Editing Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type                   = protected
| name                   = Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
| state                  = nsw
| iucn_category          = II
| image                  = Towlers Bay AL.jpg
| caption                = The steep wooded [[ria]] that forms [[Towlers Bay]], is typical of the Ku-ring-gai Chase terrain.
| image_alt              = Towlers Bay
| image2   ={{maplink
|frame=yes
|frame-width=300
|frame-height=360
|frame-align=center
|text=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
|zoom=10
|type=shape
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=3
|title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
}}
| nearest_town_or_city   = Sydney
| area                   = 149.77
| area_footnotes         = <ref name=oeh>{{cite web|title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park: Park management|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0019|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080534/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkManagement.aspx?id=N0019|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| established            = {{start date|1894|12||df=y}}
| established_footnotes  = <ref name=oeh/>
| visitation_num         = 2&nbsp;million
| visitation_year        = 2001
| managing_authorities   = [[NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]
| url                    = http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park
}}

'''Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park''' is a [[national park]] on the northern side of [[Sydney]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia. The {{convert|14977|ha|adj=on}} park is {{convert|25|km}} north of the [[Sydney central business district]] and generally comprises the land east of the [[Highway 1 (New South Wales)|M1]] [[Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle)|Pacific Motorway]], south of the [[Hawkesbury River]], west of [[Pittwater]] and north of [[Mona Vale Road]]. It includes [[Barrenjoey Headland]] on the eastern side of Pittwater.

Ku-ring-gai Chase is a popular tourist destination, known for its scenic setting on the Hawkesbury River and Pittwater, significant plant and animal communities, [[Sydney Rock Engravings|Aboriginal sites]] and European historic places. Picnic, boating, and fishing facilities can be found throughout the park. There are many walking tracks in Ku-ring-gai Chase. The villages of [[Cottage Point]], Appletree Bay, [[Elvina Bay]], [[Lovett Bay]], [[Coasters Retreat]], [[Great Mackerel Beach]] and [[Bobbin Head]] are located within the park boundaries.

The park was declared in 1894,<ref name="discover">{{Cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=Milsons Point, New South Wales |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=116{{endash}}7 }}</ref> and is the third oldest national park in Australia.<ref name="environment.gov.au">{{Cite web|title=National Heritage Places – Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Lion Island, Long Island and Spectacle Island nature reserves|url=https://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/ku-ring-gai-chase|website=Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment}}</ref> The park is managed by the [[NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]] and was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in December 2006.<ref name="Government of Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/ku-ring-gai-chase/index.html|title=Australian National Heritage listing for Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, Lion Island, Long Island and Spectacle Island Nature Reserves|work=[[Department of the Environment (Australia, 2013-2016)|Department of the Environment]]|publisher=[[Australian Government]]|access-date=23 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531192658/http://environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/ku-ring-gai-chase/index.html|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

The park gets its name from the [[Guringai]] Aboriginal people who were long thought to be the [[traditional owners]] of the area. However, more contemporary research suggests that this was not the case.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Attenbrow|first=Val|title=Sydney's Aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records|publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press]]|year=2002|isbn=9781742231167|location=Sydney|pages=22–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aboriginal Heritage Office|url=https://www.aboriginalheritage.org/news/2015/filling-a-void/|title=Filling A Void: A review of the historical context for the use of the word 'Guringai'|year=2015|location=Sydney}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=John|first=Morecombe|date=20 February 2015|title=Misunderstanding: The historical fiction of the word Guringai that has filled a void in our knowledge of the original inhabitants|work=[[Manly Daily]]|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/northern-beaches/misunderstanding-the-historical-fiction-of-the-word-guringai-that-has-filled-a-void-in-our-knowledge-of-the-original-inhabitants/news-story/b1aec152c74220c535883621081a2fd2|access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Tessellated Elvina.jpg|[[Tessellated pavement]] near the Elvina Track on the Park's Lambert Peninsular|thumb|left]]
Ku-ring-gai Chase is part of the [[Hornsby Plateau]], a massive block of sandstone tilting upwards to the north. The park comprises a plateau with an elevation of generally 150–200 m above sea level. Between 250 and 200 million years ago, sand silt and mud was deposited by rivers across flood plains.<ref name="NPA South 313"/> These formed the [[shales]], flagstones and sandstones of the [[Narrabeen Group]] that outcrop along the foreshores and ridges. Higher areas of the park are underlain with pink, white and orange layers of [[Hawkesbury Sandstone]] that contain small beds of shale. [[Wianamatta Group]] shale is present in the higher points of the park. The park's terraced landscape is due to the horizontal arrangement of these sediment layers.<ref name="NPA South 313">{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Peter |title=The NPA Guide to National Parks of Northern New South Wales |date=1991 |publisher=Southwood Press, Pty Ltd |location=Marrickville, New South Wales |isbn=0-959-91608-3 |pages=313–323 }}</ref>

Other rock types in the park are less common. Soils derived from the [[Narrabeen group]] of shales are around the eastern shore of the Lambert Peninsula, particularly around [[Elvina Bay]] and [[Lovett Bay]]. These richer soils provide for a vegetation type different from that of the sandy ridge top soils, providing for forests of spotted gums ([[Corymbia maculata]]) with forest oaks as a secondary layer. Eroded remnants of volcanic dykes occur including at Resolution Picnic Area at [[West Head]] and Campbells Crater near [[Cowan, New South Wales|Cowan]], which provide for forests of Sydney blue gum ([[Eucalyptus saligna]]).

More recent volcanic activity has forced small intrusions of igneous rock into the sandstone. A band of [[dolerite]] runs across the [[West Head]] peninsula near White Horse Beach, providing fertile soils for a distinct group of plants. The Smith's Creek area has intrusions of [[breccia]].<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

The plateau is divided into separate sections by the steep valleys of [[Cowan Creek]], [[Coal and Candle Creek]], and [[Smiths Creek (New South Wales)|Smiths Creek]]. These "flooded" or "drowned" valleys, knowns as [[ria]]s, were eroded into the sandstone much deeper than the current sea level during the glacial phases of the [[Pleistocene]] ice age. When the ice caps melted about 10,000 years ago, the sea levels rose and flooded the valleys of the park, and separated [[Lion Island (New South Wales)|Lion]] and [[Scotland Island|Scotland]] islands from the mainland. The tributaries of Pittwater and Cowan Creek became bays and inlets along and extended shoreline.<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

The dominant rock type is [[Hawkesbury Sandstone]] which determines the topography and the vegetation in the sandy soils. Sandstone cliffs, rocky and outcrops, and worn caves are common throughout the park.

Indigenous people engraved the flat sandstone outcrops.

[[Tessellated pavement]]s are found in the park whereby regular chequered patterns in the stone form along fault lines and lines of weakness.

The park's highest point is 246 m at Willunga Trig near West Head Road which runs along the ridge of the Lambert Peninsula.

==History==
===Pre-European history===
[[File:Ku-ring-gai Chase - petroglyph.jpg|thumb|upright|Aboriginal [[Petroglyph|rock engraving]]]]
The name [[Kuringgai|Ku-ring-gai]] (also spelled Kuringgai, Kuring-gai, Guringai, Kuriggai) ({{IPA|mis|kuriŋɡai|}})<ref>{{cite thesis|type=M. A. thesis|title=The aboriginal language of Sydney|last=Steele|first=Jeremy Macdonald|publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|url=https://www.williamdawes.org/docs/steele_thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326044949/http://www.williamdawes.org/docs/steele_thesis.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-26 |url-status=live|date=December 2005|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> is an [[ethnonym]] referring to (a) an hypothesis regarding an aggregation of [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] peoples occupying the territory between the southern borders of the [[Gamilaraay]] and the area around Sydney (b) perhaps an historical people with its own distinctive language, located in part of that territory, or (c) people of Aboriginal origin who identify themselves as descending from the original peoples denoted by (a) or (b) and who call themselves Guringai.

Little about the original inhabitants was recorded by Europeans at contact and their communities were soon destroyed through disease and conflict with European settlers.<ref name=Plan>[https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Parks-plans-of-management/ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park-plan-of-management-140748.pdf Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park] [[Department of Planning, Industry & Environment]]</ref>

The national park contains extensive evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the area prior to European contact, across more than 800 sites in the park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019|title=Aboriginal heritage|work=Office of Environment and Heritage|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|access-date=7 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319072905/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkAboriginalHeritage.aspx?id=N0019|archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref> These include rock engravings, cave drawings, occupation sites, paintings and stencils, axe grinding grooves and middens providing significant evidence of the way of life of the Guringai people.

===Park history===
In 1788, the first year of English settlement of the Sydney area, [[Governor Phillip]] and a small party explored Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River, but seeking agricultural land, they showed little interest in the steep and stony landscapes.<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

It was previously underdeveloped by early settlers due to poor accessibility and low soil fertility, except for some of the more fertile ridgetops. The area's [[Eucalyptus saligna|Sydney Blue Gum]], [[Eucalyptus pilularis|Blackbutt]], [[Syncarpia glomulifera|Turpentine]], and [[Ceratopetalum apetalum|Coachwood]] was extracted in small quantities, but [[Toona ciliata|Red Cedar]] was heavily extracted.<ref name="NPA South 313"/> Sawmills were established in the 1830s, including at the upper reaches of Cowan Creek where [[Duffys Forest, New South Wales|Duffy's Wharf]] was built to transport logs.

The [[Pacific Highway (Australia)|Pacific Highway]] and [[Main Northern railway line]] built along the ridgetop forming the park's current western border provided access to Cowan Creek along which pioneers settled. 40 hectares at Gerard Point, now [[Church Point, New South Wales|Church Point]], were granted to James Terry of [[Gordon, New South Wales|Gordon]].

Following almost 40 years of lobbying from a local citizen, Eccleston Du Faur, to establish a "National Park for North Sydney", approximately 13,500 hectares, including not only land areas but also most of Cowan Water, was set aside in 1894 as Ku-ring-gai Chase as a conservation area, and placed under the care, control and management of trustees.<ref name="discover"/> Du Faur was a surveyor and engineer by profession, and his interests included science, exploration, natural history and the arts.<ref name="NPA South 313"/> Upon the gazetting of the gazetting of the park, du Faur was appointed Managing Trustee and during his 10-year tenure, he developed walking trails and a road to Bobbin Head, which is now a fire trail.<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

Bobbin Head Inn, picnic shelters, and boat shed concessions were established to raise much needed funds for park management. Picnic areas were created with the reclamation of mud flats at Appletree Bay, Bobbin Head, Illawong Bay, and Akuna Bay between 1910 and 1940.<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

The area around West Head had been held privately until it was added to the park in 1951. In 1918, owners of a 640 hectare lot in Commodore Heights lobbied for a road to be pushed through from the south. A 1927 prospectus proposed a community of 2,500 residences with a country club, casino, golf course, and hotel, however, the plans did not eventuate due to the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="NPA South 313"/>

Ku-ring-gai Chase became a national park with the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act in 1967.<ref name=Plan/> It is the third oldest national park in Australia,<ref name="environment.gov.au"/> with the [[Royal National Park]] being the oldest. Additions to the park have made it 14,882 hectares in size.<ref name=Plan/> The park is managed by the [[NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]] and was added to the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in December 2006.<ref name="Government of Australia"/> The term "chase" indicates it was an area of natural bush not enclosed by fences.<ref name=Plan/> Ku-ring-gai Chase is also officially classed as a [[suburb]] by the [[Geographical Names Board of New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/suburbs/search|title=NSW Place and Road Naming Proposals System}}</ref><ref>https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/?search={%22name%22:%22Suburb%22,%22fields%22:{%22suburbname%22:%22KU-RING-GAI%20CHASE%22}} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref>

The television series, ''[[Skippy the Bush Kangaroo]]'' was shot in northern Sydney at Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park and the adjacent [[Waratah Park]]. Bushfires ravaged the park in January 1994.<ref name="discover" />

A [[seaplane]] on its way to [[Rose Bay Water Airport|Sydney Harbour]] crashed into Jerusalem Bay shortly after takeoff from on 31 December 2017, killing the pilot and five passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hawkesbury-river-seaplane-crash-new-years-eve-joy-flight-turns-to-tragedy-for-british-tourists-20180101-h0bvga.html|title=Hawkesbury River seaplane crash: New Year's Eve joy flight turns to tragedy for British tourists|last=Clun|first=Rachel|date=1 January 2018|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Locations, access and facilities==
[[File:Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park map.png|thumb|The Ku-ring-gai Chase National park]]
[[File:SphinxMemorial2.JPG|thumb|right|Sphinx Memorial]]
Many of the park's attractions are accessible only by walking track. Many kilometres of the park front the shores of [[Broken Bay]], [[Pittwater]] and [[Cowan Creek]], making it a good place to explore by boat.<ref name="discover"/> Railway stations are at [[Mount Colah railway station|Mount Colah]], [[Mount Kuring-gai railway station|Mount Kuring-gai]], [[Berowra railway station|Berowra]] and [[Cowan railway station|Cowan]].<ref name="discover"/> All roads in the area are sealed and all have collection gates where a daily fee is payable.

*[[Bobbin Head]] is located on Cowan Creek and facilities include a marina, picnic areas, a small store, and a lunch-time restaurant in what used to be the Bobbin Head Inn, which also contains an information centre. The area contains many fire trails and a walk through mangroves. Aboriginal engravings can be seen in the area.
*Appletree Bay is a picnic area with a boat ramp and jetty, toilets, picnic tables and barbecues.
*The Basin is a lagoon with a beach on the west side of Pittwater. It has picnic areas and is the only location in the national park where camping is permitted.<ref name="discover"/> Access is either by West Head Road via The Basin Track or on a ferry from Palm Beach Wharf.
* West Head is a headland at the north eastern tip of the National Park. A lookout, with views of [[Barranjoey, New South Wales|Barrenjoey]], [[Palm Beach, New South Wales|Palm Beach]] and Broken Bay, has been built on West Head.<ref name="gregorys">Gregory's Street Directory, 59th Edition 1995, Map 109</ref> The [[Flint & Steel Guesthouse]] was one of the first buildings on West Head.  Gun emplacements were built for WW2 defences, and a bushtrack still leads down to their remnants. 
*[[Barrenjoey, New South Wales|Barrenjoey headland]] is at the northern end of Palm Beach and is not joined to the rest of the Park by land but separated by 1 kilometre of water, the Pittwater. It is the site the historic [[Barrenjoey Head Lighthouse]], constructed in 1880.
*The Sphinx Memorial is a sandstone monument commemorating the fallen [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] comrades of [[William Thomas Shirley|William Shirley]] during [[World War I]] and was created by the returned soldier in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorialsnsw.asn.au/details.cfm?MemNo=327|title=Sphinx Memorial – Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park|year=2010|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914122222/http://www.warmemorialsnsw.asn.au/Details.cfm?MemNo=327|archive-date=14 September 2009|url-status=dead|quote=Pte. William Shirley was a patient of the Lady Davidson Convalescent Hospital...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/historic-buildings-places/sphinx-memorial|title=Sphinx Memorial|website=[[NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> The Sphinx took about one and a half years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warmemorialsregister.nsw.gov.au/content/sphinx-memorial-ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park|title=Sphinx Memorial – Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park|last=webadmin|date=2012-04-11|website=warmemorialsregister.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>
*Cottage Point is Sydney's smallest locality and is listed as a heritage conservation area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/cottage-pt.html|title=Cottage Point|website=visitsydneyaustralia.com.au|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> Cottage Point Kiosk and Boat Hire, built around 1918, is situated at Cottage Point at the entrance to Coal and Candle Creek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cottagepointkiosk.com.au/|title=Cottage Point Kiosk|website=cottagepointkiosk.com.au|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>
* Jerusalem Bay is accessible by a track which is part of the [[Great North Walk]] from Cowan railway station next to the Pacific Highway.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Jerusalem Bay Track (to Jerusalem Bay and back)
 |url         = http://www.wildwalks.com/bushwalking-and-hiking-in-nsw/ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park/jerusalem-bay.html
 |publisher   = Wildwalks.com
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326050402/http://www.wildwalks.com/bushwalking-and-hiking-in-nsw/ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park/jerusalem-bay.html
 |archive-date = 26 March 2012
}}</ref> The track passes through a creek gorge lined with [[temperate rainforest]] and large turpentines before opening to the bay. At the bay is an old abandoned habitation site. It opens out to Cowan Water and Broken Bay making it popular with boating and fishing enthusiasts. After the bay the track proceeds up a steep climb past Campbell's Crater and along the ridge to Brooklyn. Campbell's Crater is a volcanic diatreme containing [[subtropical rainforest]] species such as [[Toona ciliata|Red Cedars]] and Cabbage Palms with a floor of ferns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cowan, Jerusalem Bay, Campbells Crater, Brooklyn|url=http://www.wildwalks.com/bushwalking/general/general_items_render.html?action=view_item&item_id=1217|publisher=Wildwalks.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329001821/http://www.wildwalks.com/bushwalking/general/general_items_render.html?action=view_item|archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|New South Wales|environment}}
* [[Church Point Ferry]]
* [[Protected areas of New South Wales]]
* [[Geography of Sydney]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park}}
*{{cite web|title=Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park|url=http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/ku-ring-gai-chase-national-park|work=[[NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service]]|publisher=[[Government of New South Wales]]}}
* History of Commodore Heights [site of West Head Lookout]: {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/commodore_heights | title = Commodore Heights | access-date = 26 September 2015 | author = Paul Ashton | date = 2008 | work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]|ref=none}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Creative Commons license|CC-By-SA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> .
* {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/apple_tree_bay | title = Apple Tree Bay | access-date = 6 October 2015 | author = Niall Clugston | date = 2008 | work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]|ref=none}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Creative Commons license|CC-By-SA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> .
* {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/cowan_creek | title = Cowan Creek | access-date = 6 October 2015 | author = Niall Clugston | date = 2008 | work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]|ref=none}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Creative Commons license|CC-By-SA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> .

{{The Hawkesbury River |state=autocollapse}}
{{National Parks of New South Wales}}
{{Sydney landmarks}}
{{Parks in Sydney|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Park}}
[[Category:National parks of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1967]]
[[Category:Rock art in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian National Heritage List]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Hawkesbury River]]
[[Category:Hornsby Shire]]
[[Category:Asquith, New South Wales]]