Editing Kordofanian languages

{{Short description|Geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in parts of Sudan}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Kordofanian
|speakers= 250,000–500,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kordofanian-languages | title=Kordofanian languages &#124; Kordofanian, Niger-Congo, Chadic &#124; Britannica }}</ref>
|acceptance=geographic
|region=[[Nuba Mountains]] of [[Sudan]]
|ethnicity = [[Nuba peoples|Nuba]]
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|child1=[[Kadu languages|Kadu]] (in [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]])
|child2=[[Katla languages|Katla]]–[[Rashad languages|Rashad]] (outer [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]])
|child3=[[Talodi–Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban]]
|iso5=kdo
|glotto=none
|map = Kordofan-languages 02.png
}}

The '''Kordofanian languages''' are a geographic grouping of five language groups spoken in the [[Nuba Mountains]] of the [[South Kordofan]] region of [[Sudan]]: [[Talodi–Heiban languages]], [[Lafofa languages]], [[Rashad languages]], [[Katla languages]] and [[Kadu languages]]. The first four groups are sometimes regarded as branches of the hypothetical [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] family, whereas Kadu is now widely seen as a branch of the proposed [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] family.

== History ==
In 1963, [[Joseph Greenberg]] added them to the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo family]], creating his Niger–Kordofanian proposal. The Kordofanian languages have not been shown to be more distantly related than other branches of Niger–Congo, however, and they have not been shown to constitute a valid group. Today, the [[Kadu languages]] are excluded, and the others are usually included in Niger–Congo proper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Joseph Greenberg and the Current State of Niger-Congo |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313725739_Joseph_Greenberg_and_the_Current_State_of_Niger-Congo |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231003205916/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313725739_Joseph_Greenberg_and_the_Current_State_of_Niger-Congo |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>

[[Roger Blench]] notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the [[noun class]] systems characteristic of the [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] core of Niger–Congo but that the two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had such a system. However, the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a [[Sprachbund]] rather than having inherited them. Blench concludes that Talodi and Heiban are core Niger–Congo whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch along the lines of [[Mande languages|Mande]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[Heiban languages|Heiban]], [[Katloid languages|Katloid]], and [[Talodi languages|Talodi]] are also grouped together in an automated computational analysis ([[Automated Similarity Judgment Program|ASJP]] 4) by Müller et al. (2013).<ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)]''.</ref> However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

[[File:Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains.svg|thumb|right|450x450px|Clickable map of the [[Languages of the Nuba Mountains|language families, subfamilies, and languages spoken in the Nuba Mountains]]. Kordofanian includes [[Kadu languages|Kadu]] and all of the [[Niger–Congo]] branches.]]

== Talodi–Heiban languages ==
{{main|Talodi–Heiban languages}}
The Heiban languages, also called Koalib or Koalib–Moro, and the Talodi languages, also called Talodi–Masakin, are part of the [[Talodi–Heiban languages|Talodi–Heiban group]].<ref>Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", ''Language and Linguistics Compass'' 2/5:842.</ref>

== Lafofa languages ==
{{main|Lafofa languages}}
Lafofa (Tegem) was for a time classified with Talodi, but appears to be a separate branch of Niger–Congo.

== Rashad languages ==
{{main|Rashad languages}}
The number of Rashad languages, also called Tegali–Tagoi, varies among descriptions, from two (Williamson & Blench 2000), three (Ethnologue), to eight (Blench ''ms''). Tagoi has a noun-class system like the Atlantic–Congo languages, which is apparently borrowed, but Tegali does not.

== Katla languages ==
{{main|Katla languages}}
The two Katla languages have no trace of ever having had a Niger–Congo-type noun-class system.

== Kadu languages ==
{{main|Kadu languages}}
Since the work of [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]] in 1981, the [[Kadu languages|"Tumtum" or Kadu branch]] is now widely seen as [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]].

==Reconstruction==
Quint (2020) suggests that Proto-Kordofanian can be reconstructed from the [[Heiban languages|Heibanian]], [[Talodi languages|Talodian]], [[Rashad languages|Rashadian]], [[Katloid languages|Katloid]], and [[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] languages. His Proto-Kordofanian reconstructions are as follows:<ref name="Quint">Quint, Nicolas (2020). In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of African Languages'', 239-268. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Proto-Kordofanian !! [[Talodi languages|Talodian]] !! [[Heiban languages|Heibanian]] !! [[Lafofa languages|Lafofa]] !! [[Katloid languages|Katloid]] (''[[Tima language|Tima]]'') !! [[Rashad languages|Rashadian]]
|-
! bark 1 (n.)
| *-mVk-
| *t-ə-mək
| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl]
| 
| 
| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' kìmbàkɔ́l
|-
! bark 2 (n.)
| *k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrE
| 
| 
| c-iíri
| kúúr
| *g-ware
|-
! beat / hit
| *-bV-
| *-gob- / *kə-bɔ
| *-bid̪-
| ...biŋ
| 
| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' bí(r) / pù(ró)
|-
! belly
| *-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk
| *j-+-arag / *ca-rək
| *g-+-aare
| t̪-úur-i
| kúɽúún
| 
|-
! bite / eat
| *-CVk
| *-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ
| *-iy-
| ...jiɛ
| 
| *yɛk
|-
! blood
| *(C)iC<sub>P</sub>V
| *ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk
| 
| 
| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' ija ~ iya
| ''[[Rashad language|Rashad]]'' wiya
|-
! breast
| *CVmiC
| *j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik
| 
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' kɨ̀míndì
| *d-miɲ
|-
! clothes
| *kErEC
| *k-ɛrɛt̪
| *g-+-ered̪
| 
| 
| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' kɛr(ɛ́)w
|-
! dry
| *-OndV
| *-an d̪o
| *-unDo
| 
| 
| *-uddi
|-
! ear
| *kVnV
| *g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu
| *g- / n-+-aani
| 
| kɔ́.nɔ̀
| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' finin, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' (a)nuu
|-
! elephant
| *-VŋV(C)
| 
| *d-+-oŋor
| yuːŋi
| 
| *(fV)ŋVn
|-
! eye
| *?+-git
| *j-+-igg / *c-it
| 
| 
| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' gɨgöt
| *y-ngid
|-
! foot / leg
| *-AkA(C)
| *ts-+-agag
| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' káakà [káagà]
| l-ia-ga
| 
| *d-ɛgɛn
|-
! goat
| *Em(b)iT
| *w-+-emig / *u-mit
| 
| ɛɛmi
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' címìd̪
| *mbɨt
|-
! green / wet
| *-iklV ~ *ijlV
| 
| *-iigla
| b-ʊ́ɒji-lli
| 
| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' -ijilú, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' -rígɛ̂l
|-
! hair
| *kaam ~ *gaam
| *d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪
| 
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' káàm
| *g-aam
|-
! head
| *gaC<sub>DP</sub> ~ *C<sub>P</sub>aC<sub>DP</sub>
| *j-+-ats, *c-ac
| 
| 
| ''[[Katla language|Katla]]'' gas
| *g-aj
|-
! left (side)
| *-C<sub>V</sub>ul- ~ *-C<sub>V</sub>ur-
| *-gule / *-gulɛ
| *-awur
| kúlɪ
| 
| *-awwir
|-
! mud
| *-ElO
| 
| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kèlòo
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' k-ʌ́ʌ́lu
| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' ŋí̧lɔ́
|-
! near
| *-Et̪t̪OC
| *-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t
| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k]
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' mɛ̀t̪ɛ́n
| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' gattɔŋ / tɔgɔt
|-
! one
| *attV ~ *addV
| 
| *-aDDe
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' àtíín
| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' wàttá
|-
! rain
| *kaw ~ *kal
| *k-abɪk
| *g-+-aw
| k-állɔ́-y
| 
| *(y)au
|-
! red
| *-OrdE
| *-oode<ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. ''A Survey of Kordofanian Vol 2: The Talodi Group''. (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika: Beiheft, 2.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske. 175pp.</ref> / *-d̪ɛ
| *-UUre
| 
| ''[[Tima language|Tima]]'' -rdí
| *-araw
|-
! sheep
| *kAC<sub>V</sub>AC
| *t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪
| ''[[Koalib language|Koalib]]'' káaŋàl
| βaːŋi
| (k)áŋàl
| ''[[Orig language|Orig]]'' kàgóy
|-
! smoke (n.)
| *-uC<sub>LVB</sub>bV
| 
| *g-+-ulu
| c-oor-í
| kʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́n
| ''[[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]'' k(ə)rək, ''[[Tegali language|Tegali]]'' tulɛ́
|-
! sun
| *-VC<sub>N</sub>V
| *j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi
| Ø-+*-aŋin
| 
| kínèè
| *-aane
|-
! tongue
| *-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V)
| *d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛ
| d̪-+*-ŋela
| l-íáŋ-i
| kìlíŋíì
| *d-aŋil(-ag)
|-
! vomit
| *-UdA ~ *-UwA
| -VddV / *uk-dɛ
| *-wey-
| lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa
| -húwʌ̀
| *VdVk
|}

===Lexical isoglosses===
Starostin (2018) lists the following common lexical isoglosses in the Kordofanian languages. Potential cognates are highlighted in '''bold'''.<ref>Starostin, George. 2018. ''[https://starling.rinet.ru/confer/Starostin-2018.pdf Preliminary lexicostatistical analysis for languages of the Nuba Mountains]''. 13th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative-Historical Linguistics (RSUH, March 22-23, 2018).</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Proto-language
! eye
! bone
! egg
! tooth
! ear
! tongue
! head
! I
! thou
|-
! Proto-Heiban
| '''*=ey'''
| '''*=uya'''
| '''*=ɛɲɔ(ŋ)'''
| '''*=iŋa-t̪'''
| '''*=ɛːni'''
| '''*=ŋɛla'''
| *=da
| '''*(i)ɲ=i'''
| '''*(u)ŋ=a'''
|-
! Proto-Talodi
| '''*=igi'''
| ''*=umV''
| '''*=uwi(ŋ)'''
| '''*=iɲi-t'''
| '''*=ɛːnu'''
| '''*=lʊŋɛ'''
| '''*=âs'''
| '''*ŋ=i'''
| '''*(u)ŋ=a'''
|-
! (Proto-)Lafofa
| '''=î'''
| ''=uami''
| '''=uwɛ-'''
| '''=ɛːŋı'''
| 
| '''liaŋi'''
| '''=ay'''
| ɲɛ-
| ŋɔ-
|-
! Proto-Katla-Tima
| '''*=igi'''
| '''*=uga'''
| '''*=iwɔɲ'''
| 
| '''*=ɔnɔ'''
| '''*=liŋi'''
| '''*=as'''
| ɲɔŋ
| ŋaŋ
|-
! Proto-Rashad
| '''*=i(ŋ)gə'''
| '''*=uh'''
| *iye (?)
| '''*=iɲi-n'''
| '''*=əni-n'''
| '''*=ŋəla'''
| '''*=as'''
| '''*ŋ=i'''
| '''*ŋ=ɔ'''
|-
! Proto-Kadu
| *=yV
| *kuɓa
| *sule
| '''*=kini'''
| *=ɛːsɔ
| *ŋaɗɔ
| *=at̪u
| *aʔa
| *oʔo
|}

==Comparative vocabulary==
Sample basic vocabulary of the Heiban, Talodi, [[Rashad languages|Rashad]], and Lafofa branches:

''Note'': In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="font-size: 85%"
! Language !! eye !! ear !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! mouth !! blood !! bone !! tree !! water !! eat !! name
|-
| Proto-[[Heiban languages|Heiban]]<ref>Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</ref> || *ay / g-,j- || *-aani || *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- || *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- || *-ŋela; *-iŋla ? / D-,d- || *-uuɲu || *-win / ŋ- || *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) || *-aaɽe / gu-,j- (WC) || *-aw / ŋ- || *-id̪d̪- || *-iriɲ / j- 
|-
| Proto-[[Talodi languages|Talodi]]<ref>Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.</ref> || *c-it / k- || *k-ɛnu / 0- || *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- || *c-ə-ɲit / k- || *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- || *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- || *ŋ-ɪccʊk || *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- || *p-ɪda / k- || *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ || *ḷə-ɡɔ || *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (or *...n̪)
|-
| Proto-[[Katloid languages|Katloid]]<ref>Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). [https://www.academia.edu/38151458/Reconstructing_Katloid_and_deconstructing_Kordofanian Reconstructing Katloid and deconstructing Kordofanian]. In: Schneider-Blum et al. (eds.): ''Nuba Mountain Languages Studies'' 3. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.</ref> || *g-ɪgɛd̪ || *-ɔnɔ ||  || *gɪ-lɛd̪ || *-laŋɛd̪ ||  || *i-ju(u) ||  ||  ||  || *-ʌ-lV- || 
|-
| [[Tagoi language|Tagoi]]<ref name="Schadeberg2013">Schadeberg, Thilo. 2013. Rashad survey data. In Roger Blench & Thilo Schadeberg (eds), Nuba Mountain Language Studies. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp.325-345.</ref> || yígət / ŋə́gət || fənín / fənédit || yídir / ŋə́dər || tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən || táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt || kajər / hájɛrət || ŋɔ́y || kuh / huh || kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ || ŋay || yɛk || pəŋən / fəŋən
|-
| Turjok<ref name="Schadeberg2013"/> || íŋgət / ŋ̀gət || fəniín / fəníínət || indər / ŋəndər || M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin || taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt || kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt || ŋɔ́y || kus / sus || kafɔ / safɔ́ || ŋaay || || pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn
|-
| [[Tegali language|Tagom]]<ref name="Schadeberg2013"/> || ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de || nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun || ndr̀ / ndr̀re || ɲîn / ɲîne || aŋa / aŋún || ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre || óyá / óyo̍n || uru / urûn || lás / lásɛ || ega || yɛk || ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn
|-
| [[Tegem language|Tegem]]<ref name="Blench2016">Blench, Roger. 2016. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Tegem/Tegem%20Amira%20Blench.pdf Tegem-Amira: a previously unrecognised subgroup of Niger-Congo]''.</ref> || ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì  / m- ||  || kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- || ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- || l-iәŋ(ì) || k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi || ɲɪ̀ || ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì)  / m- || kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) || ɲìì || kɪ́rɪ̀k || ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a-
|-
| [[Amira language|El Amira]]<ref name="Blench2016"/> || lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ ||  || wimu || t-aɲ / k- || liŋ || kiɲ || ɲi || tuwam || kwa || ɲi || palith || 
|}

===Numerals===
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:<ref name="ChanNumeralsNC">{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|last=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"  style="font-size: 85%"
! Classification !! Language !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10
|-
| Katla || [[ISO 639:kcr|Katla]] || ʈíʈʌ́k || cík || ʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ || ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀m || ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n || ɟɔ́lʈɪ́n || ɟɔ́lɪ́k || t̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀l || ɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́n || ràk͡pác
|-
| Katla || [[ISO 639:tms|Tima]] || ʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪn || iheek || ihwʌy || ihʌlʌm || iduliin || ɪntədakwalɔŋ || ɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛl || ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy || int̪ʌhʌdʌkun || ihedʌkún
|-
| Rashad || [[ISO 639:tag|Tagoi (Orig)]] || -wàttá / ùttá || wùkkók || wìttá || wàrʊ̀m || wʊ̧ràm || ɲérér || ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ || tùppá || kʊ́mnàsá(n) || kʊ́mán
|-
| Rashad || [[ISO 639:ras|Tegali]] || m̪t̪a || rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ || d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a || aːrəm || ʊmmə || ɲeˑɽe || ʊmmərkʊ || duˑpˑa || fəŋɪsan || fəŋən
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:wrn|Warnang (Werni/Wernang)]] || ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́r || ŋèrccáccény || ŋèrráttén || ŋèlàmlàŋ || ŋera ŋoʈʈor || ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?) || ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) || ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?) || ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?) || kiccukurrɐ
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:mor|Moro]] || ɡónto || lə́ɡə́tʃan || lə́ɡɪ́tʃɪn || márlon || ðénə́ŋ || ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto   (5+ 1) || ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan  (5+ 2) || ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3) || ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) || rɛ́θ
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:tic|Tira]] || kɛ̀nːɛ || kɪ̀ɽɪcàn || kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́n || maɬɽʊ̀ || ðɛ́nɛ̀ || ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n    (3+3) || maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3) || ɔ́bːɔ̀ || ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀  (5+4) || ʊ́rːɪ̀
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:lro|Laro]] || kʷɛ̀tɛ̀ || rɔ́m || tə̀ɽìl || kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ || tʊ̀dìní || ɲə̀rlə̀l || kʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl  (4+3) || ɗúbə̀ || tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4) || dí
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:otr|Otoro]] || wɛ̀dɔ́ŋ || kútèn || t̪èɽel || kɔ̀ɽɔŋ || t̪ɔ̀ðːnɛ || ɲɛ̄ɽɛl || kɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel  (4+3) || dúbə || t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4) || dìː
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:kib|Koalib]] (1) || kwɛ́t:ɛ || kwiɽín || tɛjɪɾ || kɔɽŋɔn || tuðní || ɲiɾlíl || kunəðɗuβə || ɗuβaβuŋa || kunəðɗi || ɗí
|-
| Heiban || [[ISO 639:kib|Koalib]] (2) || -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ || -iɽɐn || tɔɔɽɔl || twaɽŋan || toðne || ɲerlel || ɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀n || ɗòvɔ̀kkwóppà || kwúnɐ̀ttùrrí || rúi
|-
| Talodi || [[ISO 639:dec|Dagik]] || j-ɜlːʊ || j-ɛːɽa || j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ || bɽandɔ || si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand) || na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1) || na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2) || na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3) || na bɽandɔ (5 + 4) || n̪ipɽa
|-
| Talodi || [[ISO 639:acz|Acheron]] || bulluk || weɽʌk || wʌt̪t̪ʌk || bɽando || zəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand') || zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk  (5 + 1) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk  (5 + 2) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) || zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4) || ɡurruŋ
|-
| Talodi || [[ISO 639:lmd|Lumun]] || cʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂ || mɛ̀ɽá || mɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀k || mɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n || mʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀k || mɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀k || mɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k (  3) ? || mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ  (2 x 4) ? || mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n  (5 + 4) || mɑ̀tul
|}

== See also ==
* [[Languages of the Nuba Mountains]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Herman Bell. 1995. [http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html The Nuba Mountains: Who Spoke What in 1976?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185642/http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html archive link]).  Being a study of the published results from a major project of the [[Institute of African and Asian Studies]]: the ''Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains''.
* Roger Blench.  Unpublished. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222916/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/nuba-hills-conference-paper-2011.pdf Does Kordofanian constitute a group and if not, where does its languages fit into Niger-Congo?]
* Roger Blench.  Unpublished. [http://rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian and Niger–Congo: new and revised lexical evidence].
* Roger Blench, 2011, [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Should Kordofanian be split up?], Nuba Hills Conference, Leiden
* P. A. and D. N. MacDiarmid.  1931.  "The languages of the Nuba Mountains."  ''Sudan Notes and Records'' 14: 149-162.
* [[Carl Meinhof]]. 1915-1919.  "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan".  ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9.  "1. Tagoy." 6: 164-161.  "2. Tumale". 6:182-205.  "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981a.  ''A survey of Kordofanian.''  SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981b.  "Das Kordofanische".  ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.''  Band 1: ''Niger–Kordofanisch'', ed. by [[Bernd Heine]], T. C. Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], pp.&nbsp;117–28  SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg:Helmut Buske Verlag.
* [[Thilo C. Schadeberg]]. 1981c.  [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8805/5_1234891_019.pdf "The classification of the Kadugli language group"].  ''Nilo-Saharan'', ed. by T. C. Schadeberg and M. [[Lionel Bender (linguist)|Lionel Bender]], pp.&nbsp;291–305.  Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
* Brenda Z. Seligmann.  1910-11.  "Note on the language of the [[Nuba]]s of Southern [[Kordofan]]." ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188.
* Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57.  "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba Mountains languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha, and Nyimang."  ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
* Tucker, A. N. and M. A. Bryan. 1956.  ''The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.)  [[Oxford University Press]]: [[London]].
* [[Archibald Tucker|A. N. Tucker]] and M. A. Bryan. 1966.  ''Linguistic Analyses/The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa.'' (Handbook of African Languages.)  [[Oxford University Press]]: [[London]].
* Tutschek, Lorenz.  1848.  "Über die Tumale-Sprache."  ''Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer.''  [[Akademie der Wissenschaften]].  Nrs. 91-93; Spalten 729-52.  (=''Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften''.  Nrs. 29-31.)
* Tutschek, Lorenz..  1848-50.  "On the Tumali language".  ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1846-47 and 1847-48.'' Vol 3:239-54.  ''Proceedings of the Philological Society for 1848-49 and 1849-50.'' Vol. 4:138-9.

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
*[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/KordOP.htm Roger Blench: Kordofanian materials]

{{Kordofanian languages}}
{{Nilo-Saharan families}}
{{Niger-Congo branches}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kordofanian languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Sudan|*]]
[[Category:Niger–Congo languages]]
[[Category:South Kordofan]]