Editing Konstanz

{{Short description|City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany}}
{{Infobox German place
|name = Constance
|German_name = Konstanz
|type = Stadt
|image_photo = Rheintorturm in Konstanz.jpg
|image_caption = {{lang|de|Rheintorturm}}, a section of the former city wall of Konstanz at [[Lake Constance]]
|image_flag = Flag of Konstanz.svg
|image_coa = Wappen Konstanz.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|47|40|N|9|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Konstanz in KN.svg
|state = Baden-Württemberg
|region = Freiburg
|district = Konstanz
|elevation = 405
|area = 55.65
|postal_code = 78462–78467
|area_code = 07531, 07533
|licence = KN
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 35 043
|divisions = 15
|website = [http://www.konstanz.de/ www.konstanz.de]
|mayor = [[Ulrich Burchardt]]<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 13 September 2021.</ref>
|leader_term       = 2020&ndash;28
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party = CDU
}}

'''Konstanz''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|s|t|ə|n|t|s}} {{respell|KON|stənts}},<ref>{{Cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|usalso|ˈ|k|ɔː|n|s|t|ɑː|n|t|s}} {{respell|KAWN|stahnts}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Konstanz|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/konstanz|title=Konstanz|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Constance|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈkɔnʃtants|lang|LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller-Konstanz.wav}} {{IPA|de|ˈkɔnstants||de-Konstanz2.ogg|label=or}}, {{IPA|gsw|ˈkoʃd̥əts, ˈxoʃd̥əts|lang}}), traditionally known as '''Constance''' in English, is a [[college town|university city]] with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of [[Lake Constance]] in the south of [[Germany]]. The city houses the [[University of Konstanz]] and was the residence of the Roman Catholic [[Diocese of Konstanz]] for more than 1,200 years.

==Location==

[[File:Konstanz Imperia 01.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Imperia (statue)|Imperia]]'' statue at the [[Lake Constance]] harbour of Konstanz is the city's famous landmark]]
The city is located in the state of [[Baden-Württemberg]] and situated at the banks of Lake Constance (''Bodensee'' in German). The river [[Rhine]], which starts in the [[Swiss Alps]], passes through Lake Constance and leaves it, considerably larger, by flowing under a bridge connecting the two parts of the city. North of the river lies the larger part of the city with residential areas, industrial estates, and the University of Konstanz; while south of the river is the old town, which houses the administrative centre and shopping facilities in addition to the ''Hochschule'' or the ''University of Applied Sciences''. Car ferries provide access across Lake Constance to [[Meersburg]], and the ''Katamaran'' provides a shuttle service for pedestrians to [[Friedrichshafen]]. The [[Germany–Switzerland border]] runs along the southwestern and southern edge of the city, demarcating it from the Swiss town of [[Kreuzlingen]].

==Subdivisions==

Konstanz is subdivided into 15 wards or districts (''Stadtteile''). The island of [[Mainau]] belonged to the ward of Litzelstetten, a separate municipality, until its incorporation into Konstanz on 1 December 1971.
[[File:Konstanz Stadtteile mehrfarbig.png|thumb|Wards of Konstanz]]

==History==
<!--[[File:Konstanz-bruecke1925.jpg|thumb|right|Konstanz in 1925 seen from the lake {{deletable image-caption|Friday, December 17, 2010|date=December 2010}}]]-->
[[File:Konstanz Schnetztor asv2022-10.jpg|thumb|''Schnetztor'', a section of the former [[city wall]].]]

{{see also|Bishopric of Constance}}
The first traces of civilization in Konstanz date back to the late [[Stone Age]]. 
During the reign of [[Augustus]], the [[Celts]] living south of the Danube were conquered by the Romans. Around 40 AD, the first Romans settled on the site. This small town on the left bank of the Rhine was probably first called ''Drusomagus'' and belonged to the [[Roman province]] of ''[[Raetia]]''. Its later name, originally ''Constantia'', comes either from the Roman emperor [[Constantius Chlorus]], who fought the [[Alemanni]] in the region and built a strong fortress around 300 AD, or from his grandson [[Constantius II]], who visited the region in 354. The remains of the [[Late Antiquity|late Roman]] fortress ''Constantia'' were discovered in 2003.

Around 585 the first bishop took up residence in Konstanz and this marked the beginning of the city's importance as a spiritual center. By the late [[Middle Ages]], about one quarter of Konstanz's 6,000 inhabitants were exempt from taxation on account of clerical rights.

Trade thrived during the Middle Ages. Konstanz owned the only bridge in the region, which crossed the Rhine, making it a strategic location in the [[Duchy of Swabia]]. Its [[linen]] production had made an international name for the city and it was prosperous. In 1192, Konstanz gained the status of [[Free Imperial City|Imperial City]] so it was henceforth subject only to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].

In 1414 to 1418, the [[Council of Constance]] took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, [[Jan Hus]] (Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer), who was seen as a threat to [[Christianity]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church]], was [[burned at the stake]]. It was here that the [[Papal Schism of 1378|Papal Schism]] was ended and [[Pope Martin V]] was elected during the only [[conclave]] ever held north of the Alps. [[Ulrich von Richental]]'s illustrated chronicle of the Council of Constance testifies to all the major happenings during the council as well as showing the everyday life of medieval Konstanz. The ''Konzilgebäude'' where the conclave was held can still be seen standing by the harbour. Close by stands the ''[[Imperia (statue)|Imperia]]'', a statue that was erected in 1993 to satirically commemorate the council.

In 1460, the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] conquered [[Thurgau]], Konstanz's natural [[hinterland]]. Konstanz then made an attempt to get admitted to the Swiss Confederacy, but the forest cantons voted against its entry, fearing overbearing city states; Konstanz then joined the [[Swabian League]] instead. In the [[Swabian War]] of 1499, Konstanz lost its last privileges over Thurgau to the Confederation.

The [[Protestant Reformation]] took hold in Konstanz in the 1520s, headed by [[Ambrosius Blarer]]. Soon the city declared itself officially [[Protestant]], pictures were removed from the churches, and the bishop temporarily moved to [[Meersburg]], a small town across the lake. The city first followed the [[Tetrapolitan Confession]], and then the [[Augsburg Confession]]. However, in 1548 Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] imposed the [[Imperial Ban]] on Konstanz and it had to surrender to [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]] which had suddenly attacked. Thus Konstanz lost its status as an imperial city.
The new Habsburg rulers were eager to [[Counter Reformation|re-Catholicise]] the town and in 1604 a [[Jesuits|Jesuit College]] was opened. Its accompanying theatre, built in 1610, is the oldest theatre in Germany still performing regularly.

The city became part of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] in 1806. In 1821, the [[Bishopric of Constance]] was dissolved and became part of the [[Archdiocese of Freiburg]]. Konstanz became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 during the [[unification of Germany]]. After [[World War I]] it was included within the [[Republic of Baden]].

[[File:Konstanz-bahnhofstraße-ecke-sigismundstraße-deportierte-konstanzer-juden-monolith.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial to the [[Jews in Nazi Germany|murdered Jews]] of Konstanz]]
On 22 October 1940, 110 of the last Jewish residents were deported to [[Gurs internment camp]] in France. Most of those who were still alive in August 1942 were murdered in either [[Sobibór extermination camp|Sobibór]] or [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].

Because it almost lies within [[Switzerland]], directly adjacent to the Swiss border, Konstanz was not bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] during [[World War II]].  <!-- {{Citation needed|reason=Switzerland was under blackout from November 1940 to September 1944, this fact seems to be more of a popular myth |date=April 2020}}. See ref provided. How do we know Swiss blacked out?--> After the war, Konstanz was included first in [[South Baden]] and then in the new state of [[Baden-Württemberg]].

The ''Altstadt'' (Old Town), which is large considering the small size of modern Konstanz, has many old buildings and twisting alleys. The city skyline is dominated by [[Cathedral of Konstanz|Konstanz Cathedral]], several other churches and three towers left over from the city wall, one of which marks the place of the former medieval bridge over the [[Rhine]].

The [[University of Konstanz]] was established close to the town in 1966. It houses a library with approximately two million books, all freely accessible 24 hours a day, as well as a [[botanical garden]] (the [[Botanischer Garten der Universität Konstanz]]). Especially since 2007, the university, being one of the nine German universities most successful in the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], has gained considerable reputation as a so-called "elite university".

Konstanz was the birthplace of Count [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]], constructor of the famous [[Zeppelin]] [[airship]]s.
In the late 2010s, Konstanz has become a popular destination for ''Einkaufstourismus'', or [[Border trade|cross-border shopping]] by Swiss due to lower prices on basic items in Germany, a favorable [[exchange rate]] between the [[Swiss franc]] and the [[euro]], and a generous German [[Tax in Germany#value-added tax|VAT]] refund for non-[[European Union]] residents. Retail chains such as [[H&M]] and [[dm-drogerie markt|dm]] have built large new stores near the town's central square to cater to this trade, and some Konstanz residents feel the city is losing its historic character in the process; many of them avoid the area on Saturdays. This has led to friction with officials from Kreuzlingen as their city has seen no economic benefit from this trade, and they have been requesting that their [[government of Switzerland|national government]] bring up the issue of the VAT refund with Germany.<ref name="Cross-border shopping">{{cite news|last=Gagnon|first=Milan|title=The Swiss Invasion|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/roads/2017/03/kostanz_the_german_border_town_under_siege_by_rapacious_swiss_bargain_hunters.html|newspaper=[[Slate (website)|Slate]]|date=March 6, 2017|access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> Subsequently, Germany has introduced a minimum spend amount of €50.01 per receipt for the German VAT to be refunded. Customs clearance centres are conveniently located near shopping centres.
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Largest groups of foreign residents
|-
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Population (2014)
|-
|{{flag|Italy}} || 1,627
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || 1,132
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}} || 568
|-
|{{flag|Romania}} || 565
|-
|{{flag|Serbia & Montenegro}} || 500
|-
|{{flag|Austria}} || 381
|-
|}

==Climate==
Its location in [[Southern Germany|south-west Germany]] gives Konstanz a [[Oceanic climate|degraded oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') with warm and humid summers (moderated by the lake) as well as cold and snowy winters.
{{Weather box
| location     = Konstanz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2021)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 16.3
|Feb record high C = 19.4
|Mar record high C = 24.4
|Apr record high C = 30.7
|May record high C = 33.1
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 36.9
|Aug record high C = 36.5
|Sep record high C = 30.9
|Oct record high C = 27.5
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 17.0
|year record high C = 
|Jan record low C = -21.8
|Feb record low C = -21.5
|Mar record low C = -17.5
|Apr record low C = -6.2
|May record low C = -4.4
|Jun record low C = 0.2
|Jul record low C = 3.7
|Aug record low C = 4.0
|Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record low C = -4.0
|Nov record low C = -9.5
|Dec record low C = -14.0
|year record low C = 
|Jan high C = 	3.9
|Feb high C = 	5.8
|Mar high C = 	11.1
|Apr high C = 	16.0
|May high C = 	20.3
|Jun high C = 	23.9
|Jul high C = 	25.7
|Aug high C = 	25.3
|Sep high C = 	20.3
|Oct high C = 	14.6
|Nov high C = 	8.2
|Dec high C = 	4.5
| year high C =	15
|Jan mean C = 	1.2
|Feb mean C = 	2.1
|Mar mean C = 	6.0
|Apr mean C = 	10.2
|May mean C = 	14.5
|Jun mean C = 	18.1
|Jul mean C = 	19.9
|Aug mean C = 	19.5
|Sep mean C = 	15.0
|Oct mean C = 	10.3
|Nov mean C = 	5.2
|Dec mean C = 	2.0
|year mean C = 	10.3
|Jan low C = 	-1.0
|Feb low C = 	-0.9
|Mar low C = 	2.0
|Apr low C = 	5.2
|May low C = 	9.5
|Jun low C = 	13.2
|Jul low C = 	15.0
|Aug low C = 	14.8
|Sep low C = 	11.1
|Oct low C = 	7.3
|Nov low C = 	2.9
|Dec low C = 	-0.1
| year low C =	6.6
| precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	45.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 	44.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 	50.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 	56.5
|May precipitation mm = 	89.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 	99.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 	96.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 	97.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 	69.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 	62.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 	57.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 	63.2
| year precipitation mm =	833.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	14.1
|Feb precipitation days = 	12.8
|Mar precipitation days = 	14.1
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.1
|May precipitation days = 	15.0
|Jun precipitation days = 	15.5
|Jul precipitation days = 	15.2
|Aug precipitation days = 	14.8
|Sep precipitation days = 	13.3
|Oct precipitation days = 	14.0
|Nov precipitation days = 	14.2
|Dec precipitation days = 	15.8
|year precipitation days = 	171.9
|Jan sun = 	49.1
|Feb sun = 	75.4
|Mar sun = 	129.8
|Apr sun = 	205.2
|May sun = 	239.7
|Jun sun = 	239.6
|Jul sun = 	234.2
|Aug sun = 	214.4
|Sep sun = 	161.5
|Oct sun = 	116.0
|Nov sun = 	52.0
|Dec sun = 	37.7
|year sun = 	1824.1
|Jan humidity = 	85.9
|Feb humidity = 	80.8
|Mar humidity = 	73.8
|Apr humidity = 	68.8
|May humidity = 	70.3
|Jun humidity = 	70.2
|Jul humidity = 	70.1
|Aug humidity = 	73.5
|Sep humidity = 	79.7
|Oct humidity = 	85.5
|Nov humidity = 	87.6
|Dec humidity = 	87.6
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	7.0
|Feb snow days = 	7.2
|Mar snow days = 	2.1
|Apr snow days = 	0.2
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.1
|Nov snow days = 	1.7
|Dec snow days = 	5.3
|year snow days = 	
| source 1 = [[NCEI]],<ref name=ncei>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012161404/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Konstanz_10929.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Konstanz_10929.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Konstanz
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref> (extremes for the 1961-1990 period<ref name = noaa/>)
|source 2 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de}}</ref>
 |date=14 September 2022
}}
{{Weather box
|collapsed=Yes
|location = Konstanz, 2015-2020 normals
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|
|Jan high C = 4.3
|Feb high C = 5.8
|Mar high C = 11.8
|Apr high C = 16.7
|May high C = 20.1
|Jun high C = 25.5
|Jul high C = 27.5
|Aug high C = 26.7
|Sep high C = 21.3
|Oct high C = 15.4
|Nov high C = 9.1
|Dec high C = 5.4
|year high C = 15.8
|Jan low C = -0.1
|Feb low C = 0.0
|Mar low C = 2.7
|Apr low C = 6.0
|May low C = 10.0
|Jun low C = 14.7
|Jul low C = 16.5
|Aug low C = 16.0
|Sep low C = 11.9
|Oct low C = 8.0
|Nov low C = 4.2
|Dec low C = 1.2
|year low C = 7.6
|
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 57.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 37.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 60.6
|May precipitation mm = 99.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 85.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 74.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 89.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 44.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 47.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 30.4
|year precipitation mm = 714.9
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =9.5	
| Feb precipitation days  =8.5	
| Mar precipitation days  =10.7	
| Apr precipitation days  =10.4	
| May precipitation days  =11.3	
| Jun precipitation days  =11.9	
| Jul precipitation days  =11.5	
| Aug precipitation days  =10.8	
| Sep precipitation days  =9.5	
| Oct precipitation days  =9.1
| Nov precipitation days  =9.7
| Dec precipitation days  =10.7
| Jan humidity    =84	
| Feb humidity    =80	
| Mar humidity    =75	
| Apr humidity    =72	
| May humidity    =73	
| Jun humidity    =74	
| Jul humidity    =74	
| Aug humidity    =77	
| Sep humidity    =81	
| Oct humidity    =85	
| Nov humidity    =86	
| Dec humidity    =85	
|Jan sun = 54
|Feb sun = 83
|Mar sun = 157
|Apr sun = 207
|May sun = 208
|Jun sun = 252
|Jul sun = 280
|Aug sun = 246
|Sep sun = 189
|Oct sun = 121
|Nov sun = 60
|Dec sun = 53
|year sun = 1910
|source = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
  |title=Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte
  }}</ref> and [https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/files/kd/climsheet/de/GUT_norm8110.pdf MeteoSchweiz] (unavailable)
|date=January 2013
|source 2 = weather-online<ref>{{cite web
  |title=Kostanz (442m)
  |work=weatheronline.co.nz
  |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.nz/weather/maps/city?LANG=nz&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=10929&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0001&LAND=DL&MOD=tab&ART=SOS&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2015&LMM=1&LYY=2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| width        = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed    = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open         = 
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = Konstanz (Mainau Forest), elevation: 447 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C  =0.0
| Feb mean C  =1.3
| Mar mean C  =4.7
| Apr mean C  =8.7
| May mean C  =13.1
| Jun mean C  =16.3
| Jul mean C  =18.5
| Aug mean C  =17.7
| Sep mean C  =14.7
| Oct mean C  =9.7
| Nov mean C  =4.3
| Dec mean C  =1.0
| Jan high C  =2.4
| Feb high C  =4.6
| Mar high C  =9.5
| Apr high C  =14.0
| May high C  =18.6
| Jun high C  =21.8
| Jul high C  =24.1
| Aug high C  =23.3
| Sep high C  =20.1
| Oct high C  =13.8
| Nov high C  =7.2
| Dec high C  =3.3
| Jan record high C =14.2
| Feb record high C =17.4
| Mar record high C =24.4
| Apr record high C =28.0
| May record high C =33.1
| Jun record high C =33.7
| Jul record high C =36.0
| Aug record high C =33.5
| Sep record high C =30.5
| Oct record high C =27.5
| Nov record high C =22.0
| Dec record high C =17.0
| Jan low C  =-2.2
| Feb low C  =-1.4
| Mar low C  =1.1
| Apr low C  =4.2
| May low C  =8.2
| Jun low C  =11.6
| Jul low C  =13.6
| Aug low C  =13.4
| Sep low C  =10.7
| Oct low C  =6.8
| Nov low C  =2.0
| Dec low C  =-1.0
| Jan record low C  =-21.8
| Feb record low C  =-21.5
| Mar record low C  =-17.5
| Apr record low C  =-6.2
| May record low C  =-4.4
| Jun record low C  =0.2
| Jul record low C  =3.7
| Aug record low C  =4.0
| Sep record low C  =-0.5
| Oct record low C  =-4.0
| Nov record low C  =-9.5
| Dec record low C  =-14.0
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =52.0
| Feb precipitation mm  =51.0
| Mar precipitation mm  =51.0
| Apr precipitation mm  =68.0
| May precipitation mm  =85.0
| Jun precipitation mm  =105.0
| Jul precipitation mm  =102.0
| Aug precipitation mm  =88.0
| Sep precipitation mm  =71.0
| Oct precipitation mm  =54.0
| Nov precipitation mm  =65.0
| Dec precipitation mm  =57.0
| Jan sun  =43.0
| Feb sun  =73.4
| Mar sun  =124.9
| Apr sun  =161.7
| May sun  =198.6
| Jun sun  =218.1
| Jul sun  =244.6
| Aug sun  =215.3
| Sep sun  =171.1
| Oct sun  =99.8
| Nov sun  =52.6
| Dec sun  =37.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10.0
| Feb precipitation days  =9.0
| Mar precipitation days  =10.0
| Apr precipitation days  =11.0
| May precipitation days  =13.0
| Jun precipitation days  =12.0
| Jul precipitation days  =12.0
| Aug precipitation days  =12.0
| Sep precipitation days  =8.0
| Oct precipitation days  =8.0
| Nov precipitation days  =10.0
| Dec precipitation days  =10.0
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10929.TXT
| title = Konstanz (10929) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = February 5, 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref>
}}

== Main sights ==
* Archaeological Museum
* ''[[Imperia (statue)|Imperia]]'', a 9&nbsp;m-tall sculpture
* Jan Hus Museum
* [[Konstanz Cathedral]]
* ''Konzil'' edifice, dating to the 15th century
* Niederburg (Lower Castle)
* [[Petershausen Abbey]]
* Remains of a Roman fortress, near the Cathedral
* ''Schnetztor'', fortified gate of the former city walls
Konstanz was also home to a large [[synagogue]], destroyed by the [[Nazi]] government in 1938.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Konstanz is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.konstanz.de/leben+in+konstanz/stadtportraet/staedtepartnerschaften|website=konstanz.de|publisher=Konstanz|language=de|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fontainebleau]], France (1960)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]], England, United Kingdom (1983)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tábor]], Czech Republic (1984)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Lodi, Lombardy|Lodi]], Italy (1986)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]], China (2007)

==Transport==
[[Konstanz station]] is the eastern terminus of the [[High Rhine Railway]] line, running westwards to {{stn|Singen}}, with connections to all parts of Germany and the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cities of [[Schaffhausen]] and [[Basel]]. There are three other stations in Konstanz along this line: {{stn|Konstanz-Fürstenberg}}, {{stn|Konstanz-Petershausen}} and {{stn|Konstanz-Wollmatingen}}. In addition, Konstanz station is linked via two connectors (in both directions) to the [[Lake Line]], which runs along the Swiss shore of Lake Constance and the [[High Rhine]]. It is indirectly also linked to the [[Wil–Kreuzlingen railway]] line to {{rws|Weinfelden}}, with connections to long-distance trains in Switzerland. Services are provided by the [[Deutsche Bahn AG]] and also the [[Swiss Federal Railways]] and its subsidiaries [[Thurbo]] and [[SBB GmbH]].

The nearest [[airport]] is at [[Friedrichshafen]], which can be reached by a fast [[ferry]] service on the lake, which also connects Konstanz to other lakeside towns. The airport mainly hosts domestic flights, but flights to [[Austria]] and [[Turkey]] are available. The nearest international airports are in [[Stuttgart]], in [[EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg|Basel]], and [[Zurich Airport|Zurich]], which has a direct train from Konstanz. Bus services within the city are provided by [[Stadtwerke Konstanz]] [[GmbH]].

Additionally Konstanz and [[Friedrichshafen]] have been connected by the two (since 2008, three) [[catamaran]]s ''Constance'' and ''Fridolin'' since 2005. Konstanz is also served by [[Schweizerische Schifffahrtsgesellschaft Untersee und Rhein|URh boat lines]] to [[Kreuzlingen]] and [[Schaffhausen]].

==World Heritage Site==

It is home to one or more prehistoric [[Stilt house|pile-dwelling]] (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the [[Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps]] [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/|title=Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>

==Notable people==
=== Public service and commerce ===
[[File:Portret van Ulrich Zasius Huldrichus Zasius Constantiensis (titel op object), RP-P-OB-31.459.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Ulrich Zasius]]]]
[[File:Guillaume Henri Dufour (Irminger).png|140px|thumb|[[Guillaume Henri Dufour]]]]
*[[Ulrich Zasius]] (1461–1536), jurist <ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle= Ulric Zasius |volume= 15 |short=x}}</ref>
*[[Ernst Vögelin]] (1529–1589), pioneer book printer
*[[Wacker von Wackenfels]] (1550–1619), diplomat, scholar and author
*[[Johann Friedrich Cotta]] (1764–1832) a publisher, industrial pioneer and politician; in 1825 he started steamboats on Lake Constance.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cotta (family) |volume= 7 | pages = 250&ndash;251; page 251 |quote=  his youngest son, Johann Friedrich, Freiherr Cotta von Cottendorf (1764–1832).... In 1825 he started steamboats, for the first time, on Lake Constance, and introduced them in the following year on the Rhine. |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Johann Leonhard Hug]] (1765–1846) a Catholic theologian, orientalist and biblical scholar.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hug, Johann Leonhard |volume= 13 | page=856 |short= 1}}</ref>
*[[Guillaume Henri Dufour]] (1787–1875) a Swiss military officer, structural engineer and topographer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dufour, Wilhelm Heinrich |volume= 8 | page = 646 |short= 1}}</ref>
*Count [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] (1838–1917), a German general and inventor of the [[Zeppelin]] rigid airships.<ref>{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle= Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von |volume = 32 |page= 1128|short=1}}</ref>
*[[Josef Albert Amann]] (junior) (1866–1919), gynecologist
*[[Conrad Grober]] (1872–1948), priest and archbishop, teacher and pastor in Konstanz
*[[Friedrich Flick]] (1883–1972), entrepreneur and convicted Nazi war criminal
*{{ill|Michaela von Neipperg|de|Michaela von Neipperg}} (1885–1957), countess and Benedictine nun, religious superior at the Municipal Women's Clinic Konstanz
*[[Siegfried Handloser|Siegfried Adolf Handloser]] (1885–1954), doctor of the German Armed Forces Medical Services
*{{ill|Melanie Risch|de}} (1887–1944), victim of Nazism
*[[Werner Berger]] (1901–1964), SS-Oberscharführer, member of commando 99 in [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]
*{{ill|Julius Federer|de}} (1911–1984), jurist
*[[Egon Mayer]] (1917–1944), fighter ace in the [[Luftwaffe]] during [[World War II]]
*[[Werner Maihofer]] (1918–2009), politician (FDP), member of Bundestag, minister of the interior (1974–1978)
*[[Theo Sommer]] (1930–2022), newspaper editor at ''[[Die Zeit]]'' since 1958, rising to editor-in-chief and publisher
*[[Berthold Keller]] (1927–2012), trade unionist
*[[Rolf Böhme]] (1934–2019), Staatssekretär (1978–1982), mayor of Freiburg (1982–2002)
*{{ill|Horst Frank (politician)|de|Horst Frank (Politiker)|lt=Horst Frank}} (b. 1949), jurist, Lord Mayor of Konstanz 1996–2012
*[[Ian Murdock]] (1973–2015), American software engineer, founder of the [[Debian]] project 
*[[Larissa Vassilian]] (born 1976), German-Armenian journalist

[[File:Marie Ellenrieder Selbstbildnis 1819.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marie Ellenrieder]], self-portrait, 1819]]

=== The arts ===
*[[Tobias Pock]] (1609–1683), Austrian Baroque painter of Swabian descent, a pioneer of sacral art
*[[Marie Ellenrieder]] (1791–1863), painter
*[[Ida Maier-Müller]] (1821–1904) landscape painter and self-portraitist
*{{ill|Jacob Picard|de}} (1883–1967), writer
*[[Anne Winterer]] (1894–1938), photographer
*[[François Stahly]] (1911–2006), French sculptor
*{{ill|Hans Maria Wingler|de}} (1920–1984), art historian and founder of Bauhaus-Archive
*{{ill|Rosemarie Banholzer|de}} (born 1925), dialect author
*[[Martin Gotthard Schneider]] (1930–2017), church musician, songwriter and theologian
*[[Uli Trepte]] (1941–2009), musician
*{{ill|Carola Zwick|de}} (born 1966), product designer

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Konstanz RoemerTurm.jpg|The late Roman fortress ''Constantia'' at the ''Münsterplatz''
Konstanz Konzil.jpg|The ''Konzilgebäude'' in Konstanz
MPano 07 3.jpg|[[Konstanz Minster|Konstanz Cathedral]]
Konstanz Marktstätte.jpg|Konstanz ''Marktstätte'', the main square in the old town
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium, Konstanz|Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium]]
* [[Cathedral of Konstanz]]
* [[Hochschule Konstanz]] (University of Applied Sciences)
* [[University of Konstanz]]
* [[Tägermoos]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons|Konstanz}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Constance | volume= 6 |last= Coolidge |first= William Augustus Brevoort |author-link= W. A. B. Coolidge|  pages = 984&ndash;985 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.konstanz.de/ Official website]
* {{in lang|de}} [https://www.alemannische-seiten.de/deutschland/konstanz.php Konstanz: history and images at "alemannische-seiten.de"] 
* [http://www.uni-konstanz.de/ University of Konstanz]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330230120/http://www.pictures-germany.com/konstanz/ Pictures Konstanz]
* [http://english.konstanz-magazin.de/ Online journal about Constance]
* [http://www.fh-konstanz.de/ University of Applied Sciences]
* [http://www.konstanzerfasnacht.de/ Photos of the Carnival (~Shrovetide, ~Mardi Grass) in Constance]
* [http://www.suedkurier.de/konstanz Südkurier] ([[Südkurier]]) Local newspaper for Konstanz

{{Cities and towns in Konstanz (district)}}
{{Lake Constance}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Populated places on Lake Constance]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Konstanz (district)]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Germany–Switzerland border crossings]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Further Austria]]