Editing Koszalin

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koszalin
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Koszalin Rynek Staromiejski w 2014 roku.jpg{{!}}''Rynek Staromiejski'' (Old Town Market Square)
| image2 = Koszalin katedra.jpg{{!}}Gothic Koszalin Cathedral
| image3 = Budynek poczty autor adrian bober.JPG{{!}}Main Post Office
| image4 = 20161009 123814 Richtone(HDR).jpg{{!}}Park of the Dukes of Pomerania
| image5 = Filharmonia Koszalińska w Koszalinie.jpg{{!}}Koszalin Philharmonic
| caption1 = Market Square
| caption2 = Koszalin Cathedral
| caption3 = Main Post Office
| caption4 = Park of the Dukes of Pomerania
| caption5 = Koszalin Philharmonic}}
| image_flag = POL Koszalin flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Koszalin COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem = 
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
| blank_emblem_size = 
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| coordinates = {{coord|54|12|N|16|11|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|West Pomeranian Voivodeship}} [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship|West Pomeranian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 11th century
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1266
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Tomasz Sobieraj ([[Civic Coalition (Poland)|KO]])
| area_total_km2 = 115.5
| elevation_m = 32
| population_total = 104,994 {{decrease}} (37th)<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=7 August 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 3261000.</ref>
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 75-900, 75-902, 75-007, 75-016
| area_code = +48 94
| registration_plate = [[Polish car number plates|ZK]]
| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:S6-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S6 (Poland)]] [[File:S11-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S11 (Poland)]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.koszalin.pl}}
| motto = ''Center of Pomerania'' ({{langx|pl|Centrum Pomorza}})
}}
'''Koszalin''' ({{IPA|pl|kɔˈʂalin|lang|Pl-Koszalin.ogg}}; {{langx|csb|Kòszalëno}}; {{langx|de|Köslin|links=no}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/ns-zeit/zweiter-weltkrieg/nachkriegszeit/kinderschicksale-vertreibung-polen-deutschland-100.html|title=Vertreibung von Kriegskindern: Schweigen, um zu überleben|date=6 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2023|publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]]|language=de}}</ref> {{IPA|de|kœsˈliːn|pron}}) is a city in northwestern [[Poland]], in Western [[Pomerania]]. It is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=off}} south of the [[Baltic Sea]] coast, and intersected by the river [[Dzierżęcinka]]. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of [[Koszalin County]] of [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]].

Founded in the [[Middle Ages]], Koszalin was a seaport until the 17th century, and one of the main cities of Central Pomerania (along with [[Kołobrzeg]] and [[Słupsk]]). From 1950 to 1998 it was the administrative capital of Central Pomerania, as the Koszalin Voivodeship, and remains its largest city. Located on the main [[Expressway S6 (Poland)|highway]] and railroad between the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] and [[Szczecin]], Koszalin is an important regional industrial, cultural and educational center. It is home to the [[Koszalin University of Technology]], [[Polish Air Force]] Training Center and the Polish Border Guard Academy. Its [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] Cathedral serves as the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin–Kołobrzeg]]. Koszalin is the host city of an annual festival of choirs of the [[Polish diaspora]] from various parts of the world.

== History ==
Human settlement in Koszalin dates back to prehistoric times. Various traces of human settlement of the [[Funnelbeaker culture|Funnelbeaker]], [[Globular Amphora culture|Globular Amphora]] and [[Lusatian culture|Lusatian]] cultures and from [[ancient Roman]] times and [[Early Middle Ages]] were discovered during [[archaeological excavation]]s.

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Pdsoki fragment murów miejskich przy ul Marii Ludwiki w Koszalinie 01.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval city walls]]
The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under [[Mieszko I]] around 967.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Labuda|first=Gerard|year=1993|title=Chrystianizacja Pomorza (X–XIII stulecie)|magazine=Studia Gdańskie|language=pl|location=Gdańsk-Oliwa|volume=IX|page=47}}</ref> According to the Medieval [[Wielkopolska Chronicle|Chronicle of Greater Poland]] (''Kronika Wielkopolska'') Koszalin was one of the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranian]] cities captured and subjugated by Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] of Poland in 1107 (other towns included [[Kołobrzeg]], [[Kamień Pomorski|Kamień]] and [[Wolin (town)|Wolin]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koszalin.pl/pl/page/historia-koszalina|title=Historia Koszalina, Serwis Urzędu Miejskiego w Koszalinie|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref> Afterwards, in the 12th century the area became part of the [[House of Griffin|Griffin]]-ruled [[Duchy of Pomerania]], a vassal state of [[Kingdom of Poland|Poland]], which separated from Poland after the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies, and became a vassal of [[Denmark]] in 1185 and a part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from 1227.

In 1214, [[Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw II]], [[Dukes of Pomerania|Duke of Pomerania]], made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land to the [[Premonstratensian|Norbertine]] monastery in Białoboki near [[Trzebiatów]]. New, mostly [[German people|German]], settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248, the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke [[Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim I]] to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin]].<ref name=Koebler>Gerhard Köbler, ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'', 7th edition, C.H. Beck, 2007, p. 113, {{ISBN|3-406-54986-1}}</ref>

On 23 May 1266, Kammin bishop [[Hermann von Gleichen]] granted a charter to the village, granting it [[Lübeck law]], local government, autonomy and multiple privileges to attract German settlers from the west.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Higounet|title=Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter|pages=149|language=de}}</ref> When in 1276 the bishops became the sovereign in neighboring [[Kołobrzeg]], they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from Koszalin.<ref name=Koebler/> In 1278 a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monastery was established, which took care of the local parish church and St. Mary chapel on Chełmska Hill.<ref name=MUZ/>

The city obtained direct access to the [[Baltic Sea]] when it gained the village of Jamno (1331), parts of [[Jamno (lake)|Lake Jamno]], a spit between the lake and the sea and the castle of [[Unieście]] in 1353. Thence, it participated in the Baltic Sea trade as a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] (from 1386),<ref name=MUZ/> which led to several conflicts with the competing seaports of at Kołobrzeg and [[Darłowo]]. From 1356 until 1417/1422, the city was part of the Duchy of [[Pomerania-Wolgast]]. In 1446 Koszalin fought a victorious battle against the nearby rival city of [[Kołobrzeg]].<ref name=MUZ>{{cite web|url=http://muzeum.koszalin.pl/?q=node/1699|title=Kalendarium 750 lat Koszalina, Muzeum w Koszalinie|access-date=June 9, 2019|language=pl}}</ref> In 1475 a conflict between the city of Koszalin and the Pomeranian duke [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw X]] broke out, resulting in the kidnapping and temporary imprisonment of the duke in Koszalin.<ref name=MUZ/>

===Early Modern Age===
{{multiple image |align=left |caption_align=center |total_width=200
| image1 = Wappen Köslin1.png
| image2 = Koszalin CoA 3.gif
| footer = Coats of arms from ca. 1400–1800 and from 1800–1939
}}As a result of [[Ostsiedlung|German colonization]], the town became mostly German-speaking, putting indigenous Slavic speakers at disadvantage.<ref name=MUZ/> In 1516 local Germans enforced a ban on buying goods from Slavic speakers.<ref>Hieronim Kroczyński, ''Kołobrzeg zarys dziejów'', Wyd. Poznańskie, Poznań, 1979, p. 27 (in Polish)</ref> It was also forbidden to accept native Slavs to craft guilds, which indicates ethnic discrimination.<ref name=MUZ/>

In 1531 riots took place between supporters and opponents of the [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref name=MUZ/> In 1534 the city became mostly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] under the influence of [[Johannes Bugenhagen]]. In 1568, [[John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania]] and [[Bishopric of Cammin|bishop of Cammin]], started constructing a residence, finished by his successor [[Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir VI of Pomerania]] in 1582.<ref name=MUZ/> After the 1637 death of the last Pomeranian duke, [[Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw XIV]], the city passed to his cousin, Bishop [[Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ]] of Kammin. Occupied by [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] troops during the [[Thirty Years' War]] in 1637, some of the city's inhabitants sought refuge in nearby Poland.<ref name=MUZ/> The city was granted to [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] after the [[Treaty of Westphalia]] (1648) and the [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)]], and with all of [[Farther Pomerania]] became part of the [[Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)|Brandenburgian Pomerania]].

Now renamed Cöslin as part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the city was heavily damaged by a fire in 1718, but was rebuilt in the following years. In 1764 on the Chełmska Hill, now located within the city limits, a Pole Jan Gelczewski founded a paper mill that supplied numerous city offices.<ref name=MUZ/>

===Late Modern Age===
[[File:Koszalin - Góra Chełmska Żołnierzom Polskim.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Monument to [[November Uprising|Polish insurgents]] from 1831 on Chełmska Hill]]
The city was occupied by [[First French Empire|French]] troops in 1807 after the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]. Following the [[Napoleonic wars]], it became the capital of [[Fürstenthum (district)|Fürstenthum District]] ([[Districts of Prussia|county]]) and [[Köslin (region)|Regierungsbezirk Cöslin]] ([[Regierungsbezirk|government region]]) within the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]]. The Fürstenthum District was dissolved on 1 September 1872 and replaced with the [[Köslin (district)|Cöslin District]] on December 13. Between 1829 and 1845, a road connecting Cöslin (Koszalin) with [[Szczecin|Stettin (Szczecin)]] and [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]] was built.<ref name=MUZ/> Part of this road, from Cöslin (Koszalin) to the nearby town of [[Sianów]], was built in 1833 by around one hundred former [[November Uprising|Polish insurgents]].<ref name=MUZ/> In 1869, the Saint Joseph church was built by local [[Polish people|Poles]].

The town became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 during the [[unification of Germany]]. The railroad from Stettin through Cöslin and [[Słupsk|Stolp (Słupsk)]] to Danzig was constructed from 1858 to 1878. A military cadet school created by [[Frederick the Great]] in 1776 was moved from [[Chełmno|Kulm (Chełmno)]] to the city in 1890. The ''Kösliner Zeitung'' was as a local newspaper published in Köslin.

After the [[Nazi Party]] took power in Germany in 1933, a [[Gestapo]] station was established in the city and mass arrests of Nazi opponents were carried out.<ref name=MUZ/> After the [[Nazi]]s had closed down [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]'s seminar in [[Zdroje, Szczecin|Finkenwalde (Zdroje)]] in 1937, Bonhoeffer chose the town as one of the sites where he illegally continued to educate [[vicar]]s of the [[Confessing Church]].<ref name=Zimmerling>Peter Zimmerling, ''Bonhoeffer als praktischer Theologe'', Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006, p.59, {{ISBN|3-525-55451-6}}</ref>

[[File:Koszalin, katedra Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny, tablica pamiątkowa - DSC08796.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to Polish women of the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|resistance movement]] imprisoned in the city by the Germans during World War II]]
During the [[Second World War]] Köslin was the site of the first school for the "rocket troops" created on orders of [[Walter Dornberger]], the [[Wehrmacht]]'s head of the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] design and development program.<ref>p.37, Dornberger</ref> The [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] conducted espionage of German activity and distributed [[Polish underground press]] in the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945|year=1998|location=Poznań|language=pl|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|page=625|isbn=83-85003-97-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chrzanowski|first=Bogdan|year=2022|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945|language=pl|location=Gdańsk|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=57|isbn=978-83-8229-411-8}}</ref> The Nazis brought many [[prisoners of war]] and [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] to the city, mainly Poles, but also [[Italian military internees|Italians]] and [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]].<ref name=MUZ/> The Germans operated several forced labour camps in the city,<ref name=gk>{{cite web|url=https://gk24.pl/czas-wojny-w-koszalinie-ilu-polakow-tu-wtedy-bylo/ar/4531125|title=Czas wojny w Koszalinie. Ilu Polaków tu wtedy było?|website=Głos Koszaliński|author=Piotr Polechoński|date=15 December 2012 |accessdate=26 June 2021|language=pl}}</ref> including a subcamp of the [[Stalag II-B]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|POW camp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stalag2b.free.fr/leskommandos.htm|title=Les Kommandos|website=Stalag IIB Hammerstein, Czarne en Pologne|access-date=20 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Polish forced labourers constituted up to 10% of the city's population during the war.<ref name=gk/> Germany also operated a prison in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=2310|title=Gefängnis Köslin|website=Bundesarchiv.de|accessdate=26 June 2021|language=de}}</ref> After crushing the [[Warsaw Uprising]], the Germans brought several transports of Poles from [[Warsaw]] to the city, mainly women and children.<ref>Leszek Laskowski, ''Pomniki Koszalina'', Koszalin 2009, p. 104 (in Polish)</ref>

=== After World War II ===
On 4 March 1945, the city was captured by the [[Red Army]]. Under the border changes forced by the [[Soviet Union]] in the post-war [[Potsdam Agreement]], Koszalin became part of Poland as part of the so-called [[Recovered Territories]]. The city's German population that had not yet fled was [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|expelled]] to the remainder of post-war Germany in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The city was resettled by Poles and [[Kashubians]], many of whom had been expelled from [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Polish territory annexed by the Soviets]].<ref>W. Seidel: Das Land und Volk der Kassuben. In: Preußische Provinzialblätter N.F. 2 (1852), p. 104.</ref>

As early as March 1945 a Polish police unit was established, consisting of former [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourers]] and [[prisoners of war]], however, the Soviets, still present in the city, plundered local industrial factories in April.<ref name=KAL>{{cite web|url=http://muzeum.koszalin.pl/?q=node/529|title=Kalendarium Koszalina z lat 1945-1950, Muzeum w Koszalinie|access-date=June 8, 2019|language=pl}}</ref> From May 1945, life in the destroyed city was being organized, the first post-war schools, shops and service premises were established.<ref name=KAL/> In 1946, the first public library was opened, whose director was later Maria Pilecka, the sister of Polish national hero [[Witold Pilecki]].<ref>Laskowski, p. 114</ref> In March 1946, the [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)|anti-communist]] [[Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade]] was active in Koszalin.<ref name=KAL/> In July 1947, the last units of the [[Soviet Army]] left Koszalin, and from that time only Polish troops were stationed in the city.<ref name=KAL/> In 1953 a local radio station was founded in Koszalin.<ref name=MUZ/>
[[File:Koszalin plac Zwyciestwa.jpg|thumb|The Victory Square with the statue of [[Józef Piłsudski]] and the former [[Koszalin Voivodeship (disambiguation)|Koszalin Voivodeship]] Office in the background]]

Initially, Koszalin was the first post-war regional capital of Polish Western Pomerania, before the administration finally moved to [[Szczecin]] in February 1946, after which the region was named the [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)|Szczecin Voivodeship]].<ref name=MUZ/> In 1950 this voivodeship was divided into a truncated [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)|Szczecin Voivodeship]] and [[Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)|Koszalin Voivodeship]]. In years 1950-75 Koszalin was the capital of the enlarged [[Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)|Koszalin Voivodeship]] sometimes called [[Middle Pomerania]] due to becoming the fastest growing city in Poland. In years 1975-98 it was the capital of the smaller [[Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Koszalin Voivodeship]]. As a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act (1998) Koszalin became part of the [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship]] (effective 1 January 1999) regardless of an earlier proposal for a new Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship covering approximately the area of former Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–75).

In 1991, Koszalin was visited by [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref name=LL>Laskowski, p. 7</ref> On the fifth anniversary of his visit, his monument was unveiled in the city center.<ref name=LL/>

== Landmarks ==
The city borders on Chełmska Hill ({{langx|pl|Góra Chełmska}}), a site of [[pagan]] worship in prehistory, and upon which is now built the tower "sanctuary of the covenant", which was consecrated by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1991, and is currently a pilgrimage site. Also an observation tower is located on the hill. At the entrance to the sanctuary there is a monument dedicated to the Polish [[November Uprising|November insurgents]] of 1831, who, imprisoned by Prussian authorities, built a road connecting Koszalin with nearby [[Sianów]].<ref>Laskowski, p. 46-47</ref>

Koszalin's most distinctive landmark is the [[Gothic architecture in Poland|Gothic]] St. Mary's Cathedral, dating from the early 14th century. Positioned in front of the cathedral is a monument commemorating John Paul II's visit to the city.

Other city landmarks include the Park of the Dukes of Pomerania (''Park Książąt Pomorskich''), the Koszalin Museum, the main post office, the 16th-century Wedding Palace and the Culture Centre 105 (''[[:pl:Centrum Kultury 105 w Koszalinie|Centrum Kultury 105]]'').

The city also has monuments dedicated to Polish national heroes: [[Józef Piłsudski]], [[Władysław Anders]], [[Kazimierz Pułaski]], [[Władysław Sikorski]], as well monuments of the 19th-century Polish poets [[Cyprian Norwid]] and [[Adam Mickiewicz]].<ref>Laskowski, p. 8, 14-17, 44-45, 63</ref>

<gallery mode=packed>
File:Góra Chełmska - wieża widokowa 3.jpg|Observation tower on Góra Chełmska
File:Rb mlyn3.jpg|Koszalin Museum
File:Filharmonia Koszalińska w Koszalinie.jpg|The new building of the Koszalin Philharmonic
File:Pdsoki Koszalin willa TPPR 03.jpg|A historic villa on Zwycięstwa Street
File:Koszalin-Park.JPG|Park of the Dukes of Pomerania (''Park Książąt Pomorskich'')
File:Koszalin - Bohaterowi Obojga Narodów.jpg|Memorial stone dedicated to [[Kazimierz Pułaski]] in the Amphitheater Park
</gallery>

==Nearby cities and villages==
Nearby cities:
*[[Sianów]]
*[[Mielno]]
*[[Polanów]]
*[[Bobolice]]
Nearby villages:
*[[Manowo]]
*[[Skwierzynka]]
*[[Kędzierzyn, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Kędzierzyn]]
*[[Niekłonice]]
*[[Świeszyno]]
*[[Stare Bielice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Stare Bielice]]
*[[Biesiekierz]]
*[[Nowe Bielice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Nowe Bielice]]
*[[Bonin, Koszalin County|Bonin]]

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations
| 1740| 2,535
| 1782| 2,933
| 1791| 3071
| 1794| 3,286
| 1812| 3,802
| 1816| 4,636
| 1831| 6,541
| 1843| 8,114
| 1852| 9,398
| 1861| 11,303|1880|16834
| 1900| 20,417
|1910|23236|1925|28812|1939|33479|1950|18940|1960|44410|1970|65200|1978|86414|1988|106519|2002|108719|2011|109248|2021|105883|source=<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Dokumentacja Geograficzna|volume=3/4|year=1967|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Geografii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Koszalin | title=Koszalin (Zachodniopomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>|cols=2|align=none}}

== Climate ==
The climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] characteristics (''Dfb''), usually categorized if the 0&nbsp;°C isotherm is used (for the same classification). Being in [[Western Pomerania]] and near the [[Baltic Sea]], it has a much more moderate climate than the other [[List of cities and towns in Poland|large Polish cities]]. The summers are warm and practically never hot as in the south and the winters are often more moderate than the northeast and east, although still cold, yet it is not as mild as [[Western Europe]]. Daily averages below freezing point can be found in January and February, while in the summer they are between 15 and 16&nbsp;°C, relatively cool. The average annual precipitation is 704&nbsp;mm, distributed during the year. Koszalin is one of the sunniest cities in the country.<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12105.TXT
| title = Koszalin (12105) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = December 26, 2018
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAKoszalin Archived] December 27, 2018, at the [[Wayback Machine]].
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/map-here-are-the-parts-of-the-us-that-get-the-most-sunshine-2014-6|title=MAP: Here's Where You Should Move If You Want The Most Sunshine|last=Engel|first=Pamela|website=Business Insider|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/europa/polonia/west-pomeranian-voivodeship/koszalin-712/|title=Koszalin climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Koszalin weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Koszalin ([[w:pl:Wilkowo (Koszalin)|Wilkowo]]), elevation: 33 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 13.2
| Feb record high C = 17.7
| Mar record high C = 23.3
| Apr record high C = 28.2
| May record high C = 31.2
| Jun record high C = 35.6
| Jul record high C = 36.4
| Aug record high C = 37.1
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 27.3
| Nov record high C = 18.8
| Dec record high C = 13.6
| year record high C = 37.1
| Jan avg record high C = 8.9
| Feb avg record high C = 10.0
| Mar avg record high C = 16.1
| Apr avg record high C = 22.8
| May avg record high C = 26.9
| Jun avg record high C = 29.4
| Jul avg record high C = 30.4
| Aug avg record high C = 30.3
| Sep avg record high C = 24.9
| Oct avg record high C = 19.4
| Nov avg record high C = 13.2
| Dec avg record high C = 9.6
|year avg record high C = 32.5
| Jan high C = 2.5
| Feb high C = 3.5
| Mar high C = 7.0
| Apr high C = 12.8
| May high C = 17.1
| Jun high C = 20.1
| Jul high C = 22.4
| Aug high C = 22.5
| Sep high C = 18.2
| Oct high C = 12.7
| Nov high C = 7.1
| Dec high C = 3.5
| year high C = 12.5
| Jan mean C = 0.3
| Feb mean C = 0.9
| Mar mean C = 3.3
| Apr mean C = 8.0
| May mean C = 12.3
| Jun mean C = 15.6
| Jul mean C = 17.9
| Aug mean C = 17.9
| Sep mean C = 14.0
| Oct mean C = 9.3
| Nov mean C = 4.8
| Dec mean C = 1.6
| year mean C = 8.8
| Jan low C = -1.9
| Feb low C = -1.6
| Mar low C = 0.2
| Apr low C = 3.8
| May low C = 7.8
| Jun low C = 11.3
| Jul low C = 13.7
| Aug low C = 13.8
| Sep low C = 10.4
| Oct low C = 6.4
| Nov low C = 2.6
| Dec low C = -0.6
| Jan avg record low C = -11.4
| Feb avg record low C = -9.6
| Mar avg record low C = -6.5
| Apr avg record low C = -2.3
| May avg record low C = 0.9
| Jun avg record low C = 5.7
| Jul avg record low C = 9.1
| Aug avg record low C = 8.5
| Sep avg record low C = 4.4
| Oct avg record low C = 0.0
| Nov avg record low C = -3.6
| Dec avg record low C = -8.1
|year avg record low C = -14.4
| year low C = 5.5
| Jan record low C = -26.7
| Feb record low C = -26.7
| Mar record low C = -18.7
| Apr record low C = -10.1
| May record low C = -3.9
| Jun record low C = -0.6
| Jul record low C = 2.6
| Aug record low C = 2.3
| Sep record low C = -0.2
| Oct record low C = -6.1
| Nov record low C = -14.0
| Dec record low C = -19.7
| year record low C = -26.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 52.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 40.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 46.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 33.8
| May precipitation mm = 54.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 76.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 90.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 88.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 74.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 66.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 56.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 59.2
| year precipitation mm = 738.2
| Jan snow depth cm = 5.1
| Feb snow depth cm = 5.5
| Mar snow depth cm = 3.4
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.3
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.4
| Nov snow depth cm = 1.4
| Dec snow depth cm = 3.8
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 17.37
| Feb precipitation days = 15.74
| Mar precipitation days = 13.57
| Apr precipitation days = 11.23
| May precipitation days = 13.10
| Jun precipitation days = 13.17
| Jul precipitation days = 14.57
| Aug precipitation days = 14.60
| Sep precipitation days = 13.90
| Oct precipitation days = 16.13
| Nov precipitation days = 16.30
| Dec precipitation days = 18.77
| year precipitation days = 178.44
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 11.1
| Feb snow days = 10.8
| Mar snow days = 5.3
| Apr snow days = 0.3
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.2
| Nov snow days = 2.0
| Dec snow days = 7.2
| year snow days = 36.9
| Jan humidity = 85.7
| Feb humidity = 83.4
| Mar humidity = 78.9
| Apr humidity = 72.8
| May humidity = 74.2
| Jun humidity = 76.3
| Jul humidity = 77.4
| Aug humidity = 77.1
| Sep humidity = 80.4
| Oct humidity = 83.7
| Nov humidity = 87.5
| Dec humidity = 87.9
| year humidity = 80.5
| Jan sun = 44.7
| Feb sun = 67.8
| Mar sun = 132.2
| Apr sun = 203.4
| May sun = 262.7
| Jun sun = 256.8
| Jul sun = 259.2
| Aug sun = 233.2
| Sep sun = 166.5
| Oct sun = 111.1
| Nov sun = 50.6
| Dec sun = 32.4
| year sun = 1820.6
| Jan dew point C = -3
| Feb dew point C = -2
| Mar dew point C = 0
| Apr dew point C = 3
| May dew point C = 7
| Jun dew point C = 11
| Jul dew point C = 14
| Aug dew point C = 13
| Sep dew point C = 10
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 4
| Dec dew point C = 0
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354160105&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Koszalin Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354160105&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Koszalin Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354160105&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Koszalin Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/koszalin/climate
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Koszalin
| publisher = Time and Date
| access-date = 24 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

== Sports ==
[[File:Koszalin Hala Widowiskowo Sportowa.jpg|thumb|A [[Multi-purpose stadium|multi-purpose indoor arena]] HWS Koszalin]]
* [[AZS Koszalin]] - men's [[Basketball in Poland|basketball]] team, playing in the [[Polish Basketball League]] (the top division)
* [[AZS Politechnika Koszalin]] - women's [[Handball in Poland|handball]] team playing in [[Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League]]: 3rd place in 1st league in 2003/2004 season; promoted to Premiership in 2004/2005 season.
* [[Gwardia Koszalin]] - football team, currently playing in the [[III liga|fourth Polish division]].
* [[Bałtyk Koszalin]] - football team, currently playing in the [[III liga|fourth Polish division]]
* Tennis - [[Bałtyk Koszalin]]
*Rugby - Rugby Club Koszalin
* Motorsport - Klub Motor Sport Koszalin
* American Football - Korsarze Koszalin

== Film festival ==
The city has organised an annual [[film festival]] since 1973 titled the '''Koszalin Festival of Film Debuts "The Youth and Film"''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Koszaliński Festiwal Debiutów Filmowych "Młodzi i Film"'') with the aim to promote young filmmakers. Since 2007, the festival has been a competition review of Polish debuts ([[Feature film|feature]] and [[short film]]s, [[Documentary film|documentaries]] and [[Animated film|animations]]). Besides the competition, there are retrospectives, workshops, and discussions about young cinema entitled "Honesty to Honesty" (Polish: ''Szczerość za szczerość'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pisf.pl/en/aktualnosci/the-youth-and-film-the-festival-of-film-debuts-in-koszalin/|title="The Youth and Film" - The Festival of Film Debuts in Koszalin|publisher=[[Polish Film Institute]]|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206113208/https://pisf.pl/en/aktualnosci/the-youth-and-film-the-festival-of-film-debuts-in-koszalin/|archive-date=6 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The festival is known to be the oldest festival of young cinema in Poland. Among the filmmakers who debuted with their films at the festival are [[Krzysztof Zanussi]], [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], [[Agnieszka Holland]], [[Filip Bajon]] and [[Barbara Sass]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://culture.pl/en/event/30-years-of-mlodzi-i-film-in-koszalin|title=30 years of "Młodzi i Film" in Koszalin|work=[[Culture.pl]]|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206115916/https://culture.pl/en/event/30-years-of-mlodzi-i-film-in-koszalin |archive-date=6 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Major corporations ==

* Zakład Energetyczny Koszalin SA
* [[Browar Koszalin|Brok Brewery SA]]
* [[NordGlass|NordGlass AutoGlass]]
* TWIP Foundation

== Education ==
[[File:Koszalin University of Technology 2010-08.jpg|thumb|[[Koszalin University of Technology]]]]
[[File:Ilodubois.jpg|thumb|[[Stanisław Dubois]] High School in Koszalin]]
* [[Koszalin University of Technology]] (Politechnika Koszalińska)
* Baltic College (Bałtycka Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna)
* Air Force training center (Centrum Szkolenia Sił Powietrznych im. Romualda Traugutta)
* Koszalin University of Humanities (Koszalińska Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Humanistycznych)
* State Higher Vocational School in Koszalin (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Koszalinie)
* Major Seminary of the Diocese of Koszalin-Kolobrzeska in Koszalin (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Koszalińsko-Kołobrzeskiej w Koszalinie)
* Team State School of Music (Zespół Państwowych Szkół Muzycznych im. Grażyny Bacewicz)
* School Arts Team (Zespół Szkół Plastycznych im. Władysława Hasiora)
* 1st. High School Stanisława Dubois (Dubois or colloquially Dibulec)
* 2nd. High School Władysława Broniewskiego (colloquially Bronek)
* 5th. High School Stanisława Lema (Jedności)
* 6th. High School Cypriana Norwida (Podgórna)

== Notable people ==
{{div col}}
* [[Daniel Liczko]] (1615–1662), Sergeant of the Dutch colonial army in [[New Amsterdam]]
* [[Ewald Christian von Kleist]] (1715–1759), poet and cavalry officer <ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kleist,_Ewald_Christian_von |volume= 15 |short=x}}</ref> 
* [[Rudolf Clausius]] (1822–1888), physicist and mathematician and a founder of thermodynamics <ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Clausius,_Rudolf_Julius_Emmanuel |volume= 06 |short=x}}</ref> 
* [[Karl Adolf Lorenz]] (1837–1923), conductor, composer and music pedagogue
* [[Hans Richert]] (1869–1940), school reformer
* [[Hans Grade]] (1879–1946), aviation pioneer
* [[Fritz von Brodowski]] (1886–1944), German army general, controversially killed while in French custody during WWII
* [[Georg Wendt]] (1889–1948), politician, member of the SPD and SED 
* [[Friedrich-Karl Burckhardt]] (1889–1962), World War I flying ace
* [[Peter von Heydebreck]] (1889–1934), [[NSDAP]] politician
* [[Paul Dahlke (actor)|Paul Dahlke]] (1904–1984), stage and film actor
* [[Heinz Pollay]] (1908–1979), dressage horse rider, competed in the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936]] and [[1952 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Martin Ruhnke]] (1921–2004), musicologist
* [[Hans-Joachim Preil]] (1923–1999), actor and comedian
* [[Leslie Brent]] (1925–2019), immunologist and zoologist
* [[Waltraud Nowarra]] (1940–2007), chess player
* [[Vladimir Berdnikov]] (born 1946), painter and glass artist
* [[Mirosław Okoński]] (born 1958), footballer, played 418 pro games and 29 for Poland
* [[Kuba Wojewódzki]] (born 1963), journalist, TV personality, drummer and comedian
* [[Mirosław Trzeciak]] (born 1968), footballer, director of sport development of Legia Warszawa
* [[Marcin Horbacz]] (born 1974), modern pentathlete, competed at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Adam Sztaba]] (born 1975), composer, music producer, conductor, arranger and pianist
* [[Maciej Stachowiak]] (born 1976), software engineer at [[Apple Inc.]]
* [[Kasia Cerekwicka]] (born 1980), pop singer
* [[Marzena Diakun]] (born 1981), conductor
* [[Jakub Różalski]] (born 1981), artist and illustrator
* [[Paweł Spisak]] (born 1981), equestrian, competed at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics
* [[Sebastian Mila]] (born 1982), Polish professional [[association football|footballer]]
* [[Schwesta Ewa]] (born 1984), musician, moved to Germany as a child
* [[Joanna Majdan]] (born 1988), chess player
* [[Daria Zawiałow]] (born 1992), singer-songwriter
* [[Kacper Kozłowski (footballer)|Kacper Kozłowski]] (born 2003), Polish professional [[association football|footballer]]
{{div col end}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Koszalin is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=https://www.koszalin.pl/pl/page/miasta-partnerskie|website=koszalin.pl|publisher=Koszalin|language=pl|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Albano Laziale]], Italy
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bourges]], France
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Fuzhou]], China
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Gladsaxe Municipality|Gladsaxe]], Denmark
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kristianstad Municipality|Kristianstad]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Lida]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Neubrandenburg]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Neumünster]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schwedt]], Germany
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Seinäjoki]], Finland
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg|Tempelhof-Schöneberg (Berlin)]], Germany
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Trakai District Municipality|Trakai]], Lithuania
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Museum of Vladimir Vysotsky in Koszalin]]

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.koszalin.pl/ Official City Authorities site]
{{commons|Koszalin}}

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[[Category:Koszalin| ]]
[[Category:1266 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Pomeranian Voivodeship]]
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[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
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