Editing Kittson County, Minnesota

{{short description|County in Minnesota, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
 | county               = Kittson County
 | state                = Minnesota
 | ex image             = Lake Bronson Dam.JPG
 | ex image size        = 220px
 | ex image cap         = [[Lake Bronson State Park|Lake Bronson Dam]]
 | seal                 = 
 | founded              = March 9, 1878 (created by re-naming Pembina Co.)<br/>February 25, 1879 (organized)
 | seat wl              = Hallock
 | largest city wl      = Hallock
 | area_total_sq_mi     = 1104
 | area_land_sq_mi      = 1099
 | area_water_sq_mi     = 4.8
 | area percentage      = 0.4%
 | population_as_of     = 2020
 | population_total     = 4207
 | pop_est_as_of        = 2023
 | population_est       = 4060 {{decrease}}
 | density_sq_mi        = 3.8
 | time zone            = Central
 | web                  = www.co.kittson.mn.us
 | named for            = [[Norman Wolfred Kittson]]
 | district             = 7th
}}

'''Kittson County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in the northwestern corner of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Minnesota]] along the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]], south of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Manitoba]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 4,207.<ref name="QF">{{Cite web |title=State & County QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/kittsoncountyminnesota/PST045222 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Its [[county seat]] is [[Hallock, Minnesota|Hallock]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Find a County |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011 |access-date=June 7, 2011 |publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref>

==History==
Evidence of occupation dating back 1800 years has been confirmed through archaeological expeditions done in the 1930s and 1970s around the burial mounds on the sand ridges in the eastern part of the county, which date to the [[Woodland Period]]. Evidence has been found that the Laurel, Arvilla, St. Croix, and Blackduck complexes were the area's early occupants. About 400 years ago, the [[Cree]], [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]], [[Sioux]] and [[Ojibway]] inhabited the county.

The early explorers of the region were fur traders. [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]], North Dakota's oldest settlement, across the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] from Kittson County, dates from 1797, when the first trading post was established by Charles Baptiste Chaboillez of the [[Northwest Fur Company]]. The [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson Bay]] and American Fur Companies were also in Pembina as the fur trading industry increased. The fur traders and [[voyageurs]] traveled on the eastern side of the Red. [[Alexander Henry the younger]], who erected a fort for the North West Company in Pembina, is thought to be the first white man to test agriculture in the valley. [[Joe Rolette]], who started a fur post for the American Fur Company in Pembina, and [[Norman Kittson|Norman W. Kittson]] (for whom the county is named),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Place Names |url=http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/county.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201420/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/county.cfm |archive-date=June 20, 2012 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society}}</ref> were two early entrepreneurs who opened this area by developing the Red River Ox Cart trails and broadening the use of oxcarts. The need for oxcarts diminished as steamboats became the new mode for transporting furs and supplies. The railroad eventually replaced the steamboats.

Pembina County was one of five large counties the [[Minnesota Territory]] legislature established on October 27, 1849. It was not organized at that time. On March 9, 1878, the legislature renamed Pembina County to Kittson County. On February 25, 1879, Kittson County was divided, creating [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall County]]. The county seat, Hallock, was organized in 1880. Kittson County was further diminished in 1894 when [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau County]] was partitioned off. Kittson County has retained its present boundaries since 1894.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA535 Upham, Warren. ''Minnesota Geographic Names, pp. 276-279'' (1920). Accessed March 16, 2019]</ref>

St. Vincent, which is directly across the Red River from Pembina, was incorporated in 1857,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upham |first=Warren |title=Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780873513968 |edition=3rd, Revised |pages=293}}</ref> just before statehood. In 1878, the [[St. Paul & Pacific Railroad]] line reached St. Vincent and opened the area to settlement. With the railroad coming through, settlers began arriving to stake their claims. Many of the earliest settlers in what became Pembina and St. Vincent were [[Métis in the United States|Métis]], going back to the late 18th century. The railway extended through the western part of the county, with [[Donaldson, Minnesota|Donaldson]], [[Kennedy, Minnesota|Kennedy]], [[Hallock, Minnesota|Hallock]], [[Northcote, Minnesota|Northcote]], [[Humboldt, Minnesota|Humboldt]] and [[St. Vincent, Minnesota|St. Vincent]] along the line. The eastern part of the county was settled in the early 1900s. The [[Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad|Soo Line]] railroad was completed in 1904 and the communities of [[Karlstad, Minnesota|Karlstad]], [[Halma, Minnesota|Halma]], [[Lake Bronson, Minnesota|Bronson]], [[Lancaster, Minnesota|Lancaster]], [[Orleans, Minnesota|Orleans]] and [[Noyes, Minnesota|Noyes]] were established. Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Polish, Scottish, Irish, English, Germans, French Canadians, [[Canadian Gaelic]] speakers from [[New Brunswick]], and Métis all contributed to the county's melting pot.

Once home to over 10,000 people, the county population declined below 5,000 in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jane Helmke |year=2008 |title=Struggle for survival in Kittson County |url=http://origin.kare11.com/news/investigative/extras/extra_article.aspx?storyid=496115&catid=57 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127035924/http://origin.kare11.com/news/investigative/extras/extra_article.aspx?storyid=496115&catid=57 |archive-date=January 27, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2009 |publisher=[[KARE (TV)|KARE]]}}</ref>

===Historic sites===
Three sites in the county are listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]: the [[St. Nicholas Orthodox Church (Minnesota)|St. Nicholas Orthodox Church]], in [[Caribou Township, Minnesota|Caribou Township]]; the [[burial mounds]] known as the "[[Lake Bronson Site]]", in [[Norway Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Norway]] and [[Percy Township, Minnesota|Percy]] Townships; and the [[Lake Bronson State Park]] [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]]/Rustic Style Historic Resources, which include an observation tower and several buildings. Lake Bronson State Park also has interpretive sites for the tower, a pioneer cemetery and the [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] camp.

==Geography==
Kittson County is in Minnesota's northwest corner, on the borders of [[North Dakota]] and [[Canada]]. The [[Red River of the North|Red River]] flows north along the county's western border. The South Fork of Two Rivers flows east through the central part of the county on its way to discharge into the Red; it meets the Middle Fork at Hallock, and the combined flow meets the North Fork a few miles east of the Red. The [[Joe River (Minnesota)|Joe River]] flows northwest out of the county into Canada, to discharge into the Red a few miles past the international border.

The county's terrain consists of low rolling hills, devoted to agriculture.<ref name="KCM">[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kittson+County,+MN/@48.8079962,-96.919407,43195m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x52c13a5a007e5ab1:0xa9194f798800e19b!8m2!3d48.7563083!4d-96.865445 ''Kittson County MN''  Google Maps (accessed March 16, 2019)]</ref> The terrain slopes to the north and west, with its highest point near the southeast corner at {{convert|1,079|ft|m|abbr=on}} ASL.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Find an Altitude/Kittson County MN" Google Maps (accessed March 16, 2019) |url=https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521043409/https://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=March 16, 2019}}</ref> The county has an area of {{convert|1104|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|1099|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|4.8|sqmi}} (0.4%) is water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2012 |title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_27.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060200/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_27.txt |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>

Kittson County was once part of glacial [[Lake Agassiz]]. Evidence of this prehistoric lake can still be seen in the county's topography. Remnants of McCauleyville Beach can be found in the eastern part of the county, an area of sandy soil and sand ridges. Other evidence of the glacier and Lake Agassiz is the approximately 140' drop in elevation from the eastern part of the county to the western part, near the Red River Valley, with its proliferation of black rich soil. Lake Bronson is a manmade reservoir, completed in 1937.
[[File:Kittson Co Pie Chart No Text Version.pdf|thumb|right|Soils of Kittson County<ref>Nelson, Steven (2011). ''Savanna Soils of Minnesota.'' Minnesota: Self. pp. 57-60. {{ISBN|978-0-615-50320-2}}.</ref>]]

===Major highways===
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[Image:US 59.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 59#Minnesota|U.S. Highway 59]]
* [[Image:US 75.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 75#Minnesota|U.S. Highway 75]]
* [[Image:MN-11.svg|20px]] [[Minnesota State Highway 11]]
* [[Image:MN-171.svg|20px]] [[Minnesota State Highway 171]]
* [[Image:MN-175.svg|20px]] [[Minnesota State Highway 175]]
* [[Image:MN-220.svg|20px]] [[Minnesota State Highway 220]]
{{div col end}}

===Adjacent counties and rural municipalities===
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* Town of [[Emerson, Manitoba]]  (north)
* [[Rural Municipality of Franklin|Rural Municipality of Franklin, Manitoba]]  (north)
* [[Rural Municipality of Stuartburn|Rural Municipality of Stuartburn, Manitoba]] (north)
* [[Roseau County, Minnesota]]  (east)
* [[Marshall County, Minnesota]]  (south)
* [[Walsh County, North Dakota]]  (southwest)
* [[Pembina County, North Dakota]]  (west)
{{div col end}}

===Protected areas===
Source:<ref name=KCM/>
* Beaches State Wildlife Management Area
* Lake Bronson Parklands Scientific and Natural Area
* [[Lake Bronson State Park]]

===Lakes===
Source:<ref name=KCM/>
* Lake Bronson
* Lake Stella
* Twin Lakes

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1860= 1612
|1870= 64
|1880= 905
|1890= 5387
|1900= 7889
|1910= 9669
|1920= 10638
|1930= 9688
|1940= 10717
|1950= 9649
|1960= 8343
|1970= 6853
|1980= 6672
|1990= 5767
|2000= 5285
|2010= 4552
|2020= 4207
|estyear=2023
|estimate=4060
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html |access-date=March 18, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Decennial Census |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><br/>1790-1960<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Census Browser |url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu |access-date=October 18, 2014 |publisher=University of Virginia Library}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mn190090.txt |access-date=October 18, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref><br/>1990-2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> 2010-2020<ref name="QF" />
}}

===2020 Census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kittson County Racial Composition<ref>{{Cite web |title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Kittson County, Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Kittson%20County,%20Minnesota&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (NH)
|3,974
|94.5%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (NH)
|1
|0.02%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] (NH)
|15
|0.4%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] (NH)
|17
|0.4%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] (NH)
|6
|0.1%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]] (NH)
|111
|2.64%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|83
|2%
|}

===2000 census===
[[File:KittsonCountyMn2022PopPyr.png|thumb|right|2022 US Census [[population pyramid]] for Kittson County, from [[American Community Survey|ACS]] 5-year estimates]]
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 5,285 people, 2,167 households, and 1,447 families in the county. The [[population density]] was {{convert|4.81|/mi2|/km2}}. There were 2,719 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2.47|/mi2|/km2}}. The racial makeup of the county was 98.09% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.15% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.26% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.25% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.38% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.87% from two or more races. 1.27% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race. 30.1% were of [[norwegian people|Norwegian]], 25.7% [[swedish people|Swedish]], 13.7% [[German people|German]] and 6.6% [[Polish people|Polish]] ancestry. Kittson County had the highest percentage of Swedish speakers of any county in the United States.

There were 2,167 households, of which 29.2% had children under age 18 living with them, 57.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.96.

The county population contained 25.1% under age 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 21.60% who were 65 or older. The median age was 42. For every 100 females there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,515, and the median income for a family was $40,072. Males had a median income of $30,240 versus $21,320 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the county was $16,525. About 8.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 11.3% of those under 18 and 10.4% of those 65 or older.

==Communities==
===Cities===
{{div col}}
* [[Donaldson, Minnesota|Donaldson]]
* [[Hallock, Minnesota|Hallock]] (county seat)
* [[Halma, Minnesota|Halma]]
* [[Humboldt, Minnesota|Humboldt]]
* [[Karlstad, Minnesota|Karlstad]]
* [[Kennedy, Minnesota|Kennedy]]
* [[Lake Bronson, Minnesota|Lake Bronson]] (named "Bronson" until 1939)
* [[Lancaster, Minnesota|Lancaster]]
* [[St. Vincent, Minnesota|St. Vincent]]
{{div col end}}

===Unincorporated communities===
{{div col}}
* [[Caribou, Minnesota|Caribou]]
* [[Northcote, Minnesota|Northcote]]
* [[Noyes, Minnesota|Noyes]]
* [[Orleans, Minnesota|Orleans]]
* [[Robbin, Minnesota|Robbin]]
{{div col end}}

===Ghost town===
* [[Pelan, Minnesota|Pelan]]

===Townships===
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Arveson Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Arveson Township]]
* [[Cannon Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Cannon Township]]
* [[Caribou Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Caribou Township]]
* [[Clow Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Clow Township]]
* [[Davis Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Davis Township]]
* [[Deerwood Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Deerwood Township]]
* [[Granville Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Granville Township]]
* [[Hallock Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Hallock Township]]
* [[Hampden Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Hampden Township]]
* [[Hazelton Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Hazelton Township]]
* [[Hill Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Hill Township]]
* [[Jupiter Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Jupiter Township]]
* [[Norway Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Norway Township]]
* [[Pelan Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Pelan Township]]
* [[Percy Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Percy Township]]
* [[Poppleton Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Poppleton Township]]
* [[Richardville Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Richardville Township]]
* [[St. Joseph Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|St. Joseph Township]]
* [[St. Vincent Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|St. Vincent Township]]
* [[Skane Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Skane Township]]
* [[South Red River Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|South Red River Township]]
* [[Spring Brook Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Spring Brook Township]]
* [[Svea Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Svea Township]]
* [[Tegner Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Tegner Township]]
* [[Teien Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Teien Township]]
* [[Thompson Township, Kittson County, Minnesota|Thompson Township]]
{{div col end}}

===Unorganized territories===
* [[East Kittson, Minnesota|East Kittson]]
* [[McKinley, Kittson County, Minnesota|McKinley]]
* [[North Red River, Minnesota|North Red River]]

==Politics==
Kittson County has been a swing county for several decades, tending to vote Democratic. As of 2020, the county has selected the Democratic nominee in 60% of presidential elections since 1980. However in 2016, the county shifted hard to the right, with Donald Trump carrying the county by 22 points, after the county voted for Obama by 6 points in 2012. Trump would carry Kittson County again in 2020 and 2024, both times by wide margins and in 2024 with over 61% of the vote.
{{PresHead|place=Kittson County, Minnesota|whig=no|source1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leip |first=David |title=Atlas of US Presidential Elections |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS |access-date=September 19, 2018 |website=uselectionatlas.org}}</ref>}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP/Whig vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2024|Republican|1,535|911|54|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|1,546|1,006|87|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|1,349|823|213|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,095|1,241|84|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,016|1,492|60|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|1,307|1,333|42|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|2000|Republican|1,353|1,107|177|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|1,055|1,394|300|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|1,098|1,307|579|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|1,381|1,650|26|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|1,716|1,610|23|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1980|Republican|1,875|1,407|295|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|1,555|2,008|66|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|1,832|1,584|63|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|1,436|1,894|183|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|1,153|2,790|2|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|1,937|2,218|10|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1956|Democratic|1,569|2,222|7|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1952|Democratic|1,837|2,387|40|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|1,035|2,970|178|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|983|2,752|22|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|1,279|3,167|34|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|1,080|3,127|62|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|950|2,332|134|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1928|Republican|1,957|1,383|105|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1924|Progressive|1,333|249|1,527|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1920|Republican|2,485|599|245|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|709|749|154|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1912|Progressive|185|362|903|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1908|Republican|969|499|91|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1904|Republican|1,076|157|91|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1900|Republican|885|562|54|Minnesota}}
{{PresRow|1896|Democratic|753|762|42|Minnesota}}
{{PresFoot|1892|Republican|408|307|542|Minnesota}}

==See also==
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota#Kittson County|National Register of Historic Places listings in Kittson County, Minnesota]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre    = Kittson County, Minnesota
|North     = [[Municipality of Emerson – Franklin]] / [[Rural Municipality of Stuartburn]], [[Manitoba]] {{flagicon|CAN}}
|East      = [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau County]]
|South     = [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall County]]
|Southwest = [[Walsh County, North Dakota]]
|West      = [[Pembina County, North Dakota]]
}}

{{Kittson County, Minnesota}}
{{Minnesota}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|48.78|-96.78|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-MN_source:UScensus1990}}

[[Category:1878 establishments in Minnesota]]
[[Category:British-American culture in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Canadian Gaelic]]
[[Category:Kittson County, Minnesota| ]]
[[Category:Minnesota counties]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1878]]
[[Category:Scottish-American culture in Minnesota]]