Editing Lamorna

{{Short description|Village in Cornwall, England}}
{{about|the village}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox UK place
 | country                  = England
 | coordinates              = {{coord|50.06295|-5.56440|display=inline,title}}
 | static_image_name        = Lamorna Cove from air2 Fossick.jpg
 | static_image_caption     = Lamorna harbour
 | official_name            = Lamorna
 | population               = 
 | unitary_england          = [[Cornwall Council|Cornwall]]
 | lieutenancy_england      = [[Cornwall]]
 | civil_parish             = [[St Buryan, Lamorna and Paul]]
 | region                   = South West England
 | constituency_westminster = [[St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)|St Ives]]
 | post_town                = Penzance
 | postcode_district        = TR19
 | postcode_area            = TR
 | dial_code                = 01736
 | os_grid_reference        = SW449234
 | map_type                 = Cornwall
 | cornish_name             = Nansmornow
}}

'''Lamorna''' ({{langx|kw|Nansmornow}}) is a village, valley and [[cove]] in west [[Cornwall]], England, UK. It is on the [[Penwith]] peninsula approximately {{convert|4|mile|0}} south of [[Penzance]]. Lamorna became popular with the artists of the [[Newlyn School]], including [[Alfred Munnings]], [[Laura Knight]] and [[Harold Knight (artist)|Harold Knight]], and is also known for former residents [[Derek Tangye|Derek]] and [[Jean Tangye]] who farmed land and wrote "The Minack Chronicles".

==Toponymy==
First recorded as ''Nansmorno'' (in 1305), than ''Nansmurnou'' (1309), ''Nansmorne'' (1319), ''Nansmornou'' (1339), ''Nansmorna'' (1387) and ''Namorna'' (1388). In Cornish ''Nans'' means valley, and the 2nd element is possibly ''mor'', which means sea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pool|first1=Peter A S|title=The Place-Names of West Penwith|date=1985|publisher=Peter Pool|location=Heamoor|page=56|edition=Second}}</ref>

==Geography==
Lamorna Cove is at the SE end of a north-west to south-east valley. The cove is delineated by Carn-du (Black Rock) on the eastern side and Lamorna Point on the western side. The valley is privately owned from The Wink ([[Pub|public house]]) down to the cove, which is reached by a narrow lane to the car park and quay. The small village, half a mile inland, was originally known as Nantewas.<ref name=os/><ref name=wilnecker>{{cite book|last1=Wilnecker|first1=Patricia M|title=Lamorna – Valley by the Sea|publisher=Bumblebee Publications|location=St Buryan}}</ref> The [[South West Coast Path]] passes around the cove.

Lamorna lies within the [[Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] (AONB); almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park.<ref name=os>Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 ''Land's End''. {{ISBN|978-0-319-23148-7}}.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Lamorna Cove Nr. Penzance by A. R. Quinton.jpg|thumb|Lamorna Cove by [[A. R. Quinton]], c. 1920]]
The first record of [[Dartmoor tin-mining#streaming|tin streaming]] is in the 1380s when Alan Hoskyn was killed (murder was not proven) during a dispute with Trewoofe, after the stream was diverted. Mounds along the stream are evidence of past activity.<ref name=wilnecker/><ref name="fox">{{cite book|last1=Fox|first1=Estelle|title=Some Lamorna Voices|date=2000|publisher=Lamorna Oral History Group|location=Lamorna|pages=7–12}}</ref> Kemyel Mill was operated by the Hoskyn family from at least the 14th century until the 1920s, but is now a gift shop under different ownership.<ref name=wilnecker/> There were two mills: one milled corn for animal feed, and the other flour.<ref name="fox"/> Both mills are [[Listed building#Examples of Grade II listed buildings|grade II listed buildings]].<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Kemyel Mills (Upper Mill Building)|num=1327508|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|desc=Kemyel Mills (Lower Mill Building)|num=1143924|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

In the 17th century a [[privateer]] vessel owned by the Penrose family was regularly moored in the cove and was wrecked during a storm. At one time five cannon were on the sea floor in {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of water, and one is now at [[Stoney Cove]], Leicestershire where it is used at an underwater archaeological training area. A number of silver coins found in 1984 and 1985 include one dated 1653. The wreck is a popular diving site.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Larn|first1=Richard|title=Dive South Cornwall|date=1996|publisher=Underwater World Publications Ltd|location=Teddington|isbn=0-946020-25-6|edition=3rd}}</ref>

A school for fifty to sixty infant boys and girls opened for the first time in the village in March 1881. The schoolroom, with a screen at the eastern end, was paid for by Canon Coulson and built on land on which he owned the [[Freehold (law)|freehold]]. The room converted to a mission room for Anglicans by removing a screen to reveal a [[chancel]]; the converted chapel had a capacity of 70–80 for services. Previously children had to go to [[St Buryan]], some 4&nbsp;km away, for schooling.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Buryan|work=The Cornishman|issue=141|date=24 March 1881|page=4}}</ref>

The valley is now tree-covered, but until around the 1950s the stream- and hillside were grazed by cows, horses and pigs.<ref name="hockin">{{cite book|last1=Hockin|first1=Hazel|title=Some Lamorna Voices|date=2000|publisher=The Lamorna Oral History Group|location=Lamorna|pages=13–18}}</ref> On the slopes, daffodils and early potatoes were grown; the flowers were sent to markets at [[Covent Garden]] (London), Birmingham and Wales.<ref name="fox"/>

==Community radio==
The local [[Community radio in the United Kingdom|community radio]] station is [[Coast FM (West Cornwall)|Coast FM]] (formerly Penwith Radio), which broadcasts on 96.5 and 97.2 [[FM broadcasting|FM]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Volunteer run Penwith Radio to change its name to Coast FM|url=http://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/14510092.Volunteer_run_Penwith_Radio_to_change_its_name_to_Coast_FM|website=falmouthpacket.co.uk|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

==Quarries==
Waste tips on the eastern side of the cove are a reminder of the [[granite]] quarries first opened by John Freeman, on [[Baron St Levan|St Aubyn land]], in 1849 and continued working until 1911.<ref name="powell">{{cite book|last1=Powell|first1=Margaret|title=Some Lamorna Voices|date=2000|publisher=The Lamorna Oral Group|location=Lamorna|pages=25–6}}</ref> Famous buildings and constructions include [[Port of Dover|Admiralty Pier]] at [[Dover]], [[London County Hall|London County Council]] offices, the [[Thames Embankment]] and [[Portland Harbour|Portland Breakwater]]. Stone from the cove was also used locally to build the [[Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly|Bishop Rock Lighthouse]], [[Mousehole|Mousehole north pier]] and the [[Wolf Rock Lighthouse]]. Granite was dragged by chains to an iron pier, where the stream enters the sea, and transported by ship. A plinth weighing 20 tons was sent to [[The Great Exhibition]] of 1851 by sea but eventually, due to the hazards of loading ships, granite was sent by road via Kemyal and Paul Hill through [[Newlyn]], to the cutting yards in [[Wherrytown]]. The present quay was built in the late 19th century, possibly rebuilt on an older quay, and is a grade II listed building.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=Quay at SW450240|num=1137452|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> A quarry on the west side of the cove failed due to the high [[quartz]] content of the granite. An area of {{convert|20|acre}} and known as the ″Lamorna Harbour Works″ was put up for auction at the Mart, Tokenhouse Yard, City of London on 16 June 1881. The property, on both sides of the valley, included ″the exceedingly valuable″ granite quarry with harbour, wharf and pier, a powder magazine, lime and mill house, carpenter's shops, 12&nbsp;horse-power water-wheel, foreman's residence and a "substantial and superior" dwelling-house.<ref>{{cite news|title=Situate In The Parishes Of St Buryan And Paul, And About Four Miles From Penzance|work=The Cornishman|issue=151|date=2 June 1881|page=1}}</ref> Despite the 1881 sale claiming the granite quarry was ″exceeding valuable″, Freeman and Sons only employed four men at the quarry two years later and the average-sized blocks were of inferior quality compared with the quarry at nearby [[Sheffield, Cornwall|Sheffield]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ouit |title=The Industries of Penzance and its Neighbourhood. No XII. Quarries, Stone-mills, etc |work=The Cornishman |issue=265 |date=9 August 1883 |page=7}}</ref>

The Lamorna Cove Hotel, built in the 1870s and known as Cliffe House, was originally the quarry manager's home, and had a school and chapel (with bell tower) for the quarry workers and their families. It was first used as a hotel in the 1920s.<ref name="fox"/><ref name="powell"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Lamorna Cove Hotel|url=http://www.thelamornacovehotel.com/the-history/|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> During the [[World War II|Second World War]] the hotel was occupied by seven French fishing families who fished out of Newlyn.

==Newlyn School of Art and the Lamorna Colony==
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Lamorna became popular with artists of the [[Newlyn School]]. It is particularly associated with the artist [[Lamorna Birch|S J "Lamorna" Birch]] who lived there from 1908. The colony included Birch, [[Alfred Munnings]], [[Laura Knight]] and [[Harold Knight (artist)|Harold Knight]]. This period is dramatised in the 1998 novel ''Summer in February'' by [[Jonathan Smith (novelist)|Jonathan Smith]], which was adapted for the [[Summer in February|2013 movie]] directed by [[Christopher Menaul]]. Lamorna was also the home of the jeweller [[Ella Naper]] and her husband, the painter Charles, who built Trewoofe House.<ref name="cwsN">{{cite web|title=Charles William Skipwith NAPER|publisher=cornwall artists index|access-date=3 December 2016|url=http://cornwallartists.org/cornwall-artists/charles-william-skipwith-naper}}</ref> The Lamorna Arts Festival was launched in 2009 to celebrate the original Lamorna Colony and today's Lamorna art community.

==Lamorna in culture==
{{Main| Lamorna (folk song)}}
Lamorna has been immortalised in the song "Way Down to Lamorna", about a wayward husband receiving his comeuppance from his wife. The song is beloved of many Cornish singers, including [[Brenda Wootton]].<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/places/cornwall/songs.htm Cornish Folk Songs]</ref>

The actor [[Robert Newton]] (1905–1956) was educated in Lamorna and his ashes were scattered in the sea off Lamorna by his son, Nicholas Newton.

The authors [[Derek Tangye]] and [[Jean Tangye]] lived above Lamorna where he wrote his famous books [["The Minack Chronicles"]]. A piece of land called "Oliver Land" has been preserved as a wildlife sanctuary in memory of the couple. Lamorna was the village used in the novel ''The Memory Garden'' by Rachel Hore (2007) and was a location used for the shooting of [[Sam Peckinpah]]'s 1971 thriller ''[[Straw Dogs (1971 film)|Straw Dogs]]''. ''Lamorna Cove'' was the title of a poem by [[W. H. Davies]] published in 1929.

The name of Lamorna's pub, The Wink, alludes to [[smuggling]], "the wink" being a signal that contraband could be obtained. The pub is the subject of a novel by [[Martha Grimes]], entitled ''The Lamorna Wink''. The interior contains an important collection of maritime artefacts.

The Lamorna Pottery was founded in 1947 by Christopher James Ludlow (known as Jimmy) and Derek Wilshaw.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tait|first=Derek|title=Cornwall Through Time|year=2012|publisher=Amberley Publishing|location=Stroud}}</ref> It is currently a working pottery, gift shop and café.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Lamorna Cove Cornwall.jpg|Looking out from Lamorna Cove Cornwall
File:Lamorna Cove Cornwall 2.jpg|Looking over to Lamorna Cove Cornwall
File:Lamorna Cove Cornwall 3.jpg|Lamorna Cove harbour Cornwall
File:Lamorna Cove Cornwall 4.jpg|Lamorna Cove Cornwall
</gallery>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Colin CaffellNaiad greenwave.jpg|''Naiad'' by Lamorna artist Colin Caffell
File:Millennium Garden at Lamorna.jpg|Millennium gardens at Lamorna
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
* [http://www.minack.info The Minack Chronicles]
* [http://www.lamorna.info Lamorna.info Community website]
* [http://www.thelamornasociety.com/ The Lamorna Society]

{{fishing history|expanded=villages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Fishing communities]]
[[Category:Penwith]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Quarries in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Valleys of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Villages in Cornwall]]