Editing La Borinqueña

{{Short description|National anthem of Puerto Rico}}
{{About|the anthem|the graphic novel|La Borinqueña (graphic novel){{!}}''La Borinqueña'' (graphic novel)|the album|Borinqueña (album){{!}}''Borinqueña'' (album)}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|es|italic=no|La Borinqueña}}
| english_title = "The Borinquen"
| image         = 
| image_size    = 
| caption       = 
| prefix        = 
| type          = National anthem
| country       = Puerto Rico
| author        = [[Manuel Fernández Juncos]]
| lyrics_date   = 1901<ref name="LJ">{{cite web |title=Leyes de la Bandera; Escudo; Gran sello e Himno de Puerto Rico |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LEXMATE/bandera/lexbandera,%20escudo%20e%20himno.htm |website=LexJuris de Puerto Rico | access-date=18 March 2021 | language=es | trans-title=Laws of the Flag; Shield; Great Seal and Anthem of Puerto Rico}}</ref><ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=Central America: Puerto Rico |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |website=CIA Factbook |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>
| composer      = [[Félix Astol Artés]]
| music_date    = 1867{{Efn|Or possibly Francisco Ramírez.<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr"/>}} (original version)<br />Luis Miranda, 1922 (current version)
| adopted       = 1952 (as instrumental)
| readopted     = {{Start date|1977|07|27}} (with lyrics)
| until         = 
| sound         = United States Navy Band - La Borinqueña.ogg
| sound_title   = [[U.S. Navy Band]]-performed instrumental version
}}
{{Puerto Rican culture}}
"'''{{lang|es|italic=no|La Borinqueña}}'''"{{efn|The title of the song is derived from the native name of Puerto Rico, ''Bori(n)quén'' ({{IPA|es|boɾi(ŋ)ˈken|lang}}), which is itself derived from the [[Taíno language|Taíno]] word ''borīkē'' 'homeland of the people'.}}{{efn|{{IPA|es|la βoɾiŋˈkeɲa|IPA}}}} is the [[national anthem|official anthem]]<ref name="PRGOV">{{cite web |title=Himnos Nacionales |url=https://www.pr.gov/SobrePuertoRico/Pages/Himnos-Nacionales.aspx |website=PR.GOV - Portal Oficial del Gobierno de Puerto Rico |publisher=Government of Puerto Rico |access-date=18 March 2021 |language=es |trans-title=National Anthems |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301213645/https://www2.pr.gov/SobrePuertoRico/Pages/Himnos-Nacionales.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> of [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Ray|last=Quintanilla|title=From rebel to peacemaker|work=The Chicago Tribune|date=January 9, 2006}}</ref> 

After Puerto Rico became known as "The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" in 1952,<ref name="PRGOV"/> the first elected governor, [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], signed law #2 of July 24, 1952, which made an altered version of the musical composition known as "La Borinqueña" its national anthem. The words that go with the composition were approved by governor [[Carlos Romero Barceló]] on July 27, 1977, as per law #123.<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr">[http://www.fortaleza.gobierno.pr/simbolos.htm "La Fortaleza, Simbolos Patrios: Himno de Puerto Rico"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614174104/http://www.fortaleza.gobierno.pr/simbolos.htm |date=2006-06-14 }}. Retrieved: February 23, 2008.
</ref>

==Etymology==
The title refers to the aboriginal [[Taíno language|Taíno]] name for the island of Puerto Rico, {{lang|tnq|Borinquén}}.

==History==
{{Listen
| filename     = 1860s arrangement of "La Borinqueña", performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga
| title        = Original instrumental version
| description  = The original quicker-tempo 19th-century arrangement of "La Borinqueña", as performed by the [[United States Navy Band]].
}}
[[File:Manuel Fernandez Juncos 1917.jpg|thumb|Manuel Fernandez Juncos, author of the current officially adopted lyrics of "La Borinqueña"]]

The music was originally credited to [[Félix Astol Artés]] in 1867 as a habanera [[danza]], with romantic lyrics, but there is some evidence that Francisco Ramírez, a native of [[San German, Puerto Rico|San Germán]], wrote the music<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr"/> in 1860, and named it "La Almojábana".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.coqui.net/alvarezl/danzaFiles/borinquen/borinq.html|title=borinq.html|website=Coqui NET|access-date=2008-12-15|archive-date=2009-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403131846/http://home.coqui.net/alvarezl/danzaFiles/borinquen/borinq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1868, [[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]] wrote a poem in support of the Puerto Rican revolution, which was set to the Ramírez/Astol music. In fear of investigation by the Spanish government, Ramírez asked Astol to claim authorship of the music since he was a native of [[Catalonia]] and would, therefore, raise no suspicion.<ref name="fortaleza.gobierno.pr"/>

After the cession of the island to the United States, the popular revolutionary lyrics of [[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]] were deemed too subversive for official adoption; therefore, a non-confrontational set of lyrics were written in 1903 by [[Asturias]]-born [[Manuel Fernández Juncos]]. The tune was officially adopted as Puerto Rico's national anthem in 1952 by governor [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], and the words were adopted in 1977 by governor Carlos Romero Barceló.

The version of "La Borinqueña" that is most commonly performed today is performed as a slow-tempo march, without the original tune's initial ''paseo''. Per the request of the new government, Ramón Collado rearranged the music in 1952 into a more military-like tune.<ref name="PRGOV"/> Luis Miranda, the musical director of Puerto Rico's [[65th Infantry]] Regiment Band, adapted the tune to be played as a march in 1922. The 1977 law that officially adopted the words merely stated that "La Borinqueña" be played as a march, with the tempo vaguely described as being in a "martial manner", but established no official arrangement for the music. An official revision made in 2003 leaves the tune as a march.

In 2012, Dr. [[Yajaira Sierra Sastre]], an aspiring astronaut, collaborated in a variety of projects with the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network and the Cornell Nanoscale Facility, which included writing the smallest "national" anthem ever written, "La Borinqueña Más Pequeña".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/ciencia/ciencia/nota/laborinquenamaspequena-1222612/|title='La Borinqueña' más pequeña|date=March 28, 2012|website=El Nuevo Dia}}</ref>

According to Puerto Rico Law # 2 of July 24, 1952, both "La Borinqueña" and "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" are played at official events.<ref name="LexJuris both hymns">{{cite web | title=Ley Núm. 93 de 2005 -Ley para añadir las Secciones 5 y 6 a la Ley Núm. 1 de 1952: Departamento de Estado, Uso Conjunto de Banderas | website=LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico | url=http://www.lexjuris.com/LEXLEX/Leyes2005/lexl2005093.htm | language=es | access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> During international sports competitions such as the Olympics, only "La Borinqueña" is played.<ref>[https://www.sportsengine.com/article/olympic-participation-source-pride-puerto-rico  ''Olympic Participation a Source of Pride in Puerto Rico.'']  Sean Jensen. SportsEngine Inc. 3 October 2018. Accessed 1 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025637/https://www.sportsengine.com/olympics/olympic-participation-source-pride-puerto-rico Archived.]</ref>

The anthem, with its revolutionary lyrics, was featured in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s [[West Side Story (2021 film)|2021 film adaptation]] of the stage musical ''[[West Side Story]]'', sung by the Puerto Rican gang, the Sharks, early in the film. It was never used in the stage version nor its [[West Side Story (1961 film)|1961 film adaptation]] prior to this film.<ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/spielberg-west-side-story/ ''What’s New in the New West Side Story?: In Steven Spielberg’s version, we get a film that offers a far more inclusive vision of postwar America but one that still retains its flawed view of working-class tribalism..''] Ed Morales. The Nation. 20 December 2021. Accessed 1 February 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025809/https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/spielberg-west-side-story/ Archived.]</ref>

==Lyrics==
===Current lyrics===
The following are the current lyrics, as written by [[Manuel Fernández Juncos]] and adopted in 1903.

{| class="wikitable"
!Spanish original<ref name="LJ"/>
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Spanish]], [[Spanish phonology]] and [[Puerto Rican Spanish]].}}
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|La tierra de Borinquén
donde he nacido yo
es un jardín florido
de mágico primor.

Un cielo siempre nítido
le sirve de dosel
y dan arrullos plácidos
las olas a sus pies.

Cuando a sus playas llegó Colón
(𝄆) exclamó, lleno de admiración: (𝄇)
¡Oh!, ¡oh!, ¡oh!,

Esta es la linda tierra
que busco yo;
Es Borinquén la hija,
la hija del mar y el sol,
𝄆 Del mar y el sol,
del mar y el sol. 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>[la ˈtje.ra ðe βo.ɾiŋ.ˈken]
[ˈdon.de‿e na.ˈsi.ðo ʝo]
[es un xaɾ.ˈðin flo.ˈɾi.ðo]
[de ˈma.xi.ko pɾi.ˈmoɾ]

[un ˈsje.lo ˈsjem.pɾe ˈni.ti.ðo]
[le ˈsiɾ.βe ðe ðo.ˈsel]
[i ðan a.ˈru.ʝos ˈpla.si.ðos]
[las ˈo.las a sus pjes]

[ˈkwan.do‿a sus ˈpla.ʝas ʝe.ˈɣo ko.ˈlon]
(𝄆) [eɣs.kla.ˈmo ˈʝe.no ðe‿að.mi.ɾa.ˈsjon] (𝄇)
[o ǀ o ǀ o ǁ]

[ˈes.ta‿ez la ˈlin.da ˈtje.ra]
[ke ˈβus.ko ʝo]
[ez βo.ɾiŋ.ˈken la ˈi.xa]
[la ˈi.xa ðel maɾ i‿el sol]
𝄆 [ðel maɾ i‿el sol]
[ðel maɾ i‿el sol] 𝄇</poem>
|<poem>The land of Borinquén
where I was born
is a flowery garden
of magical beauty.

A constantly clear sky
serves as its canopy.
And placid lullabies are sung
by the waves at its feet.

When at her beaches Columbus arrived;
(𝄆) he exclaimed full of admiration (𝄇)
Oh! Oh! Oh!

This is the beautiful land
that I seek.
Borinquén is the daughter,
the daughter of the sea and the sun.
𝄆 Of the sea and the sun,
of the sea and the sun. 𝄇</poem>
|}

===Original 1868 revolutionary lyrics===
[[File:Lola Rodriguez de Tio.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Rodríguez de Tió]], author of the original lyrics]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Spanish original<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teresa Babin|first=Maria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4x7AAAAMAAJ|title=Panorama de la cultura Puertorriqueña: Prólog por Andres Iduarte|date=1958|publisher=Las Américas Publishing Company|language=es|page=235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aparicio|first=Frances R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNb4SEiJk5QC&pg=PA22|title=Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures|date=1998|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6308-8|language=en|page=22}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|'''I'''
¡Despierta, borinqueño
que han dado la señal!
¡Despierta de ese sueño
que es hora de luchar!

A ese llamar patriótico
¿no arde tu corazón?
¡Ven! Nos será simpático
el ruido del cañón.

Mira, ya el cubano
libre será;
𝄆 le dará el machete
su libertad. 𝄇

Ya el tambor guerrero
dice en su son,
que es la manigua el sitio,
el sitio de la reunión,
𝄆 de la reunión,
de la reunión. 𝄇

(El [[Grito de Lares]]
se ha de repetir,
y entonces sabremos
vencer o morir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malavet Vega|first=Pedro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6CfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Grito+de+Lares%22+%22se+ha+de+repetir%22|title=Historia de la canción popular en Puerto Rico (1493-1898)|date=1992|publisher=P. Malavet Vega|language=es|page=273}}</ref>)

'''II'''
Bellísima Borinquén,
a Cuba hay que seguir;
tú tienes bravos hijos
que quieren combatir.

ya por más tiempo impávido
no podemos estar,
ya no queremos, tímidos
dejarnos subyugar.

Nosotros queremos
ser libre ya,
𝄆 y nuestro machete
afilado está. 𝄇

¿Por qué, entonces, nosotros
hemos de estar,
tan dormidos y sordos
y sordos a esa señal?
𝄆 a esa señal,
a esa señal? 𝄇

'''III'''
No hay que temer, riqueños
al ruido del cañón,
que salvar a la patria
es deber del corazón!

ya no queremos déspotas,
caiga el tirano ya,
las mujeres indómitas
también sabrán luchar.

Nosotros queremos
la libertad,
𝄆 y nuestro machete
nos la dará. 𝄇

Vámonos, borinqueños,
vámonos ya,
que nos espera ansiosa,
ansiosa la libertad.
𝄆 ¡La libertad,
la libertad! 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>'''I'''
Arise, boricua!
The call to arms has sounded!
Awake from the slumber,
it is time to fight!

Doesn't this patriotic
call set your heart alight?
Come! We are in tune with
the roar of the cannon.

Come, Come, the Cuban will
soon be freed;
𝄆 the machete will give him
his liberty. 𝄇

Now the drums of war
speak with their music,
that the jungle is the place,
the meeting place.
𝄆 The meeting,
The meeting. 𝄇

(The [[Grito de Lares|Cry of Lares]]
must be repeated,
and then we will know:
victory or death.)

'''II'''
Beautiful Borinquén
must follow Cuba;
you have brave sons
who wish to fight.

Now, no longer can
we be unmoved;
now we do not want timidly
to let them subjugate us.

We want
to be free now,
𝄆 and our machete
has been sharpened. 𝄇

Why, then, 
have we been
so sleepy and deaf
and deaf to the call?
𝄆 To the call,
to the call? 𝄇

'''III'''
There is no need to fear,
Ricans, the roar of the cannon;
saving the nation is
the duty of the heart.

We no longer want despots,
tyranny shall fall now;
the unconquerable women also will
know how to fight.

We want
freedom,
𝄆 and our machete
will give it to us. 𝄇

Come, Boricuas,
come now,
since anxiously awaits us
anxiously, freedom,
𝄆 freedom,
freedom! 𝄇</poem>
|}

==== Abridged version ====
A short version of the revolutionary lyrics is sometimes sung, consisting of the first half of the first verse and the second half of the third verse.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ILovebeingPR|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wI4pWl7Z1yU|title=La Borinqueña - Himno Revolucionario (con letras)|date=2015-09-26|access-date=2022-02-24|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Delia Rivera|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRi38EGY3JI|title=Himno Revolucionario de Puerto Rico cantado por miles de personas en la Plaza del Quinto Centenario|date=2019-07-20|access-date=2022-02-24|website=YouTube}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Spanish original
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap; text-align:center"
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|'''I'''
¡Despierta, borinqueño
que han dado la señal!
¡Despierta de ese sueño
que es hora de luchar!

A ese llamar patriótico
¿no arde tu corazón?
¡Ven! Nos será simpático
el ruido del cañón.

'''III'''
Nosotros queremos
la libertad,
y nuestro machete
nos la dará.

Vámonos, borinqueños,
vámonos ya,
que nos espera ansiosa,
ansiosa la libertad.
𝄆 ¡La libertad,
la libertad! 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>'''I'''
Arise, boricua!
The call to arms has sounded!
Awake from the slumber,
it is time to fight!

Doesn't this patriotic
call set your heart alight?
Come! We are in tune with
the roar of the cannon.

'''III'''
We want
freedom,
and our machete
will give it to us.

Come, Boricuas,
come now,
since anxiously awaits us
anxiously, freedom,
𝄆 freedom,
freedom! 𝄇</poem>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|La Borinqueña}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061213000012/http://www.nationalanthems.info/pr.mid MIDI version]

{{National Anthems of North America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borinquena}}
[[Category:Anthems of insular areas of the United States]]
[[Category:History of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Regional songs]]
[[Category:Anthems of non-sovereign states]]
[[Category:National symbols of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:North American anthems]]
[[Category:Compositions in B-flat major]]
[[Category:Songs about Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Songs in Spanish]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Puerto Rico]]