel's peace treaty with Egypt]] in 1979,{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} under which Israel withdrew from the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] as part of a comprehensive peace agreement facilitated by economic assistance to both sides from the United States.

In 1994 a similar comprehensive agreement invoking resolution 242<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview of Israel-Jordan Peace Negotiations|website=Jewish Virtual Library|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/overview-of-israel-jordan-peace-negotiations}}</ref> formed the basis of the Israel Jordan peace treaty whereby both sides redeployed to their respective sides of the agreed international boundary.

==Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties==
*[[Paris Peace Conference, 1919]]
*[[Faisal–Weizmann Agreement]] (1919)
*[[1949 Armistice Agreements]]
*[[Camp David Accords (1978)]]
*[[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]] (1979)
*[[Madrid Conference of 1991]]
*[[Oslo Accords]] (1993)
*[[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]] (1994)
*[[Camp David 2000 Summit]]
*[[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]
*[[Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs]]
*[[List of Middle East peace proposals]]
*[[International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli peace process]]
[[Category:Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]