Editing Koxinga

{{Short description|17th-century Chinese military leader and founder of the Tungning Kingdom of Taiwan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Zheng Chenggong<br />{{nobold|{{lang|zh|鄭成功}}}}
<!--
|native name = 鄭成功
|other_names = Fukumatsu,{{sfnp|Keene|1950|p=45}} Teiseiko,{{sfnp|Paske-Smith|1968|p=83}} Zheng Chenggong ({{lang|zh-hant|鄭成功}}), Koxinga, Coxinga, Cocksinja{{sfnp|Keene|1950|p=45}}
-->| title        = 
| image        = The Portrait of Koxinga.jpg
| caption      = The mid-17th century painting ''The Portrait of Koxinga''
| succession   = Prince of Yanping
| reign        = May or June 1655 – 23 June 1662
| predecessor  = None
| successor    = [[Zheng Jing]]<br>Zheng Xi (as Lord of Tungtu)
| spouse       = [[Queen Dong|Dong You, Princess Wu of Chao]]<ref>{{harvp|Wills|1974|p=28}} and {{harvp|Keene|1950|p=46}} both agree that Zheng's wife's surname was "Dong" ({{lang|zh-hant|董}}). {{harvp|Clements|2004|p=92}} however, claims her name was "Deng Cuiying". {{harvp|Chang|1995|p=740}} introduces her as "Tung Ts'ui-ying", which would be "Dong Cuiying" in Hanyu Pinyin.</ref>
| issue        = [[Zheng Jing]] and nine other sons,<br />four daughters
| dynasty      = [[Kingdom of Tungning|Tungning]]
| house        = [[House of Koxinga|Koxinga]]
| father       = [[Zheng Zhilong]]
| mother       = [[Tagawa Matsu]]
| birth_name   = Zheng Sen
| birth_date   = {{Birth date text|27 August 1624}}
| birth_place  = [[Hirado]], [[Hizen Province]], Japan
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|23 June 1662|27 August 1624|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Anping District|Anping]], [[Kingdom of Tungning]]
| burial_place = Tomb of Zheng Chenggong (鄭成功墓; in present-day [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]], Quanzhou, Fujian)
| era name     = [[Yongli]]
| era_dates    = 
| posthumous name = Prince Wu of Chao (潮武王)
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Koxinga
| showflag = poj
| t = 國姓爺
| s = 国姓爷
| p = Guóxìngyé
| w = {{tone superscript|Kuo2-hsing4-yeh2}}
| bpmf = ㄍㄨㄛˊㄒㄧㄥˋㄧㄝˊ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uo|2|x|ing|4|ye|2}}
| poj = Kok-sèng-iâ<br />Kok-sìⁿ-iâ
| tl = Kok-sìng-iâ
| l = Lord of the Imperial Surname
| altname = Zheng Chenggong
| t2 = {{linktext|鄭|成功}}
| s2 = {{linktext|郑|成功}}
| p2 = Zhèng Chénggōng
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Cheng4 Ch'eng2-kung1}}
| bpmf2 = ㄓㄥˋ ㄔㄥˊㄍㄨㄥ
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|eng|4|-|ch|eng|2|g|ong|1}}
| poj2 = Tīⁿ Sêng-kong
| tl2 = Tēnn Sîng-kong
| h2 = Tshàng Sṳ̀n-Kûng
| altname3 = Zheng Sen
| t3 = {{linktext|鄭|森}}
| s3 = {{linktext|郑|森}}
| p3 = Zhèng Sēn
| w3 = {{tone superscript|Cheng4 Sen1}}
| bpmf3 = ㄓㄥˋㄙㄣ
| mi3 = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|eng|4|-|s|en|1}}
| poj3 = Tīⁿ Sim
| tl3 = Tēnn Sim
| shinjitai = 福松
| kyujitai = 福󠄁松󠄁
| hiragana = ふくまつ
| revhep = Fukumatsu
| kunrei = Hukumatu
}}

'''Zheng Chenggong''' ({{Lang-zh|t=鄭成功|p=Zhèng Chénggōng|poj=Tīⁿ Sêng-kong}}; 27 August 1624 – 23 June 1662), born '''Zheng Sen''' ({{lang|zh|鄭森}}) and better known internationally by his [[honorific]] title '''Koxinga''',{{efn|{{zh|t={{linktext|國姓爺}}|hp=Guóxìngyé|poj = Kok-sèng-iâ|links=no|l=lord granted with royal surname}}, {{nihongo|lead=yes||国姓爺|Kokusen'ya|{{IPA|ja|ko.kɯ̥.seꜜɰ̃.ja}}<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:新明解日本語アクセント辞典|edition=2nd|editor-last=Kindaichi|editor-first=Haruhiko|editor-link=Haruhiko Kindaichi|editor-last2=Akinaga|editor-first2=Kazue|publisher=[[Sanseidō]]|date=10 March 2025|lang=ja}}</ref>}}}} was a [[Southern Ming]] general who resisted the [[Qing conquest of China]] in the 17th century, fighting the [[Qing dynasty]] on China's southeastern coast.

Born in [[Kyushu]], [[Japan]] to a Chinese father and a Japanese mother, Zheng rose through the [[Ming court]] via the [[imperial examination]]s and was serving as a ''[[Guozijian]]'' scholar in [[Nanjing]] when [[Jiashen Incident|Beijing fell to rebels]] in 1644. He swore allegiance to [[Longwu Emperor]], who favored and granted him the royal surname [[Zhu (surname)|Zhu]] in 1645, a name he proudly used instead of his native [[Zheng (surname)|Zheng]] surname for the rest of his life, hence popularizing his aforementioned honorific name. He was made the '''Prince of Yanping''' ({{lang|zh|延平王}}) by [[Yongli Emperor]] in 1655 for his stern loyalty and numerous [[anti-Qing sentiment|anti-Qing]] campaigns. He was best known for defeating the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s [[Dutch Formosa|colonial state]] on [[Taiwan]], who had been [[privateering|harassing and raiding]] his maritime supply lines, at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] in 1662<ref>{{cite news |author=the London Times |date=26 November 1858 |title=The Pirates of the Chinese Seas |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40F15FE35551B7493C4AB178AD95F4C85849 |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref>{{sfnp|Andrade|2008}} and established [[Kingdom of Tungning|a dynastic state on the island]] that continued to exist until 1683. After defeating the Dutch, he died suddenly in 1662 while planning to invade [[Luzon]] in retaliation to the [[ethnic cleansing]] [[Sangley Massacre (1662)|Fourth Sangley Massacre]] committed by the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish colonists in the Philippines]].

==Biography==
===Early years===
Zheng Chenggong was born in 1624 in [[Hirado]], [[Hizen Province]], Japan, to [[Zheng Zhilong]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBZBAQAAMAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22&pg=PA346|year=1884|publisher="China Mail" Office|pages=346–}}</ref> a [[Han Chinese]] merchant from [[Fujian]], [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]]<ref>{{cite book |title=THe Orient |year=1950|publisher=Orient Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhFAAAAMAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22 |page=20}}</ref> and a local [[Japanese people|Japanese]] woman<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marius B. Jansen |title=China in the Tokugawa World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11dbNDpaxOAC&q=koxinga |year=1992 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-11753-2 |page=26}}</ref> known only by her surname "Tagawa",<ref>{{harvp|Croizier|1977|p=11}}; {{harvp|Keene|1950|p=45}}.</ref> probably [[Tagawa Matsu]].{{sfnp|Andrade|2005|loc=§&nbsp;7}} He was raised there until the age of seven with the Japanese name '''Fukumatsu''' (福松)<ref name=hirado-net>{{cite web|title=1.鄭成功の足跡と鄭成功が結ぶ友好国 |url=http://www.hirado-net.com/teiseikou/about.php |publisher=Tei-Sei-Kou Memorial Museum|access-date=24 October 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829070556/http://www.hirado-net.com/teiseikou/about.php |archive-date=29 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shiba2007">{{cite book |author=Ryōtarō Shiba|title=The Tatar Whirlwind: A Novel of Seventeenth-century East Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ0PAAAAYAAJ&q=tagawa+hirado|year=2007|publisher=Floating World Editions|isbn=978-1-891640-46-9 |pages=426}}</ref> and then moved back to his ancestrial Fujian province.{{sfn|Andrade|2005}}

In 1638, Zheng became a ''[[Xiucai]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|秀才}}, lit. "successful candidate") in the [[imperial examination]] and became one of the twelve ''Linshansheng'' ({{lang|zh-hant|廩膳生}}) of [[Nan'an, Fujian|Nan'an]]. In 1641, he married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a ''[[Jinshi]]'' from [[Hui'an County|Hui'an]]. In 1644, he studied at the ''[[Guozijian]]'' (Imperial University), where he met and became a student of the famous scholar [[Qian Qianyi]], one of the [[Three Masters of Jiangdong]].{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=12}}<ref>Carioti, "The Zhengs' Maritime Power in the International Context of the 17th Century Far East Seas: The Rise of a 'Centralised Piratical Organisation' and Its Gradual Development into an Informal 'State'", p. 41, n. 29.</ref>

===Under the Longwu Emperor===
Following the fall of [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1644, in 1645, the Prince of Tang was installed on the throne of the [[Southern Ming]] as the [[Longwu Emperor]] with support from [[Zheng Zhilong]] and his family.{{sfnp|Mote|Twitchett|1988|p=658–660}} The Longwu Emperor established his court in [[Fuzhou]], which was controlled by the Zhengs. In the later part of the year, [[Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu|Prince Lu]] proclaimed himself regent ({{lang|zh-hant|監國}})<!-- please change if you've a more accurate translation for ''Jianguo'' --> in [[Shaoxing]] and established his own court there. Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, each pursued different goals.

Owing to the natural defenses of Fujian and the military resources of the [[Ming Dynasty Zheng family|Zheng family]], the emperor was able to remain safe for some time.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|pp=87-88}} The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new given name, ''Chenggong'' ({{zh|c=成功|p=Chénggōng|poj=Sêng-kong|l=success|labels=no}}), and the title of ''Koxinga'' ("Lord of the Imperial Surname").{{sfnp|Struve|1984|pp=87-88}} One of his cousins also had it.<ref name="近松門左衛門Doren1951b">{{cite book|author1=近松門左衛門|author2=Mark Van Doren|title=The battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJwPAAAAYAAJ&q=chinese+certainly+tagawa+partizans|year=1951|publisher=Taylor's Foreign Press|pages=45}}</ref>

In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favor of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counteroffensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established [[Qing dynasty]] by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass ({{lang|zh-hant|仙霞關}}), Shi Fu (a.k.a. Shi Tianfu, a relative of [[Shi Lang]]), to retreat to [[Fuzhou]] even when Qing armies approached Fujian. For this reason, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In September 1646, Qing armies broke through the inadequately defended mountain passes and entered Fujian. Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed; he was captured and was executed in October 1646.{{sfnp|Mote|Twitchett|1988|p=675-676}}

===Zheng Zhilong's surrender and the death of Tagawa===
The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly and offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and [[Guangdong]] provinces if he would surrender to the Qing. Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November 1646.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=98}} Koxinga and his uncles were left as the successors to the leadership of Zheng Zhilong's military forces. Koxinga operated outside [[Xiamen]] and recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take [[Tong'an]] in [[Quanzhou]] prefecture in early 1647. However, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly occupied territory.{{sfnp|Andrade|2005|loc=§&nbsp;12}}

Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring of 1647, during which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of [[Anhai|Anping]]. Koxinga's mother, Lady Tagawa, had come from Japan in 1645 to join her family in Fujian (Koxinga's younger brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan).{{sfnp|Keene|1950|p=46}} She did not follow her husband to surrender to the Qing dynasty. She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}}

===Resistance to the Qing===
[[File:Zheng Chenggong.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Zheng Chenggong statue in Xiamen, Fujian, China. The granite statue is {{val|15.7|u=m}} tall and weighs {{val|1617|u=tons}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koxinga Statue at Gulangyu receives Sculpture Achievement Award|url=http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/travel-msg-972.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065121/http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/travel-msg-972.html |archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>]]
By 1650, Koxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the [[House of Koxinga|Zheng family]].{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}} He pledged allegiance to the [[Yongli Emperor]] of Southern Ming, who created him Prince of [[Yanping District|Yanping]] (延平王).<ref name="LuWangNMHTW">{{cite web |script-title=zh:臺南與鄭成功 |url=https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read? |trans-title=Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) |author=Yan Xing |website=Tainan Literature and History Research Database |publisher=National Museum of Taiwan History |access-date=12 February 2021 |script-quote=zh:這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔 |trans-quote=Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen, continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming}}.</ref> The Yongli Emperor was fleeing from the Manchus with a motley court and hastily assembled army. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=116}} Instead, he decided to concentrate on securing his own position on the southeast coast.

Koxinga had a series of military successes in 1651 and 1652 that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed.<!-- This is too brief. Please be more specific here and list some of the military successes. -->{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=159}} Zheng Zhilong wrote a letter to his son from [[Beijing]], presumably at the request of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and the Qing government, urging his son to negotiate with the Manchurians. The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing dynasty lasted until November 1654. The negotiations ultimately failed.  The Qing government then appointed Prince Jidu (son of [[Jirgalang]]) to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after this failure.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=160–166}}

On 9 May 1656, Jidu's armies attacked [[Kinmen]] (Quemoy), an island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated, and they lost most of their fleet in the battle.{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=181}} Koxinga had sent one of his naval commanders to capture [[Zhoushan]] island prior to Jidu's attack,{{sfnp|Struve|1984|p=182}} and now that the Manchus were temporarily without an effective naval force in the Fujian area, Koxinga was free to send a huge army to Zhoushan, which he intended to use as a base to capture Nanjing.

Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise and having the initiative, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanjing ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father successfully did against the Dutch at the [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay]], throwing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure. Koxinga's attack on Qing held Nanjing which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus considered returning to Manchuria and abandoning China according to a 1671 account by a French missionary.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ho |first=Dahpon David |date=2011 |title=Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO |pages=149–150 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404092359/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commoners and officials in Beijing and Nanjing were waiting to support whichever side won. An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible. The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his children in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do. Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanjing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yim |first=Lawrence C.H |date=2009 |title=The Poet-historian Qian Qianyi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI99WIDOVrgC&pg=PA109 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=109 |isbn=978-1134006069 }}</ref>

Koxinga's Ming loyalists fought against a majority Han Chinese Bannermen Qing army when attacking Nanjing. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on 24 August. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements — though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived.  Koxinga's forces were defeated and slipped back to the ships which had brought them.<ref name="JR.1985">{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. |title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA1047|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04804-1 |pages=1047–1048|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

===In Taiwan===
[[File:KoxingaTemple.jpg|right|thumb|Image of Koxinga Temple in Tainan]]
[[File:Koxinga territory.jpg|thumb|right|Extent of territory held by Koxinga (red), sphere of influence (pink)]]
[[File:Koxinga, 2 cash, Yong Li Tong Bao, seal script.jpg|thumb|Bronze coin minted in Nagasaki for Koxinga's forces, inscribed Yong Li Tong Bao in seal script]]
In 1661, Koxinga led his troops on a [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia|landing]] at ''Lakjemuyse''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chenghistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-gate-to-taiwan.html|title=The gate to Taiwan|date=18 April 2013|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094830/https://chenghistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-gate-to-taiwan.html}}</ref> to attack the Dutch colonists in [[Dutch Formosa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22&pg=PA298|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|pages=298–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Manchester Guardian Weekly|date=July 1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPIuAQAAIAAJ&q=father+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22 |publisher=John Russell Scott for the Manchester Guardian|pages=149}}</ref> Koxinga said to the Dutch "Hitherto this island had always belonged to China, and the Dutch had doubtless been permitted to live there, seeing that the Chinese did not require it for themselves; but requiring it now, it was only fair that Dutch strangers, who came from far regions, should give way to the masters of the island."{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=[https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n439 423]}}

The [[Taiwanese Aboriginal]] tribes, who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the [[Guo Huaiyi Rebellion]] in 1652, now turned against the Dutch during the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] by defecting to Koxinga's Chinese forces.<ref>{{cite book |last=Covell |first=Ralph R. |date=1998 |title=Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96 |publisher=Hope Publishing House |edition=illustrated |pages=96–97 |isbn=978-0-932727-90-9 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518231130/https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty and proceeded to work for the Chinese, beheading Dutch people. The frontier Aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and by destroying Dutch Protestant school textbooks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chiu |first=Hsin-Hui |date=2008|title=The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624–1662|edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QzpJtddFxEC&pg=PA222 |publisher=BRILL |series=Volume 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction |page=222 |isbn=978-9004165076 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410162851/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QzpJtddFxEC&pg=PA222 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 February 1662, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Governor of Formosa, [[Frederick Coyett]], surrendered [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] to Koxinga. According to Frederick Coyett's own self-justifying account written after the siege, Koxinga's life was saved at the end of the siege by a certain Hans Jurgen Radis of Stockaert, a Dutch defector who strongly advised him against visiting the ramparts of the fort after he had taken it, which Radis knew would be blown up by the retreating Dutch forces.{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=452}} This claim of a Dutch defector only appears in Coyett's account and Chinese records make no mention of any defector. In the peace treaty, Koxinga was styled "Lord Teibingh Tsiante Teysiancon Koxin" ({{zh|t=大明招討大將軍國姓|s=大明招讨大将军国姓|p=Dàmíng Zhāotǎo Dàjiāngjūn Guóxìng|poj=Tāibêng Chiauthó Tāichiang-kun Kok-sìⁿ|l=[[Ming dynasty|Great Ming]] Commander in Chief of the Punitive Expedition (Lord) Imperial-Surname}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cns.miis.edu/straittalk/Appendix+1.htm |date=1 February 1662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714095931/http://www.cns.miis.edu/straittalk/Appendix%201.htm |title=Appendix 1 — Koxinga-Dutch Treaty (1662) |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> This effectively ended 38 years of Dutch rule on Taiwan. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming dynasty.

Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen and farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwanese Aboriginals, giving them Ming gowns and caps and gifting tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathering in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139 139–]}}

===In the Philippines===
{{main|Spanish–Moro conflict#Chinese threat to the Spanish and 1663 Chinese rebellion}}
In 1662, Koxinga's forces raided several towns in the [[Philippines]]. Koxinga's chief advisor was an Italian friar named [[Vittorio Riccio]], whom he sent to [[Manila]] to demand tribute from the colonial government of the [[Spanish East Indies]], threatening to expel the Spaniards if his demands were not met.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=[https://archive.org/stream/islandofformosap00davi#page/51/mode/1up 51]}} The Spanish refused to pay the tribute and reinforced the garrisons around Manila, but the planned attack never took place due to Koxinga's sudden death in that year after expelling the Dutch from Taiwan.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626–1642: the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor | publisher=Hong Kong University Press | author=Borao, José Eugenio | year=2010 | page=199 | isbn=978-962-209-083-5 |jstor=j.ctt1xcrpk}}</ref>

Koxinga's threat to invade the islands and expel the Spanish was an [[Spanish–Moro conflict#Chinese threat to the Spanish and 1663 Chinese rebellion|important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer]] the [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]] [[Moro people]] in [[Mindanao]]. The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces to Manila. They immediately evacuated their fort on [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] in [[Mindanao]] following Koxinga's threats. They left some troops in [[Jolo]] and by [[Lake Lanao]] to engage the Moro in protracted conflict. They permanently abandoned their colony in the [[Maluku Islands]] (Moluccas) and withdraw their soldiers from there to Manila.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Conclusion|website=www.gutenberg-e.org|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402055636/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Death===
Koxinga died of unspecified illness in June 1662, only a few months after defeating the Dutch in Taiwan, at the age of 37. [[:zh:鄭成功#去世|Contemporary accounts]] named heat stroke and cold as causes and modern historians suspect malaria. Qing history claimed that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son [[Zheng Jing]], who had had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lian |first=Heng |author-link=Lian Heng |script-title=zh:臺灣通史 |trans-title=The General History of Taiwan |language=zh |oclc=123362609 |date=1920}}</ref>   Zheng Jing succeeded his father as the [[:zh:延平王|Prince of Yanping]]. According to the historian Roberts Antony, "the death of Zheng Chenggong began the downturn of family fortunes."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Antony |first1=Robert |title=Like Froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley |isbn=9781557290786 |pages=32–33}}</ref>

==Family==
{{Main article|House of Koxinga}}
[[File:Portrait of Zheng Chenggong.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Zheng Chenggong painted by Huang Zi 黃梓]]
Zheng Chenggong’s short but eventful career was characterized by family tension and conflicting loyalties. The title of Koxinga ("Lord of the Imperial Surname") was one that Zheng himself used during his lifetime to emphasize his status as an adopted son of the deposed imperial house, so it was also a declaration of ongoing support to the Ming dynasty.{{sfnp|Wills|1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/mountainfame00ejoh/page/n244 225]}} Despite his deliberate self-identification as the noble, loyal vassal of a vanquished master, Koxinga’s actual relationship with the Longwu Emperor lasted only twelve months or so, beginning in September 1645 and ending with the Emperor's death the following year.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=20}} Although many secondary sources claim that the two men shared a "close bond of affection", there is an absence of any reliable contemporary evidence on Koxinga’s relationship with the Longwu Emperor.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977}}

In contrast, Koxinga's father Zheng Zhilong left his Japanese wife not long after the birth of his son;{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=11}} Koxinga was a boy of seven when he finally joined his father on the Fujianese coast.{{sfnp|Wills|1994|p=222}} It seems that Zheng Zhilong recognized his son’s talent and encouraged him in his studies and the pursuit of a career as a scholar-official, which would legitimize the power the [[Ming Dynasty Zheng family|Zheng family]] had acquired, using sometimes questionable means.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=12}} Zheng Zhilong’s defection to the Qing must have seemed opportunistic and in stark contrast to Koxinga’s continued loyalty to the Ming. But it is difficult to deny that in refusing to submit to the Qing, Koxinga was risking the life of his father, and that the subsequent death of Zheng Zhilong could only be justified by claiming loyalty to the Ming.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=47}} It has even been suggested that Koxinga’s fury at the incestuous relationship between his son, Zheng Jing, and a younger son’s wet nurse was due to the fact that strict Confucian morality had played such a crucial role in justifying his lack of filial behaviour.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977}}

The one possible exception to this may have been his relationship with his mother, which has generally been described as being extremely affectionate, particularly in Chinese and Japanese sources.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=48}} Their time together, however, was apparently very short – despite frequent entreaties from Zheng Zhilong for her to join him in China,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Posonby Fane|first=R A B|title=Koxinga: Chronicles of the Tei Family, Loyal Servants of the Ming|journal=Transactions of the Japan Society of London|year=1937|volume=34|page=79}}</ref>  Koxinga’s mother was only reunited with her son some time in 1645, and a year later she was killed when the Qing took Xiamen.{{sfnp|Croizier|1977|p=13}}

A portrait of Zheng was in the hands of Yuchun who was his descendant in the eight generation.{{sfnp|Struve|1993|p=180}}

Koxinga's descendants live in both mainland China and Taiwan and descendants of his brother Shichizaemon live in Japan. His descendants through his grandson [[Zheng Keshuang]] served as Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&q=anhai+descendants&pg=PA239 239–]}} His descendants through one of his sons Zheng Kuan live in Taiwan.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&q=zheng+kuan+bamboo&pg=PA233 233–]}}

One of Koxinga's descendants on mainland China, Zheng Xiaoxuan 鄭曉嵐, fought against the Japanese invaders in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. His son {{ill|Zheng Chouyu|zh|鄭愁予}} was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his poetry work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=詩人鄭愁予：我是個抗戰兒童 |url=http://tw.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/0716/c104510-27314009.html |work=中國新聞網 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515170405/http://tw.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/0716/c104510-27314009.html}}</ref> Zheng Chouyu identified as Chinese. He felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chung-To Au|title=Modernist Aesthetics in Taiwanese Poetry Since The 1950s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNuWwKyA49oC&q=Zheng+Chouyu+japanese&pg=PA154 |year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16707-0|pages=154–}}</ref> Chouyu is Koxinga's 11th generation descendant and his original name is Zheng Wenji.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2016 |title=八旬诗人郑愁予 鼓浪屿聊诗歌 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/book/2016-10/25/c_129336326.htm |work=北京晚报 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520234934/http://www.xinhuanet.com/book/2016-10/25/c_129336326.htm |archive-date=20 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

"Koxinga: Chronicles of the Tei Family" was written by R. A. B. Posonby-Fane.<ref name="Wong2017">{{cite book|author=Young-tsu Wong|title=China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tL4vDwAAQBAJ&q=family+Koxinga%27s+victory+was+regarded+as+a+second+Japanese+conquest+of+the+Dutch.%22&pg=PA222|date=5 August 2017|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-10-2248-7|pages=222–}}</ref>

===Consorts and issue===
*[[Dong You]], Queen of Tungning (董友)
**[[Zheng Jing]] ( 鄭經延平王; 25 October 1642 – 17 March 1681), Prince of Yanping, first son
**Zheng Cong (輔政公 鄭聰), Duke Fu of Zheng, second son
**Zheng Yu (鄭裕;1660–1737), seventh son
*Lady Chuang (莊氏)
**Zheng Ming (鄭明), third son
**Zheng Rui (鄭睿), fourth son
**Zheng Zhi (鄭智;1660–1695), fifth son
*Lady Wen (溫氏)
**Zheng Kuan (鄭寬), sixth son
**Zheng Rou (鄭柔), ninth son
*Lady Shi (史氏)
**Zheng Wen (鄭溫;1662–1704), eight son
*Lady Chai (蔡氏)
**Zheng Fa (鄭發), tenth son
*Unknown:
**four daughters

===Concubine===
In 1661, during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, Koxinga executed Dutch missionary [[Antonius Hambroek]] and took his teenage daughter as a concubine.<ref>{{cite book|series=Volume 36 of American Society of Missiology series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XglAQAAIAAJ&q=one+sweet+young+seized+harem |title=A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500–1900. Volume II|year=1998|author=Samuel H. Moffett|edition=2nd, illustrated |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-1-57075-450-0|page=222 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGzVAAAAMAAJ&q=hambroek+daughter|title=Free China review, Volume 11|year=1961|publisher=W.Y. Tsao|page=54 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> Other Dutch (or part Dutch) women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their "wives".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Manthorpe|year=2008 |title=Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan|publisher=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3D6a7bK_t0C&q=happy+was+she+that+feel+to+the+lot+of+an+unmarried+man+being+thereby+freed+from+the+vexations+by+the+chinese+women+who+are+very+jealous&pg=PA77|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-230-61424-6|page=77 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> In 1684 some of these women were still captives of the Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&q=hambroek+daughter&pg=PA96 |title=Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants|year=1998 |author=Ralph Covell|edition=illustrated |publisher=Hope Publishing House|isbn=978-0-932727-90-9|page=96 |access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

===Personality===
Koxinga was reputed to be mentally unstable: to have a vicious temper and a tendency towards ordering executions. While this might be explained by the trauma of his family being killed by the Qing army and his mother's reported suicide (in order to prevent capture by the Qing), it was also speculated that he suffered from syphilis, a suspicion held by a Dutch doctor, Christian Beyer, who treated him.{{sfnp|Andrade|2011|pp=298–303}}

Vittorio Riccio, a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionary who knew Koxinga,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ricci, Vittorio |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ricci-vittorio |website=encyclopedia.com |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This link claims to be republishing the New Catholic Encyclopedia; don't know if it has permission, but it'd be better to cite the NCE directly if possible|date=June 2022}} noted that Koxinga held samurai ideals on bravery, used "feigned and hearty laughter" to show anger,  and adhered to ''[[bushido]]'' because of his samurai training and his Japanese upbringing.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&q=pure+conflict+commerce+japanese&pg=PA74 74–75]}} One Spanish missionary proffered a personal opinion that his bad temper and reported propensity for violence was due to Japanese heritage; however, this same missionary's account of the number of executions attributed to Koxinga was greatly exaggerated.{{sfnp|Andrade|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eHUgTnxgotUC&pg=PA83 83–]}}

Koxinga suffered from "depressive insanity" and mental illness according to Dr. Li Yengyue.<ref>{{cite book|author=Matsuda Wataru|title=Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdPbAAAAQBAJ&q=koxinga+mental+illness&pg=PA197|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-82109-7|pages=197–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sino-Japanese Studies: Volumes 6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywcvAQAAIAAJ&q=koxinga+mental+illness|year=1993|publisher=Sino-Japanese Studies Group|page=28}}</ref>

==Modern-day legacy and influences==
[[File:Koxinga statue.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Koxinga in [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]], Anping, Tainan, Taiwan]]

===Worship===
It is debated whether he was clean-shaven or wore a beard.<ref name="MichenerDay2016">{{cite book|year=2016 |author1=James Albert Michener|author2=Arthur Grove Day|title=Rascals in Paradise |publisher=Dial Press |isbn=978-0-8129-8686-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH0CDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|pages=108–109}}</ref>

Koxinga's legacy is treated similarly on each side of the [[Taiwan Strait]]. Koxinga is worshiped as a god in coastal China{{clarify||Below in this section, it is claimed that Koxinga is not deified China, but only in Taiwan.|date=May 2015}}, especially [[Fujian]], by [[overseas Chinese]] in [[Southeast Asia]] and in [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tainan to build replica of Koxinga-era sailing junk |work=Taipei Times |date=12 September 2007 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/09/12/2003378360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222001411/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/09/12/2003378360 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |quote=There are several temples in Anping and Tainan dedicated to Koxinga and his mother. |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> There is a [[Koxinga Ancestral Shrine|temple dedicated to Koxinga and his mother]] in [[Tainan City]], Taiwan. The [[National Cheng Kung University]] in Tainan, one of the most prestigious universities in Taiwan, is named after him.

Koxinga's army also brought the Qinxi fraternal brotherhood into Taiwan, of which some of his army were members of the organization. In the present day, the Qinxi currently exists in Taiwan. The [[Hongmen]] are associated with them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey |year=2008 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Brian |last2=Guo |first2=Elizabeth |edition=2nd, illustrated |publisher=Blue Snake |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=978-1-58394-194-2 |oclc=182663920 |page=152 |quote=The Qinxi Tong is an example of a non-criminal fraternal organization. The original Qinxi group in Taiwan was made up of men who had been part of Koxinga's forces...affiliation with...the Hung Men...The Taiwanese Qinxi fraternal organization is still active, teaching martial arts and engaging in other activities.}}</ref>

Tokugawa Japan imported books from Qing China including works on the Zheng family. The Qing built a shrine to commemorate Koxinga to counteract the Japanese and French in Taiwan in the 19th century.{{sfnp|Xing Hang|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} Zheng Juzhong's books Zheng Chenggong zhuan was imported to Japan and reprinted in 1771.<ref>{{cite book|author=Matsuda Wataru |title=Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifncAAAAQBAJ&q=zheng+juzhong+descendant&pg=PA115|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-82116-5|pages=115–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sino-Japanese Studies: Volumes 7–8 |year=1994 |publisher=Sino-Japanese Studies Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxoWAQAAMAAJ&q=zheng+juzhong+descendant|page=24}}</ref>

===In modern politics===
Koxinga has received renewed attention since rumors began circulating that the [[People’s Liberation Army Navy]] were planning to name their newly acquired [[aircraft carrier]], the ex-Soviet [[Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning|Varyag]], the "Shi Lang". Admiral [[Shi Lang]] famously defeated Koxinga’s descendants in the 1683 [[Battle of Penghu]], thus bringing [[Taiwan under Qing rule]]. However, the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] denied all allegations that the vessel would be dedicated to the decorated [[Qing dynasty]] admiral.

Koxinga is regarded as a hero in the [[People's Republic of China]], Taiwan, and [[Japan]], but historical narratives regarding Koxinga frequently differ in explaining his motives and affiliation.  Japan treats him as a native son and emphasized his maternal link to Japan in propaganda during the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Taiwan]].<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2012/07/how-remember-koxinga |title=How to remember Koxinga: Contested legacy |date=27 July 2012 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728021406/http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2012/07/how-remember-koxinga |archive-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Fei |date=2 January 2018 |title=Loyalist, patriot, or colonizer? The three faces of Zheng Chenggong in Meiji Japan and late Qing China |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2018.1466507 |journal=Journal of Modern Chinese History |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–44 |doi=10.1080/17535654.2018.1466507 |issn=1753-5654}}</ref> The People's Republic of China considers Koxinga a national hero for driving the imperialist Dutch away from Taiwan and establishing ethnic Chinese rule over the island.<ref name="economist" /><ref name=":0" /> On [[mainland China]], Koxinga is honoured as the "Conqueror of Taiwan, Great Rebel-Quelling General"<ref name="Andrade, Tonio 2012">{{cite journal |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |title=Foreigners Under Fire |journal=The Diplomat |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=26 May 2012 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/05/foreigners-under-fire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201144348/https://thediplomat.com/2012/05/foreigners-under-fire/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> a military hero who brought Taiwan back within the [[Han Chinese]] sphere of influence through expanded economic, trade and cultural exchanges. In China, Koxinga is honoured without the religious overtones found in Taiwan.<ref name="Wong Kwok Wah">{{cite news |author=Wong Kwok Wah |url=http://www.atimes.com/china/DC14Ad01.html |title=One Hero, Two Interpretations |date=14 March 2002 |newspaper=Asia Times Online |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726055153/http://www.atimes.com/china/DC14Ad01.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>{{clarify||In the beginning of the section, it is claimed that Koxinga is deified in both China and Taiwan.|date=May 2015}}

The [[Republic of China]], which withdrew to Taiwan after losing the [[Chinese Civil War]], regards Koxinga as a patriot who also retreated to Taiwan and used it as a base to launch counterattacks against the [[Qing dynasty]] of mainland China (drawing parallels to the Republic of China's [[Project National Glory|hypothetical reclamation]] of the mainland, comparing the ROC to the Ming dynasty and the PRC to the Qing dynasty). In Taiwan, Koxinga is honored as the island’s most respected saint for expelling the Dutch and seen as the original ancestor of a free Taiwan, and is known as Kaishan Shengwang, or "the Sage King who Opened up Taiwan"<ref name="Wong Kwok Wah" /> and as "The [[Kingdom of Tungning|Yanping]] Prince",{{sfnp|Andrade|2011|loc=Dramatis Personae}} referring to the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which he established in modern-day [[Tainan]].

In Taiwan, Koxinga is remembered and revered as a divine national hero with hundreds of temples, schools, tertiary educations, and other public centers named in his honor. Koxinga is accredited with replacing Dutch colonial rule with a more modern political system. Furthermore, Koxinga transformed Taiwan into an agrarian society through the introduction of new agricultural methods such as the proliferation of iron farming tools and new farming methods with cattle. For these reasons, Koxinga is often associated with "hints of [a] consciousness of [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwanese independence]],"<ref name="Andrade, Tonio 2012" /> although Koxinga himself wanted Taiwan unified with the rest of China. Great care was taken to symbolize support for the Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term ''guan'' instead of ''bu'' to name departments, since the latter is reserved for central government, whereas Taiwan was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of [[China]].<ref name="Wills2006">{{cite book |title = Taiwan: A New History |editor-first = Murray A. |editor-last = Rubinstein |chapter = The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime |first = John E. Jr. |last = Wills |publisher = M.E. Sharpe |year=2006 |isbn = 9780765614957 |pages = 84–106 }}</ref>

===In art===
The play ''[[The Battles of Coxinga]]'' was written by [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]] in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in [[Kyoto]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arendie Herwig|author2=Henk Herwig|year=2004 |title=Heroes of the Kabuki Stage: An Introduction to Kabuki, with Retellings of Famous Plays Illustrated by Woodblock Prints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HC_rAAAAMAAJ&q=tagawa+hirado|publisher=Hotei Pub. |isbn=978-90-74822-61-9|pages=109}}</ref><ref name="MichenerDay2016"/> A 2001 film titled ''[[The Sino-Dutch War 1661]]'' starred [[Vincent Zhao]] as Koxinga.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Pollard |date=2001 |title=Sino-Dutch War 1661 (2001) |website=HK Flix.com |url=http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/sinodutchwar1661.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020508224402/http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/sinodutchwar1661.htm |archive-date=8 May 2002}}</ref> The film was renamed ''Kokusenya Kassen'' after the aforementioned play and released in Japan in 2002.

The historical novel ''[[Lord of Formosa]]'' by Dutch author Joyce Bergvelt uses Koxinga as the main character.<ref name=Winterton1>{{cite news|author=Winterton, Bradley|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/05/03/2003692418|title=Book review: Imagining the exploits of Koxinga|newspaper=[[Taipei Times]]|date=3 May 2018|page=14 (web page 1/2)|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055100/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/05/03/2003692418|archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===In video games===
*Zheng Chenggong appears as a Master in the 2023 Japanese video game ''[[Fate/Samurai Remnant]]'', his Servant is the also Chinese general [[Zhou Yu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamecity.ne.jp/fate-sr/characters/characters_02.html |script-title=ja:鄭成功 & アーチャー |language=ja |website=gamecity.ne.jp |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-Qing sentiment]]
*[[Great Clearance]] (1661–1669)
*[[Pedro Yan Shiqi]]
*[[History of Taiwan]]
*[[Kingdom of Tungning]]
*[[Koxinga Ancestral Shrine]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Columbia University Press |chapter=Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade10.html |year=2005 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Andrade |first1=Tonio |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231128551 |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/index.html}}
*{{cite book |last1=Andrade |first1=Tonio |title=Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory over the West |date=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-691-14455-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHUgTnxgotUC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=William |author-link=William Campbell (missionary) |title=Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island |year=1903 |publisher=Kegan Paul |location=London |isbn=9789576380839 |lccn=04007338 |url=https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog }}
*{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Hsiu-Jung |title=The English factory in Taiwan, 1670–1685 |date=1995 |publisher=National Taiwan University |location=Taipei, Taiwan |isbn=9789579019873 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Fei |title=Loyalist, patriot, or colonizer? The three faces of Zheng Chenggong in Meiji Japan and late Qing China |journal=Journal of Modern Chinese History |date=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–44|doi=10.1080/17535654.2018.1466507 |s2cid=149866041 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17535654.2018.1466507}}
*{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Jonathan |title=Coxinga and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty |date=2004 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=978-0-7509-3269-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Croizier |first=Ralph C.|authorlink= Ralph C. Croizier|title=Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism History, Myth, and the Hero |place=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-674-50566-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=James W. |author-link=James W. Davidson |chapter=Chapter IV: The Kingdom of Koxinga: 1662–1683 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/islandofformosap00davi#page/48/mode/2up |title=The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions |year=1903 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London and New York |ol=6931635M |oclc=1887893 }}
*{{cite book |last=Keene |first=Donald |title=The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu's Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance |place=London |publisher=Taylor’s Foreign Press |date=1950 }}
*Meij, Philip. ''Daghregister van Philip Meij: Het naervolgende sijnde 't geene per memorie onthouden van 't gepasseerde in 't geweldigh overvallen des Chinesen mandorijns Cocxinja op Formosa en geduijrende ons gevanckenis, beginnende 30 April 1661 en eijndigende 4 Februarij 1662''. Dutch National Archive, VOC 1238: 848–914.
*Paske-Smith, M. ''Western Barbarians in Japan and Formosa in Tokugawa Days, 1603–1868''. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1968.
*{{cite book|surname1=Wang Chong|title=Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: The Politics of Dramatizing a Historical Figure in Japan, China, and Taiwan (1700–1963) |publisher=[[VDM Verlag Dr. Müller]]|year=2008 |isbn=978-3-639-09266-0 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |first1=Lynn A. |last1=Struve |title=The Southern Ming 1644–1662 |year=1984 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-03057-0 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Lynn A. |last1=Struve |url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300075533 |title=Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tiger's Jaws |year=1993 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn= 978-0-300-07553-3 }}
*{{cite book |title=Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West|first=Shih-shan Henry |last=Tsai |year=2009 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2328-7 |chapter=Chapter 2: Taiwan's Seventeenth-Century Rulers: The Dutch, the Spaniards, and Koxinga |pages=19–45}}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 |editor1-first=Frederick W. |editor1-last=Mote |editor2-first=Denis C. |editor2-last=Twitchett |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 |oclc=461974161 }}
*{{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. Jr. |year=1974 |title=Pepper, Guns, and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China, 1622–1681 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |oclc=122361616 }}
*{{cite book |last=Wills |first=John E. Jr |title=Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History |url=https://archive.org/details/mountainfame00ejoh |url-access=limited |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-05542-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Xing Hang|title=Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|date=5 January 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-45384-1}}
*{{cite ECCP|title=Chêng Ch'êng-kung}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Koxinga]]|27 August|1624|23 June|1662|name=Zheng Sen}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-new}}
{{s-ttl | title=Prince of Yanping  | years=May or June 1655 – 23 June 1662 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zheng Jing]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before =[[Frederick Coyett]] (as [[Governor of Formosa]])}}
{{s-ttl | title=Ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] | years=14 June 1661 – 23 June 1662 }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Zheng Xi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}
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