Editing Ladislaus I of Hungary

{{Short description|King of Hungary from 1077 to 1095}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Ladislaus I
| full name    = 
| image        = King St. Ladislaus.jpg
| caption      = [[Herm (sculpture)|Herm]] of Saint Ladislaus containing his skull, held in the Basilica of [[Győr]]
| succession   = [[King of Hungary]]<br><small>Contested by [[Solomon of Hungary|Solomon]] until 1081</small>
| reign        = 25 April 1077 – 29 July 1095
| coronation   = 1077, [[Székesfehérvár]]
| cor-type     = hungary
| predecessor  = [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza I]]
| successor    = [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]]
| succession1  = [[King of Croatia]]<br><small>Contested by [[Petar Snačić]]</small>
| reign1       = 1091 – 29 July 1095
| predecessor1 = [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]]
| successor1   = [[Petar Snačić]]
| regent1      = [[Prince Álmos|Álmos]] as Duke
| spouse       = [[Adelaide of Rheinfelden]]
| issue        = [[Irene of Hungary|Piroska, Byzantine Empress]]<br>A princess of Volhynia
| issue-link   = #Family
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[Árpád dynasty]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Béla I of Hungary]]
| mother       = [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza or Adelaide of Poland]]
| birth_date   = {{circa}} 1040
| birth_place  = [[Kraków]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]]
| death_date   = 29 July {{Death year and age|1095|1040}}
| death_place  = Nyitra, [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br>(now [[Nitra]], Slovakia)
| place of burial = [[Oradea#Kings buried|Cathedral-Basilica]] of Nagyvárad (today [[Oradea]], Romania)
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Hungary|Catholic]]
}}

'''Ladislaus I''' ({{langx|hu|I. László}}, {{langx|hr|Ladislav I.}}, {{langx|sk|Ladislav I.}}, {{langx|pl|Władysław I}}; {{circa}} 1040 – 29 July 1095), also known as '''Saint Ladislas''', was [[King of Hungary]] from 1077 and [[King of Croatia]] from 1091. He was the second son of King [[Béla I of Hungary]] and [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza (or Adelaide) of Poland]]. After Béla's death in 1063, Ladislaus and his elder brother, [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]], acknowledged their cousin [[Solomon of Hungary|Solomon]] as the lawful king in exchange for receiving their father's former [[Duchy (Kingdom of Hungary)|duchy]], which included one-third of the kingdom. They cooperated with Solomon for the next decade. Ladislaus's [[Saint Ladislaus legend|most popular legend]], which narrates his fight with a "[[Cuman]]" (a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nomad marauder) who abducted a Hungarian girl, is connected to this period. The brothers' relationship with Solomon deteriorated in the early 1070s, and they rebelled against him. Géza was proclaimed king in 1074, but Solomon maintained control of the western regions of his kingdom. During Géza's reign, Ladislaus was his brother's most influential adviser.

Géza died in 1077, and his supporters made Ladislaus king. Solomon resisted Ladislaus with assistance from King [[Henry IV of Germany]]. Ladislaus supported Henry IV's opponents during the [[Investiture Controversy]]. In 1081, Solomon abdicated and acknowledged Ladislaus's reign, but he conspired to regain the royal crown, and Ladislaus imprisoned him. Ladislaus [[canonized]] the first Hungarian saints (including his distant relatives, King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] and Duke [[Saint Emeric of Hungary|Emeric]]) in 1085. He set Solomon free during the canonization ceremony.

After a [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)#Pagan revolts, wars and consolidation (1038–1116)|series of civil wars]], Ladislaus's main focus was the restoration of public safety. He introduced severe legislation, punishing those who violated property rights with death or mutilation. He occupied almost all [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] in 1091, which marked the beginning of an expansion period for the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. Ladislaus's victories over the [[Pechenegs]] and [[Cumans]] ensured the security of his kingdom's eastern borders for about 150 years. His relationship with the [[Holy See]] deteriorated during the last years of his reign, as the popes claimed that Croatia was their [[fief]], but Ladislaus denied their claims.

Ladislaus was canonized on 27 June 1192 by [[Pope Celestine III]]. Legends depict him as a pious knight-king, "the incarnation of the late-medieval Hungarian ideal of chivalry."{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=187}} He is a popular saint in Hungary and neighboring nations, where many churches are dedicated to him.

== Early years (before 1064) ==

Ladislaus was the second son of the future King [[Béla I of Hungary]] and his wife, [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza (or Adelaide)]], who was a daughter of King [[Mieszko II Lambert|Mieszko II Lambert of Poland]].{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=394}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=78, 107}} Ladislaus and his elder brother, [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza]], were born in [[Poland]], where Béla had settled in the 1030s after being [[Béla I of Hungary#In exile (1031–c. 1048)|banished from Hungary]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=338}} Ladislaus was born around 1040.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}} Ladislaus's "physical and spiritual makeup testified to God's gracious will even at his birth", according to his late-12th-century ''Legend''.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=174}} The almost contemporaneous [[Gallus Anonymus]] wrote that Ladislaus was "raised from childhood in Poland" and almost became a "[[Polish people|Pole]] in his ways and life".{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=338}}<ref name="Gallus_27_97">''The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles'' (ch. 27.), p. 97.</ref> He received a [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] name: "Ladislaus" is derived from "[[Vladislav]]".{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}

Béla and his family returned to Hungary around 1048.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}} Béla received the so-called "[[Duchy (Kingdom of Hungary)|Duchy]]"{{spaced ndash}}which encompassed one-third of the kingdom{{spaced ndash}}from his brother, King [[Andrew I of Hungary]].{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=60}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=30}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=79}} The ''[[Illuminated Chronicle]]'' mentions that Andrew's son, [[Solomon of Hungary|Solomon]], "was [[Anointing|anointed]] king with the consent of Duke Bela and his sons Geysa and Ladislaus"<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 65.92), p. 115.</ref> in 1057 or 1058.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}

Béla, who had been Andrew's heir before Solomon's coronation, left for Poland in 1059; his sons accompanied him.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=88}} They returned with Polish reinforcements and began a rebellion against Andrew.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=60}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=31}} After defeating Andrew, Béla was crowned king on 6 December 1060.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=31}} Solomon left the country, taking refuge in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=61}}{{sfn|Robinson|1999|p=53}} Béla I died on 11 September 1063, some time before German troops [[German invasion of Hungary (1063)|entered Hungary]] in order to restore Solomon.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=88}} Ladislaus and his brothers, Géza and [[Lampert of Hungary|Lampert]], went back to Poland, and Solomon was once again crowned king in [[Székesfehérvár]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|pp=88–89}} The three brothers returned when the Germans left Hungary.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|pp=26–27}} To avoid another civil war, the brothers signed a treaty with Solomon on 20 January 1064,{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|pp=26–27}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=89}} acknowledging Solomon's reign in exchange for their father's duchy.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=89}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=27}}

== Duke in Hungary (1064–1077) ==

Ladislaus and Géza probably divided the administration of their duchy; Ladislaus seems to have received the regions around [[Biharia|Bihar]] (now Biharia, Romania).{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=394}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=27}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=106}} Géza and Ladislaus cooperated with King Solomon between 1064 and 1071.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=106}} The most popular story in Ladislaus's later legends{{spaced ndash}}his fight with a "[[Turkic peoples|Cuman]]" warrior who abducted a Christian maiden{{spaced ndash}}occurred during this period.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=176–177}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=107–108}} The relationship between the king and his cousins became tense in the early 1070s.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=109}} When Géza accompanied Solomon on a military campaign against the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1072, Ladislaus stayed behind with half of the ducal troops in [[Nyírség]] to "avenge his brother with a strong hand"<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 79.111), p. 119.</ref> if Solomon harmed Géza.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=109}}{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=85}}
[[File:Képes_krónika_-_72.oldal_-_László_herceg_birokra_kél_a_leányrabló_kunnal_(4).jpg|alt=|thumb|After the [[Battle of Kerlés]] in 1068, Saint Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a [[Cumans|Cuman]] warrior who kidnapped a girl ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)]]
Realizing that another civil war was inevitable, the king and dukes launched negotiations to obtain the assistance of foreign powers.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=109}}{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=85}} First, Ladislaus visited the [[Kievan Rus']], but he returned without reinforcements.{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=394}}{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=85}} He then went to [[Moravia]], and persuaded Duke [[Otto I of Olomouc]] to accompany him back to Hungary with [[Czechs|Czech]] troops.{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=394}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} By the time they returned to Hungary, the royal army had already invaded the duchy and routed Géza's troops at the [[Battle of Kemej]] on 26 February 1074.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=109}}{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=90}} Ladislaus met his fleeing brother at [[Vác]], and they decided to continue the fight against Solomon.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=28}} A legend preserved in the ''Illuminated Chronicle'' mentions that before the battle, Ladislaus "saw in broad daylight a [[Vision (spirituality)|vision from heaven]]" of an angel placing a crown on Géza's head.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=177}}<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 83.120), p. 123.</ref> Another legendary episode also predicted the dukes' triumph over the king: an "[[Stoat|ermine]] of purest white" jumped from a thorny bush to Ladislaus's lance and then onto his chest.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=177}}<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 85.121), p. 124.</ref> The decisive [[Battle of Mogyoród]] was fought on 14 March 1074.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=90}} Ladislaus commanded "the troops from [[Bihar County|Byhor]]" on the left flank.{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=28}}<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 84.121), p. 124.</ref> Solomon was defeated,{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=90}} but instead of surrendering to his cousins, he fled to the western borders of the kingdom to seek assistance from his brother-in-law [[Henry IV of Germany]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=94}}

Géza was proclaimed king, but Solomon established himself in [[Mosonmagyaróvár|Moson]] and [[Pressburg]] (now [[Bratislava, Slovakia]]).{{sfn|Steinhübel|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=94}} During his brother's reign, Ladislaus administered all of their father's former duchy.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} He repelled Solomon's attack on [[Nyitra]] (present-day [[Nitra, Slovakia]]) in August or September 1074, but he could not seize Pressburg.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} Ladislaus was also his brother's main advisor.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} Legend says that Géza decided to build a church dedicated to the [[Holy Virgin]] in [[Vác]] after Ladislaus explained the significance of the wondrous appearance of a [[red deer]] at the place where the church would be erected:{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=177–178}}

{{Blockquote|As [King Géza and Duke Ladislaus] were standing at a spot near [Vác], where is now the church of the [[Saint Peter|blessed apostle Peter]], a stag appeared to them with many candles burning upon his horns, and it began to run swifly before them towards the wood, and at the spot where is now the monastery, it halted and stood still. When the soldiers shot their arrows at it, it leapt into the [[Danube]], and they saw it no more. At this sight the blessed Ladislaus said: "Truly that was no stag, but an [[angel]] from God." And King [Géza] said: "Tell me, beloved brother, what may all the candles signify which we saw burning on the stag's horns." The blessed Ladislaus answered: "They are not horns, but wings; they are not burning candles, but shining feathers. It has shown to us that we are to build the church of the Blessed Virgin on the place where it planted its feet, and not elsewhere."|''[[Illuminated Chronicle|The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle]]''<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 87–88.124), p. 125.</ref>}}

== His reign ==

=== Consolidation (1077–1085) ===
[[File:Laszlo-Coronation-ChroniconPictum.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Angels crowning King Saint Ladislaus ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)]]
Géza I died on 25 April 1077.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=32}} Since Géza's sons, [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]] and [[Álmos, Duke of Croatia|Álmos]], were [[Minor (law)|minors]], his supporters proclaimed Ladislaus king instead.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=110}} Gallus Anonymus emphasizes that King [[Boleslaus II the Bold]] of Poland "drove out" Solomon "from Hungary with his forces, and placed [Ladislaus] on the throne"; Boleslaus even called Ladislaus "his king".{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=338}}<ref>''The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles'' (ch. 27–28.), pp.&nbsp;97–99.</ref>{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=97}} Although the ''Illuminated Chronicle'' emphasizes that Ladislaus "never placed the crown upon his head, for he desired a heavenly crown rather than the earthly crown of a mortal king", all his coins depict him wearing a crown, suggesting that Ladislaus was actually crowned around 1078.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=114}}<ref name="Chronicon_93_131_127">''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 93.131), p. 127.</ref>{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}} Shortly after his coronation, Ladislaus promulgated two law books, which incorporated the decisions of an assembly of the "magnates of the kingdom", held in [[Pannonhalma]].{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=27}}<ref>''Laws of King Ladislas I'' (Ladislas II:Preamble), p. 12.</ref> The majority of these laws were draconian measures to defend private property, showing that Ladislaus primarily focused on internal consolidation and security during the first years of his reign.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} Those who were caught [[theft|stealing]] were to be executed, and even criminals who committed minor offenses against property rights were blinded or sold as slaves.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}} His other laws regulated legal proceedings and economic matters, including the issuing of [[Summons#Judicial summons|judicial summons]] and the [[royal monopoly]] on salt trade.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=27}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=62}}

{{Blockquote|If someone, freeman or bondman, should be caught in theft, he shall be [[Hanging|hanged]]. But if he [[Sanctuary#Human sanctuary|flees to the church]] to evade the [[gallows]], he shall be led out of the church and blinded. A bondman caught in theft, if he does not flee to the church, shall be hanged; the owner of the stolen goods shall take a loss in the lost goods. The sons and daughters of a freeman caught in theft who fled to the church, was led out and blinded, if they are ten years old or less, shall retain their freedom; but if they are older than ten years they shall be reduced to servitude and lose all their property. A bondman or freeman who steals a goose or a hen shall lose one eye and shall restore what he has stolen.|''Laws of King Ladislas I''<ref>''Laws of King Ladislas I'' (Ladislas II:12), pp.&nbsp;14–16.</ref>}}

[[File:Ladislav1 denar1.jpg|thumb|right |alt=A small silver coin depicting a cross | Ladislaus's denar]]

The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' claims that Ladislaus planned to "restore the kingdom" to Solomon and "himself have the dukedom",<ref name="Chronicon_93_131_127" />{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=114}} but almost all contemporaneous sources contradict this report.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=117–118}} Ladislaus approached [[Pope Gregory VII]], who was the primary opponent of Solomon's ally, Henry IV of Germany.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=117–118}} At the Pope's request, Ladislaus sheltered [[Bavaria]]n nobles who had rebelled against Henry.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} In 1078 or 1079, Ladislaus married [[Adelaide of Rheinfelden|Adelaide]], a daughter of [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], whom [[Saxon revolt of 1077–1088|the German princes had elected]] to take the place of Henry IV as king.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}} Ladislaus supported [[Leopold II, Margrave of Austria]], who also rebelled against Henry IV; however, the German monarch forced Leopold to surrender in May 1078.{{sfn|Robinson|1999|p=191}}

Taking advantage of the internal conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire, Ladislaus besieged and captured the fortress of Moson from Solomon in early 1079.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} However, Henry IV stormed the western regions of Hungary, and secured Solomon's position.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} The German invasion also prevented Ladislaus from assisting Boleslaus the Bold, who fled to Hungary after his subjects expelled him from Poland.{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=98}} Ladislaus initiated negotiations with Solomon, who abdicated in 1080 or 1081 in exchange for "revenues sufficient to bear the expenses of a king".{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=92}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}}<ref name="Chronicon_94_133_128">''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 94.133), p. 128.</ref> However, Solomon soon began conspiring against Ladislaus, and Ladislaus imprisoned him.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}}

The first five Hungarian saints, including the first king of Hungary, [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], and Stephen's son, [[Saint Emeric of Hungary|Emeric]], were [[canonization|canonized]] during Ladislaus's reign.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=119}} Stephen's canonization demonstrates Ladislaus's magnanimity, because Ladislaus's grandfather, [[Vazul]], had been blinded on Stephen's orders in the 1030s.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=63}} Historian László Kontler says that the canonization ceremony, held in August 1083, was also a political act, demonstrating Ladislaus's "commitment to preserving and strengthening" the Christian state.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=64}} Ladislaus even dedicated a newly established [[Benedictine]] monastery{{spaced ndash}}Szentjobb Abbey{{spaced ndash}}to Stephen's right arm, known as the "[[Stephen I of Hungary#Legacy#His Holy Dexter|Holy Dexter]]", which was miraculously found intact.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} Ladislaus released Solomon at the time of the ceremony;{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}} legend said that Stephen's grave could not be opened until he did so.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=94}}

{{Blockquote|[The] Lord, in order to show how merciful [King Stephen I] had been while living in a mortal body, demonstrated his approval of [Stephen's revelation as a saint] before all other works when [the king] was already reigning with Christ to the point that though for three days they struggled with all their might to raise his holy body, it was not by any means to be moved from its place. For in that time, because of the sins, a grave discord arose between the said king Ladislas and his cousin Solomon, because of which, Solomon, captured, was held in prison. Therefore when they tried in vain to raise the body, a certain [[recluse]] at the church of the Holy Savior in Bökénysomlyó, by the name of Karitas, whose famous life at the time was held in esteem, confided to the king by a revelation made to her from heaven that they exerted themselves in vain; it would be impossible to transfer the relics of the holy king until unconditional pardon was offered to Solomon, setting him free from the confinement of prison. And thus, bringing him forth from the prison, and repeating the three-day fast, when the third day arrived for the transferal of the holy remains, the stone lying over the grave was lifted up with such ease as if it had been of no weight before.|''[[Hartvik|Hartvic]], [[Legenda Hartviciana|Life of King Stephen of Hungary]]''<ref>''Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary'' (ch. 24.), p. 393.</ref>}}

After his release, Solomon made a final effort to regain his crown.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=33}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}} He persuaded a [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg]] chieftain, Kutesk, to invade Hungary in 1085.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}} Ladislaus defeated the invaders at the upper courses of the [[Tisza River]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=121}}

=== Expansion (1085–1092) ===

In August 1087, German princes who opposed Henry IV's rule held a conference in [[Speyer]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=93}}{{sfn|Robinson|1999|p=263}} The contemporaneous [[Bernold of St Blasien]] mentions that Ladislaus sent envoys to the meeting, and "promised that he would assist [them] with 20,000 knights, if it became necessary".<ref>''Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicle'' (year 1087), p. 290.</ref>{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=100}} Ladislaus also recognized [[Pope Victor III]] as the legitimate pope, rather than [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]], who had been elected pope at Henry IV's initiative.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=100}} However, Ladislaus provided no further support to Henry IV's opponents after he was informed of Solomon's death in 1087.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=120}}
[[File:Zaruke_hrvatskog_kralja_Zvonimira_Celestin_Medović.JPG|alt=|left|thumb|The engagement of King [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia]] and [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen]], sister to Ladislaus in 1075 (painting by [[Mato Celestin Medović]])]]
King [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia]]'s wife, [[Helen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen]], was Ladislaus's sister.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=283}} After the death of Zvonimir and his successor, [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]], a conflict developed between factions of [[Croatian nobility|Croatian noblemen]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=283}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=265}}{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=48}} [[File:Székely Bertalan – László király Horvátország meghóditása végett átkel a Dráván.jpg|thumb|240x240px|King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary crosses the river [[Drava]] to conquer Croatia (painting by [[Bertalan Székely]], 19th century)]]At Helen's request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.{{sfn|Fine|1991|pp=282, 284}} The same year, he wrote to [[Oderizius]], [[Abbot of Monte Cassino]] in Italy, about his invasion.{{sfn|Magaš|2007|p=48}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=265}} [[Thomas the Archdeacon]]'s chronicle describes how Ladislaus "occupied the entire land from the [[River Drava]] to the mountains called the Iron Alps without encountering opposition".<ref>''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (ch. 17.), p. 93.</ref>{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=345}}{{sfn|Magaš|2007|pp=48–49}} However, his opponents crowned a local nobleman, [[Petar Snačić]], as king.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=284}} Snačić fought in the [[Mala Kapela|Gvozd Mountains]], preventing the complete conquest of Croatia.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=265}} Ladislaus appointed his nephew, Álmos, to administer the occupied territory.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=284}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=265}} Around the same time, Ladislaus set up a [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|separate diocese in Slavonia]], with its see in [[Zagreb]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=284}} The bishop of the new see became the [[Suffragan bishop|suffragan]] to the [[archbishop of Esztergom]] in Hungary.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=265}}

Ladislaus admitted in his letter to Oderizius that he could not "promote the cause of earthly dignities without committing grave sins".{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=101}} Historian [[Bálint Hóman]] says that Ladislaus was referring to a developing conflict with [[Pope Urban II]], who objected to Ladislaus's refusal to acknowledge the Holy See's suzerainty over Croatia.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=101}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=34}} In the letter, Ladislaus styled himself as "king of the Hungarians and of Messia".{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=120}}{{sfn|Makk|Thoroczkay|2006|p=143}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2013|p=98}} Historian Ferenc Makk writes that the latter title referred to [[Moesia]], implying that Ladislaus had taken the regions between the [[Great Morava]] and [[Drina]] rivers from the Byzantine Empire.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=120}} No other documents refer to Ladislaus's occupation of Moesia, suggesting that if Ladislaus did occupy the region, he lost it quickly.{{sfn|Makk|Thoroczkay|2006|p=143}} Alexandru Madgearu says that "Messia" should rather be associated with Bosnia, which was occupied during Ladislaus's campaign against Croatia.{{sfn|Madgearu|2013|p=98}}

The [[Cumans]] invaded and plundered the eastern part of the kingdom in 1091.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=120}} The invading Cumans were leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in [[Transylvania]], then the territory between the [[Danube]] and [[Tisza]] rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King Ladislaus reached and defeated them near the [[Timiș (river)|Temes]] river. Ladislaus offered the [[Christianity]] for the Cuman survivors, the majority of them accepted, thus the king settled them in [[Jászság]]. The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King Ladislaus with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners. King Ladislaus marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two armies clashed near [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin|Severin]], the Hungarian army was victorious, King Ladislaus killed Ákos, the Cuman chieftain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bánlaky |first=József |title=A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme |location=Budapest |language=Hungarian |trans-title=The Military History of the Hungarian Nation |chapter=László második hadjárata a kúnok ellen 1091-ben |trans-chapter=The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091 |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0004/201.html}}</ref> Makk argues that the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] persuaded them to attack Hungary,{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=340}} while the ''Illuminated Chronicle'' states that the Cumans were incited by the "[[Kievan Rus'|Ruthenians]]".<ref name="Chronicon_98_138_129">''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 98.138), p. 129.</ref>{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=339}} In retaliation, the chronicle continues, Ladislaus invaded the neighboring [[Rus' principalities]], forcing the "Ruthenians" to ask "for mercy" and to promise "that they would be faithful to him in all things".<ref name="Chronicon_98_138_129" />{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=102}} No Rus' chronicle documents Ladislaus's military action.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=103}}

Bernold of St Blasien writes that Duke [[Welf I, Duke of Bavaria|Welf of Bavaria]] prevented a conference that Emperor Henry IV "had arranged with the king of the Hungarians" in December 1092.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=101}}<ref>''Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicle'' (year 1092), p. 307.</ref> A letter written by Henry refers to "the alliance into which [he] once entered" with Ladislaus.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}}<ref>''The letters of Henry IV: Henry thanks Duke Almus for his support and promises him a reward, p. 171.''</ref> Pope Urban II also mentioned that the Hungarians "left the shepherds of their salvation", implying that Ladislaus had changed sides and acknowledged the legitimacy of [[Antipope]] Clement III.{{sfn|Makk|Thoroczkay|2006|p=163}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=122, 133}} In the deed of the Benedictine [[Somogyvár Abbey]], Ladislaus stated that the abbot should be obedient to him, proving that Ladislaus opposed the Church's independence, which was demanded by the [[Gregorian Reform]]s.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=116}} Ladislaus personally presided over [[Synod of Szabolcs|an assembly of the Hungarian prelates]] that met in [[Szabolcs (village)|Szabolcs]] on 21 May 1091.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=105}} The synod recognized the legitimacy of a clergyman's first marriage, in contrast to the [[Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)|requirements of canon law]], which states that members of the clergy may not marry at all.{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=108}} According to a scholarly theory, the sees of the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa-Kecskemét|Kalocsa]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare|Bihar]] were moved to [[Bač, Serbia|Bács]] (now Bač, [[Serbia]]) and [[Nagyvárad]] (present-day Oradea, Romania), respectively, during Ladislaus's reign.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=117}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=43}}

=== Last years (1092–1095) ===

[[File:Hungary 11th cent.png|thumb |right |alt=11th-century Hungary |The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the 1090s]]

Ladislaus intervened in a conflict between [[Władysław I Herman]], [[Duke of Poland]], and the duke's illegitimate son, [[Zbigniew of Poland|Zbigniew]], on the latter's behalf.{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=101}} He marched to Poland and captured Herman's younger son, [[Bolesław III Wrymouth|Boleslaus]], in 1093.{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|p=101}} At Ladislaus's demand, Władysław I Herman declared Zbigniew his legitimate son.{{sfn|Manteuffel|1982|pp=101–102}} The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' also mentions that the Hungarian troops captured [[Kraków]] during Ladislaus's campaign, but the credibility of this report has been questioned.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=340}}

The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' states that "messengers from [[France]] and from [[Spain]], from [[England]] and [[Great Britain|Britain]], and especially from Willermus, the brother of the King of the Franks" visited Ladislaus in Bodrog (near present-day [[Bački Monoštor]] in Serbia) on Easter 1095, asking him to lead their [[crusade]] to the [[Holy Land]].{{sfn|Kosztolnyik|1981|p=104}}<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 100.139), p. 130.</ref> Ladislaus's legend says that he decided "to go to [[Jerusalem]], and to die there for Christ".{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=186}} The whole story was  invented, probably during the reign of King [[Béla III of Hungary]] (who was actually planning to lead a crusade to the Holy Land in the 1190s), according to historian Gábor Klaniczay.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=418}} However, Ladislaus did plan to invade Bohemia, because he wanted to assist [[Euphemia of Hungary|his sister]]'s sons, [[Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia|Svatopluk]] and [[Otto II the Black|Otto]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}} He became seriously ill before reaching Moravia.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Font|2001|p=15}} The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' narrates that Ladislaus, who had no sons, "called together his chief men", telling them that his brother's younger son, Álmos, "should reign after him".{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}}{{sfn|Font|2001|p=15}}<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 101.139), p. 130.</ref>

Ladislaus died near the Hungarian-Bohemian border on 29 July 1095.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}} A [[papal bull]] of [[Pope Paschal II]] in 1106 states that Ladislaus's "venerable body rests" in Somogyvár Abbey, implying that Ladislaus had been buried in [[Somogyvár]].{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=175}} On the other hand, Ladislaus's late 12th-century "Legend" provides that his attendants buried him in [[Székesfehérvár]], but the cart carrying his body "set out to [[Nagyvárad|Várad]] on its own, unassisted by any draft animal".{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=175}}

== Family ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Ladislaus I of Hungary{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107, Appendices 1–2}}{{sfn|Wiszewski|2010|pp=29–30, 60, 376}}{{sfn|Ferdinandy|2000|p=208, Appendix}}
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Ladislaus I of Hungary'''
|2= 2. [[Béla I of Hungary]]
|3= 3. [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza or Adelaide of Poland]]
|4= 4. [[Vazul]]
|5= 5. [[Vazul#Family|A lady of the Tátony clan]]
|6= 6. [[Mieszko II Lambert]] of Poland
|7= 7. [[Richeza of Lotharingia]]
|8= 8. [[Michael of Hungary|Michael]]
|12= 12. [[Bolesław I Chrobry|Boleslaus I of Poland]]
|13= 13. [[Emnilda]]
|14= 14. [[Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia]]
|15= 15. [[Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia|Matilda of Germany]]
|16= 16. [[Taksony of Hungary]]
|17= 17. [[Taksony of Hungary#Family|A "Cuman" lady]]
|24= 24. [[Mieszko I of Poland]]
|25= 25. [[Dobrawa of Bohemia]]
|26= 26. Dobromir
|28=
|29=
|30= 30. [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|31= 31. [[Theophanu]]
}}

[[File:Mosaic of Irene of Hungary (cropped1).jpg|alt=|thumb|Mosaic portrait of Ladislaus's daughter, [[Irene of Hungary|Piroska]], who was known as Empress Irene in the Byzantine Empire, in the [[Hagia Sophia]] ([[Istanbul]], Turkey). She is venerated as Saint Irene by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].]]

Historian Gyula Kristó says that Ladislaus had a first wife,{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} but her name and family are not known.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} She gave birth to a daughter, whose name is also unknown.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} Ladislaus's daughter married Prince [[Iaroslav Sviatopolkovich|Iaroslav Sviatopolchich of Volhinia]] around 1090.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} Ladislaus married again in 1078, to [[Adelaide of Rheinfelden|Adelaide]], a daughter of the German [[anti-king]] [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden|Rudolf of Swabia]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=118}} Their only known child, [[Irene of Hungary|Piroska]], became the wife of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[John II Komnenos]] in 1105 or 1106.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=Appendix 2}}

Ladislaus's family and relatives who are mentioned in the article are shown in the following family tree.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|pp=Appendices 1–2}}
{{Tree chart/start |summary=Ladislaus I's family}}
{{Tree chart |border=1|ANO|y|VAZ| |ANO=A lady of<br />the Tátony clan|VAZ=[[Vazul]]|}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |border=1|AND| | |BEL|y|RIC| AND=[[Andrew I of Hungary|Andrew I]] |BEL=[[Béla I of Hungary|Béla I]] |RIC=[[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza or Adelaide]]}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart |border=1|SOL| | | | | |!| SOL=[[Solomon of Hungary|Solomon]]}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart |border=1|GEZ| | | |AN1|y|LAD|y|ADE| | |LAM| |HEL|~|ZVO| |GEZ=[[Géza I of Hungary|Géza I]] |AN1=''unknown*'' |LAD='''Ladislaus''' |ADE=[[Adelaide of Rheinfelden]] |LAM=[[Lampert of Hungary|Lampert]] |HEL=[[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helena]] |ZVO=[[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Zvonimir of Croatia]] |boxstyle_LAD=background-color: #d0e5f5}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart |border=1|KOH| |IAR|~|AN2| |PIR|~|JOH| |KOH=[[Kings of Hungary family tree|Kings of Hungary]]<br />(from 1095) |IAR=Iaroslav of Volhinia |AN2=''daughter'' |PIR=[[Irene of Hungary|Irene (born Piroska)]] |JOH=[[John II Komnenos]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
''*According to a scholarly theory suggesting that Ladislaus had two wives.''

== Legacy ==

[[File:Gentiana cruciata 030705b.jpg|thumb |right |A blue-flowered ''[[Gentiana cruciata]]'' (Star Gentian), traditionally known in Hungary as "St. Ladislaus's Herb" ({{langx|hu|Szent László füve)}}]]

===Consolidation of the Christian monarchy ===

For centuries, hagiographers and historians have emphasized Ladislaus's prominent role in the consolidation of the Christian monarchy.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=173}} The chronicles also stressed his ''idoneitas'', or personal suitability, to reign, because the legitimacy of his rule was questionable.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=173}} The ''Illuminated Chronicle'' clearly states that Ladislaus knew that "the right of law between him and [Solomon] was not on his side but only the force of fact".<ref name="Chronicon_94_133_128" />{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=173}}

After Ladislaus's victories over the Pechenegs and the Cumans, the nomadic peoples of the Pontic steppes stopped invading Hungary until the Mongol invasion of 1241.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=37}} Kristó suggests that the [[Székelys|Székely people]]{{mdash}}a community of Hungarian-speaking warriors{{mdash}}started settling the easternmost borderlands under Ladislaus.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=121}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=115}} The "historic association of the Kingdom of Hungary and [[Croatia]]", which ended in 1918, began with Ladislaus's conquest of Croatia.{{sfn|Kontler|1999|p=63}} His conquest marked the beginning of a period of Hungarian expansion, which ensured that Hungary developed into a leading [[Central Europe]]an power during the following centuries.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=37}} It became a customary rite for a newly crowned Hungarian king to make a pilgrimage to Ladislaus's shrine at [[Várad]].{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=32}} [[Louis I of Hungary]], who made many attempts to expand his territory in the Balkan Peninsula, showed a special respect for Ladislaus.{{sfn|Cartledge|2011|p=36}}

{{Blockquote|Hungary had never had as great as king, so they repute<br />And the land thereafter never bore that much and splendid fruit.|[[Gallus Anonymus]]: ''[[Gesta principum Polonorum|The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles]]''<ref name="Gallus_27_97" />}}

=== Veneration ===
{{See also|Saint Ladislaus legend}}

{{Infobox saint
|name=St. Ladislaus
|feast_day=27 June
|venerated_in= [[Catholic Church]]
|image=LaszloOradea.jpg
|caption=Saint Ladislaus's reliquary of the late 19th-century (in the Cathedral-Basilica of Oradea, Romania)
|titles=King and Confessor
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=27 June 1192 (dubious)
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=[[Pope Celestine III]] (dubious)
|attributes=[[Long sword]]<br /> [[Angel|defended by two angels]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UZGQWr97WmIC&q=Frederick+Charles+Husenbeth#v=snippet&q=Frederick%20Charles%20Husenbeth&f=false Husenbeth, Frederick Charles. ''Emblems of Saints: By which They are Distinguished in Works of Art'', Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860, p. 99]</ref>
|patronage=Patron Saint of [[Hungary]]<br />Patron Saint of the [[Székelys]]<br />Protector against pestilence
|major_shrine=Cathedral-Basilica of [[Oradea]], [[Romania]] and Cathedral-Basilica of [[Győr]], Hungary
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
}}

Gábor Klaniczay emphasizes that Ladislaus "seemed expressly designed to personify the knight-king ideal" of his age.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=173}} During the reign of Ladislaus's successor, [[Coloman the Learned]], Bishop [[Hartvik]] said that Ladislaus's "character was distinguished by the respectability of morals and remarkable for the splendor of his virtues".{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=122}}<ref>''Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary'' (ch. 24.), p. 394.</ref> The so-called ''Gesta Ladislai regis'' ("The Deeds of King Ladislaus"), which are the texts about Ladislaus's life and reign preserved in 14th-century Hungarian chronicles, were written during Coloman's rule.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=173}} Five significant events of Ladislaus's life, which were not included in his official legend, were only preserved in the ''Gesta''.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=176–177}}

The most popular story describes Ladislaus's fight with a "[[Turkic peoples|Cuman]]" warrior after the [[Battle of Kerlés]] (at present-day [[Chiraleș]], Romania) in 1068.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=177, 190}}{{sfn|László|1996|p=142}} In the battle, the united armies of Solomon, Géza and Ladislaus routed a band of [[Pechenegs]] or [[Oghuz Turks]] who were plundering the eastern parts of the kingdom.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=107}}{{sfn|Bárány|2012|pp=339–340}} According to the version recorded in the ''Illuminated Chronicle'', Ladislaus spotted a pagan warrior fleeing from the battlefield with a captive Hungarian maiden.{{sfn|László|1996|p=142}} Ladislaus pursued the "Cuman", but he could not stop him.{{sfn|László|1996|p=143}} On Ladislaus's advice, the maiden pulled the warrior off his horse, allowing Ladislaus to kill the "Cuman" after a long fight on the ground.{{sfn|László|1996|p=143}}{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=190–191}} Archaeologist [[Gyula László]] says that murals depicting this legend in medieval churches preserved the elements of pagan myths, including a "struggle between forces of light and darkness".{{sfn|László|1996|p=142}}{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=192–193}}

{{Blockquote|[The] most blessed Duke Ladislaus saw one of the pagans who was carrying off on his horse a beautiful Hungarian girl. The saintly Duke Ladislaus thought that it was the daughter of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare|Bishop of Warad]], and although he was seriously wounded, he swiftly pursued him on his horse, which he called by the name of Zug. When he caught up with him and wished to spear him, he could not do so, for neither could his own horse go any faster nor did the other's horse yield any ground, but there remained the distance of a man's arm between his spear and the Coman's back. So the saintly Duke Ladislaus shouted to the girl and said: "Fair sister, take hold of the Coman by his belt and throw yourself to the ground." Which she did; and the saintly Duke Ladislaus was about to spear him as he lay upon the ground, for he wished to kill him. But the girl strongly pleaded with him not to kill him, but to let him go. Whence it is to be seen that there is no faith in women; for it was probably because of strong carnal love that she wished him to go free. But after having fought for a long time with him and unmanned him, the saintly Duke killed him. But the girl was not the bishop's daughter.|''[[Illuminated Chronicle|The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle]]''<ref>''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 73–74.103), p. 119.</ref>}}

During the reign of [[Stephen II of Hungary]], Ladislaus's shrine in the cathedral of Várad became a preferred venue for [[Trial by ordeal|trials by ordeal]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=123}} However, it cannot be determined whether Ladislaus became subject to veneration soon after his death, or if his cult emerged after he was canonized by [[Béla III of Hungary]] on 27 June 1192.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=174, 182}} Béla had lived in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] court, where Ladislaus's daughter, Irene, was venerated as a saint.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=182}}

According to Thomas the Archdeacon, [[Pope Innocent III]] declared that Ladislaus "should be enrolled in the catalogue of saints", but his report is unreliable, because [[Celestine III]] was pope at the time.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=185}}<ref>''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (ch. 23.), p. 133.</ref> Celestine III's bulls and charters make no reference to Ladislaus's canonization, implying that Ladislaus was canonized without the Holy See's authorization.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|pp=185–186}} The nearly contemporaneous ''[[Regestrum Varadinense]]'' says that a [[Serfdom|bondsman]], named "Tekus, son of the craftsman Dénes", opened Ladislaus's tomb at the beginning of the ceremony, after which Tekus was granted freedom.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=186}} Parts of Ladislaus's head and right hand were severed so that they could be distributed as relics.{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=186}} The 15th-century silver [[reliquary]] that contains Ladislaus's head is displayed in the [[Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Győr|Győr Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Egyházmegyénk: Történet – A Szent László herma [Our Diocese: History – St Ladislaus's reliquary] |work=Győri Egyházmegye [Diocese of Győr] |publisher=gyor.egyhazmegye.hu |year=2008 |url=http://gyor.egyhazmegye.hu/egyhazmegyenk/tortenet/a-szent-laszlo-herma |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217131839/http://gyor.egyhazmegye.hu/egyhazmegyenk/tortenet/a-szent-laszlo-herma |archive-date=17 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Gold coin of Sigismund of Hungary.jpg|left|thumb|Gold coin of King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Hungary]] depicting King Saint Ladislaus]]

Ladislaus's official legend, which was compiled after 1204,{{sfn|Klaniczay|2002|p=186}} attributes a number of [[miracles]] to him.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}} According to one of his legends, a pestilence spread throughout the kingdom during Ladislaus's reign. Ladislaus prayed for a cure; he then shot an arrow into the air at random, hitting a herb which cured the illness.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}} This plant became known as "[[Gentiana cruciata|Saint Ladislaus's herb]]" in Hungary.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}}

Ladislaus is a [[patron saint]] of Hungary, especially along the borders.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}}{{sfn|László|1996|p=145}} In particular, soldiers and the [[Székelys|Székely people]] venerate him.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=123}} A late medieval legend says that Ladislaus appeared at the head of a Székely army fighting against and routing a plundering band of Tatars in 1345.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=123}} He is also called upon during times of pestilence.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}} He is often depicted as a mature, bearded man wearing a royal crown and holding a long sword or [[banner]].{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}} He is also shown on his knees before a deer, or in the company of two angels.{{sfn|Lanzi|Lanzi|2004|p=142}}

King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Hungary]] died on 1437, and as ordered in life, he was buried at Várad (now [[Oradea]]), next to the tomb of the King Saint Ladislaus, who was the ideal of the perfect monarch, warrior and Christian for that time and was deeply venerated by Sigismund.<ref>Bertényi Iván. (2000). A Tizennegyedik Század története. Budapest: Pannonica kiadó.</ref>

== Herma of King Saint Ladislaus and genetics ==
[[File:Szent László hermája.jpg|alt=King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary, knight, horse, spear, medieval, fresco, Transylvania|left|thumb|Herm of King Saint Ladislaus (15th century) containing his skull, held in the [[Cathedral Basilica of Győr]]]]
The skull [[relic]] in the Saint Ladislaus' Herma preserved in the [[Cathedral Basilica of Győr]], is one of the most important relics for Hungarians.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Varga |first1=Gergely I B |last2=Kristóf |first2=Lilla Alida |last3=Maár |first3=Kitti |last4=Kis |first4=Luca |last5=Schütz |first5=Oszkár |last6=Váradi |first6=Orsolya |last7=Kovács |first7=Bence |last8=Gînguță |first8=Alexandra |last9=Tihanyi |first9=Balázs |last10=Nagy |first10=Péter L |last11=Maróti |first11=Zoltán |last12=Nyerki |first12=Emil |last13=Török |first13=Tibor |last14=Neparáczki |first14=Endre |date=January 2023 |title=The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus' relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty's genealogy |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/ |journal=  Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao|volume= 50|issue= 1|pages= 58–61|doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.008 |pmid=35809778}}</ref>

King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary completed the work of King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen of Hungary]], consolidating Hungarian state power and strengthening [[Christianity]] in Hungary. His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats. He was seen as the embodiment of the knight-king ideal to be emulated all over Europe. He was canonized in 1192 at the request of King [[Béla III of Hungary]], and his body was exhumed to prepare relics from his skull and other skeletal remains as was the custom in that medieval times.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" />

According to historian György Szabados, [[Gyula László]] proved already in 1965 that the face of the Saint Ladislaus' Herma depicts King Béla III. The skull reconstruction of the [[Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Royal Basilica's tomb]] find in Székesfehérvár also shows the face of the Herma, which is not surprising, because King Ladislaus had already been dead for 97 years in 1192, so only the then living king from the same family, Béla III was worthy to sit as a model for the creation of the face of the Herma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=György |first=Sabados |date=26 June 2020 |title=Korai magyar múlt az átdolgozott történelem tankönyvekben – interjú Szabados György történésszel, tananyagfejlesztővel |trans-title=Early Hungarian past in revised history textbooks – interview with historian György Szabados, curriculum developer |url=http://tortenelemoktatok.hu/kapcsolat |website=Történelemoktatók Szakmai Egyesülete (Professional Association of History Teachers) |language=Hungarian}}</ref>

The wooden herm containing the skull was damaged in a fire in 1406, but miraculously the skull has been preserved unharmed. Later it was placed into the current Herma created during the reign of King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Hungary]]. In the 16th century, the relic had to be rescued from [[Oradea|Várad]] due to the ravage of Transylvania by the Protestants. In the first decades of the 17th century, it reached its current location in the Cathedral of [[Győr]] after passing through [[Prague]], Pozsony (now [[Bratislava]]) and [[Veszprém]].<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" />

The turbulent history events of the Herma raised doubts concerning the authenticity of the relic by historians and archaeologists.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" /> At that time, the only [[Árpád dynasty]] king, the remains of King [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]] had known and identified, because little earlier, the Institute of Hungarian Research determinated the whole genome data of King Béla III which was published in 2020.<ref name="Béla III Genetics 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=Péter L. |last2=Olasz |first2=Judit |last3=Neparáczki |first3=Endre |last4=Rouse |first4=Nicholas |last5=Kapuria |first5=Karan |last6=Cano |first6=Samantha |last7=Chen |first7=Huijie |last8=Cristofaro |first8=Julie Di |last9=Runfeldt |first9=Goran |last10=Runfeldt |first10=Goran |last11=Ekomasova |first11=Natalia |last12=Maróti |first12=Zoltán |last13=Jeney |first13=János |last14=Litvinov |first14=Sergey |last15=Dzhaubermezov |first15=Murat |last16=Gabidullina |first16=Lilya |last17=Szentirmay |first17=Zoltán |last18=Szabados |first18=György |last19=Zgonjanin |first19=Dragana |last20=Chiaroni |first20=Jacques |last21=Behar |first21=Doron M. |last22=Khusnutdinova |first22=Elza |last23=Underhill |first23=Peter A. |last24=Kásler |first24=Miklós |date=7 July 2020 |title=Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=164–172 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z |pmc=7809292 |pmid=32636469}}</ref> Thus the Hungarian scholars were able to compare the paternal Y chromosome sequence of the skull to that of King Béla III from whom a whole genome data was available.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" />

On 4 June 2021, Endre Neparáczki collected a sample from the skull of the herm, during his researches so far, they isolated from the sample one of the best own extracted endogenous DNA.<ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022">{{cite web |last=Endre |first=Neparáczki |date=22 August 2022 |title=Saint László is more Asian than most of our kings |url=https://mki.gov.hu/en/hirek-en/sajto-en/szent-laszlo-en |website=Magyarságkutató Intézet (Institute of Hungarian Research)}}</ref> The Institute of Hungarian Research defined the genetic composition of the skull found in the herm and it was published in 2023. The result supported the originality of Saint Ladislaus relic, the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y chromosome]] of the skull belongs to the exclusive haplogroup of the Árpád-dynasty R-ARP (R1a1a1b2a2a1c3a3b) and the kinship analysis detected the skull is at five generations distance from King Béla III.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" /><ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022" />

The R-ARP sub-haplogroup belongs to the R-Z2123 clade, the [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis suggested a [[Bronze Age]] [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] origin of the R-Z2123 sub-haplogroup which belongs to the R-Z2125 clade, which was detected in individuals from the Middle-Late [[Bronze Age]] on the Caspian Steppe, connected to the [[Potapovka culture|Potapovka]], [[Sintashta culture|Sintashta]] and [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]] cultures. In the [[Iron Age]], this haplogroup was detected in the Turan basin and in [[Scytho-Siberian world|Scytho-Siberians]] of the [[Minusinsk Hollow|Minusinsk Basin]], later among the [[Xiongnu|Asian Huns]] (Xiongnus) and up until the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Mongolia]] which indicates an eastward and southward spread of the haplogroup. The first appearance of R-Z2125 in the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] was detected in 5th-century [[Huns|European Huns]], and 7th–8th-century [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], but it also arrived with the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|conquering Hungarians]], in the 9th–10th century including [[Árpád]] and his family.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" /> The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition (for example in the [[Chronicon Pictum]]) that the Huns, i.e. the [[Hungarians]] coming out twice from [[Scythians|Scythia]], the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Szabados |first=György |url=http://real-j.mtak.hu/13031/1/EPA00001_ITK_1998_05-06.pdf |title=Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 102 (5-6) |publisher=MTA Irodalomtudományi Intézet (Institute for Literary Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=1998 |pages=615–641 |language=Hungarian |chapter=A krónikáktól a Gestáig – Az előidő-szemlélet hangsúlyváltásai a 15–18. században |trans-chapter=From the chronicles to the Gesta – Shifts in emphasis of the pre-time perspective in the 15th–18th centuries |issn=0021-1486 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28283729}}</ref> The genomic analyses of the [[List of Hungarian monarchs|Hungarian royal]] [[Árpád dynasty|Árpád family]] members are in line with the reported conquering Hungarian-Hun origin of the dynasty in harmony with their Y-chromosomal phylogenetic connections.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" />

The Institute of Hungarian Research published a genetic study in 2022 in which 113 Hungarian conqueror samples were analyzed.<ref name="Hun Avar Hungarian Genetics 2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Maróti |first1=Zoltán |last2=Neparáczki |first2=Endre |last3=Schütz |first3=Oszkár |last4=Maár |first4=Kitti |last5=Varga |first5=Gergely I.B. |last6=Kovács |first6=Bence |last7=Kalmár |first7=Tibor |last8=Nyerki |first8=Emil |last9=Nagy |first9=István |last10=Latinovics |first10=Dóra |last11=Tihanyi |first11=Balázs |last12=Marcsik |first12=Antónia |last13=Pálfi |first13=György |last14=Bernert |first14=Zsolt |last15=Gallina |first15=Zsolt |date=25 May 2022 |title=The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians |journal=Current Biology |last16=Horváth |first16=Ciprián |last17=Varga |first17=Sándor |last18=Költő |first18=László |last19=Raskó |first19=István |last20=Nagy |first20=Péter L. |last21=Balogh |first21=Csilla |last22=Zink |first22=Albert |last23=Maixner |first23=Frank |last24=Götherström |first24=Anders |last25=George |first25=Robert |last26=Szalontai |first26=Csaba |last27=Szenthe |first27=Gergely |last28=Gáll |first28=Erwin |last29=Kiss |first29=Attila P. |last30=Gulyás |first30=Bence |last31=Kovacsóczy |first31=Bernadett Ny. |last32=Gál |first32=Sándor Szilárd |last33=Tomka |first33=Péter |last34=Török |first34=Tibor |volume=32 |issue=13 |pages=2858–2870.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 |pmid=35617951 |s2cid=246191357 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32E2858M }}</ref> The results of the genome analysis of King Saint Ladislaus confirmed that the Árpád dynasty originated from the same ethnic group as other members of the Hungarian conqueror elite (i.e. from semi-nomadic tribes originating in central and east Asia), and that he had higher genetic affinity to these Hungarian conquerors than later Hungarian royalty that succeeded him. King Saint Ladislaus had more Eastern genomic heritage than his later relatives, on the PCA genetic map he shifted slightly eastward from the cloud of modern European populations, while the genome of King Béla III was projected near modern Hungarians and Croatians, because the Central Asian genomes were progressively attenuated during the centuries through dynastic marriages with European royal families.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus Genetics 2023" /><ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022" />

Saint Ladislaus became the first saint in the world whose identity was confirmed by archaeogenetic tests.<ref name="Neparaczki MKI 2022" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="300" heights="300">
File:Simone Martini - St Ladislaus, King of Hungary - WGA21428.jpg|alt=A bearded middle-aged man wearing a crown|Saint Ladislaus (painting by [[Simone Martini]], 1326) (Museo Civico di Santa Maria della Consolazione, [[Altomonte]], Italy)
File:Szent László legenda 4.jpg|alt=A coffin surrounded by bishops and other people|1. Burial of Saint Ladislaus. 2. Persons praying at his tomb. 3. A rich man unable to lift a silver tray from his tomb. 4. A poor man lifting the silver tray. ([[Anjou Legendarium]], 14th century)
File:Szent László harca a kun vitézzel.jpg|In the initial "P", Prince Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior ([[Chronicon Pictum]], 1358)
File:Thuróczy krónika - Szent László üldözi a leányrabló kunt.jpg|Saint Ladislaus chases the Cuman warrior who kidnapped a girl ([[Chronica Hungarorum]], 1488)
File:Ladislaus I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|Saint Ladislaus the knight-king ([[Chronica Hungarorum]], 1488)
File:Nádasdy Mausoleum - Szent László király.jpg|King Saint Ladislaus ([[Nádasdy Mausoleum]], 1664)
File:Kisfaludy Szent László a cserhalmi ütközetben.jpg|Saint Ladislaus at [[Battle of Kerlés|Battle of Cserhalom]] (painting by [[Károly Kisfaludy]], 1826–1830) ([[Hungarian National Gallery]], [[Budapest]])
File:SvLadislav.jpg|The depiction of the [[Battle of Kerlés|Battle of Cserhalom]] in the Saint Ladislaus chapel, [[Matthias Church]] ([[Budapest]], Hungary) (painting by [[Károly Lotz]], 19th century). King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary saves the kidnapped Hungarian girl from a Cuman warrior.
File:1077-1095 - Szent László.jpg|alt=|Saint Ladislaus in the Saint Stephen room in the [[Buda Castle]]
File:Budapest Heroes square Szent László.jpg|Statue of Saint Ladislaus at the [[Heroes' Square (Budapest)|Heroes' Square]], [[Budapest]]
File:Szent László szobra a mogyoródi csata emlékére.jpg|Statue of Saint Ladislaus made to memory of the [[Battle of Mogyoród]] in [[Mogyoród]], Hungary (made by Lajos Józsa in 2001)
File:Szent László Szekszárd.JPG|Statue of Saint Ladislaus in [[Szekszárd]], Hungary (made by Benedek Nagy in 2001). The composition was based on [[:File:Szent László harca a kun vitézzel.jpg|the Ladislaus and Cuman warrior duel scene in the initial "P"]] in the [[Chronicon Pictum]].
File:Szent László lovasszobra - Nagyvárad - 1.jpg|Horse statue of Saint Ladislaus in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare|Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea]], [[Romania]] (made by Árpád Deák in 2023)
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Saints|Hungary}}
* [[Szent László Infantry Division]]
* [[Isten, hazánkért térdelünk]]
* [[New England (medieval)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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{{Refbegin}}
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*"Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary" (Translated by Nora Berend) (2001). In Head, Thomas. ''Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology''. Routledge. pp.&nbsp;378–398. {{ISBN|0-415-93753-1}}.
*"The letters of Henry IV: Henry thanks Duke Almus for his support and promises him a reward" (2000). In ''Imperial Lives & Letters of the Eleventh Century'' (Translated by Theodor E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison, with a historical introduction and new suggested readings by Karl F. Morrison, edited by Robert L. Benson). Columbia University Press. pp.&nbsp;52–100. {{ISBN|978-0-231-12121-7}}.
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*''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. {{ISBN|963-7326-59-6}}.
{{Refend}}

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*{{cite book |last=Ferdinandy |first=Mihály |year=2000 |title=III. Ottó, a szent császár ''[Otto III, the Holy Emperor]''|publisher=Balassi Kiadó |isbn=963-506-336-9|language=hu}}
*{{The Early Medieval Balkans}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Kristó |first1=Gyula |last2=Makk |first2=Ferenc |year=1996 |title=Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ''[Rulers of the House of Árpád]''|publisher=I.P.C. Könyvek | isbn=963-7930-97-3|language=hu}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lanzi |first1=Fernando |last2=Lanzi |first2=Gioia |year=2004 |title=Saints and Their Symbols: Recognizing Saints in Art and in Popular Images |publisher= Order of Saint Benedict |isbn=0-8146-2970-9}}
*{{cite book |last=László |first=Gyula |year=1996 |title=The Magyars: Their Life and Civilisation |publisher=Corvina |isbn=963-13-4226-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Madgearu |first=Alexandru |year=2013 |title=Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-21243-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Magaš |first=Branka |year=2007 |title=Croatia Through History |publisher=SAQI |isbn=978-0-86356-775-9}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Makk |first1=Ferenc |last2=Thoroczkay |first2=Gábor |year=2006 |title=Írott források az 1050–1116 közötti magyar történelemről ''[Written Sources of the Hungarian History between 1050 and 1116]''|publisher=Szegedi Középkorász Műhely | isbn=978-963-482-794-8|language=hu}}
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*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=I. S. |year=1999 |title=Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-54590-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Steinhübel |first=Ján |editor1-last=Teich |editor1-first=Mikuláš |editor2-last=Kováč |editor2-first=Dušan |editor3-last=Brown |editor3-first=Martin D. | title=Slovakia in History |url=https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/slovakiahistory00teic/page/n35 15]–29 |chapter=The Duchy of Nitra |isbn=978-0-521-80253-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Wiszewski |first=Przemysław |year=2010 |title=Domus Bolezlai: Values and Social Identity in Dynastic Traditions of Medieval Poland (c. 966–1138) |publisher= Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18142-7}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ladislaus, Saint | volume= 16 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 59 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Berend |first1=Nora |last2=Urbańczyk |first2=Przemysław |last3=Wiszewski |first3=Przemysław |year=2013 |title=Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900–c. 1300 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78156-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Szakács |first=Béla Zsolt |editor-last=Kooper |editor-first=Erik | title=The Medieval Chronicle IV |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalchronicl00koop_649 |url-access=limited |publisher=Rodopi B.V. |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalchronicl00koop_649/page/n163 149]–176 |chapter=Between Chronicle and Legend: Image Cycles of St Ladislas in Fourteenth-Century Hungarian Manuscripts |isbn=978-90-420-2088-7}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Refbegin}}
*St. Ladislaus (in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'') [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08737a.htm]
*''St Ladislaus, King of Hungary'' (a painting from around 1326 in the Museo della Consolazione in [[Altomonte]], Italy) [http://www.wga.hu/html_m/s/simone/4altars/5agostin/7altomon.html]
*''Üdvözlégy, kegyelmes Szent László király'' (Hail, Merciful King St Ladislaus) (a hymn to King St Ladislaus) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYirs9Qmi_A]
{{Refend}}
{{Commons category-inline |Ladislaus I of Hungary}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Árpád]]| |{{circa}} 1040|29 July|1095}}
{{s-reg}}
|-
{{succession box|title=[[King of Hungary]]|before=[[Géza I of Hungary|Géza I]]|after=[[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]]|years=1077–1095}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Croatia]]|before=[[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]]|after=[[Petar Snačić]]|years=1091–1095}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hungarian kings}}
{{Croatian kings}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1040s births]]
[[Category:1095 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Hungarian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:House of Árpád]]
[[Category:Kings of Hungary]]
[[Category:Kings of Croatia]]
[[Category:Dukes of Hungary]]
[[Category:People from Kraków]]
[[Category:Burials at Oradea Cathedral, Crişana]]
[[Category:Hungarian Christian royal saints]]
[[Category:Beatified and canonised Árpádians]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic royal saints]]
[[Category:Hungarian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Polish Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Medieval Hungarian saints]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]