Editing Kyösti Kallio

{{Short description|Finnish politician (1873–1940)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Kyösti Kallio
| order               = 4th [[President of Finland]]
| nationality         = Finnish
| image               = President of Finland Kyösti Kallio.jpg
| caption             = Kallio in 1937
| term_start          = 1 March 1937
| term_end            = 19 December 1940|
| primeminister       = [[Aimo Cajander]]<br>[[Risto Ryti]]
| predecessor         = [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]
| successor           = [[Risto Ryti]]|
| order2              = 9th, 13th, 17th and 22nd [[Prime Minister of Finland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Governments in chronological order|url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/government/history/governments-and-ministers/report/-/r/v2|publisher=Finnish government (Valtioneuvosto)|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>
| term_start2         = 7 October 1936
| term_end2           = 15 February 1937
| president2          = [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]
| predecessor2        = [[Toivo Mikael Kivimäki]]
| successor2          = Aimo Cajander
| term_start3         = 16 August 1929
| term_end3           = 4 July 1930
| president3          = [[Lauri Kristian Relander]]
| predecessor3        = [[Oskari Mantere]]
| successor3          = [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]
| term_start4         = 31 December 1925
| term_end4           = 13 December 1926
| president4          = [[Lauri Kristian Relander]]
| predecessor4        = [[Antti Tulenheimo]]
| successor4          = [[Väinö Tanner]]
| term_start5         = 14 November 1922
| term_end5           = 18 January 1924
| president5          = [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg]]
| predecessor5        = Aimo Cajander
| successor5          = Aimo Cajander
| office6             = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Finland|11th, 13th, 16th, 19th, 21st and 24th Speaker of the Finnish Parliament]]
| term_start6         = 21 October 1930
| term_end6           = 8 October 1936
| predecessor6        = [[Juho Sunila]]
| successor6          = [[Väinö Hakkila]]
| term_start7         = 1 February 1929
| term_end7           = 16 August 1929
| predecessor7        = [[Paavo Virkkunen]]
| successor7          = Paavo Virkkunen
| term_start8         = 3 September 1927
| term_end8           = 31 January 1928
| predecessor8        = Paavo Virkkunen
| successor8          = Paavo Virkkunen
| term_start9         = 2 May 1924
| term_end9           = 31 March 1925
| predecessor9        = Paavo Virkkunen
| successor9          = [[Wäinö Wuolijoki]]
| term_start10        = 6 September 1922
| term_end10          = 14 November 1922
| predecessor10       = Wäinö Wuolijoki
| successor10         = Wäinö Wuolijoki
| term_start11        = 8 May 1920
| term_end11          = 29 March 1921
| predecessor11       = [[Lauri Kristian Relander]]
| successor11         = Wäinö Wuolijoki
| birth_name          = Gustaf Kalliokangas
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1873|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Ylivieska]], Finland
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1940|12|19|1873|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Helsinki]], Finland
| party               = [[Centre Party (Finland)|Agrarian]]
| signature           = Signature of Kyösti Kallio.svg
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Kyösti Kallio's speech on Finlands 22nd Independence Day.ogg|title=Kyösti Kallio's voice|type=speech|description=On [[Independence of Finland|Finland's 22nd Independence day]]<br />Recorded December 6, 1939}}
| occupation          = [[Farmer]] <br> [[clerk|Bank clerk]]
| spouse              = [[Kaisa Kallio|Kaisa Nivala]]
| children            = 6
}}

'''Kyösti Kallio''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈkyø̯sti ˈkɑlːio}}, 10 April 1873 &ndash; 19 December 1940) was a Finnish politician who served as the fourth [[president of Finland]] from 1937 to 1940. His presidency included leading the country through the [[Winter War]];<ref name="ryti&kallio"/> while he relinquished the post of commander-in-chief to [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], he played a role as a spiritual leader. After the war, he became both the first President of Finland to resign and the only one to die in office, dying of a [[heart attack]] while returning home after submitting his resignation.

Kallio was the only president of Finland who did not have an [[academic]] or similar degree.<ref name="ryti&kallio">[https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2009/11/18/sodanajan-politiikot-ryti-ja-kallio Sodanajan politiikot Ryti ja Kallio] - ''[[YLE]]'' (in Finnish)</ref> He was a prominent leader of the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Agrarian League]] party, and served as [[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]] four times and [[Speaker of the Parliament of Finland|Speaker of the Parliament]] six times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=139 |title=Ministerikortisto |publisher=Valtioneuvosto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503110025/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=139 |archive-date=2009-05-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=910662&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki
 |title       = Edustajamatrikkeli
 |publisher   = Eduskunta
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120212180925/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?%7Bhnro%7D=910662&%7Bkieli%7D=su&%7Bhaku%7D=kaikki
 |archive-date = 2012-02-12
}}</ref> During his political career, he also served as a five-time [[Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Finland)|Minister of Agriculture]] for most of the period between 1917 and 1922, including in the [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate|Independence Senate]] and the [[Finnish Civil War|Civil War]]-era [[Whites (Finland)|White]] cabinet, led a [[Lex Kallio|1922 land reform]] to aid [[tenant farmer]]s in acquiring their own land, and was a candidate in the [[1931 Finnish presidential election|1931 presidential election]] before defeating incumbent president [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] in the subsequent [[1937 Finnish presidential election|elections of 1937]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Kyösti Kallio, originally ''Gustaf Kalliokangas'' ({{small|forename}} {{IPA|sv-FI|ˈɡʉstɑːf}}, {{small|surname}} {{IPA|fi|ˈkɑlːioˌkɑŋːɑs}}), was born in [[Ylivieska]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], which was an autonomous region of the [[Russian Empire]] at the time. His father Mikko Kalliokangas was a farmer and prominent local politician. Young Kyösti's life also included his father's unmarried and childless cousin, Anttuuna Kangas, or aunt Anttuuna, who arranged for the boy to go to [[Raahe]]'s junior high school in 1886.<ref name="kuusi">{{cite book|author=Matti Kuusi|title=Suomen tasavallan presidentit|pages=96–97|location=Porvoo|publisher=WSOY|year=1965|language=fi}}</ref> After that, he was educated in [[Oulu]] where he became acquainted with [[Santeri Alkio]], author and future ideologue of the [[Centre Party (Finland)|Agrarian League]].<ref name="biografia"/>

===Start of career===
Kallio entered politics during the first [[Russification of Finland|Russification campaign of Finland]] as a member of the [[Young Finnish Party]]. He served in the [[Diet of Finland]] from 1904 to 1906 as a member of the Estate of the Peasantry.<ref>{{cite book| author=Viljo Hytönen| year= 1926 | title= Talonpoikaissäädyn historia. II Osa: Säädyn jäsenet, sihteerit ja tulkit| publisher= [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]| location=Helsinki |pages=111–113|language=fi}}</ref> He joined the newly founded Agrarian League in 1906 and became one of its most prominent leaders.

===Finland gains independence===
After the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 dethroned [[Tsar Nicholas II]], the Russian provisional government tasked Vice Admiral [[Adrian Nepenin]] with overseeing the change of government in Finland. Nepenin started by inviting a handful of Finnish politicians to discuss the situation on March 17. Kallio represented the Agrarian League; and when the Finnish politicians the next day sent a delegation to [[Saint Petersburg]] to negotiate a cessation to the Russification campaign, Kallio was again a member. The delegation was successful, and Finland was permitted to assemble a fully parliamentary Senate. Kallio came to serve as Agrarian minister in the Senate of [[Oskari Tokoi]], which took office March 26. Most of his time was spent trying to mediate the agrarian strikes and finding foodstuffs for the country, while the [[First World War]] raised the prices in Europe.

After the Tsar had been dethroned, the Finnish Parliament had to decide whether the highest authority in the country had passed on to the Russian Provisional Government, the Finnish Parliament, or the Finnish Senate. The question led to serious strife between the right-wing and left-wing elements of the Parliament. Kallio initially supported the socialists in demanding that power transfer to the Parliament, but disapproved of their cooperation with Russian [[Bolsheviks]] and [[Mensheviks]]; and Kallio ultimately voted against the bill they had drafted. Nonetheless, the socialist proposal passed, which the Russian Provisional Government saw as an affront to their power; and [[Alexander Kerensky]] consequently dissolved the Finnish Parliament on September 8. Kallio and the Socialist senators resigned from the senate, which continued to operate under the leadership of [[E. N. Setälä]].

After the [[October Revolution]], the Finnish bourgeoisie were willing to compromise and give parliament the highest authority fearing Bolshevik rule would spread to Finland. Setälä's Senate resigned immediately after the question was settled. Kallio was again named Agrarian Minister in the Senate of [[P. E. Svinhufvud]] whose first priority was to declare Finland independent. On December 4 the Senate introduced a declaration of independence to the Parliament; and the next day Kallio wrote a resolution, which the Parliament passed with votes 100–88.

===Civil war===
During the [[Civil War in Finland]], Kallio hid in red-dominated Helsinki, because he was at least nominally on the [[White Guard (Finland)|white side]] and therefore a "class enemy"; he formed a new senate (government) in Helsinki after German troops had defeated the [[Red Guards (Finland)|reds]] in the city. Afterwards he became a moderate peace-maker and disapproved of retaliation against the reds. In his reconciliation speech in [[Nivala]], Kallio said the following:{{quote|We have to create a Finland where there are no reds or whites, but only Finns who love their country, citizens of the Republic of Finland, who all feel like members of society and enjoy themselves here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kyostikallio.fi/|title=Kyösti Kallio|website=kyostikallio.fi|access-date=2 September 2023|language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10189191|title=Nivalassa juhlitaan Kyösti Kallion sovintopuhetta sata vuotta sitten – Katso presidentti Niinistön ja pääministeri Sipilän puheet, suora lähetys klo 13.15 alkaen|first=Kristiina|last=Tolkki|work=[[Yle]]|date=5 May 2018|access-date=2 September 2023|language=fi}}</ref>}}

===Formation of the republic===
During the debates over the form of the new state in 1918, Kallio resigned from the senate because he supported a [[republic]] instead of [[constitutional monarchy]]. Eventually, the [[monarchism|monarchist]] stand lost, and he returned to the Cabinet to become [[prime minister]]. He was a reformist who emphasized education, settlement, and land reform. His greatest achievement was "[[Lex Kallio]]" in 1922, legislation allowing the state to buy land to encourage new settlements, and to let the former tenant farmers and other landless rural people buy small farms (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen").

===Supported prohibition===
He supported [[prohibition in Finland]], and was dismayed when it was repealed in 1932.

===Non-violent anti-communist===
Kallio was an [[anti-communism|anti-communist]], suppressing the [[Communist Party of Finland]] (SKP) in 1923. However, he resorted to legislative methods. When the violent [[right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Lapua Movement]] asked him to become their leader, he refused and was then instead subjected to their death threats.

===President===
Kallio was elected president with the votes of a centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social democratic coalition, which wanted to ensure that [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud|President Svinhufvud]] would not be re-elected. Kallio took the role of a [[Parliamentarism|parliamentarian president]] and avoided use of his personal power.

On the eve of the [[Winter War]], when [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Marshal Mannerheim]] once again threatened to resign from his post as chairman of Finland's Defence Council due to a schism with the cabinet, Kallio convinced him to stay. During the war Kallio resisted the idea of giving up any territory to the [[Soviet Union]], but was forced to agree to sign the [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] in 1940. His health began to fail &ndash; and his right arm was paralyzed &ndash; He was not active in the dealings with Germany leading to the [[Continuation War]]. On 27 August Kallio suffered a serious stroke.<ref>Sakari Virkkunen, Suomen presidentit II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim ("Finnish Presidents II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim"), Helsinki: Otava Publishing Ltd., 1994</ref> Prime Minister [[Risto Ryti]] took over his duties. Kallio's heart became weak while he knowingly took risks by agreeing to the formal farewell ceremonies.<ref name="auto">Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"</ref><ref>Kari Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II: 1930-1940" 1930-1940, Helsinki 1986</ref>

===Resignation and death===
[[File:Hugo Sundström - Kallio with Mannerheim.jpg|thumb|right|Kallio (centre, at the front) together with Mannerheim (left of Kallio) at the [[Helsinki railway station]] on December 19, 1940. Kallio had a fatal heart attack a few seconds after this photograph was taken by Hugo Sundström.]]
Kallio left a notice of resignation on 27 November 1940. He was planning to leave the capital and retire to his farm at [[Nivala]] after the farewell ceremonies on the evening of 19 December 1940; but he collapsed and died that night at the [[Helsinki Central Railway Station]] in the arms of his adjutant before a guard of honour while a band played the patriotic Finnish march [[Porilaisten marssi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2006/09/08/kyosti-kallio-kuolee-presidentiksi-risto-ryti|title=Kyösti Kallio kuolee, presidentiksi Risto Ryti|first=Reijo|last=Perälä|work=Elävä arkisto|publisher=[[Yle]]|date=September 8, 2006|access-date=December 27, 2021|language=fi}}</ref><ref>Aladár Paasonen (1974). Marsalkan tiedustelupäällikkönä ja hallituksen asiamiehenä (Marshall's chief of intelligence and Government's official. In Finnish). Weilin, Göös, Helsinki</ref><ref name="biografia">{{cite web| url= http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=629 | title= Kallio, Kyösti (1873 - 1940) President of Finland | author= Kari Hokkanen | publisher=Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura | access-date= 2013-01-10}}</ref> One story tells that Kallio died in the arms of [[Gustaf Mannerheim|Marshal Mannerheim]],<ref>[https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000003934934.html HS: Presidentti Kyösti Kallion salonkivaunu jäi Helsingin rautatieasemalle] (in Finnish)</ref> but this is most likely part of the construction of Mannerheim's personal cult. In reality, Kallio died in the arms of his adjutant [[Aladár Paasonen]]<ref>Turtola, Martti: ''Mannerheimin ristiriitainen upseeri: eversti Aladár Paasosen elämä ja toiminta'', [[Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö|WSOY]] 2012, p. 130. {{ISBN|978-951-0-36944-9}}</ref> and colonel [[A. F. Airo]]{{cn|date=July 2024}}.

==Religious views==
[[File:Tasavallan presidentti Kyösti Kallio pelaamassa tennistä Kultarannassa.jpg|thumb|right|President Kyösti Kallio playing tennis at [[Kultaranta]]]]
A significant part of Kallio's personality and a motive for the social reforms which he supported and promoted was his deep Christian faith, which he had adopted already at home, and which was deepened during his marriage to [[Kaisa Kallio|Kaisa Nivala]], who was also a devout Christian. Although Kallio was often too busy to go to church, he prayed often when encountering difficulties in making political decisions, and some of these prayers he recorded in his diary. He also read Christian books with his wife and often discussed them by exchanging letters. He often referred to God in his speeches, and during the Winter War he asked the Finns who were serving their country to read the Bible. When he was forced to sign the harsh [[Moscow Peace Treaty]] in March 1940, Kallio quoted freely from the [[Book of Zechariah]], saying: {{blockquote|"May my hand, which is forced to sign such a paper, wither."}} His right arm was paralysed the following summer, and he was forced to switch his writing hand. In the [[Presidential Palace, Helsinki|Presidential Palace]], shortly before leaving for Helsinki Central Railway Station for the last time, Kallio sang a hymn with his family.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II"; "The Presidents of the Republic 1931-1940". Helsinki, 1994</ref><ref>''Kyösti Kallion puheet'' (Speeches of Kyösti Kallio, in Finnish) Helsinki, 1941</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Supplemental biography==
Kyösti Kallio was deeply religious - he came from a [[pietism|pietist]] family<ref name="kuusi"/> - and was an absolute teetotaller. In 1932 he took the repellation of [[prohibition in Finland]] that had been in force since 1919 as a personal defeat. When Kallio was visiting the [[parliament of Hungary]] in his role as speaker of the parliament of Finland, he caused a complete shock to his hosts by requesting [[milk]] to drink at the official banquet. When Kallio became president, the largest change in the presidential palace in Finland was the complete stop of serving [[alcoholic beverage]]s in all events. In addition, there was no dancing at any [[Independence Day Reception (Finland)|Indendence Day Reception]] during Kallio's time as president.<ref name="kataja">Kataja, Anna-Maija: ''Itsenäisen Suomen presidentit''. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1992. {{ISBN|951-20-4008-5}}.</ref>{{rp|116}} When appointing [[Kaarlo Hillilä]] as the governor of the [[Lapland (former province of Finland)|Lapland Province]] Kallio made him promise not to drink any alcohol.<ref>[[Johannes Virolainen|Virolainen, Johannes]]: ''Polun varrelta: merkintöjä ja muistikuvia ihmisistä ja tapahtumista'', p. 298. Helsinki: Otava, 1993.</ref> Kaisa Kallio's [[loom]] was taken into the presidential palace into the same room where [[Ellen Svinhufvud]]'s loom had been taken away from shortly before.<ref name="kataja"/>{{rp|121}}

When a condolence petition was being assembled in Nivala in 1904 in memory of the recently assassinated governor-general [[Nikolay Bobrikov]], Kallio snatched the paper from the hand of the petitioner, tore it into pieces in front of him and threw it into the fire.<ref name="kataja"/>{{rp|109}}

Kallio's religiousness and abstinence from alcohol gave him an image of a solemn and narrow-minded person. However, his close friends have described him as a social person who understood intelligent wordplay.<ref name="kataja"/>{{rp|116}} In appropriate company, Kallio indulged in good-natured humour. In his youth, Kallio's favourite sport was cross-country skiing, and he won numerous prizes in skiing competitions. In his older years, Kallio raised racehorses, and even in his years as a government minister he successfully took part in races. In addition to this, Kallio had time to attend theatre plays and concerts.<ref name="kuusi"/>

==In popular culture==
Kallio was played by Ossi Ahlapuro in the 2001 [[television film]] ''Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940'', directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen.<ref>[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0304883/ Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb]</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|height=160
|mode=packed
|File:Kallio and Niukkanen.jpg|Kallio and [[Juho Niukkanen]] in 1920s.
|File:President Kyösti Kallio speaking on the radio, 1930s.jpg|Kallio speaking on the radio in 1930s.
|File:President Kallio.jpg|Kallio in his office.
|File:Kallio-Mannerheim-Svinhufvud Shooting WC 1937.jpg|president Svinhufvud, president Kallio and marshal Mannerheim
|File:Kallio astuu autosta.jpg|Kallio stepping out of his car; [[Marshal Mannerheim]] stands left from him.
|File:Kallio uudenvuodenpuhe.jpg|Kallio giving his New Year's speech in 1940.
|File:The funeral of President Kyösti Kallio 1940 (4515C; JOKAHBL3C A95-9).tif|The funeral of President Kyösti Kallio in 1940
}}

==Cabinets==
* [[Kallio I Cabinet]]
* [[Kallio II Cabinet]]
* [[Kallio III Cabinet]]
* [[Kallio IV Cabinet]]

{{Infobox coat of arms
|name             = Kyösti Kallio
|image            = Kyösti Kallio Coat of Arms.svg
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|armiger          = Kyösti Kallio
|year_adopted     =
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==Honours==

[[File:Kyösti-Kallio-1973.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp of President Kallio from 1973.]]

===Awards and decorations===

* {{Flag icon|Finland}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose]] (Finland)
* {{Flag icon| Finland}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]]
* {{Flag icon| Sweden}} Knight of the [[Order of the Seraphim]] ([[Sweden]])
* {{Flag icon| Sweden}} [[Order of the Polar Star]] (Sweden)
* {{Flag icon| Iceland}} [[Order of the Falcon]] (Iceland)
* {{Flag icon| Estonia}} Collar of the [[Order of the White Star]]
* {{Flag icon| Estonia}} [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty]] Military Leadership (Estonia)
* {{Flag icon| Estonia}} Cross of Liberty Civilian Service (Estonia)
* {{Flag icon| Estonia}} [[Order of the Cross of the Eagle]]
* {{Flag icon| Estonia}} [[Order of the Estonian Red Cross]]
* {{Flag icon| Latvia}} [[Order of the Three Stars]] (Latvia)
* {{Flag icon| Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}} [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Order of Merit]] (Hungary)
* {{Flag icon | Poland}} [[Order of Polonia Restituta]]

==References==
{{commons category|Kyösti Kallio}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/009086}}
* [https://suomenpresidentit.fi/kallio/?lang=en Kyösti Kallio] in The Presidents of Finland

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{{FinnishPresidents|state=expanded}}
{{FinnishPrimeMinisters}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallio, Kyosti}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
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