Editing Krishna River

{{short description|River in southern India}}
{{about|an Indian river|other uses|Krishna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Krishna River
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| name_other = 
| name_etymology = 
| image = Back Water View.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Krishna River gorge by [[Srisailam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| map = Krishna.png
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Path of the Krishna in the peninsular India ([http://u.osmfr.org/m/374058/])
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_size = 350px
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| subdivision_type5 = 
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length = {{cvt|1400|km|mi}} or
{{cvt|1290|km|mi}}approx.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://knowindia.gov.in/general-information/length-of-some-important-indian-rivers.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103612/http://knowindia.gov.in/general-information/length-of-some-important-indian-rivers.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2017 |title=Home &#124; Know India: National Portal of India}}</ref>
| width_min = 
| width_avg = 
| width_max = 
| depth_min = 
| depth_avg = 
| depth_max = 
| discharge1_location = 
| discharge1_min = 
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|2213|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge1_max = 
| discharge2_location = [[Vijayawada]] (1901–1979 average),<br /> max (2024), min (1997)
| discharge2_min = {{cvt|13.52|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge2_avg = {{cvt|1641.74|m3/s|cuft/s}}
| discharge2_max = {{cvt|33413.88|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/for-krishna-river-its-always-october/article29099344.ece |title=For Krishna river, it's always October |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=19 August 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/for-krishna-river-its-always-october/article29099344.ece |archive-date=7 November 2020 |last1=Jonathan |first1=P. Samuel|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/118-million-cusecs-of-water-released-from-barrage-inundates-parts-of-vijaywada-101725305061811.html|title=1.18 million cusecs of water released from barrage inundates parts of Vijaywada|last=Apparasu|first=Srinivasa Rao|date=3 September 2024|access-date=11 September 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| source1 = Near [[Mahabaleshwar]], Jor village, Dist- Satara
| source1_location = [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|17|59|19|N|73|38|17|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|914|m}} Geographic headwaters
| mouth = [[Bay Of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Hamsaladeevi]], [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|44|06|N|80|55|12|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA87A24CD53774E0440003BA962ED3|Krishna}}</ref>
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}}
| progression = 
| river_system = 
| basin_size = {{cvt|258948|km2}}
| tributaries_left = [[Yerla River|Yerla]], [[Bhima river|Bhima]], [[Dindi River|Dindi]], [[Musi River (India)|Musi]], [[Paleru]], [[Munneru]]
| tributaries_right = Kudali (Niranjna) [[Venna River|Venna]], [[Koyna River|Koyna]], [[Panchganga River|Panchganga]], [[Dudhaganga]], [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]], [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]], [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]]
}}

The '''Krishna River''' in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] is the third-longest river in India, after the [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Godavari]]. It is also the fourth-largest in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganges, [[Indus]] and Godavari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=river_basins |title=River Basins of India |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204314/https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=river_basins |url-status=live }}</ref> The river, also called Krishnaveni, is {{convert|1400|km}} long and its length in Maharashtra is 282 kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Havale |first=Professor Baliram |title=Lakshyawedha Samany dnyan/ G.K part – 1 |publisher=Sahyadri Publication |location=[[Aurangabad]], India |pages=72 |language=mr}}</ref> It is a major source of [[irrigation]] in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Krishna River basin |url=http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181213/http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=live}}The Krishna is the second largest east flowing peninsular river. It originates near Mahabaleshwar, Jor village (Sahayadri), Maharastra. It flows through Karnataka before entering Telangana.</ref>

==Course==
The Krishna River originates in the [[Western Ghats]] near [[Mahabaleshwar]] at an elevation of about {{convert|1,300|m}}, in the state of Maharashtra in central India. From Mahabaleshwar it flows to the town of Wai and continues east until it empties into the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dhruv Sen |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |location=Singapore |pages=340}}</ref> The Krishna River passes through the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harini |first1=P. |last2=Sahadevan |first2=Dinesh Kumar |last3=Das |first3=I. C. |last4=Manikyamba |first4=C. |last5=Durgaprasad |first5=M. |last6=Nandan |first6=M. J. |date=2018 |title=Regional Groundwater Assessment of Krishna River Basin Using Integrated GIS Approach |journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1365–1377 |doi=10.1007/s12524-018-0780-4 |bibcode=2018JISRS..46.1365H |s2cid=134500302}}</ref> Over its {{convert|1400|km}} length, it flows for {{cvt|305|km|mi}} in Maharashtra, {{cvt|483|km|mi}} in Karnataka and {{cvt|612|km|mi}} in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |location=Dordrecht |pages=641–643 |bibcode=2007hwri.book.....J}}</ref>

==Tributaries==
The Krishna River has 13 major tributaries.<ref name=":0" /> Its principal tributaries include the [[Ghataprabha River]], [[Malaprabha River]], [[Bhima River]], [[Tungabhadra River]] and [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]].<ref name=":0" /> The Tungabhadra River has a catchment area of {{cvt|71,417|km2|sqmi}} and a length of {{cvt|531|km|mi}}.<ref name=":0" /> The Bhima River is the longest tributary of the Krishna River.<ref name=":1" /> It has a total length of {{cvt|861|km|mi}} and catchment area of {{cvt|70,614|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0" />

Three tributaries, [[Panchganga]], [[Warna River|Warna]] and [[Yerla]], meet the Krishna River near [[Sangli]]. Hindus consider these places holy. It is said that [[Dattatreya]], one of the Hindu deities, spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of the Krishna.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Kudalasangama 7.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Kudalasangama, [[North Karnataka]]]]
Kudalasangama<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vishwagurubasavanna.com/KudalaSangama.aspx |title=Kudala Sangama |access-date=8 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323024231/http://vishwagurubasavanna.com/KudalaSangama.aspx |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (also written as Kudala Sangama) is located about {{convert|15|km}} from the [[Almatti Dam]] in [[Bagalkot district]] of Karnataka state. The Krishna and Malaprabha rivers merge here. The ''Aikya Mantapa'' or the holy ''[[Samādhi]]'' of [[Basavanna]], the founder of the Lingayat Hindu sect along with [[Linga]], which is believed to be self-born (''[[Swayambhu]]''), is here and the river flows east towards Srisailam (another pilgrim center) Andhra Pradesh.

Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a famous pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra and Bhavanasi rivers join the Krishna River. The [[Sangameswara temple, Kurnool|Sangameswaram temple]] is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, and visible for devotees only during summer when the reservoir's water level comes down.<ref>Srisailam project manual</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Narendra |date=1 August 2021 |title=Sangameshwara Swamy temple rarely visible |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/sangameshwara-swamy-temple-rarely-visible-699192 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218124427/https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/sangameshwara-swamy-temple-rarely-visible-699192 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Krishna Basin==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Drainage Basin of Krishna'''
|label1 = Bhima Upper |color1 = #FF6600
|value1 = 17.58
|label2 = Bhima Lower |color2 = #FFFF00
|value2 = 9.29
|label3 = Krishna Upper |color3 = DodgerBlue
|value3 = 21.39
|label4 = Krishna Middle |color4 = Green
|value4 = 8.73
|label5 = Krishna Lower |color5 = Gold
|value5 = 15.50
|label6 = Tungabhadra Upper |color6 = Pink
|value6 = 11.20
|label7 = Tungabhadra Lower |color7 = Black
|value7 = 16.31
}}
[[File:Krishna_River_basin_map.svg|thumb|alt=Refer to caption|Map of watershed]]
The Krishna Basin extends over an area of {{cvt|258948|km2|sqmi}} which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka (113,271&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), Telangana, [[Andhra Pradesh]] (76,252&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Maharashtra]] (69,425&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna basin status report, March 2014 |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Krishna%20Basin.pdf |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020435/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Krishna%20Basin.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the fifth largest basin in India.<ref name=":1" />

Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils, and saline and alkaline soils.

An average annual surface water potential of 78.1&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 58.0&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> is utilizable water.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf |title=Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India |author=IWMI Research Report 83 |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110834/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Culturable area in the basin is about {{cvt|203,000|km2|sqmi}}, which is 10.4% of the total cultivable area of the country. As the water availability in the Krishna River was becoming inadequate to meet the water demand, [[Godavari River]] is linked to the Krishna River by commissioning the [[Polavaram Project-a National Project|Polavaram right bank canal]] with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme in the year 2015 to augment water availability to the [[Prakasam Barrage]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/how-the-krishna-went-dry/article22398807.ece#comments |title=How the Krishna went dry? |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110834/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of [[National Waterway 4]]. The Krishna-Godavari delta known as "Rice Granary of India'''.'''"<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Holocene environmental changes of the Godavari Delta, east coast of India, inferred from sediment core analyses and AMS 14C dating |url=https://www.academia.edu/2554303 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=175–176 |pages=163–175 |last1=Nageswara Rao |first1=Kakani |last2=Rao |first2=Kakani Nageswara |last3=Saito |first3=Yoshiki |last4=Nagakumar |first4=K. Ch V. |last5=Demudu |first5=G. |last6=Basavaiah |first6=N. |last7=Rajawat |first7=A. S. |last8=Tokanai |first8=Fuyuki |last9=Kato |first9=Kazuhiro |last10=Nakashima |first10=Rei |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.007 |bibcode=2012Geomo.175..163N |access-date=18 December 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207111709/https://www.academia.edu/2554303 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Mineral deposits==
{{See also |List of mines in India}}
Krishna River basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil and gas, coal, iron, [[limestone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]], gold, granite, [[laterite]], uranium, diamonds, etc. The following are the few noted deposits:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Krishna Godavari Basin]], oil and gas
* [[Yellandu]], coal
* [[Bayyaram Mines]], iron
* [[Kudremukh]], iron
* [[Donimalai Township|Donimalai]], iron
* Jaggayapeta mines, dolomite
* [[Natural resources of India#Uranium|Nalgonda uranium deposits]],
* [[Kollur Mine]], diamonds
* [[Hatti Gold Mines]],
{{div col end}}

==Flora and fauna==
{{See also|Wildlife sanctuaries of India|Tiger reserves of India|List of national parks of India}}
Widespread area near to the Krishna River holds the rich flora and fauna. The last surviving Mangrove forests in the Krishna estuary have been declared as the [[Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The sanctuary is the home to the large number of resident and migratory birds. Fishing cats, otters, Estuarine crocodiles, spotted deer, sambar deer, blackbucks, snakes, lizards and jackals can also be spotted in the sanctuary. The sanctuary also supports rich vegetation with plants like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Aegiceros. The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the Krishna basin.

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]]
* [[Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Ghataprabha|Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Gudavi Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary]]
* [[Chandoli National Park]]
* [[Kudremukh National Park]]
* [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]]
* [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]]
* [[Mrugavani National Park]]
* [[Pakhal Lake|Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]]
* [[Shimoga district#Flora and fauna|Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, [[Bellary district|Bellary]]
{{div col end}}

==Waterfalls==
[[File:Gokak Falls.jpg|thumb|Gokak Falls on Ghataprabha River]]
{{See also |List of waterfalls of India}}
The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ethipothala Falls|Ethipothala]] on Chandravanka River which is the tributary of Krishna River
* [[Godchinamalaki Falls|Godchinamalaki]] on Markandeya River a tributary of [[Ghataprabha]]
* [[Gokak Falls|Gokak]] on [[Ghataprabha]]
* [[Mallela Theertham]]
{{div col end}}

==Water outflows to the sea==
The yearly water outflows to the sea in a water year from 1 June 2003 to 31 May 2022 (19 years) are given below
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin:left"
|+Waterflow to the sea<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.renewablesindia.in/ |title=Reservoir Storage Monitoring System |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153814/https://renewablesindia.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Water year
! 3-04!!04-05!!05-06!! 06-07 !! 7-08 !! 8-09 !! 09-10 !! 10–11 !! 11–12 !! 12–13 !! 13–14 !! 14–15 !! 15–16 !! 16–17!! 17–18!!18–19!!19–20!!20–21!!21–22
|-
! Water outflows ([[tmcft]])
| 5||14 ||113 ||968||885 || 296 || 437 || 407 ||215 || 56 || 394 || 73 || 9 ||55||0||39||798||1252||485
|}

==Interstate water sharing==
{{Main|Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal}}
At present, the award of [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal|Bachawat tribunal]] dated 31 May 1976 is applicable for sharing the water available in the river among the riparian states. The Brijesh Kumar tribunal award given on 29 November 2013 was challenged by Andhra Pradesh in the Supreme Court and the case has been pending since then.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/court-do-not-publish-kwdtii-decision/article2460983.ece |title=Court: do not publish KWDT-II decision |author=Hindu daily dated |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118211612/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/court-do-not-publish-kwdtii-decision/article2460983.ece |archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> The newly created state of Telangana also approached the Supreme Court demanding a fresh tribunal hearing to secure its water needs on [[The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers|equitable basis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tstate-wants-tribunal-to-adjudicate-water-disputes/article6194030.ece |title=T-State wants tribunal to adjudicate water disputes |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406173604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tstate-wants-tribunal-to-adjudicate-water-disputes/article6194030.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

Even though the river does not flow through [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Telugu Ganga Project]] is a canal system that brings Krishna River water to that state's capital city of [[Chennai]] with the agreement of all basin states.

==Places and temples==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Pre Historic Mid Krishna-Tungabhadra Valley sites.jpg|thumb|Pre Historic sites of Middle Krishna-[[Tungabhadra]] Valley in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh]]

This river is revered by Hindus as sacred. The river is also believed to remove all the sins of those who bathe in it. The centre of attraction is the [[Krishna Pushkaram]] fair which is held once in twelve years on the banks of the Krishna River. There are many pilgrimage places in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on the course of the river.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
The first holy place on the river Krishna is at [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple. It has seven ghats along the river. Temples like Dattadeva temple, which is revered by the people of Maharashtra, are located on the banks of Krishna at [[Narsobawadi]], [[ankalkhop]] Audumbar near [[Sangli]]. Yadur is one of the important holy places in Karnataka which is located on the bank of Krishna. Veerabhadra temple is a famous temple. Many devotees visit this place from Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Also, located on the banks of the river Krishna is the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur. Some of the other temples are the [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] in [[Vijayawada]], Ramling temple near Sangli, [[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga]] (Srisailam), [[Amaralingeswara Temple|Amareshwara Swamy Temple]], [[Vedadri Narasimha Temple]], Vadapalli temple in [[Nalgonda]], Dattadeva temple, and Sangameshwara Shiva temples at [[Alampur, Mahbubnagar|Alampur]] and [[Gadwal]] in Telangana.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

[[Bhilawadi]] town in Maharashtra has a large stone structure constructed across Krishna River bank, also known as Krishna Ghat. This structure also includes one large and one small temple constructed in the middle of the river. This structure is believed to be constructed in 1779.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पलूस तालुका |url=http://www.zpsangli.com/mr/PSInfo/3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719231404/http://www.zpsangli.com/mr/PSInfo/3.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-19 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.zpsangli.com}}</ref>

==Bridges==
[[File:Panorama of Prakasam Barrage and Railway bridges.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Prakasam Barrage and Railway bridges on Krishna near Vijayawada]]

The Krishna River is spanned by several bridges along its course, some of which are listed below.
* Krishna Bridge, [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], Maharashtra – This bridge was demolished in 2021 which was located in the Dharmpuri Peth area of the town of Wai, was one of the oldest bridges that were built by the British in India. It spans the Krishna over nine ''kamans'' (arches) and is made of black rock. The bridge serves as a flood mark (when the water rises to the level of the road on the bridge) for the "Waikar" people.
* Irwin Bridge, [[Sangli]] – This is one of the oldest, historic and largest bridges over the Krishna that were built by the British. The Irwin Bridge, which is built of reddish stone, has two passages where one can climb down to the river in the middle of its span to view the water.
* Ankali Bridge, [[Sangli]] Maharashtra – This bridge is major link between Sangli and Kolhapur districts. At this point there are three bridges, one for railway and two for roadways. Out of two roadway bridge the one bridge in the direction towards Miraj was built in Nineteenth century under British Administration. It is still in operation. The railway bridge was constructed at the time of laying of Kolhapur to Pune rail link. The contractor for rail bridge was V. R. Ranade & Sons from Pune. The construction of this railway bridge and culverts on railway route in nearby region were constructed by them in 1882–1884.
* Kudachi – [[Ugar (town)|Ugar]] Railway bridge built by the British in 1891.
* B. Soundatti Bridge, Raibag – This is also one of the oldest bridges built during the British rule. This bridge connects Maharashtra to Karnataka state.
* Tangadagi Bridge, This is one of oldest bridges that connects the Bijapur and [[Bagalkot district]]s of Karnataka. God Neelambika Temple is there at the bank of Krishna River.
* Chikkapadasalagi bridge, is one of the oldest bridges, built in British era it connects Jamakhandi and Vijayapur.
* Jambagi Bridge, Jamkhandi : Recently built bridge connects Athani, Bijapur and Jamkhandi.
* Galagali Bridge of [[Galagali]] village, Bagalkot: very important bridge that connects many towns and villages of Bagalkot and Vijayapur districts.
[[File:Navjeevan Exp KrishnaRiverBridge.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Railway bridge across Krishna near Vijayawada]]
* Krishna Bridge near Shakti Nagar, Raichur district was built in the memory of the travel undertaken by Nawab Javvadjaha Bahadur, the prince of Hyderabad, to Raichur in early 20th century. The bridge was named after the prince as Sirat-e-joodi. The construction began in 1933 and completed in 1943<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |date=11 May 2019 |title=Exploring past marvels along the passage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/exploring-past-marvels-along-the-passage-733144.html |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218125751/https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/exploring-past-marvels-along-the-passage-733144.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2009, heavy floods occurred, isolating 350 villages and leaving millions homeless,<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=40601 |title=Flooding along the Krishna River: Natural Hazards |date=5 October 2009 |publisher=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |access-date=11 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221052839/http://m.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=40601 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> which is believed to be first occurrence in 1000 years. The flood resulted in heavy damage to Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Guntur, Krishna and Nalagonda Districts. The entire city of [[Kurnool]] was immersed in approximately {{cvt|10|ft|m|0}} water for nearly 3 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atree.org/sites/default/files/book-chapters/p09%20killada%20et%20al%202012.pdf |title=Agony of Floods: Flood Induced Water Conflicts in {{sic |nolink=y|ln|dia}} |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703204756/http://www.atree.org/sites/default/files/book-chapters/p09%20killada%20et%20al%202012.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Water inflow of {{cvt|1110000|cuft/s|m3/s}} was recorded at the Prakasam Barriage, which surpassed the previous record of {{cvt|1080000|cuft/s|m3/s}} recorded in the year 1903.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/12731 |title=Managing historic flood in the Krishna river basin in the year 2009 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213927/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/managing-historic-flood-krishna-river-basin-experience-averting-catastrophe-apwrdc |archive-date=26 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Krishna River is the second largest east flowing river of the peninsula. The flood waters of Krishna and Godavari rivers can be fully utilized by exporting water to other east flowing peninsular rivers up to [[Vaigai River]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] sea area.

==Dams==

[[File:NSRS Srisailam Dam.jpg|thumb|NSRS Srisailam Dam]]

[[File:Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Gates view.jpg|thumb|Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Gates view]]
There are many [[dam]]s constructed across the Krishna River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Headworks (Dam, Barrage, Weir, Anicut, Lift) |url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921052447/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) |archive-date=21 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Dhom Dam]]
* [[Upper Krishna Project#UKP-Stage II|Hippargi barrage]]
* [[Almatti Dam]]
* [[Narayanpur Dam]]
* [[Ujjani Dam|Bhima Dam]]
* [[Jurala Project|Jurala Dam]]
* [[Srisailam Dam]]
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]]
* [[Pulichinthala Project|Pulichinthala Dam]]
* [[Prakasam Barrage]]
* [[Tungabhadra Dam]]
* [[Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme|Rajolibanda barrage]]
* [[Sunkesula|Sunkesula barrage]]
{{div col end}}

==Hydroelectric power stations==
The Krishna River is one of the rivers whose water energy is harnessed to a large extent by various hydro electric power stations in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Houses in Krishna Basin |url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Power_Houses_in_Krishna_Basin |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818001000/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Power_Houses_in_Krishna_Basin |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations.
[[File:Alamatti dam.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Almatti Dam with its right bank power house]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"|+ Hydroelectric power stations on Krishna River

! Name of the project !! data-sort-type="number"|Rated Power <small>(in [[Megawatt|MW]])</small> !! Comments
|-
| [[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]] || align="right"|1,920 || 
|-
| [[Mulshi Dam]] || align="right"|300 || <small>Power station with [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] units</small>
|-
| [[Thokarwadi Dam]] || align="right"|72 ||
|-
| [[Ujjani Dam]] || align="right"|12 || <small>Power station with [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] units</small>
|-
| [[Almatti Dam]] || align="right"|290 ||
|-
| [[Bhadra Dam]] || align="right"|39 ||
|-
| [[Tungabhadra Dam]] || align="right"|127 ||
|-
| [[Jurala Project|Jurala Hydroelectric Project]] || align="right"|240 ||
|-
| [[Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project]] || align="right"|240 ||
|-
| [[Srisailam Dam]] || align="right"|1,670 || <small>Power station with [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] units</small>
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] || align="right"|960 || <small>Power station with [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] units</small>
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] || align="right"|50 ||
|-
| [[Pulichinthala Project|Pulichinthala Dam]] || align="right"|120 ||
|}

==Pollution==
Most of the years, the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irrisoft.org/cms/fileadmin/content/zfb/1998_02/keller_keller_davids_1998_river_basin_development_phases_implications_closure.pdf |title=River basin development phases and implications of closure |author=J. Keller, A. Keller and G. Davids |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019161418/http://irrisoft.org/cms/fileadmin/content/zfb/1998_02/keller_keller_davids_1998_river_basin_development_phases_implications_closure.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/index.aspx |title=IWMI Research report nos # 1, 3, 14, 56, 72, 83, 107, 111, 121, 123, 125 etc. |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606033624/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/iwmi-research-reports/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Closed river basin of Krishna means that the river ecosystem is on the verge of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transformativetechnologies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Technology-Breakthroughs-for-Global-Water-Security_September18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170411/http://transformativetechnologies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Technology-Breakthroughs-for-Global-Water-Security_September18.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live |title=Technology Breakthroughs for Global water security |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-do-not-kill-a-river-2201895 |title=Do not kill a river |date=14 April 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813173204/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-do-not-kill-a-river-2201895 |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds into the river. Adequate average and minimum continuous [[environmental flows]] to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting [[Dissolved load|salt export]] and leading to formation of saline and [[Alkaline soil|sodic alkaline soils]] in the lower reaches of the river basin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/mf/sites/default/files/pnw597-e.pdf |title=Managing irrigation water quality |author=Oregon State University, USA |access-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092217/http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/mf/sites/default/files/pnw597-e.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Alkalinity-and-salinity-bane-of-soil-in-T-state/articleshow/48383411.cms |title=Alkalinity and salinity bane of soil in T state |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102180323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/hyderabad/Alkalinity-and-salinity-bane-of-soil-in-T-state/articleshow/48383411.cms |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Residual sodium carbonate index|High alkalinity water]] is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the [[alkalinity]] of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of [[Basalt#Weathering|basalt rock]] formations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10054/1531/1/5806.pdf |title=Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps, India |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150024/http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10054/1531/1/5806.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Thermal power stations in Krishna River basin
! Name of Power Station !! data-sort-type="number"|Rated Power <small>(in [[Megawatt|MW]])</small>
|-
| [[Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station|Vijayawada Thermal Power Station]] || align="right"|1,760
|-
| [[Raichur Thermal Power Station]] || align="right"|1,470
|-
| [[Bellary Thermal Power station]] || align="right"|1,700
|-
| [[Yermarus Thermal Power Station]] || align="right"|1,600
|-
| [[Solapur Super Thermal Power Station]] || align="right"|1,320
|-
| [[Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project]] || align="right"|2,400
|-
| [[Yadadri Thermal Power Plant]] || align="right"|4000
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Krishna River near Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh India.jpg|Down stream view of [[Prakasam Barrage]]
Krishna River.jpg|Krishna River near [[Vijayawada]]
Full doownstream view of the Bhima or Ujjani Dam.jpg|Panoramic view of Ujjani or Bhima Dam
TungabhadraRiver Dam.jpg|[[Tungabhadra Dam]] near [[Hosapete]]
Menavali pan.jpg|Krishna close to its origin at [[Menawali]], near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], Satara district, Maharashtra.18th century, Maratha statesman, [[Nana Fadnavis]] built the Ghat and a palace here. This location has been used in many Hindi movies.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[Godavari River]]
* [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[Upper Krishna Project]]
* [[Krishna Pushkaralu]]
* [[Sacred waters]]
* Other rivers originating at Mahabaleshwar (Panchganga) [[Gayatri River]], [[Koyna River]], [[Savitri River]] and [[Venna River]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Kistna (river)|Kistna}}

{{Krishna basin}}
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[[Category:Krishna River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
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