Editing Kraków

{{Short description|City in Poland}}
{{redirect2|Krakow|Cracow|other uses|Krakow (disambiguation)|and|Cracow (disambiguation)}}
{{Title language|pl|italic=no}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = {{Langr|pl|Kraków}}
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| official_name = Royal Capital City of Kraków<br/>{{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{langx|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}}}}}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Krakow Rynek Glowny panorama 2.jpg
| alt1 = St. Mary's Basilica
| caption1 = [[Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kraków|Mary Basilica]] and [[Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Kraków|Mickiewicz Monument]]
| image2 = Wawel Cathedral Front.jpg
| alt2 = Wawel Cathedral
| caption2 = [[Wawel Cathedral|Wawel Cath.]]
| image3 = Kosciol Sw. Piotra i Pawla 1.JPG
| alt3 = Saints Peter and Paul Church
| caption3 = [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|St. Peter and Paul Chur.]]
| image4 = Wawel Royal Castle courtyard (SE), 4 Wawel, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg
| alt4 = Wawel Castle
| caption4 = [[Wawel Castle]]
| image5 = 2017-05-29 Ulica Floriańska, Kraków 3.jpg
| alt5 = Floriańska Street
| caption5 = [[Floriańska Street]]
| image6 = Kraków Cloth Hall. View from the west. Poland.jpg
| alt6 = Cloth Hall
| caption6 = [[Kraków Cloth Hall|Cloth Hall]] at [[Main Square, Kraków|Main Square]]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg
| image_shield = [[File:POL Kraków COA.svg|70px]]
| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Kraków.svg
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Lesser Poland}}
| leader_party = [[Civic Coalition (Poland)|KO]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of the Royal City of Kraków|City mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Aleksander Miszalski]]
| seat_type = [[Seat of local government|City Hall]]
| seat = [[Wielopolski Palace]]
| government_type = [[Local government in Kraków|Mayor–council government]]
| governing_body = [[Kraków City Council]]
| parts_style = coll
| parts_type = [[Dzielnica|Districts]]
| parts = [[Districts of Kraków|18 districts]]
| leader_title2 = 
| leader_name2 = 
| area_total_km2 = 326.8
| area_metro_km2 = 4065.11
| population_as_of = 30 June 2023
| population_total = {{increaseNeutral}} 804,237 ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|2nd]])<ref name="demografia.stat.gov.pl">[https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref>
| population_metro = 1,498,499
| population_density_km2 = 2461
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Cracovian ([[English language|en]]) <br/> krakowianin (male) <br/> krakowianka (female) ([[Polish language|pl]])
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=ec.europa.eu>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions | website=ec.europa.eu | access-date=4 January 2024 | archive-date=1 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101045308/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = City
| demographics1_info1 = €20.470 billion (2021)
| demographics1_title2 = [[Kraków metropolitan area|Metro]]
| demographics1_info2 = €28.742 billion (2021)
| established_title = City rights
| established_date = 5 June 1257<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/|title=5 czerwca 1257 roku Kraków otrzymał prawa miejskie » Historykon.pl|first=Jakub|last=Sikora|date=4 June 2018|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111153307/https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|03|41|N|19|56|14|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 30-024 to 31–963
| area_code = +48 12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|Kraków John Paul II]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|KRK]])
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Historic Centre of Kraków]]
| designation1_date = 1978 <small>(2nd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = 29
| designation1_criteria = IV
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = UNESCO region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]]
}}
| motto = Cracovia urbs celeberrima <br/> (Kraków, the greatest city)
| elevation_min_m = 187
| elevation_max_m = 383
}}
<!-- Do not add any foreign names to the opening paragraph! See section International Relations (bottom) for names in all equally important languages -->
'''{{Langr|pl|Kraków}}'''{{Efn|Also spelled in English as '''Cracow''', or without Polish diacritics as '''Krakow'''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas R. |title=Krakow [Cracow] |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Krakow |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref><br />
Pronunciation:
*<small>English:</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|aʊ|,_|-|oʊ}} {{respell|KRAK|ow|,_-|oh}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow |title=Cracow |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603145748/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow |url-status=live}}</ref>
**{{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|k|aʊ|,_|ˈ|k|r|ɑː|-}} {{respell|KRAY|kow|,_|KRAH|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lexico.com/en/definition/Cracow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150906/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/cracow |archive-date=21 December 2019 |title=Cracow |website=[[Lexico]] |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
**{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|ɒ|f}} {{respell|KRAK|of}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lexico.com/definition/Cracow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150910/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cracow |archive-date=21 December 2019 |title=Cracow |website=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
*[[Latin]]: ''Cracovia''
*{{langx|de|Krakau}}, {{IPA|de|ˈkʁaːkaʊ̯|pron|De-Krakau.ogg}}
*{{langx|uk|Краків|Krakiv}}, {{IPA|uk|krɐkiu̯|pron|Uk-Krakow.flac}}
}} ({{IPA|pl|ˈkrakuf|lang|Pl-Kraków.ogg}}), officially the '''Royal Capital City of Kraków''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomy - Poczet Krakowski |url=https://www.poczetkrakowski.pl/tomy/show_article,tradycyjna-nazwa-miasta-4835.html#:~:text=W%2520krakowskiej%2520katedrze%252020%2520czerwca,wzg%C3%B3rzu%2520wawelskim%2520funkcjonowa%C5%82a%2520kr%C3%B3lewska%2520siedziba. |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.poczetkrakowski.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barwy i symbole Miasta- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK |url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=98 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.bip.krakow.pl}}</ref> is the [[List of cities and towns in Poland|second-largest]] and one of the oldest cities in [[Poland]].{{TERYT}} Situated on the [[Vistula River]] in [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]], the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} radius.<ref name="welcome" /> Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596,<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |date=2023 |title=Boże igrzysko. Historia Polski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298 |location=Kraków |publisher=Znak |isbn=978-83-240-8836-2 |access-date=9 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014905/https://books.google.com/books?id=TJp-AwAAQBAJ&dq=krakowa+warszawy+1596+roku&pg=PT298 |url-status=live }}</ref> and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of [[Europe]]'s most beautiful cities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll |title=Kraków makes top ten in Conde Nast Traveler poll |date=15 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310074729/http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll |archive-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=live |website=TheNews.pl}}</ref> its [[Kraków Old Town|Old Town]] was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.

The city began as a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of [[Central Europe]] in 985.<ref name="History"/> In 1038, it became the seat of [[King of Poland|Polish monarchs]] from the [[Piast dynasty]], and subsequently served as the centre of administration under [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellonian kings]] and of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] until the late 16th century, when [[Sigismund III]] transferred his royal court to [[Warsaw]]. With the emergence of the [[Second Polish Republic]] in 1918, Kraków reaffirmed its role as the nucleus of a national spirit. After the [[invasion of Poland]], at the start of [[World War II]], the newly defined {{Lang|de|[[Distrikt Krakau]]}} became the seat of [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[General Government]]. The Jewish population was forced into the [[Kraków Ghetto]], a walled zone from where they were sent to Nazi [[extermination camp]]s such as the nearby [[Auschwitz]], and [[Nazi concentration camps]] like [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp|Płaszów]].<ref name=ARC>{{cite web |title=Plaszow Forced Labour Camp |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |year=2005 |website=ARC |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040429123214/http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the city was spared from destruction. In 1978, [[Karol Wojtyła]], [[archbishop of Kraków]], was elevated to the [[papacy]] as Pope John Paul, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.<ref name="Clark"/>

The Old Town and historic centre of Kraków, along with the nearby [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]], are Poland's first [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|title=Historic Centre of Kraków|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610071815/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unesco-02com"/> Its extensive cultural and architectural legacy across the epochs of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], and [[Baroque architecture]] includes [[Wawel Cathedral]] and [[Wawel Royal Castle]] on the banks of the Vistula, [[Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]], [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]], and the largest [[medieval]] market square in Europe, {{lang|pl|[[Main Square, Kraków|Rynek Główny]]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=10 amazing things you probably didn't know about Poland|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=13 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kraków is home to [[Jagiellonian University]], one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities in the world]] and often considered Poland's most reputable academic institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance, including the [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]], [[Kraków Opera]], [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]], [[National Stary Theatre]], and the [[Jagiellonian Library]].

Kraków is classified as a [[global city]] with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is served by [[John Paul II International Airport]], the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland. In 2000, Kraków was named [[European Capital of Culture]]. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a [[UNESCO City of Literature]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |title=Kraków's story: a Unesco City of Literature built out of books |work=The Guardian |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014155319/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosted [[World Youth Day]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27759/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day |title=Krakow to host next World Youth Day |newspaper=Catholic News Agency (CNA) |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=4 January 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111162342/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[2023 European Games|European Games]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/ |title=Key facts & figures: European Games Kraków-Malopolska 2023 |website=european-games.org |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713184243/https://www.european-games.org/pl/key-facts-figures-european-games-krakow-malopolska-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from [[Krakus]] (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the [[early Medieval]] tribe of [[Vistulans]].<ref name="Nungovitch1">{{cite book |last=Nungovitch |first=Petro Andreas |date=2019 |title=Here All Is Poland: A Pantheonic History of Wawel, 1787–2010 |location=Lanham |publisher=Lexington Books |pages=55, 287 |isbn=978-1-4985-6913-2}}</ref> In Polish, {{lang|pl|Kraków}} is an [[Old Polish|archaic]] [[possessive case|possessive]] form of ''Krak'' and essentially means "Krak's (town)".<ref name="Małecki"/> The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus.<ref name="Nungovitch1"/> The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as ''Grakch'') dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans.<ref name="History"/> It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word {{wikt-lang|pl|kruk}}, meaning 'crow' or 'raven'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka|title=Krakowskie ABC - Magiczny Kraków|website=www.krakow.pl|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124051953/https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city's full official name is {{lang|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}},<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA"/> which can be translated as "[[royal city|Royal Capital City]] of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian ({{langx|pl|krakowianin}} or {{lang|pl|krakus}}).<ref name="Tyrmand">{{cite book |last=Tyrmand |first=Leopold |date=2014 |title=Diary 1954 |location=Evanston |publisher=Northwestern University Press |page=xi |isbn=978-0-8101-6749-0}}</ref> Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.<ref>[http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true Cracow czy Krakow? Urzędnicy bliscy decyzji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829161714/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true |date=29 August 2017 }}. Rafał Romanowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 January 2008</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Kraków}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Origins and Middle Ages ===
[[File:Wawel St Leonard ed.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[St. Leonard's Crypt]] dates back to the 11th century, when [[Casimir I the Restorer]] made Kraków his royal residence and the capital of the [[Kingdom of Poland]].]]

Kraków's [[early history]] begins with evidence of a [[Stone Age]] settlement on the present site of the [[Wawel Hill]].<ref name="Fischinger">{{cite book |first1=Andrzej |last1=Fischinger |first2=Jerzy |last2=Banach |first3=Janusz |last3=Smólski |date=1991 |title=Cracow: History, Art, Renovation |publisher=The Citizen's Committee for the Restoration of Cracow's Historical Monuments |page=11 |oclc=749994485}}</ref> A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler [[Krakus]], who built it above a cave occupied by a [[dragon]], [[Smok Wawelski]]. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke [[Boleslaus I of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]] in 955.<ref name="krakow.pl-2"/> The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, [[Mieszko I]], took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the [[Piast dynasty]] towards the end of his reign.<ref name="Živković">{{cite book |first1=Tibor |last1=Živković |first2=Dejan |last2=Crnčević |first3=Dejan |last3=Bulić |date=2013 |title=The World of the Slavs |location=Belgrade |publisher=The Institute of History |page=310 |isbn=978-86-7743-104-4}}</ref>

In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.<ref name="History"/> By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade.<ref name="Van Dongen"/> Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal [[Wawel Castle]] with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] churches such as [[St. Andrew's Church, Kraków|St. Andrew's Church]], [[Wawel Cathedral|a cathedral]], and [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|a basilica]].<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk"/> [[Sack of Kraków (1241)|The city was sacked and burned]] during the [[First Mongol invasion of Poland|Mongol invasion]] of 1241.<ref>J.J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 85.</ref> It was rebuilt practically identically,<ref name="Akt lokacyjny">Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), [https://archive.today/20130416085558/http://test-naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,29672,rocznica-lokacji-krakowa-w-koperni-kolo-pinczowa.html Rocznica lokacji Krakowa (750-year anniversary of the Kraków Location Act).] See also: [http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html full text of Kraków Location Act in Polish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062513/http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html |date=28 January 2023 }}, translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,4193098.html (article by Janusz Kędracki).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131151/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1%2C34309%2C4193098.html |date=8 May 2013 }} Retrieved 21 December 2012.</ref> based on new location act and [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1257 by the high duke [[Bolesław V the Chaste]] who following the example of [[Wrocław]], introduced city rights modelled on the [[Magdeburg law]] allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.<ref name="Strzala2"/> In 1259, the city was [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|again ravaged]] by the Mongols. A [[Third Mongol invasion of Poland|third attack]] in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the [[St. Florian's Gate|newly built fortifications]].<ref name="Kolodziejczyk"/> In 1315 a large alliance of Poland, Denmark, [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] and [[Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)|Sweden]] was formed in Kraków.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wydarzenia z kalendarza historycznego: 27 czerwca 1315|url=http://www.chronologia.pl/wydarzenie-w13150627ppk00.html|access-date=22 August 2024|website=chronologia.pl|language=pl}}</ref>

[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - CRACOVIA.png|thumb|Woodcut of Kraków from the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]], 1493]]
In 1335, King [[Casimir III the Great]] ({{langx|pl|Kazimierz}}) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, [[Kazimierz]] ({{langx|la|Casimiria}}). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order next to [[Skałka]].<ref name="Świszczowski" /> The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the [[Jagiellonian University|University of Kraków]],<ref name="The establishment of a university" /> the second oldest university in central Europe after the [[Charles University in Prague]].

The city continued to grow under the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]]. As the capital of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and a member of the [[Hanseatic League]], the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad,<ref>{{cite book|title=God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|first=Norman|last=Davies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|pages=65}}</ref> businesses, and [[guild]]s as science and the arts began to flourish.<ref name="poloniahans"/> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sobecki|first=Sebastian|title=Cracow, Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace|date=2016|pages=551–65|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&|isbn=978-0-19-873535-9|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&}}</ref>

=== Early modern period ===
The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's {{lang|pl|Złoty Wiek}} or [[Golden age (metaphor)|Golden Age]].<ref name="NormanDavies"/> Many works of [[Polish Renaissance]] art and architecture were created,<ref name="Mikos"/><ref name="unescoancient"/> including synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the [[Old Synagogue (Kraków)|Old Synagogue]].<ref name="infosyn"/> During the reign of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]], various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and [[Johann Haller]] established a [[printing press]] in the city<ref name="Haller"/> after [[Kasper Straube]] had printed the [[Calendarium Cracoviense]], the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5"/><ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/>

In 1520, the most famous [[church bell]] in Poland, named {{lang|pl|[[The Sigismund Bell|Zygmunt]]}} after [[Sigismund I of Poland]], was cast by Hans Behem.<ref name="dzwon"/> At that time, [[Hans Dürer]], a younger brother of artist and thinker [[Albrecht Dürer]], was Sigismund's [[court painter]].<ref name="HansDur"/> [[Hans von Kulmbach]] made [[altarpiece]]s for several churches.<ref name="Kulmbach"/> In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish [[Qahal]] (council of a Jewish self-governing community) a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.<ref name="Kazimierz.com"/> In 1572, King [[Sigismund II Augustus]], the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to [[Henry III of France]] and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance. Furthermore, in 1596, [[Sigismund III]] of the [[House of Vasa]] moved the administrative capital of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] from Kraków to [[Warsaw]].<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596"/> The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the [[Deluge (history)|Swedish invasion]], especially during the [[Siege of Kraków|1655 siege]].<ref name="Milewski2">{{cite web |first=Dariusz |last=Milewski |date=8 June 2007 |title=Szwedzi w Krakowie |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220019/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=Internet Archive |publisher=[[Mówią Wieki]] |language=pl}}</ref> Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frandsen |first=Karl-Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C |title=The Last Plague in the Baltic Region 1709-1713 |date=2010 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-0770-7 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>

{{wide image|View of Kraków near the end of the 16th century.jpg|900px|View of Kraków (''Cracovia'') near the end of the 16th century|100%|center}}

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Smuglewicz Kosciuszko 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] taking the [[Kościuszko's proclamation|oath of loyalty to the Polish nation]] in Kraków's market square (''Rynek''), 1794]]

Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] had twice been [[partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by its neighbors: [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[Habsburg empire]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom"/> In 1791, the Holy Roman Emperor [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]] changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] initiated an unsuccessful [[Kościuszko Uprising|insurrection]] in [[Main Square, Kraków|the town's Main Square]] which, in spite of his victorious [[Battle of Racławice]] against a numerically superior [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]], resulted in the [[Third Partition of Poland|third and final partition of Poland]]. As a result, Kraków fell under Habsburg rule.<ref name="GR"/>

In 1802, German became the town's official language. Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish.<ref name=Franaszek>{{Cite web |last=Franaszek |first=Piotr |title=Economic effects of Cracow's frontier between 1772 and 1867 |url=https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531114948/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1796 to 1809, the population of the city rose from 22,000 to 26,000 with an increasing percentage of nobles and officials.<ref name=Franaszek/> In 1809, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]].<ref name=Franaszek/> During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities.<ref name=Franaszek/>

[[File:Józef Brodowski 001.JPG|thumb|Act of granting the constitution to the [[Free City of Cracow]]. After the [[Partitions of Poland]], Kraków became a city-state and remained the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.]]

Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent and neutral [[Free City of Kraków]].<ref name=Franaszek/> In addition to the historic city of Kraków itself, the Free City included the towns of [[Chrzanow]], [[Trzebinia]] and [[Nowa Góra, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowa Gora]] and 224 villages. Outside the city, mining and metallurgy started developing. The population of Kraków itself grew in this time from 23,000 to 43,000; that of the overall republic from 88,000 to 103,000. The population of the city had an increasing number of [[Catholic]] clergy, officials and intelligentsia with which the rich townspeople sympathised. They were opposed to the conservative [[landed aristocracy]] who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia. The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20.8% to 30.4%. However, nationalist sentiment and other political issues led to instability; this culminated in the [[Kraków uprising]] of 1846, which was crushed by the Austrian authorities.<ref name="Frommer"/> The Free City was therefore annexed into the Austrian Empire as the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] ({{langx|pl|Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie}}, {{langx|de|Großherzogtum Krakau}}), which was legally separate from but administratively part of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] (more simply Austrian Galicia).<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books"/>

During the era of the free city, a [[free trade zone]] led to positive economic development. But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested.<ref name=Franaszek/> Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession. From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4,000 inhabitants.<ref name=Franaszek/>

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the [[Austro-Prussian War]].<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')"/> Kraków, being politically freer than the Polish cities under Prussian (later German) and Russian rule, became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" ({{lang|pl|Polskie Ateny}}). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,<ref name="google"/> among them the seminal painter [[Jan Matejko]],<ref name="Matejko"/> laid to rest at [[Rakowicki Cemetery]], and the founder of modern Polish drama, [[Stanisław Wyspiański]].<ref name="culture"/> [[Fin de siècle]] Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; [[Tap water|running water]] and electric [[streetcars]] were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków ({{lang|pl|Wielki Kraków}}).<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow"/><ref name="Kalendarium"/>

At the outbreak of [[World War I]] on 3 August 1914, [[Józef Piłsudski]] formed a small [[cadre (military)|cadre]] [[military organization|military unit]], the [[First Cadre Company]]—the predecessor of the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]]—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<ref name="Urb 171-172"/> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.<ref name="twierdza"/> Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the [[Polish Liquidation Committee]] assumed power.<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books"/>

=== 20th century to the present ===
[[File:Rząca Tadeusz, Rynek Główny w Krakowie.jpg|thumb|Flower vendors in [[Main Square, Kraków|Rynek]]—the first autochrome in Poland, dated 1912]]
Following the emergence of the [[Second Polish Republic]] in 1918, Kraków resumed its role as a major Polish academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] and the [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts]], as well as several new and essential vocational schools. The city became an important cultural centre for [[Polish Jews]], including both [[Zionist]] and [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|Bundist]] groups.<ref>{{cite web |title= Kraków after 1795 |url= http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795 |publisher= YIVO |access-date= 13 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161327/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795|archive-date= 13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Kazimierz na przedwojennych zdjęciach. "Ruch na ulicach panował niebywały"|url=https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=Krowoderska.pl|language=pl-PL|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164403/https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance—from [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] to [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] and [[Reform Judaism]]—flourishing side by side.<ref name="Sinnreich">{{cite book |last=Sinnreich |first=Helene J. |date=2023 |title=The Atrocity of Hunger. Starvation in the Warsaw, Lodz, and Krakow Ghettos During World War II |location=Cambridge |publisher=University Press |page=9 |isbn=978-1-009-11767-8}}</ref>

Following the [[invasion of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the [[General Government]], a separate administrative region of the Third Reich. On 26&nbsp;October 1939, the Nazi régime set up {{lang|de|[[Distrikt Krakau]]}}, one of four districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków became the capital of the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Niemiecka okupacja w Krakowie na zdjęciach |url=https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The General Government was ruled by Governor-General [[Hans Frank]], who was based in the city's Wawel Castle. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda portraying the city as historically German.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html |title=Cztery miasta w jednym – nowa historia wojennego Krakowa Niechciana "stolica" |trans-title=Four cities in one – a new history of wartime Krakow. The unwanted "capital" |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065229/http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |url-status=dead |first=Agnieszka |last=Sabor |work=Tygodnik Powszechny No. 4 (2794) |date=26 January 2003}}</ref> On 28&nbsp;November 1939, Frank set up {{lang|de|[[Judenräte]]}} ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced-labour]] groups. The Polish [[Home Army]] maintained a parallel underground administrative system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=David G. |author-link=David G. Williamson |title=The Polish Underground 1939–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ |series=Campaign chronicles |date=12 April 2012 |location=Barnsley, Yorkshire |publisher=Pen and Sword |publication-date=2012 |isbn=978-1-84884-281-6 |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205548/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSPOAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the outbreak of [[World War II]], some 56,000 Jews resided in Kraków—almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000; by November 1939, the Jewish population of the city had grown to approximately 70,000.<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow/><ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire Kraków District, comprising more than 5&nbsp;percent of the district's total population. However, these statistics probably underestimate the situation.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> In November 1939, during an operation known as {{lang|de|[[Sonderaktion Krakau]]}} ('special operation Kraków'), the Germans arrested more than 180 university professors and academics, and sent them to the [[Sachsenhausen]] and [[Dachau]] [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945."/><ref name="sonderaktion"/>

[[File:Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg|thumb|[[Kraków Ghetto]], 1942—a German checkpoint during {{lang|de|[[Aktion Krakau]]}}]]

Before the formation of [[ghettos]], which began in the Kraków District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained, the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then-suburban neighborhood, [[Podgórze|Podgórze District]], to become Kraków's ghetto, where many Jews subsequently died of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely, but as security became tighter the ghettos were generally closed. From autumn 1941, the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] developed the policy of [[extermination through labour]],{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=171}} which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews. The inhabitants of the [[Kraków Ghetto]] were later murdered or sent to German [[extermination camp]]s, including [[Belzec extermination camp|Bełżec]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], and to [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp]].<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943"/> The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, mass deportation from Kraków's ghetto occurred in the first week of June 1942,<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> and the ghetto was finally liquidated in March 1943.{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=376}}

The film director [[Roman Polanski]] survived the Kraków Ghetto. [[Oskar Schindler]] selected employees from the ghetto to work in his enamelware factory {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik]]}}, saving them from the camps.<ref name="All for Love - Google Books"/><ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books"/> Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from deportation to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków Ghetto had been deported. Although [[Looting of Poland in World War II|looted by occupational authorities]], Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,<ref name="LukZaw"/> with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared. Soviet forces under the command of Marshal [[Ivan Konev]] entered the city on 18&nbsp;January 1945 and began arresting Poles loyal to the [[Polish government-in-exile]] or those who had served in the Home Army.<ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646.</ref>

[[File:Rozwój terytorialny Krakowa - EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Kraków's territorial growth from the late 18th to the 20th century]]

After the war, under the [[Polish People's Republic]] (officially declared in 1952), the intellectual and academic community of Kraków came under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of their printing rights and autonomy.<ref name="autonomy"/> The [[Stalinist]] government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest [[steel mill]] in the newly created suburb of [[Nowa Huta]].<ref name="krakow_history"/> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now [[Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks|Sendzimir Steelworks]] owned by [[Mittal Steel Company|Mittal]]) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre.<ref name="communist era"/>

In an effort that spanned two decades, [[Karol Wojtyła]], the cardinal archbishop of Kraków from 1964 to 1978, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrialized suburbs.<ref name="communist era"/><ref name="NH-anthology"/> In 1978, the Catholic Church elevated Wojtyła to the [[papacy]] as [[John Paul II]], the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years. In the same year, [[UNESCO]], following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first list of [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref name="Woodward">{{cite book |first1=Simon C. |last1=Woodward |first2=Louise |last2=Cooke |date=2022 |title=World Heritage. Concepts, Management and Conservation |location=London |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-77729-1}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:20200529 Widok ze Skały Okrążek na Opactwo w Tyńcu 1735 2128.jpg|thumb|[[Tyniec|Tyniec Abbey]] with the [[Bielany, Kraków|Bielany]] [[Camaldolese Hermit Monastery, Kraków|Camaldolese Hermit Monastery]] in the distance]]

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the [[Vistula River]], approximately {{convert|219|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="SiT">{{cite book |last1=Bujak |first1=Adam |last2=Rożek |first2=Michał |date=1989 |title=Kraków |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza |publisher=Sport i Turystyka |page=22 |isbn=978-83-217-2787-5 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd_NAAAAMAAJ&q=krakow%20219%20morza |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is located on the border between different [[physiographic region]]s: the [[Kraków-Częstochowa Upland]] in the north-western parts of the city, the [[Małopolska Upland]] in the north-east, the [[Sandomierz Basin]] (east) and the [[Western Beskidian Foothills]] of the [[Carpathians]] (south).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Traczyk |first1=Paulina |last2=Gruszecka-Kosowska |first2=Agnieszka |date=2020-08-20 |title=The Condition of Air Pollution in Kraków, Poland, in 2005–2020, with Health Risk Assessment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=6063 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17176063 |doi-access=free |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7503758 |pmid=32825405}}</ref>

There are five [[nature reserve]]s in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="ZZM">{{cite web |url=https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html |title=Przyroda |date=2016 |website=zzm.krakow.pl |publisher=Zarząd Zieleni Miejskiej w Krakowie |access-date=23 February 2024 |language=pl |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223211011/https://zzm.krakow.pl/przyroda.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected.<ref name="ZZM"/> The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic [[Bielany, Kraków|Bielany]]-[[Tyniec]] refuge.<ref name="ZZM"/> The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's [[geomorphological]] features and landscape.<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)"/> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits"/>

=== Climate ===
[[File:20180506 Kościół św. Augustyna i św. Jana Chrzciciela w Krakowie 2989 DxO.jpg|thumb|Convent of Norbertine Sisters in Kraków-Zwierzyniec and the [[Vistula River]] during the summer season]]

Kraków has a [[humid continental climate]], denoted by [[Köppen classification]] as ''Dfb'', somewhat bordering on an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''); with climate change winters are rapidly becoming milder and summers longer and hotter more like humid subtropical climate (Cfa), hot summers days above 30C are increasingly common,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow%2C+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units=metric|title=Krakow, Poland|website=weatherbase.com|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140214/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow,+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship,+Poland&units=metric|url-status=live}}</ref> but with winter temperatures on average still below freezing, it is perhaps best defined as having a semicontinental climate.<ref name="Warsaw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|title=Warsaw vs Krakow Climate & Distance Between|website=www.warsaw.climatemps.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071827/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|archive-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|title=Kraków Weather Averages – Climate and temperatures|website=www.introducingkrakow.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|url-status=live}}</ref> In older reference periods it was classified as a [[warm summer continental climate]] (''Dfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Peel|first1=M. C.|last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L.|last3=McMahon|first3=T. A.|title=Climate map of Europe (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification").|date=12 October 2007|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=11 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170134/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28|title=Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science|last=Muller|first=M. J.|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8040-2|language=en|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018205612/https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=KR%C3%81KOW%20K%C3%96PPEN%20CFB&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By classification of [[Wincenty Okołowicz]], it has a [[Temperate climate|warm temperate climate]] in the centre of [[continental Europe]] with the "fusion" of different features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz|last=Egoshin|first=Alex|date=10 May 2015|website=Vivid Maps|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322142951/https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes [[Arctic]] influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Twardosz|first1=Robert|last2=Niedźwiedź|first2=Tadeusz|last3=Łupikasza|first3=Ewa|date=1 May 2011|title=The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)|journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology|language=en|volume=104|issue=1|pages=233–250|doi=10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5|issn=1434-4483|bibcode=2011ThApC.104..233T|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12128/10463|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland|title=Poland - Climate|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183748/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/466681/Poland/28238/Languages|url-status=live}}</ref> The city lies in proximity to the [[Tatra Mountains]] and there are often occurrences of a [[foehn wind]] called [[halny]], causing temperatures to rise rapidly.<ref name="SEDNO">{{cite book |first1=Magdalena |last1=Kuchcik |first2=Krzysztof |last2=Błażejczyk |first3=Jakub |last3=Szmyd |first4=Paweł |last4=Milewski |first5=Anna |last5=Błażejczyk |first6=Jarosław |last6=Baranowski |date=2013 |title=Potencjał leczniczy klimatu Polski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Wydawnictwo SEDNO |page=64 |isbn=978-83-7963-001-1 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=0phhBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months [[Regions of Poland|southern Poland]] has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer [[growing season]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|title=The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth – Weather Spark|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140213/https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.<ref name="Warsaw" />

The climate table below presents weather data with averages from 1991 to 2020, sunshine ranges from 1971 to 2000, and valid extremes from 1951 to the present day:
{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Airport ([[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|KRK]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = 
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| Jan record high C = 16.6
| Feb record high C = 19.8
| Mar record high C = 24.1
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 32.6
| Jun record high C = 34.2
| Jul record high C = 35.7
| Aug record high C = 37.3
| Sep record high C = 34.8
| Oct record high C = 27.1
| Nov record high C = 22.5
| Dec record high C = 19.3
| year record high C = 37.3
| Jan avg record high C = 10.0
| Feb avg record high C = 12.3
| Mar avg record high C = 18.0
| Apr avg record high C = 24.3
| May avg record high C = 27.9
| Jun avg record high C = 31.1
| Jul avg record high C = 32.5
| Aug avg record high C = 32.2
| Sep avg record high C = 27.6
| Oct avg record high C = 23.4
| Nov avg record high C = 17.3
| Dec avg record high C = 10.9
| year avg record high C = 33.8
| Jan high C = 1.6
| Feb high C = 3.7
| Mar high C = 8.4
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 19.8
| Jun high C = 23.2
| Jul high C = 25.3
| Aug high C = 25.0
| Sep high C = 19.5
| Oct high C = 14.0
| Nov high C = 7.6
| Dec high C = 2.7
| year high C = 13.8
| Jan mean C = -1.6
| Feb mean C = -0.2
| Mar mean C = 3.5
| Apr mean C = 9.3
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 17.6
| Jul mean C = 19.3
| Aug mean C = 18.9
| Sep mean C = 13.9
| Oct mean C = 8.8
| Nov mean C = 3.8
| Dec mean C = -0.5
| year mean C = 8.9
| Jan low C = -4.7
| Feb low C = -3.7
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 3.7
| May low C = 8.5
| Jun low C = 12.2
| Jul low C = 13.8
| Aug low C = 13.4
| Sep low C = 9.2
| Oct low C = 4.7
| Nov low C = 0.6
| Dec low C = -3.4
| year low C = 4.5
| Jan avg record low C = -15.7
| Feb avg record low C = -13.0
| Mar avg record low C = -8.0
| Apr avg record low C = -3.0
| May avg record low C = 1.9
| Jun avg record low C = 6.6
| Jul avg record low C = 8.3
| Aug avg record low C = 7.7
| Sep avg record low C = 2.8
| Oct avg record low C = -3.2
| Nov avg record low C = -7.3
| Dec avg record low C = -13.5
| year avg record low C = -18.0
| Jan record low C = -29.9
| Feb record low C = -29.5
| Mar record low C = -26.7
| Apr record low C = -7.5
| May record low C = -3.2
| Jun record low C = -0.1
| Jul record low C = 5.4
| Aug record low C = 2.7
| Sep record low C = -3.1
| Oct record low C = -7.4
| Nov record low C = -17.2
| Dec record low C = -29.5
| year record low C = -29.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 32.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 46.4
| May precipitation mm = 79.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 77.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 98.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 72.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 65.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 51.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 41.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 33.4
| year precipitation mm = 673.0
| Jan snow depth cm = 7.6
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.5
| Mar snow depth cm = 2.7
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.9
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3
| Nov snow depth cm = 2.7
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.1
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.93
| Feb precipitation days = 15.71
| Mar precipitation days = 15.00
| Apr precipitation days = 12.87
| May precipitation days = 14.97
| Jun precipitation days = 13.37
| Jul precipitation days = 15.00
| Aug precipitation days = 12.00
| Sep precipitation days = 12.07
| Oct precipitation days = 13.40
| Nov precipitation days = 14.67
| Dec precipitation days = 15.77
| year precipitation days = 171.74
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 17.9
| Feb snow days = 14.1
| Mar snow days = 5.5
| Apr snow days = 0.8
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.3
| Nov snow days = 4.3
| Dec snow days = 11.9
| year snow days = 54.8
| Jan humidity = 85.8
| Feb humidity = 82.5
| Mar humidity = 76.3
| Apr humidity = 69.9
| May humidity = 72.0
| Jun humidity = 72.7
| Jul humidity = 73.2
| Aug humidity = 74.5
| Sep humidity = 80.2
| Oct humidity = 83.8
| Nov humidity = 87.7
| Dec humidity = 87.5
| year humidity = 78.8
| Jan sun = 43.3
| Feb sun = 63.2
| Mar sun = 100.5
| Apr sun = 136.9
| May sun = 200.8
| Jun sun = 193.5
| Jul sun = 210.5
| Aug sun = 200.7
| Sep sun = 125.4
| Oct sun = 97.7
| Nov sun = 48.8
| Dec sun = 32.1
| year sun = 
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)<ref name=recordhigh1>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 13 February 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123807/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=recordlow1>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 9 February 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140332/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity1>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Kraków-Balice Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 9 February 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209141724/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=sunshine1>{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3
| title = Kraków-Balice Usłonecznienie (suma)
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 20 January 2022
| archive-date = 9 February 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209140230/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| collapsed = y
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 17.3
| Feb record high C = 21.0
| Mar record high C = 24.7
| Apr record high C = 31.2
| May record high C = 33.7
| Jun record high C = 36.0
| Jul record high C = 36.7
| Aug record high C = 38.3
| Sep record high C = 35.8
| Oct record high C = 27.9
| Nov record high C = 24.0
| Dec record high C = 19.9
| year record high C = 38.3
| Jan avg record high C = 10.9
| Feb avg record high C = 13.3
| Mar avg record high C = 18.9
| Apr avg record high C = 25.3
| May avg record high C = 28.9
| Jun avg record high C = 32.1
| Jul avg record high C = 33.4
| Aug avg record high C = 33.2
| Sep avg record high C = 28.4
| Oct avg record high C = 24.4
| Nov avg record high C = 17.8
| Dec avg record high C = 11.6
| year avg record high C = 34.7
| Jan high C = 2.3
| Feb high C = 4.4
| Mar high C = 9.1
| Apr high C = 15.8
| May high C = 20.6
| Jun high C = 24.0
| Jul high C = 26.0
| Aug high C = 25.8
| Sep high C = 20.2
| Oct high C = 14.6
| Nov high C = 8.2
| Dec high C = 3.3
| year high C = 14.5
| Jan mean C = -1.0
| Feb mean C = 0.4
| Mar mean C = 4.1
| Apr mean C = 9.8
| May mean C = 14.6
| Jun mean C = 18.3
| Jul mean C = 20.0
| Aug mean C = 19.3
| Sep mean C = 14.2
| Oct mean C = 9.2
| Nov mean C = 4.4
| Dec mean C = 0.2
| year mean C = 9.5
| Jan low C = -3.5
| Feb low C = -2.6
| Mar low C = 0.3
| Apr low C = 4.8
| May low C = 9.5
| Jun low C = 13.2
| Jul low C = 14.9
| Aug low C = 14.4
| Sep low C = 10.1
| Oct low C = 5.7
| Nov low C = 1.7
| Dec low C = -2.2
| year low C = 5.5
| Jan avg record low C = -14.0
| Feb avg record low C = -11.4
| Mar avg record low C = -6.4
| Apr avg record low C = -1.6
| May avg record low C = 3.0
| Jun avg record low C = 8.1
| Jul avg record low C = 9.9
| Aug avg record low C = 9.2
| Sep avg record low C = 3.8
| Oct avg record low C = -1.8
| Nov avg record low C = -5.8
| Dec avg record low C = -11.6
| year avg record low C = -16.4
| Jan record low C = -26.1
| Feb record low C = -26.8
| Mar record low C = -23.2
| Apr record low C = -4.6
| May record low C = -1.8
| Jun record low C = 2.3
| Jul record low C = 6.6
| Aug record low C = 4.5
| Sep record low C = -2.6
| Oct record low C = -5.7
| Nov record low C = -16.1
| Dec record low C = -25.7
| year record low C = -26.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 33.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 48.4
| May precipitation mm = 82.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 81.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 98.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 70.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 41.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 32.4
| year precipitation mm = 693.0
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.9
| Feb precipitation days = 15.2
| Mar precipitation days = 14.9
| Apr precipitation days = 12.9
| May precipitation days = 14.6
| Jun precipitation days = 13.8
| Jul precipitation days = 14.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.4
| Sep precipitation days = 12.0
| Oct precipitation days = 13.6
| Nov precipitation days = 14.7
| Dec precipitation days = 16.3
| year precipitation days = 172.0
| Jan humidity = 82.2
| Feb humidity = 78.9
| Mar humidity = 73.0
| Apr humidity = 66.1
| May humidity = 68.4
| Jun humidity = 68.9
| Jul humidity = 70.0
| Aug humidity = 72.4
| Sep humidity = 79.3
| Oct humidity = 82.7
| Nov humidity = 84.8
| Dec humidity = 83.9
| year humidity = 75.9
| source 1 = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne<ref name="Meteomodel2">{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne|title=Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne|date=6 April 2018|access-date=21 January 2022|publisher=meteomodel.pl|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027220024/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/|url-status=live}}</ref> 
}}

== Cityscape ==
[[File:Krakow - Cloth Hall from Basilica - 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] Cloth Hall (''[[Sukiennice]]'') in [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]]]]
[[File:DJI 0352 Wawel.jpg|thumb|[[Wawel Castle|Wawel Royal Castle]]]]
[[File:Barbakan Krakow z ulicy Basztowej.jpg|thumb|The [[Kraków Barbican]], dating from around 1498, was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city.]]

Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic forms of [[architecture]] developed over the ten centuries, especially [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] styles.<ref name="Hourihane">{{cite book |last=Hourihane |first=Colum |date=2012 |volume=1 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=567–572|isbn=978-0-19-539537-2}}</ref> Renowned artisans and skilled craftsmen from present-day [[Italy]] and [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]] were brought and sponsored by kings or nobles who contributed to [[Architecture of Poland|architectural wealth and diversity]].<ref name="Hourihane"/> The [[Brick Gothic]] manner as well as countless structural elements such as the Renaissance [[Attic (architecture)|attics]] with decorative [[pinnacle]]s became recognisable features of historical buildings in Kraków.<ref name="Małecki">{{cite book |last=Małecki |first=Jan M. |date=2008 |title=A history of Kraków for everyone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |pages=11, 102, 104 |isbn=978-83-08-04267-0 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172414/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQEkAQAAIAAJ&q=brick%20gothic%20style%20krakow |url-status=live }}</ref> Built from its earliest nucleus outward, the city's monuments can be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its newer districts.<ref name="Hourihane"/>

Kraków's historic centre, which includes [[Kraków Old Town|the Old Town]] (''Stare Miasto''), the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] (''Rynek Główny''), the [[Kraków Cloth Hall|Cloth Hall]] (''Sukiennice''), the [[Barbican]] (''Barbakan''), [[St. Florian's Gate]], [[Kazimierz]] and the [[Wawel Castle]], was included as the first of its kind on the list of [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in 1978.<ref name="Centre"/> The central core surrounded by [[Planty Park]] remains the most prominent example of an old town in the country, with the medieval street layout still in existence.<ref name="Gustafson"/> Kraków was the royal capital of Poland for many centuries, until [[Sigismund III Vasa]] relocated the court to [[Warsaw]] in 1596.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Thomas M. |date=2023 |title=Europe. An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=718 |isbn=978-1-4408-5545-0 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQjcEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The district is bisected by [[Royal Road, Kraków|the Royal Road]], the coronation route traversed by the [[Kings of Poland]]. Several important monuments were lost in the course of history, notably the [[Kraków Town Hall|Ratusz town hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Co się stało z krakowskim ratuszem? |url=https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl |date=19 January 2012 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128083114/https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2012/01/19/co-sie-stalo-z-krakowskim-ratuszem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Gothic [[Town Hall Tower, Kraków|Town Hall Tower]] measuring {{height|m=70}} in height remains standing.<ref name="Nungovitch1"/>

In addition to the old town, the city's district of [[Kazimierz]] is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (''Pons Regalis'') across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]] and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.<ref name="Świszczowski"/><ref name="wandaluzja-1"/>

By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially [[Synagogues of Kraków|registered synagogues]] and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like [[Podgórze]].<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"/> This, in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=KAZIMIERZ: THINGS TO DO & SEE IN KRAKOW'S JEWISH QUARTER |url=https://krakowmonamour.com/kazimierz-krakow-jewish-quarter/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Krakow Mon Amour}}</ref>

[[File:Église et couvent des Paulins à Skalka, de plus loin.jpg|right|thumb|[[Skałka]] ("Small Rock") Church, and the adjacent monastery of [[Pauline Fathers]], is a place of burial for distinguished Poles and Cracovians.]]

As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of [[Kraków Główny railway station]] and the city's [[Kraków University of Economics|Academy of Economics]]. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in [[Vienna]]. Some major projects of the era include the development of the [[Jagiellonian University]]'s new premises and the building of the [[Collegium Novum]] just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as [[Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts|the Palace of Art]] by [[Franciszek Mączyński]] and the 'House under the Globe'. [[Vienna Secession#Architecture|Secession style]] architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from [[Vienna]], became popular towards the end of [[Partitions of Poland|the Partitions]].<ref name="Strasz"/>

[[File:Palace of Art, 4,Szczepanski square,secession building, Krakow Old Town.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts|Palace of Art]] at Szczepański Square is an example of [[Art Nouveau]] architecture in central Kraków.<ref name="Palace of Art"/>]]

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.<ref name="Vogt-Nassery"/> Important buildings constructed in the style of [[Polish modernism]] include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the [[Main Square, Kraków|Main Square]] and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego"/>

After the Second World War, new Communist government adopted [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist monumentalism]]. The doctrine of [[Socialist realism in Poland]], as in other countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]], was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.<ref name="inyourpocket/sightseeing">{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|title=Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland|publisher=Inyourpocket.com|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208081319/http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|url-status=live}}</ref> The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.<ref name="Nh.pl-1"/>

[[File:Nowa Huta - Plac Centralny z lotu ptaka.jpg|thumb|Plac Centralny, the main square of the socialist-realist district [[Nowa Huta]]]]

Since the style of the [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's [[Socialist realism in Poland|Socialist national]] format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of [[Stalinism in Poland|Stalinism]].<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)"/> The [[socrealism|soc-realist]] centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large [[Plattenbau|Panel System]] apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia"/>

After the [[Revolutions of 1989]] and the birth of the [[Third Polish Republic|Third Republic]] in the latter half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Kraków z lotu ptaka. Fascynujące zdjęcia z lat 90. XX wieku! |url=https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090900/https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the [[Galeria Krakowska]], or infrastructure investments like the [[Kraków Fast Tram]]. A good example of this would be the [[Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology]] designed by [[Arata Isozaki]], the 2007-built ''Pawilon Wyspiański 2000'',<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/> which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (''[[:pl:Małopolski Ogród Sztuki w Krakowie|Małopolski Ogród Sztuki]]''), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.<ref>Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny, [http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki/ Budowa Małopolskiego Ogrodu Sztuki w Krakowie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911020618/http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki |date=11 September 2014 }} Teatr im. Juliusza Słowackiego.</ref>
{{Further|Main Post Office, Kraków|Stained Glass Museum, Kraków|label1=Main Post Office}}

=== Parks and gardens ===
[[File:Planty Park, autumn, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg|thumb|[[Planty Park]] surrounds Kraków's Old Town.]]
[[File:Planty Garden, pavilion, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.JPG|thumb|A pavilion within the Planty Park during winter]]

There are about 40 parks in Kraków, including dozens of gardens and forests.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Several, like the [[Planty Park]], [[Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University|Botanical Garden]], [[Kraków Zoo|Zoological Garden]], [[Royal Garden in Kraków|Royal Garden]], [[Park Krakowski]], [[Jordan Park]] and [[Błonia Park]] are located in the centre of the city; with others, such as Zakrzówek, [[Wanda Green Ravine Park]], Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Lotników Park in the surrounding districts.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Parks cover about {{convert|318.5|ha|acre mi2|sigfig=3}} of the city.<ref name="ZZM"/>

The best-known park in Kraków is the Planty Park. Established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, it forms a [[green belt]] around the Old Town and consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of {{convert|21|ha|acre}} and a length of {{convert|4|km|mi}}, forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<ref name="Strzala1"/>

Jordan Park, founded in 1889 by [[Henryk Jordan]], was the first public park of its kind in Europe.<ref name="grodzka.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=Henryk Jordan's Park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead |via=Grodzka.net.pl |quote=The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. |website=krakow4you.com |year=2006}}</ref> Built on the banks of the [[Rudawa (river)|Rudawa]], the park was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, a swimming pool, [[amphitheatre]], pavilions, and a pond for [[Rowing|boat rowing]] and [[water bicycle]]s. It is located in the grounds of one of the city's larger parks, Błonia Park.<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs"/> The less prominent Park Krakowski, founded in 1885 by [[Stanisław Rehman]], was a popular destination point for Cracovians at the end of the 19th century, but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid [[real estate development]].<ref name="encyklopedia3"/>

=== Environment ===
There are five [[Protected areas of Poland|nature reserves]] in Kraków with a total area of {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}.<ref name="gdos">[http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 Dane przestrzenne z Centralnego Rejestru Form Ochrony Przyrody.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206123815/http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 |date=6 February 2013 }} ''Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska'', Poland. Retrieved {{nowrap|4 October 2012.}}</ref> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the [[Kraków-Częstochowa Upland]] Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the [[Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park]] (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), [[Tenczynek Landscape Park]] (Park Tencziński) and [[Kraków Valleys Landscape Park]] (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds.<ref name="ZZM"/> The natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the [[CORINE]] biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape.<ref name="Parkes">{{cite book |last=Parkes |first=Matthew |date=2004 |title=Natural and Cultural Landscapes The Geological Foundation. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |location=Dublin |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |pages=53–56, 177 |isbn=978-1-904890-00-3 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172415/https://books.google.com/books?id=msFOAQAAIAAJ&q=Krakow+upland+%22corine%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of [[thermophilous]] vegetation, grasslands and [[Shrubland|shrubs]].<ref name="Parkes"/><ref name="MAK">{{cite book |publisher=Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie |date=1971 |title=Materiały Archeologiczne [Archaeological Materials], Volumes 12–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |location=Kraków |page=42 |oclc=68755780 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172416/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAlpAAAAMAAJ&q=krakowa%20po%C5%82udniu%20wzg%C3%B3rza%20wapienne |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the [[Vistula]] River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary [[Wilga (Krakow)|Wilga]], and left: [[Rudawa (river)|Rudawa]], Białucha, [[Dłubnia]] and Sanka.<ref name="Burek">{{cite book |last=Burek |first=Ryszard |date=2000 |title=Encyklopedia Krakowa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Wydawn. Naukowe PWN |page=1058 |isbn=978-83-01-13325-2 |language=pl |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327172418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=Wilga,%20Rudawa,%20Bia%C5%82ucha,%20D%C5%82ubnia%20Sanka |url-status=live }}</ref> The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.<ref name="Burek"/>

Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of [[smog]], caused by burning [[coal]] for heating, especially in winter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Smothered by Smog, Polish Cities Rank Among Europe's Dirtiest (Published 2018)|first1=Maciek|last1=Nabrdalik|first2=Marc|last2=Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Governance ==
{{further|Local government in Kraków}}
[[File:Podgorze City Hall (new), Podgorze,Krakow,Poland.JPG|thumb|left|The New Town Hall of [[Podgórze]], which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915]]
The [[Kraków City Council]] has 43 elected members,<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')"/> one of whom is the [[Mayor of the Royal City of Kraków|mayor]], or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local [[head of government]],<ref name="BPI 113"/> which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20&nbsp;June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is [[Jacek Majchrowski]].<ref name="Municipality, Mayor"/> Several members of the Polish national Parliament ([[Sejm]]) are elected from the [[Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency|Kraków constituency]].<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki"/> The [[Symbols of Kraków|city's official symbols]] include a [[coat of arms]], a flag, a seal, and a banner.<ref name="ordinance"/>

[[File:Krakow WielopolskiPalace 6876.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|The entrance to the [[Wielopolski Palace]] from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council]]
Responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and [[natural disaster]]s.<ref name="BPI 113"/> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the [[city government]] was reorganised to better differentiate between its [[political agenda]] and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance"/>

In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, [[Public Safety]], and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<ref name="krakow"/> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.

=== Districts ===
{{Main|Districts of Kraków}}
Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (''[[dzielnica]]'') or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.<ref name="districts"/> Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków: the towns of [[Podgórze]], [[Nowa Huta]] and [[Krowodrza]], which were amalgamated into the city as it expanded; and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.<ref name="districts"/>
[[File:Kanonicza street, view from S, Old Town, Kraków, Poland.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kanonicza Street, Kraków|Kanonicza Street]] in the Old Town (''[[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]]'') district]]
The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. These include the Old Town (''[[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]]''), once contained within the [[Florian Gate|city defensive walls]] and now encircled by the Planty park; the [[Wawel]] District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and [[Kazimierz]] with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw"/> and the ancient town of [[Kleparz]].

Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include [[Podgórze]]—until 1915, a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula—and Nowa Huta, to the east of the city centre, which was built after World War II.

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to [[Wawel Castle]] and [[Wawel Cathedral]], where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=mid|-square}} [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]]; dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<ref name="Krakow"/>

[[File:Kościół św. Józefa Kraków.jpg|left|thumb|Rynek Podgórski - main square of [[Podgórze]] district with [[St. Joseph's Church, Podgórze|St. Joseph's Church]]]]

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.<ref name="architecture72"/> Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g. [[St. Andrew's Church, Kraków|St. Andrew's Church]]), Renaissance (e.g. [[Kraków Cloth Hall]]), Baroque (e.g. [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]]) and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, [[stained glass]], paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kraków (Poland) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Krakow/images-videos |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the Market Square stands the Gothic [[Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] (''Kościół Mariacki''). Rebuilt in the 14th century, it features the famous wooden altar ([[Altarpiece of Veit Stoss]]), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world,<ref name="Kurtz"/> carved by [[Veit Stoss]]. A trumpet call (''[[hejnał mariacki]]'') is sounded every hour from the church's main tower. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. Whilst playing, he was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces and the bugle call broke off at the moment he died.<ref name="hejnal"/> The story is recounted in [[Eric P. Kelly]]{{'s}} 1928 book ''[[The Trumpeter of Krakow]]'', which won a [[Newbery Award]].<ref name="JPKelly"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0 2em; font-size:88%;"
|-
!District ||Population ||Area (2009)<ref name="StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy"/>
|-
|[[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]] (I) ||align=center|41,121 ||{{convert|559.29|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Grzegórzki, Kraków|Grzegórzki]] (II) ||align=center|30,441 ||{{convert|586.18|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Prądnik Czerwony]] (III) ||align=center|46,621 ||{{convert|638.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Prądnik Biały]] (IV) ||align=center|66,649 ||{{convert|2370.55|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Krowodrza]] (V) ||align=center|34,467 ||{{convert|538.32|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bronowice, Kraków|Bronowice]] (VI) ||align=center|22,467 ||{{convert|957.98|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Kraków-Zwierzyniec|Zwierzyniec]] (VII) ||align=center|20,243 ||{{convert|2866.9|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Dębniki, Kraków|Dębniki]] (VIII) ||align=center|56,258 ||{{convert|4671.11|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki]] (IX) ||align=center|15,014 ||{{convert|573.9|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Swoszowice, Kraków|Swoszowice]] (X) ||align=center|20,641 ||{{convert|2416.73|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Podgórze Duchackie]] (XI) ||align=center|52,522 ||{{convert|1065.24|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bieżanów-Prokocim]] (XII) ||align=center|63,270 ||{{convert|1846.93|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Podgórze]] (XIII) ||align=center|32,050 ||{{convert|2516.07|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Czyżyny]] (XIV) ||align=center|26,169 ||{{convert|1229.44|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Mistrzejowice]] (XV) ||align=center|54,276 ||{{convert|547.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bieńczyce, Kraków|Bieńczyce]] (XVI) ||align=center|44,237 ||{{convert|369.43|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Wzgórza Krzesławickie]] (XVII) ||align=center|20,234 ||{{convert|2375.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Nowa Huta]] (XVIII) ||align=center|58,320 ||{{convert|6552.52|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
|'''Total''' ||align=center|'''760,700'''||{{convert|32680.00|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
|}
The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19&nbsp;April 1995. The districts were each assigned a [[Roman numeral]] as well as a name:<ref name="krakow1"/> [[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]] (I), [[Grzegórzki, Kraków|Grzegórzki]] (II), [[Prądnik Czerwony]] (III), [[Prądnik Biały]] (IV), [[Krowodrza]] (V), [[Bronowice, Kraków|Bronowice]] (VI), [[Kraków-Zwierzyniec|Zwierzyniec]] (VII), [[Dębniki, Kraków|Dębniki]] (VIII), [[Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki]] (IX), [[Swoszowice, Kraków|Swoszowice]] (X), [[Podgórze Duchackie]] (XI), [[Bieżanów-Prokocim]] (XII), [[Podgórze]] (XIII), [[Czyżyny]] (XIV), [[Mistrzejowice]] (XV), [[Bieńczyce, Kraków|Bieńczyce]] (XVI), [[Wzgórza Krzesławickie]] (XVII), and [[Nowa Huta]] (XVIII).

{{Kraków districts}}

== Economy ==
[[File:Biurowiec Newton.JPG|thumb|left|The Centre for Business Innovation office complex in Kraków]]

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the [[Lesser Poland]] (Małopolska) region.<ref name="gosp"/><ref name="krakplgosp"/> Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large [[multinational companies]] in the city, including [[Google]], [[Uber]], [[IBM]], [[Shell plc|Shell]], [[UBS]], [[HSBC]], [[Motorola]], [[Aptiv]], [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[General Electric]], [[ABB]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Akamai]], [[Cisco]], [[Hitachi]], [[Altria]], [[Capgemini]],<ref name="capgemini"/> and [[Sabre Holdings]],<ref name="About Sabre Holdings"/> along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.<ref name=gosp/><ref name="pbs"/> The city is also the global headquarters for [[Comarch]], an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw).<ref name=gosp/><ref name=krakplgosp/> According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.<ref name="PAIiIZ"/>

[[File:Unity Tower, front, 2 Lubomirskiego street, Krakow, Poland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Unity Tower]] is one of the tallest buildings in the city.]]
In 2011, the [[Budget of Kraków|city budget]], which is presented by the [[Mayor of Kraków]] on 15&nbsp;November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 [[złoty]].<ref name="krakow2"/> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of [[amenities]], 30% in transfers from the national [[budget]], and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa"/> The city has a high [[bond credit rating]], and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.<ref name=krakplgosp/>

[[Unity Tower]] was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the second-tallest building in the city after [[K1 (building)|K1]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bretan |first=Juliette |date=2020-10-14 |title=Communist-era skyscraper completed in Kraków after 45 years |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/10/14/communist-era-skyscraper-completed-in-krakow-after-45-years/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Notes From Poland |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Knowledge and innovation community ===
Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] (EIT).<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at"/>

InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.<ref name="europa"/>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Kraków}}
[[File:Krakow, tram NGT6-2 n°2039.JPG|thumb|[[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier city tram]] on Piłsudski Bridge]]

Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. There is no [[rapid transit]] system in Kraków, but [[Kraków Metro|metro line]] is planned. First works are expected to commence in 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2024-08-28/bedzie-metro-w-krakowie-prezydent-miasta-podal-szczegoly/ |language=pl |title= Metro nie tylko w Warszawie. "To kwestia rozwoju cywilizacyjnego"|website=polsatnews.pl |date=28 August 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kr24.pl/krakow/metro-w-krakowie-miszalski-deklaruje-prace-rusza-w-2028-roku/ |language=pl |title=Metro w Krakowie. Miszalski deklaruje: "prace ruszą w 2028 roku" |website=kr24.pl |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a [[pedestrian zone]] with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius.<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation"/> The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the [[Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej w Krakowie|Museum of Municipal Engineering]] in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.<ref>Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej, [http://www.mimk.com.pl/ Działalność.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124100/http://www.mimk.com.pl/ |date=22 June 2007 }}</ref>

[[File:20150207 Pendolino ED250 PKP Intercity Krakow 5031.jpg|thumb|left|[[PKP Intercity]] train at the [[Kraków Główny|Main Railway Station]]]]

Railway connections are available to most [[List of cities and towns in Poland|Polish cities]], e.g. [[Katowice]], [[Częstochowa]], [[Szczecin]], [[Gdynia]] and [[Warsaw]]. International destinations include [[Bratislava]], [[Budapest]], [[Vienna]], [[Prague]], [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Lviv]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Odesa]] (June–September).<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków"/> The [[Kraków Główny railway station|main railway station]] is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark |date=12 July 2024 |title=Krakow Glowny - a brief station guide |url=https://www.seat61.com/stations/krakow-glowny.htm#Walking_to_&_from_the_old_town |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

Kraków's airport, officially named [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport]] {{airport codes|KRK}}, is located {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between [[Kraków Główny|Kraków Główny train station]] and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html|title=101 travel ideas & more than 5.8 million passengers in 2017|access-date=3 February 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094329/http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Also, the [[Katowice International Airport]] is located {{convert|80|km|abbr=off}} or about 75 minutes from Kraków.<ref name="e-krakow"/>

In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest [[Bicycle-sharing system]] was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 169 stations under the name of Wavelo ''[[:pl:Wavelo|(pl)]]'', which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|title=BikeU|website=bikeu.pl|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731203715/http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Poland#Largest metropolitan and urban areas|l1=Urban demographics of Poland}}
[[File:Kraków population pyramid.svg|thumb|Kraków population pyramid in 2021]]
Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019, which increased to 804,237 in 2023.<ref name="demografia.stat.gov.pl">[https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref> Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger [[Kraków metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.<ref name="stat"/>

Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.<ref name="Kras">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|title=Kraków. Introduction|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|year=2012|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Pawel|last=Kras|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043157/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|url-status=live}}</ref> It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.<ref name="Keene">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154|chapter=England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared|publisher=BRILL|title=Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista|year=2008|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Derek|last=Keene|page=154|isbn=978-90-04-16623-3|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210052/https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110|chapter=Towns and Townspeople|publisher=University of Washington Press|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500|year=1994|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Jean W.|last=Sedlar|page=110|volume=3|isbn=978-0-295-97291-6|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=Cracow&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Labno">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19|chapter=Commemorating the Polish Renaissance|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|title=Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities|access-date=2 December 2012|first=Door Jeannie|last=Labno|page=19|chapter-format=Google books|isbn=978-0-7546-6825-1|year=2011|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210104/https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19#v=snippet&q=krakow%20population%20%2010%2C000&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<ref name="encyklopedia"/> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of [[ethnic minorities]] living in Kraków.

In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Russians|Russian]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku |url=http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |website=old.stat.gov.pl |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232900/http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Już 10 procent krakowian to cudzoziemcy. Wśród nich: Ukraińcy, Białorusini, Włosi i inni |url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |website=krakow.wyborcza.pl |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829104958/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:20%;"
|+ Foreign residents (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |title=Polska |website=migracje.gov.pl |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416223805/https://migracje.gov.pl/statystyki/zakres/polska/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="column" | Nationality
! scope="column" | Population 
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
|45,100
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Belarus}}
| 5,975
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Georgia}}
| 3,640
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|India}}
| 2,636
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| 2,221
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| 1,512
|}

;'''Population growth in Kraków since 1791'''
<timeline>
ImageSize=width:750 height:240
PlotArea =left:50 right:25 top:17 bottom:20
TimeAxis =orientation:vertical
AlignBars=late
Colors=
 id:linegrey2 value:gray(0.9)
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 color:cobar width:19 align:left
 bar:1791 from:0 till:23591
 bar:1835 from:0 till:36000
 bar:1870 from:0 till:49800
 bar:1900 from:0 till:85300
 bar:1910 from:0 till:137592
 bar:1921 from:0 till:184300
 bar:1931 from:0 till:219300
 bar:1939 from:0 till:259000
 bar:1945 from:0 till:298500
 bar:1955 from:0 till:428231
 bar:1965 from:0 till:520145
 bar:1975 from:0 till:684600
 bar:1985 from:0 till:740120
 bar:1995 from:0 till:744987
 bar:2005 from:0 till:756629
 bar:2015 from:0 till:762508
 bar:2019 from:0 till:774839
 bar:2023 color:green from:0 till:804237
PlotData=
 textcolor:black fontsize:S
 bar:1791 at: 23591 text: 23.591 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:1835 at: 36000 text: 36.000 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:1870 at: 49800 text: 49.800 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:1900 at: 85300 text: 85.300 shift:(-14,5)
 bar:1910 at: 137592 text: 137.592 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1921 at: 184300 text: 184.300 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1931 at: 219300 text: 219.300 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1939 at: 259000 text: 259.000 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1945 at: 298500 text: 298.500 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1955 at: 428231 text: 428.231 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1965 at: 520145 text: 520.145 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1975 at: 684600 text: 684.600 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:1985 at: 740120 text: 740.120 shift:(-23,5)
 bar:1995 at: 744987 text: 744.987 shift:(-17,5)
 bar:2005 at: 756629 text: 756.629 shift:(-12,6)
 bar:2015 at: 762508 text: 762.508 shift:(-9,6)
 bar:2019 at: 774839 text: 774.839 shift:(-9,6)
 bar:2023 at: 804237 text: 804.237 shift:(-9,6)
</timeline>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Churches of Kraków|Synagogues of Kraków}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Krakow (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego |url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=[[Główny Urząd Statystyczny]] |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516212122/https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR09A3bD9fsbgYim9Xk19XYb3dVO8noT0NCKM6mIzX9iAdTNom3cNrrqaYk_aem_ASg_YSNm_J14IA6y8IV6X2EBi_XLI53kO7kcuLJJKxtW2c4a0pFOqaC2r_qFITjibSLVMPPMe0X7Iyi5_FSadL8x |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Catholicism]] 
| value1 = 58
| color1 = Purple
| label2 = [[Protestantism]]
| value2 = 0.5
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = Other Christian
| value3 = 0.2
| color3 = Orange
| label4 = Other
| value4 = 0.01
| color4 = Green
| label5 = [[Not religious|Irreligion]]
| value5 = 14
| color5 = Grey
| label6 = Undeclared
| value6 = 27
| color6 = White
}}

The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the [[City of Churches|city of churches]]. The abundance of historic landmark temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.<ref name="diecezja"/> In addition to [[Roman Catholicism]], other denominations present include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |title=Meetings :: Jehovah's Witnesses |website=apps.jw.org |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mariavite Church]], Polish Catholic Church, [[Polish Orthodox Church]], [[Protestantism]] and [[Latter-Day Saints]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|title=Katowice Poland District of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|work=ldschurchtemples.com|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116024610/https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the [[Archdiocese of Kraków]] was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533|title=Małopolanie przodują w pobożności w kraju|first=Paulina|last=Padzik|date=12 January 2019|work=[[Gazeta Krakowska]]|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117022337/https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish [[sacred architecture]] unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] to [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] and [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the [[Nazi German]] invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.<ref name="Dylewski"/>

Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the [[Nazis]] who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-[[Holocaust]] Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only [[Eastern Bloc]] country to allow free Jewish [[aliyah]] (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.<ref name=D-H>Devorah Hakohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70 ''Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185009/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70 |date=4 April 2023 }} Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8156-2969-9}}}}</ref> In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]], many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.<ref name="jewish-guide"/>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Kraków}}
[[File:UEK Budynek Główny (od frontu).jpg|left|thumb|[[Kraków University of Economics]]]]

Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study in Krakow, city of colours|url=http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211231758/http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/}}</ref> [[Jagiellonian University]], the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the ''[[Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' as the second-best university in the country,<ref name="THES"/><ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"/> was founded in 1364 as ''Studium Generale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|title=History – UJ|website=www.en.uj.edu.pl|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002519/https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|url-status=live}}</ref> and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal [[Jagiellonian dynasty]] of Poland and Lithuania.<ref name="jagiellonian"/> Its principal academic asset is the [[Jagiellonian Library]], with more than 4&nbsp;million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library"/> like [[Copernicus]]' ''[[De Revolutionibus]]'' and the [[Balthasar Behem Codex]]. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the university include [[John Cantius|Saint John Cantius]], [[Jan Długosz]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski]], [[Jan Kochanowski]], [[King John III Sobieski]], [[Pope John Paul II]] and Nobel laureates [[Ivo Andrić]] and [[Wisława Szymborska]].<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996"/>

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest [[Institute of technology|technical university]] in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction"/> It was ranked by the Polish edition of ''[[Newsweek]]'' as the best technical university in the country in 2004.<ref name="agh"/> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of [[Doctor of Science]], and about 900 obtained the qualification of ''[[Doctor habilitatus]]''.<ref name="History of AGH-UST"/>

[[File:Collegium Maius 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Collegium Maius]]'', [[Jagiellonian University]]'s oldest building]]

Other institutions of higher learning include [[Academy of Music in Kraków]] first conceived as [[Music school|conservatory]] in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna"/> [[Kraków University of Economics]], established in 1925;<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage"/> [[Pedagogical University of Cracow|Pedagogical University]], in operation since 1946;<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage"/> [[Agricultural University of Kraków]], offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of [[Jagiellonian University]]);<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage"/> [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]], the oldest [[Fine Arts]] Academy in Poland, founded by the [[Polish painter]] Jan Matejko; [[Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts]];<ref name="krakow4"/> [[The Pontifical Academy of Theology]];<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English"/> [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology|Kraków University of Technology]], which has more than 37,000 graduates.

Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The [[Academy of Learning]], [[Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University]], [[Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists]] and the Polish Section of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] all have their main seats in Kraków.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Kraków|Events in Kraków|Kraków Old Town}}
[[File:Lady with an Ermine - Leonardo da Vinci (adjusted levels).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Lady with an Ermine]]'', at the [[Czartoryski Museum]]]]

Kraków was named the official [[European Capital of Culture]] for the year 2000 by the [[European Union]].<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again"/> Major landmarks include the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] with [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] and the [[Sukiennice|Sukiennice Cloth Hall]], the [[Wawel Castle]], the [[National Museum, Kraków|National Art Museum]], the [[Zygmunt (bell)|Sigismund Bell]] at the [[Wawel Cathedral]], and the medieval [[St. Florian's Gate]] with the [[Kraków barbican|Barbican]] along the [[Royal Road, Kraków|Royal Coronation Route]].<ref name="krakow-info"/> Among them is the [[Czartoryski Museum]] featuring works by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Rembrandt]] as well as the [[Archaeological Museum of Kraków]] whose collection highlights include the [[Zbruch Idol]] and the [[Bronocice pot|Bronocice Pot]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

=== Museums and national art galleries ===
[[File:Entrance Lobby of the National Museum in Kraków, 2022.jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]] in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art.]]

{{As of|2023}}, Kraków hosts approximately 82 museums and various museum branches; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries.<ref name="Heritage Team">{{cite web |url=https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/ |title=Museums |author=Heritage Team |date=2023 |website=krakowheritage.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202152109/https://krakowheritage.com/en/intangible-heritage/media-arts/museums/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National Museum in Kraków|National Museum]], established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public.<ref name="Heritage Team"/>

The Royal Chambers at Wawel feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental [[Flemish people|Flemish]] [[tapestries]].<ref name="Heritage Team"/> Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> The Wawel Eastern Collection features [[Ottoman tents|Turkish tents]] and military accessories.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept mostly in the Main Building at 3&nbsp;Maja Street, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being the [[Sukiennice Museum|Gallery of 19th Century Polish Art at Sukiennice]] which houses a collection of some of the best-known paintings and sculptures of the [[Young Poland]] movement.<ref name="Heritage Team"/> Inaugurated in 2013, the latest division of the National Museum is the ''[[EUROPEUM – European Culture Centre|Europeum]]'', with works by [[Pieter Brueghel the Younger|Brueghel]] among a hundred Western European paintings.<ref name="mkidn.gov.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php |title=Otwarcie Europeum – Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej nowego oddziału Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie |publisher=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=10 July 2014 |author=Ministry of Culture |trans-title=Centre of European Culture, new branch of National Museum opened |author-link=Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland) |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410171206/http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php }}</ref>

[[File:Krakow - Congress Centre from balloon - 1.jpg|thumb|Kraków Congress Centre, the city's business and cultural flagship]]

Other notable museums in Kraków include the [[Manggha]] Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> [[Stanisław Wyspiański]] Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> [[Jan Matejko Manor House]] in Krzesławice,<ref name="Matejko"/> the [[Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum]], devoted to the master painter and his life,<ref name="Czapski"/> and [[Józef Mehoffer]] Manor.<ref name="Wyspiański"/>

The [[Rynek Underground]] museum, situated under the city's main square, showcases Kraków's more than 1,000-year history through its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations starting in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|title=Szlak turystyczny po podziemiach Rynku Głównego w Krakowie.|website=podziemiarynku.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229155832/http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> and continuing eventually until 2010, as more and more physical evidence was uncovered.

Krakil, the Museum of illusions, is a space where illusions are combined with scientific inventions and the arts. Physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles.<ref name="Laskowska">{{cite web |url=https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a |title=Najciekawsze muzea iluzji w Polsce. Może się w nich zakręcić w głowie |last=Laskowska |first=Karolina |date=2023 |website=wp.pl |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=pl |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202150950/https://turystyka.wp.pl/najciekawsze-muzea-iluzji-w-polsce-moze-sie-w-nich-zakrecic-w-glowie-6865052260440672a |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Polish Aviation Museum]], considered one of the world's best aviation museums by [[CNN]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html |title=20 best aviation museums around the world |last1=Drescher |first1=Cynthia |last2=Hinson |first2=Tamara |last3=Donaldson |first3=Tara |website=[[edition.cnn.com]] |date=28 December 2018 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509075104/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-aviation-museums/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> features over 200 aircraft including a [[Sopwith Camel]] among other First World War biplanes, a comprehensive display of aero engines, and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|website=muzeumlotnictwa.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629043631/http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|title=Announcements on the Polish Aviation Museum website|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the [[Małopolska Institute of Culture]], which organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |title= Małopolska Cultural Heritage Days |last= Gajewska |first= Edyta |website = [[The Warsaw Voice]] |access-date= 23 December 2014 |archive-date= 22 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141222213104/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Performing arts ===
[[File:Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, Kraków, Poland, September 2019.jpg|thumb|Kraków's [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]]]]

The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the [[National Old Theatre]]),<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish"/> the [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]], the Bagatela Theatre, the [[Ludowy Theatre]], and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the [[Opera Krakowska]] and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the [[Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra]] is the [[Kraków Philharmonic]] (''Filharmonia Krakowska'') built in 1931.<ref name="KP"/>

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<ref name="krakow.pl-1"/> some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Kraków Screen Festival ([[popular music]]), the Festival of [[Music of Poland|Polish Music]] (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the [[Kraków Film Festival]] (one of Europe's oldest short films events),<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy"/> [[Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival]] (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of [[Graphic Arts]], and the [[Jewish Culture Festival]]. Kraków was the residence of two Polish [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates in literature, [[Wisława Szymborska]] and [[Czesław Miłosz]]; a third [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]], the Yugoslav writer [[Ivo Andrić]], lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned [[Polish film]] directors [[Andrzej Wajda]] and [[Roman Polanski]], both of whom are [[Academy Award]] winners.<ref name="Ain-Krupa">{{cite book |last=Ain-Krupa |first=Julia |date=2010 |title=Roman Polanski: a life in exile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HunEEAAAQBAJ&dq=wajda+polanski+lived+krakow&pg=PA10 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=10, 11 |isbn=978-0-313-37781-5}}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:Kraków - Filharmonia 01.jpg|thumb|left|Concert hall of the [[Kraków Philharmonic]]]]
[[Opera Krakowska]]<ref name="krakowska"/> one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the ''Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta''.

Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of [[early music]] presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: ''Opera Rara'',<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011"/> and ''Misteria Paschalia''.<ref name="misteriapaschalia"/> Meanwhile, [[Capella Cracoviensis]] runs the ''Music in Old Krakow International Festival''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=MUZYKA W STARYM KRAKOWIE - O FESTIWALU |url=http://www.mwsk.eu/mwsk_2023_o_festiwalu.htm |access-date=12 July 2024 |website=Capella Cracoviensis Foundation}}</ref>

Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the ''alma mater'' of the contemporary Polish composer [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the [[International Chopin Competition]] in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy"/>

Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,<ref name="krakow fil" /> ''Sinfonietta Cracovia'' (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, ''Organum'' Academic Choir, the Mixed [[Mariański Choir]] (''Mieszany Chór Mariański''), Kraków Academic Choir of the [[Jagiellonian University]], the Kraków Chamber Choir, ''Amar Corde'' String Quartet, ''Consortium Iagellonicum'' Baroque Orchestra of the [[Jagiellonian University]], Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and ''Camerata'' Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.

== Tourism ==
According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14&nbsp;million tourists including 3.3&nbsp;million foreign travellers.<ref name="Graczyński"/> The visitors spent over 7.5&nbsp;billion zloty (ca. €1.7&nbsp;billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).<ref name="Graczyński">{{cite news |last=Graczyński |first=Jan |url=https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |title=Ponad 14 milionów turystów odwiedziło Kraków |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803042508/https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="rp.pl/398262">{{cite web|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |title=Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie |publisher=[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] OnLine |work=Kraków " Podróże |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=14 August 2012 |first=Ewa|last=Łosińska |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125846/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |archive-date=6 February 2013 }}</ref>

The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.<ref name="intur.com"/> The average stay lasts for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it.<ref name="rp.pl/398262"/> Notable points of interest outside the city include the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]], the [[Tatra Mountains]] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, the historic city of [[Częstochowa]] (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at [[Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum|Auschwitz]], and [[Ojcowski National Park]],<ref name="Krakow Day Trips"/> which includes the Renaissance Castle at [[Pieskowa Skała]].<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków"/> Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the ''Top city-break destinations 2014'' survey conducted by the British consumer association ''[[Which?]]''.<ref>[http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/ Top city-break destinations 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212236/http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/ |date=1 November 2014 }} by Which.co.uk.</ref>

== Sports ==

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in the city.<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide"/> The two [[football team]]s with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion [[Wisła Kraków]],<ref name="Wisła"/> and five-time champion [[Cracovia (football club)|Cracovia]],<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń"/> both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland.<ref name=skwk.pl>{{cite web|title=Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar |url=http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków |website=skwk.pl |access-date=11 November 2012 |author=Patrycja |date=2 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123832/http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the [[Holy War (Kraków)|Holy War]] (''{{lang|pl|Święta Wojna}}'').<ref name="footballderbies.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|title=Święta Wojna (The Holy War)|publisher=Footballderbies.com|work=Wisla Kraków – Cracovia Kraków|year=2012|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914185815/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|archive-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> Other football clubs include [[Hutnik Kraków]], [[Wawel Kraków]], [[Wieczysta Kraków]] and one-time Polish champion [[Garbarnia Kraków]]. There is also the first-league rugby club [[Juvenia Kraków]]. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish [[ice hockey]] champions [[KS Cracovia (ice hockey)|Cracovia]] and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} The [[Cracovia Marathon]], with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<ref name="Marathon"/>

[[File:KrakowArenaWidokOdNowejHuty (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tauron Arena Kraków]]]]

The construction of a new [[Tauron Arena Kraków]] began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, [[futsal]] and other events. The facility has an area of 61,434 m<sup>2</sup>, with a maximum arena court area of 4,546 m<sup>2</sup>. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with the maximum number of spectators being 22,000.<ref name="about us">{{cite web|url= http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/|title= About Us|author= <!--Not stated-->|website= TAURON Arena Kraków|access-date= 6 March 2018|archive-date= 16 August 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191329/http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/|url-status= live}}</ref> The Arena boasts Poland's largest [[LED]] media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m<sup>2</sup> of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html |title=Kraków Arena {{!}} References |publisher=[[ColosseoEAS]] |website=colosseoeas.com |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907124124/http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html }}</ref>

Kraków was the host city of the [[2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship]] and [[2016 European Men's Handball Championship]]. It was also selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.<ref name="aktualnosci_2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html |title=Kraków as the European City of Sports 2014 |date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523070858/http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html |archive-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=live |website=krakow.pl}}</ref> Kraków was [[Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics|bidding]] to host the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] with [[Jasná]] but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in [[2014 Kraków referendum|a referendum]] on 16&nbsp;May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krakow withdraws 2022 Winter Olympics bid |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112704/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/26/krakow-withdraws-2022-winter-olympics-bid/9588543/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Krakow and the Malopolska region hosted the [[2023 European Games]] from 21 June to 2 July 2023.  More than 7,000 athletes representing 49 countries participated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/ | title=Who we are | access-date=20 March 2024 | archive-date=20 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320191138/https://european-games.org/the-games/who-we-are/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{further|List of people from Kraków}}

== International relations ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

=== Consulates ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Tenement-Consulate General of the United States, 9 Stolarska street, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg
| image2 = Old brewery's administration building, 17h Lubicz Street, Kraków, Poland.JPG
| image3 = Maria Lewalska villa, 42 Krupnicza Street, Kraków, Poland.jpg
| image4 = A-282 kamienica Kraków ul. Stolarska 15 MM.JPG
| footer = From top, left to right: consulates general of the United States, Hungary, Austria and France
}}

There are eight consulates general in Kraków – [[Austria]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Ukraine]], [[United States]], three honorary consulates general – [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Turkey]], 24 honorary consulates – [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Croatia]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolia]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Pakistan]], [[Peru]], [[Romania]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Uruguay]], and a Representative of the [[Government of Kurdistan Region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat//otwarty_na_swiat/2645,artykul,konsulaty.html|title=Konsulaty|access-date=19 September 2024|language=pl}}</ref>

=== Contemporary foreign names for the city ===
Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is '''Cracow'''; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as ''Krakov'', in Hungarian as {{lang|hu|Krakkó}}, in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] as {{lang|lt|Krokuva}}, in Finnish as {{lang|fi|Krakova}}, in [[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as {{lang|de|Krakau}}, in [[Latin]], Spanish and Italian as {{lang|la|Cracovia}}, in French as {{lang|fr|Cracovie}}, in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as {{lang|pt|Cracóvia}} and in Russian as Краков. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Yiddish]] languages refer to it as {{lang|uk-Latn|Krakiv}} (Краків) and {{lang|yi-Latn|Kroke}} ({{lang|yi|קראָקע|rtl=yes}}) respectively.<ref name="krakow5"/>

{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|l1=Names of Kraków in different languages}}

=== Twin towns and sister cities ===
Kraków is [[Sister city|twinned]], or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kraków twins">{{cite web |url=https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kraków honorary twins">{{cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,7,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Honorary Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702003953/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Batu, East Java|Batu]], [[Indonesia]] (2000)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France (1993)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], Slovakia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Bratislawa"/>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (2005)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US (1989)<ref name="dept"/>
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Curitiba]], Brazil (1993)<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Cusco]], Peru<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas"/>
* {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Edinburgh"/><ref name="Edinburgh twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |access-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fes]], Morocco (2004)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy (1992)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]], Germany (1991)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Frankfurt"/>
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Gothenburg]], Sweden (1990)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara]], Mexico<ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |title=Sister Cities, Public Relations |publisher=Guadalajara municipal government |access-date=12 March 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Innsbruck]], Austria (1998)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine (1993)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
* {{flagicon|CHI}} [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]], Chile (1995)<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], Germany (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Leipzig"/>
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Leuven]], Belgium (1991)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine (1995)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Malang]], [[Indonesia]] (1997)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy (2003)<ref name="Kraków twins"/><ref name="Milan"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1991)<ref name="Kraków twins"/>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Orléans]], France (1992)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary (1998)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Quito]], Ecuador<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York]], US (1973)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="ROCSisters">{{cite web|title=Rochester's Sister Cities |work=City of Rochester |url=http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230448/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Liège]], Belgium (1978)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], US (2009)<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Twin"/>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Seville]], Spain (2002)
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Solothurn]], Switzerland (1990)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Croatia<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations"/>
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Veliko Tarnovo]], Bulgaria (1975)
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/>
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1975)<ref name="CloseRelations"/><ref name="Zagreb Twinning"/>
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
* {{annotated link|Cracow Circle Thomism}}
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
* {{annotated link|Lesser Poland}}
* [[List of cities and towns in Poland]]
* [[Dworzec Główny Tunel]]

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<ref name="misteriapaschalia">[http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en Misteria Paschalia festival, trademark of Kraków as the city of early music.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828151649/http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en/ |date=28 August 2010 }} Homepage.</ref>

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<ref name="Świszczowski">Stefan Świszczowski, ''Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem'', Kraków 1981, s.52, {{ISBN|83-08-00624-8}}.</ref>

<ref name="Vogt-Nassery">Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow Aspekt geometryczny krakowskich budowli modernistycznych powstałych do II Wojny Światowej.] ''Scribd.com'' document. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508073303/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref>

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<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')">Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109210713/http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596">[[Jagiellonian University]] Centre for [[European Studies]], "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title=1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.">Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), {{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|title=16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.|access-date=22 November 2007|archive-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801010755/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction">[[AGH University of Science and Technology]] homepage, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161808/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=AGH-UST staff and students, introduction |access-date=11 September 2007 }}</ref>

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<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/|title=Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=20 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520074046/http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/}}</ref>

<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|title=Akademia Rolnicza, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508055226/http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|archive-date=8 May 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="All for Love - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231|title=All for Love|publisher=Murdoch Books|access-date=20 July 2009|first1=Megan|last1=Gressor|first2=Kerry|last2=Cook|isbn=978-1-74045-596-1|year=2005|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065228/https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BPI 113">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|title=Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=7 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907112805/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (''Office of Public Information, Kraków''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|title=Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163607/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns'' |publisher=2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk |access-date=26 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|access-date=14 August 2009|year=1862|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042149/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171|title=The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand|publisher=Ignatius Press|access-date=19 July 2009|first1=Paul|last1=Kengor|first2=Patricia|last2=Clark Doerner|isbn=978-1-58617-183-4|date=October 2007|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018210605/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171#v=snippet&q=first%20non-Italian%20pope%20in%20455%20years&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|title=Foreign co-operation|access-date=1 November 2007|archive-date=15 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030234/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|url-status=live}} from the municipality official website</ref>

<ref name="Dylewski">Adam Dylewski, [http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow Where the Tailor Was a Poet...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162337/http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow/ |date=12 April 2009 }} website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw</ref>

<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Frucht|first=Richard C.|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|year=2005|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206045430/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |access-date=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archive-date=28 March 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/370 370]|title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture|publisher=University of Toronto Press|access-date=14 August 2009|first1=Paul R.|last1=Magocsi|first2=Ivan|last2=Pop|isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0|year=2002}}</ref>

<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again">{{cite web|url=http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|title=European Capital of Culture in Poland again|publisher=opinia.co.uk|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201174844/http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities'' |publisher=Stadt Frankfurt am Main |year=2008 |access-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |archive-date= 7 November 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Frommer">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108/page/171 171]|title=Frommer's Kraków Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Cresswell|first=Peterjon|isbn=978-0-470-69710-8|date=12 May 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |title=Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798 |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220627/http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Gustafson">Ingrid Gustafson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&pg=PA444 Let's Go: Eastern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225032/https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&pg=PA444 |date=4 April 2023 }} Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008.</ref>

<ref name="Haller">Harold B. Segel, ''Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543'', [[Cornell University Press]], 1989, {{ISBN|0-8014-2286-8}}, [https://archive.org/details/renaissancecultu00sege/page/252 <!-- quote="Jan Haller" printing. --> Google Print, p.252]</ref>

<ref name="HansDur">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |title=Painting in Poland – A brief summary |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005227/http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="History of AGH-UST">Antoni S. Kleczkowski, [[AGH University of Science and Technology]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161914/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=History of AGH-UST |access-date=11 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|title=History of the Akademia Muzyczna|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-date=17 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317131701/http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=History, philosophy and photographs |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance">Laura Brunell, {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50|title=Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance|access-date=5 September 2007|first=Laura|last=Brunell|isbn=978-0-7618-2956-0|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407063126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50|url-status=live}} University Press of America, [[Lanham, Maryland]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-7618-2956-3}}.</ref>

<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków">{{in lang|pl}} ''Magiczny Kraków'', city's official website. {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html |title=International railway connections from Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626153508/http://www.krakow.pl/turystyka/?id=praktyczne%2F12.html |archive-date=26 June 2006 }}</ref>

<ref name="JPKelly">The oldest mention of Kraków ''hejnał'' dates back to 1392 (see: {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki/ |title=Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim |first=Katarzyna|last=Górska |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317062351/http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}) "...&nbsp;though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this [[bugle call]] and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: {{cite web |access-date=19 December 2007 |url=https://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |title=Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia |first=Chris |last=Hann |author-link=Chris Hann |archive-date=21 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021100011/http://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |url-status=live }}).</ref>

<ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities">QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: [[The Times]] Higher Education Supplement. QS [[World University Rankings]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825194905/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |archive-date=25 August 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="KP">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|title=Krakow Philharmonic|publisher=Filharmonia Krakowska|year=2010|access-date=30 October 2009|archive-date=11 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011111005/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kalendarium">{{in lang|pl}} Artur Turyna, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|title=Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114120007/http://wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|archive-date=14 January 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at">{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at |work=Europa (web portal) |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kolodziejczyk">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316170338/http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html|archive-date=16 March 2006|title=Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|access-date=19 May 2011|first=Edmund|last=Kolodziejczyk|quote=For the Overview of historic events see: ''Tartar raids''}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow.pl-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|title=History of Kraków|first=Magiczny|last=Kraków|date=May 2012|publisher=Official website of the City of Kraków|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123072331/http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow Day Trips">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|title=Krakow Day Trips|access-date=12 October 2007|archive-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031004155/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|title=Krakow Sport Information Guide|work=Cracow Life|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014232256/http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs">Eilat Gordin Levitan, {{cite web|url=http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|title=Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs|access-date=1 September 2007|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126194244/http://eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow">{{cite web|website=eDiplomat.com|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|title=Poland - Post Report|date=24 September 2003|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=20 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720152835/http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw">Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in ''[[Rick Steves]]' Eastern Europe'', 2005 edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|title=Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-date=26 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126112618/http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow fil">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|title=Home – Filharmonia Krakowska im. Karola Szymanowskiego|website=filharmonia.krakow.pl|access-date=10 December 2011|archive-date=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202001819/http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|title=Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=19 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519013455/http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054811/http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-date=30 May 2009 |title=Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy |publisher=krakowfilmfestival.pl |access-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ae.krakow.pl/|title=Kraków University of Economics homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001246/http://www.ae.krakow.pl/}}</ref>

<ref name="Kulmbach">Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."[https://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/k/kulmbach/biograph.html Hans Süss von Kulmbach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926071832/http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?%2Fbio%2Fk%2Fkulmbach%2Fbiograph.html |date=26 September 2022 }}; [[J. Paul Getty]] Museum, [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532 "Artists: Hans von Kulmbach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911041707/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532 |date=11 September 2013 }}; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|title=Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225104/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|last=Kurtz|first=Michael J.|title=America and the return of Nazi contraband|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=25}}</ref>

<ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |title=Leipzig – International Relations |publisher=2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs |access-date=17 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |archive-date=29 June 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="LukZaw">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-521-85332-X}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&pg=PA66 Google Print, p.66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404225028/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&pg=PA66 |date=4 April 2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="Marathon">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254 |publisher=Urząd Miasta Krakowa |title=History of "Cracovia Marathon" |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044611/http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=3fa449987ac268e46c75ced0763d7a8e |archive-date=27 June 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki">{{cite web|url=http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|title=Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki|publisher=viswiki.com|access-date=20 July 2009|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234818/http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Mikos">[[Michael J. Mikos|Michael J. Mikoś]], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} [http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html First chapters online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020417/http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html |date=27 September 2007 }}, Retrieved on 25 September 2007</ref>

<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|access-date=5 December 2008|archive-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate}}</ref>

<ref name="Municipality, Mayor">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|title=Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=20 July 2009|archive-date=22 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622124931/http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NH-anthology">Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, ''[[Nowa Huta. Okruchy życia i meandry historii]]'' (''Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History''), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; {{ISBN|83-89186-67-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118|title=Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|year=2005|last=Davies|first=Norman|publisher=OUP Oxford|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132138/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NormanDavies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=God's Playground: A History of Poland|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118|access-date=21 January 2008|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132150/https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}p.118. {{nowrap|See vol.1, chapter 5.}}</ref>

<ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193|title=Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List|publisher=Basic Books|access-date=20 July 2009|last=Crowe|first=David|isbn=978-0-465-00253-5|date=7 May 2007|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206065238/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PAIiIZ">[http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011 UNCATD's World Investment Report 2011.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911192446/http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011 |date=11 September 2011 }} Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011.</ref>

<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English">{{cite web|url=http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |title=Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422142838/http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |archive-date=22 April 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)">Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences {{cite web|url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |title=Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland) |access-date=12 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (Bulletin of Public Information), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|title=Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163614/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish">{{cite web|url=http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|title=Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=10 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510072119/http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Strzala1">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|title=The green belt of Kraków Planty|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031129/http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Strzala2">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|title=Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128062503/http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="THES">Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). {{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202104733/http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 }} Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.</ref>

<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943">Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. {{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|title=The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408022249/http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |title=The Polish struggle for freedom |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202831/http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="The establishment of a university">Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|title=The establishment of a university|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416092852/http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|archive-date=16 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits">Institute of Environmental Sciences of the [[Jagiellonian University]], {{cite web|url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|title=The forms of nature protection within the city limits|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022636/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|archive-date=24 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków">Starwood, "Explore Krakow". {{cite web|url=http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129205545/http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-date=29 November 2006 |title=Top 10 things to do in Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian University, {{cite web|url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php|title=Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library|access-date=11 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813032716/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Urb 171-172">{{in lang|pl}} [[Bohdan Urbankowski]], {{cite book|title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (''Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist'')|publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997|isbn=978-83-7001-914-3|pages=171–172|first=Bohdan|last=Urbankowski|year=1997}}</ref>

<ref name="Van Dongen">{{cite web|url=http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |title=The royal castle in Kraków |access-date=19 May 2011 |first1=Krystyna |last1=Van Dongen |first2=Frank |last2=Van Dongen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015940/http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", ''[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)</ref>

<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996">{{cite web|website=[[NobelPrize.org]]|url=https://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996, Wisława Szymborska - Biographical|access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630085425/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1996/szymborska/biographical/ |archive-date=30 June 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|access-date=23 June 2009|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707200910/http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html}}</ref>

<ref name="agh">Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (''Polish edition''), 22 March 2004, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627102511/http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-date=27 June 2007 |title=Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="architecture72">Jeffrey Zuehlke, {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|title=Poland in Pictures|page=[https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72 72]|access-date=15 September 2007|first=Jeffrey|last=Zuehlke|isbn=978-0-8225-2676-6|date=15 December 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="autonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html |title=Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007 |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212014550/http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="capgemini">{{cite web|url=http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/ |title=Capgemini offices in Poland |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045018/http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="communist era">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |title=Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland) |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212023212/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=es |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archive-date=12 October 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="culture">Maria Prussak, [[Adam Mickiewicz Institute]], April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: {{cite web|url= https://culture.pl/en/artist/stanislaw-wyspianski|title=Stanisław Wyspiański.|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171206/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630122217/http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 |date=30 June 2017 }}, 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Also in: Richard Thompson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities{{' "}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref>

<ref name="diecezja">Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228090310/http://diecezja.pl/index.php?page=jswronski Kościoły Krakowa (The churches of Kraków).] Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

<ref name="districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/district.htm|title=Boroughs of Kraków|publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=24 July 2009|archive-date=3 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103093314/http://krakow-info.com/district.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="dzwon">"The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. {{cite web|url=https://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|title=Bell Woman of Wawel Hill|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132142/https://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="e-krakow">[http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice "Lotnisko w Pyrzowicach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412123037/http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice |date=12 April 2010 }} on www.e-krakow.com {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

<ref name="encyklopedia">See "Ludność" "Population" in ''Encyklopedia Krakowa''. Kraków: PWN, 2000 {{in lang|pl}}</ref>

<ref name="encyklopedia3">{{in lang|pl}} Ryszard Burek (editor), ''Encyklopedia Krakowa'', 2000, {{ISBN|83-01-13325-2}}.</ref>

<ref name="europa">[http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf KIC InnoEnergy]. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |date=22 December 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83|title=Cracow: City of Treasures|first=Beata|last=Moore|publisher=Pgw|date=25 August 2006|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-7112-2571-8|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203042148/https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="gosp">[http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf Kraków Real Estate Market, 2005.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051326/http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf |date=24 May 2012 }}&nbsp;{{in lang|pl|en}}</ref>

<ref name="hejnal">O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. {{cite web|url=http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/|title=Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call|access-date=14 September 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013132011/http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/}}</ref>

<ref name="infosyn">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm |title=Old Synagogue in Kraków's Kazimierz district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010123709/http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm |archive-date=10 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2007 |website=krakow-info.com}}</ref>

<ref name="jagiellonian">[http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/kalendarium.jsp&lang=en Jagiellonian University (homepage), "Calendar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114000129/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fkalendarium.jsp&lang=en |date=14 November 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="krakow">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (Bulletin of Public Information). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |title=BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE |access-date=5 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715204454/http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |archive-date=15 July 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="krakow-info">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/sights.htm|title=Krakow Landmarks &#124; Historical monuments in Krakow|publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-date=22 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122072855/http://krakow-info.com/sights.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow.pl-1">Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|title=Calendar of Annual Events, 2007|access-date=15 September 2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161826/http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow1">Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091205092607/http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-date=5 December 2009|title=Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84|access-date=14 September 2007|format=PDF}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow2">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej (''Office of Public Information''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|title=Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011|access-date=25 June 2011|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032938/http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="krakow4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210001616/http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-date=10 February 2008 |title=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="krakow5">Andrzej Chwalba. ''Krakow w latach 1939–1945'' (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.){{cite web|url=http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |title=Cracow under German Occupation, 1939-1945 |access-date=23 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203151743/http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |archive-date= 3 December 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="krakow_history">[[Jagiellonian University]] centre for [[European Studies]], see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title="Worker's paradise" of concrete |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="krakplgosp">[http://www.krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817235239/http://krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html |date=17 August 2011 }}, Magiczny Kraków</ref>

<ref name="ordinance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1|title=Uchwala- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa – BIP MK|website=www.bip.krakow.pl|access-date=5 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201704/https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/ The Global Future of Outsourcing.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311065436/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/ |date=11 March 2011 }} PBS ''Wide Angle'', WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005.</ref>

<ref name="poloniahans">[http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm Hanseatic towns: Kraków] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232941/http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm |date=13 August 2007 }}, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref>

<ref name="sonderaktion">{{in lang|pl}} Edward Burek, (editor). "Sonderaktion Krakau" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000</ref>

<ref name="twierdza">{{in lang|pl}} Paweł Stachnik, [[Dziennik Polski]], 21 September 2004. {{cite web|url=http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm|title=Okrzyk na cześć cesarza.|access-date=1 September 2007|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225180755/http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="unesco-02com">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM 2nd session of the Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM |date=23 January 2023 }} UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978.</ref>

<ref name="unescoancient">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf |title=State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe: Poland – Cracow's Historic centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130132144/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2023 |url-status=dead |website=[[whc.unesco.org]] |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=4 October 2007 |year=2006}}</ref>

<ref name="welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,72,1259.html |title=Kraków – Office Power – CRACOW & MAŁOPOLSKA |first=Wojciech |last=Małota |website=welcome.com.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210503/http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="wse.krakow">{{cite web|url=http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |title=Kraków okiem 'tischnerowskim' |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera |work=Informacje ogólne |year=2008 |access-date=4 October 2012 |first=Agnieszka |last=Wiewióra |language=pl, en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124082145/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 – Vol. II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409085305/https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia – Krakow |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142918/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |author1=Martin C. Dean |author2=Mel Hecker |author3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |author-link1=Martin C. Dean |author-link3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |year=2012 |title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [[Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945]], Volume II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7}}
* Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, ''Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism''. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. {{ISBN|0-7201-2231-7}}.
* Edward Hartwig, ''Kraków'', with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. {{ISBN|83-217-2321-7}}.
* Bolesław T. Łaszewski, ''Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia''. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the [[University of Michigan]]), 132 pages. {{ISBN|0-912757-08-6}}.
* {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |year=2010 |title=Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 }}
* Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, ''Kraków: The Guide''. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. {{ISBN|83-87037-28-1}}.
* Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, ''Krakow''. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. {{ISBN|1-84306-308-5}}. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums.
* Scott Simpson, ''Krakow''. Published 2003 by [[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]], 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. {{ISBN|1-84157-187-3}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott |last2=Zukowska |first2=Helena |title=Travellers Kraków, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXlPGgAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=fourth |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=[[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]] |location=Peterborough, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-901-6 |ref=Simpson69}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, ''Krakow''. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. {{ISBN|963-00-5930-4}}.
* Richard Watkins, ''Best of Kraków'', Published 2006, by [[Lonely Planet]], 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. {{ISBN|1-74104-822-2}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kraków}}
{{Wikivoyage|Kraków}}
{{Wiktionary|Kraków}}
{{Collier's poster|Cracow|year=1921}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cracow|volume=7|pages=359&ndash;360|short=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123616/http://www.protectkrakowheritage.com/ Protect Kraków Heritage Campaign]
* [http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/ krakowmiasto.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330202833/http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/ |date=30 March 2010 }} {{in lang|pl}}
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/ Jewish Community in Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314140001/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/ |date=14 March 2012 }} on Virtual Shtetl
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|510625|Kraków, Poland}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13 Map: Kraków Heritage Under Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908133300/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13 |date=8 September 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140124074039/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/ Municipal spatial information system] – [[GIS]] maps of Kraków {{in lang|pl}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134725/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422685.943158247,5546699.421707404,7425112.177177381,5548210.195562285&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:0%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:1:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml Cultural heritage of Kraków] (in yellow on city map)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134722/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422580.273636602,5546787.998030763,7425146.737102862,5548298.7718856465&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:1%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:0:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml Kraków old map] from 1785 year
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow Beatniks and Beyond: An Alternative Guide to Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029205149/http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow |date=29 October 2014 }}
* [http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/ Things to do in Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914072549/http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/ |date=14 September 2016 }}
* [https://cityon.pl/krakow Interesting places to visit in Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924113806/https://cityon.pl/krakow |date=24 September 2019 }}
* [https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/ 10 must-see things in Krakow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704122228/https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/ |date=4 July 2019 }}
* [https://krakow.wiki/ Krakow.wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311104351/https://krakow.wiki/ |date=11 March 2021 }} – biggest knowledge base about Krakow in English
* [https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/ Must See Attractions & Activities in Krakow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614150636/https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/ |date=14 June 2021 }}

{{Kraków}}
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