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{{Short description|City in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England}} {{Good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Use British English|date=June 2019}} <!--Please do not switch this infobox as it is used as an example to demonstrate a function of Infobox settlement--> <!--NOTE TO EDITORS: THE AGREED CONSENSUS FOR THIS ARTICLE IS TO USE THE CITY'S FULL NAME OF "KINGSTON UPON HULL" IN THE TITLE AS A FORM OF NATURAL DISAMBIGUATION. (See [[WP:NATDIS]])--> {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> | name = Kingston upon Hull | other_name = Hull | official_name = City of Kingston upon Hull | settlement_type = [[Cities in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] | motto = | nickname = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = {{multiple images | perrow = 2 | total_width = 275px | align = center | border = infobox | image1 = Hull City Hall Apr23.jpg | link1 = Hull City Hall | image2 = The view from floor seven of Hull College (geograph 6354886).jpg | link2 = Wilberforce Monument | image3 =Hull Marina, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 7197573).jpg |link3 = Hull Marina | image4 = Queens Gardens, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 810033.jpg |link4 = Queen's Gardens, Kingston upon Hull | image5 = The Deep, Kingston upon Hull May24 (cropped).jpg |link5=The Deep (aquarium) | image6 = Hull Minster south view.jpg |link6 = Hull Minster | width5 = 250px }} | image_caption = The city's views and landmarks: [[Hull City Hall|the City Hall]], [[Wilberforce Monument]], [[Hull Marina]], [[Queen's Gardens, Kingston upon Hull|Queen's Gardens]], [[The Deep (aquarium)]] and [[Hull Minster|The Minster]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | pushpin_map = UK England#United Kingdom#Europe | pushpin_map_caption = Location within England##Location within the United Kingdom##Location in Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | image_shield = Coat of Arms of Kingston upon Hull.svg | shield_link = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | image_map = Kingston upon Hull UK locator map.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_alt = | map_caption = Shown within the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = <!-- Location ------------------> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = United Kingdom | subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]] | subdivision_name1 = England | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] | subdivision_name4 = [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Unitary authority]] | governing_body = [[Hull City Council]] | leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leadership]] | leader_name = [[Local Government Act 2000#Options for council executive forms|Leader and cabinet]] | leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#England: unitary authorities|Council control]] | leader_name1 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] | leader_title2 = [[List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election|Members of Parliament]] | leader_name2 = [[Emma Hardy (politician)|Emma Hardy]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])<br />[[Diana Johnson]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])<br />[[Karl Turner (British politician)|Karl Turner]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]) | established_title = Founded | established_date = 12th century | established_title2 = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City status]] | established_date2 = 1897 | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | seat_type = Administrative headquarters | seat = [[Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull|Guildhall]] <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | total_type = City | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = 27.59 | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} | population_footnotes = <ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E06000010}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E06000010}}]]) | population_rank = ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E06000010}}]]) | population_density_km2 = 3633 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = 573,300 ([[Larger Urban Zone|LUZ]]) | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = 314,018 | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank2_title = Ethnicity <br />(2011 Census)<ref>{{NOMIS2011 | id = 1946157109 | title = Kingston upon Hull, City of Local Authority | access-date = 1 March 2018 }}</ref> | population_blank2 = {{Plain list| * 89.7% White British * 4.1% White Other * 2.3% East Asian * 1.3% Mixed * 1.1% South Asian * 1.2% Black * 0.3% White Irish }} | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_demonym = Hullensian <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|53|44|40|N|00|19|57|W|region:GB-KHL_type:city(266,000)|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_ft = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = [[UK postcodes|Postcode Area]] | postal_code = [[HU postcode area|HU]] | area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom|Dialling codes]] | area_codes = 01482 | blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] | blank_info = GB-KHL | blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]] | blank1_info = 00FA (ONS)<br />E06000010 (GSS) | blank3_name = Police | blank3_info = [[Humberside Police|Humberside]] | blank2_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 | blank2_info = UKE11 | blank4_name = Ambulance | blank4_info = [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service|Yorkshire]] | blank5_name = Fire | blank5_info = [[Humberside Fire and Rescue Service|Humberside]] | website = {{URL|https://hull.gov.uk}} | footnotes = }} '''Kingston upon Hull''', usually shortened to '''Hull''', is a historic maritime city and [[unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], England.<ref name="enc_brit">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingston-upon-Hull |title = Kingston upon Hull |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date = 8 July 2008 |year = 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240205060203/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingston-upon-Hull |archive-date= 5 February 2024 }}</ref> It lies upon the [[River Hull]] at its [[confluence]] with the [[Humber]] Estuary, {{convert|25|mi|km}} inland from the [[North Sea]]. It is a tightly bounded city which excludes the majority of its suburbs, with a population of {{English district population|GSS=E06000010}} ({{English statistics year}}), it is the fourth-largest city in the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region. The built-up area has a population of 436,300. Hull has more than 800 years of seafaring history and is known as Yorkshire's maritime city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hull Maritime |url=https://www.visithull.org/hull-maritime/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.visithull.org}}</ref> The town of Wyke on Hull was founded late in the 12th century by the monks of [[Meaux Abbey]] as a port from which to export their wool. Renamed ''Kings-town upon Hull'' in 1299, Hull had been a [[market town]],<ref name="hedon_tc_history">{{cite web |url = http://www.hedon.gov.uk/Core/Hedon-Town-Council/Pages/History_1.aspx |title = Brief history of Hedon |work = Hedon Town Council: Working for You |access-date = 25 February 2013 |year = 2007 |publisher = Hedon Town Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130407200457/http://www.hedon.gov.uk/Core/Hedon-Town-Council/Pages/History_1.aspx |archive-date = 7 April 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> military supply port,<ref name="hcc_history_of_hull">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,148379&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = History of Hull |access-date = 22 September 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110230922/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,148379&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 10 January 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> trading centre,<ref name="VCHULL"/> fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis.<ref name="hcc_history_of_hull"/> Hull was an early theatre of battle in the [[First English Civil War|English Civil Wars]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, [[William Wilberforce]], took a prominent part in the abolition of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] in Britain.<ref name="wilberforce2007">{{cite web |url = http://www.wilberforce2007.com/index.php |title = Slavery: unfinished business |access-date = 23 September 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = Wilberforce 2007: Hull |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921202938/http://www.wilberforce2007.com/index.php |archive-date = 21 September 2007}} </ref> The city offers a variety of museums and art galleries, a city centre marina and historic old town, stunning architecture, and a thriving arts scene.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Hull, East Yorkshire - Tourist Information |url=https://www.yorkshire.com/hull/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.yorkshire.com|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref> Due to Hull's growing appeal as an outdoor film location, particularly for period dramas using the Old Town's historic streets and buildings, plans for a purpose-built film studio complex have been approved by Hull City Council. The £3m complex could open by the end of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film studios approved on banks of Humber |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czq60pplv79o |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.bbc.co.uk|date=12 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='The perfect location': Film studio plans approved |url=https://www.thehullstory.com/allarticles/film-studio-plans-approved |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.thehullstory.com}}</ref> The city has earned the nickname "Hullywood" in recent years, after productions including ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', ''[[Enola Holmes 2]]'', ''[[The Personal History of David Copperfield]]'', ''[[Victoria (British TV series)|Victoria]]'' and ''[[Blitz (2024 film)|Blitz]]'' have been filmed in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blitz film trailer gives glimpse of city locations |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c62gwnkg5e9o |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.bbc.co.uk|date=19 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=13 films and TV shows you didn't know were filmed in Hull and East Yorkshire |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/films-tv-shows-filmed-hull-4830637 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.hulldailymail.co.uk|date=30 December 2020 }}</ref> In 2017, it was the [[UK City of Culture]] and hosted the [[Turner Prize]] at the city's [[Ferens Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32911830 |title=Turner Prize a 'honeypot' for Hull |date=28 May 2015 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Other notable landmarks in the city are [[Hull Minster|the Minster]], [[River Hull tidal surge barrier|the tidal surge barrier]], {{rws|Hull||the Paragon Interchange}} and [[The Deep (aquarium)|The Deep]] Hull's award-winning aquarium. Areas of the town centre include the [[old town]] (including its museum quarter) and the [[Hull Marina|marina]]. [[Hull University]] was founded in 1927 and had over 16,000 students in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the University of Hull|url=https://www.hull.ac.uk/choose-hull/university-and-region/about-us/about-the-university-of-hull |website=University of Hull |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Rugby league football teams include clubs [[Hull F.C.]] and [[Hull Kingston Rovers]]. The city's association football club is [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] ([[EFL Championship]]). [[Hull RUFC]] and [[Hull Ionians]] both play in the [[National League 2 North]] of rugby union. The city came 2nd in the ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' list of the 15 best places to visit in the UK in 2024, with the guide commenting that the city has got "The Deep, an enormous aquarium with 3,000 species, a picturesque old town which survived the city's relentless WWII bombings, and lots of up and coming indie art galleries like Ground and Artlink. Don't sleep on Hull".<ref>{{cite web |title=The 15 best places to visit in the UK in 2024 |url=https://www.timeout.com/uk/things-to-do/best-places-to-visit-in-the-uk-2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.timeout.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Time Out names Hull the second best place to visit in 2024 due to growth of Freedom Quarter |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/time-out-names-hull-second-8959517 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.hulldailymail.co.uk|date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> In 2016, it was named as one of the top 10 cities in the world to visit by [[Rough Guides]] alongside cities such as Seoul, Vancouver, Amsterdam and Reykjavik.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rough Guides includes Hull in list of 10 cities in the world to visit in 2016 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/rough-guide-hull-named-list-10-cities-world-visit-2016-1535753 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.ibtimes.co.uk|date=3 January 2016 }}</ref> In 2017, the city was featured in [[The Sunday Times]] Best Places to Live Guide and in 2024 was named as one of the UK's most "up and coming" places to move to.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hull City of Culture 2017 |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/content/heritage-counts/pub/2014/case-study-hull-city-of-culture-pdf/#:~:text=Hull%20has%20been%20named%20by,realm%20infrastructure%20on%20the%20way. |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.historicengland.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hull is named one of UK's most 'up and coming' places to move to by The Sunday Times thanks to docklands regeneration |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/lifestyle/homes-and-gardens/hull-is-named-one-of-uks-most-up-and-coming-places-to-move-to-by-the-sunday-times-thanks-to-docklands-regeneration-4555756 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk|date=17 March 2024 }}</ref> ==History== {{see also|Timeline of Hull|Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull|List of Governors of Kingston-upon-Hull}} ===Wyke and wool trade=== Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the [[Humber Estuary]] at the mouth of its tributary, the [[River Hull]]. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early [[Neolithic]] period but there is little evidence of a substantial settlement in the area of the present city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands/hull.htm |title = Wetland Heritage of the Hull Valley |publisher = Wetland Archaeology and Environments Research Centre, Dept. of Geography, University of Hull |date = 16 February 2006 |access-date = 16 February 2008 |archive-date = 15 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915121644/http://www.hull.ac.uk/wetlands/hull.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> The area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous [[hinterland]] and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally an outlying part of the hamlet of Myton, named Wyke. The name is thought to originate either from a Scandinavian word ''Vik'' meaning inlet or from the Saxon ''Wic'' meaning dwelling place or refuge.<ref> {{cite book |title = Medieval Hull: A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull |url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66771#s2 |year = 1969 |pages = 11–85 |access-date = 25 February 2011 |via = British History Online |publisher = University of London & History of Parliament Trust}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Notices relative to the early history of the town and port of Hull |first = Charles |last = Frost |author-link = Charles Frost (antiquary) |publisher = J. B. Nichols |year = 1827 |chapter = II. Of the name and state of the Town antecedently to the period of its supposed foundation in the year 1296 |pages = 5–28 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5}} </ref> [[File:The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864, illustration 1.jpg|thumb|left|The urban growth of Hull between the 13th and 14th centuries<ref>{{cite journal |last=Evans |first=D. H. |date=2018 |title=The Fortifications of Hull between 1321 and 1864 |journal=Archaeological Journal |language=en |volume=175 |issue=1 |pages=89 |doi=10.1080/00665983.2017.1368156|s2cid=165517742 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] The River Hull was a good haven for shipping, whose trade included the export of wool from [[Meaux Abbey]], which owned Myton. In 1293, the town of Wyke was acquired from the abbey by King Edward I, who, on 1 April 1299, granted it a [[royal charter]] that renamed the settlement ''King's town upon Hull'' or Kingston upon Hull. The charter is preserved in the archives of the [[Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull|Guildhall]].<ref name="VCHULL">{{cite book |url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549 |title = A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1 – The City of Kingston upon Hull |series = [[Victoria County History]] |access-date = 2 July 2008 |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. |publisher = Oxford University Press |oclc = 504890087 |year = 1969 |archive-date = 7 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141007131658/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=549 |url-status = dead }}</ref> When first created, the borough straddled the [[ancient parish]]es of [[Hessle]] and [[North Ferriby]], but was remote from either parish church. A [[chapel of ease]] dedicated to Holy Trinity was built to serve the part of the borough in Hessle parish; that church subsequently became [[Hull Minster]]. [[St Mary's Church, Hull|St Mary's Church]] similarly began as a chapel of ease for the part of the borough in North Ferriby parish.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1, The City of Kingston upon Hull |date=1969 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=1–10 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp1-10 |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> In 1440, a further charter [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] the town and instituted local government consisting of a mayor, a sheriff and twelve [[alderman|aldermen]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> In his ''Guide to Hull (1817)'', J. C. Craggs provides a colourful background to Edward's acquisition and naming of the town. He writes that the King and a hunting party started a hare which "led them along the delightful banks of the River Hull to the hamlet of Wyke ... [Edward], charmed with the scene before him, viewed with delight the advantageous situation of this hitherto neglected and obscure corner. He foresaw it might become subservient both to render the kingdom more secure against foreign invasion, and at the same time greatly to enforce its commerce". Pursuant to these thoughts, Craggs continues, Edward purchased the land from the Abbot of Meaux, had a manor hall built for himself, issued proclamations encouraging development within the town, and bestowed upon it the royal appellation, ''King's Town''.<ref name="Craggs">{{cite book |last = Craggs |first = John |title = Craggs's guide to Hull. A description, historical and topographical, of the town, county, and vicinity of the town of Kingston-upon-Hull |publisher = Thomas Wilson and Sons |location = Hull |oclc = 557289691 |year = 1817 |page = 1}} </ref> ===Prospering port=== The port served as a base for Edward I during the [[First War of Scottish Independence]] and later developed into the foremost port on the east coast of England. It prospered by exporting wool and woollen cloth, and importing wine and timber. Hull also established a flourishing commerce with the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] ports of the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref name="VCHULL1">{{cite book |url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66770 |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. |title = A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull |year = 1969 |series = [[Victoria County History]] |access-date = 16 February 2008}} </ref> From its medieval beginnings, Hull's main trading links were with Scotland and northern Europe. Scandinavia, the Baltic and the Low Countries were all key trading areas for Hull's merchants. In addition, there was trade with France, Spain and Portugal.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Sir [[William de la Pole of Hull|William de la Pole]] was the town's first mayor.<ref name="bbc_river_hull_walkway">{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/06/coast05walks_stage4.shtml |title = Point 4: River Hull Walkway |work = BBC Humber |access-date = 22 September 2007 |date = 5 October 2005}} </ref> A prosperous merchant, de la Pole founded a family that became prominent in government.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Another successful son of a Hull trading family was bishop [[John Alcock (bishop)|John Alcock]], who founded [[Jesus College, Cambridge]] and was a patron of the grammar school in Hull.<ref name="VCHULL"/> The increase in trade after the discovery of the Americas and the town's maritime connections are thought to have played a part in the introduction of a virulent strain of [[syphilis]] through Hull and on into Europe from the [[New World]].<ref name="vikings">{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/english-syphilis-epidemic-predated-european-outbreaks-by-150-years-706243.html |title = English syphilis epidemic pre-dated European outbreaks by 150 years |last = Keys |first = David |access-date = 25 February 2013 |newspaper = The Independent |date = 24 July 2000 |location = London |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111110103058/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/english-syphilis-epidemic-predated-european-outbreaks-by-150-years-706243.html |archive-date = 10 November 2011}} </ref> [[File:Hull1866.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Hull in 1866]] The town prospered during the 16th and early 17th centuries,<ref name="VCHULL"/> and Hull's affluence at this time is preserved in the form of several well-maintained buildings from the period, including [[Wilberforce House]], now a museum documenting the life of [[William Wilberforce]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> During the [[English Civil War]], Hull became strategically important because of the large [[arsenal]] located there. Very early in the war, on 11 January 1642, the king named the [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Earl of Newcastle]] governor of Hull while Parliament nominated Sir [[Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet|John Hotham]] and asked his son, Captain John Hotham, to secure the town at once.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Sir John Hotham and Hull corporation declared support for [[roundhead|Parliament]] and denied [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] entry into the town.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Charles I responded to these events by [[Siege of Hull (1642)|besieging the town]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> This siege helped precipitate open conflict between the forces of Parliament and those of the [[Cavalier|Royalists]].<ref name="VCHULL"/> [[File:Parliament Street, Kingston upon Hull, Jun23.jpg|thumb|right|[[Parliament Street, Hull|Parliament Street]], a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] thoroughfare in the city centre, with [[Whitefriargate]] in the distance]] After the Civil War, docks were built along the route of the [[Fortifications of Kingston upon Hull|town walls]], which were demolished. The first dock (1778, renamed [[Queen's Dock, Hull|Queen's Dock]] in 1854) was built in the area occupied by Beverley and North gates, and the intermediate walls, which were demolished, a second dock ([[Humber Dock, Hull|Humber Dock]], 1809) was built on the land between Hessle and Myton gates, and a third dock between the two was opened 1829 as [[Junction Dock, Hull|Junction Dock]] (later [[Prince's Dock, Hull|Prince's Dock]]).<ref>{{cite book| first1 = Edward |last1 = Gillett| first2 = Kenneth A. |last2 = MacMahon| title = A History of Hull|publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1980| isbn = 0-19-713436-X | pages = 220–4}}</ref> [[Whaling]] played a major role in the town's fortunes until the mid-19th century.<ref name="VCHULL"/> As sail power gave way to steam, Hull's trading links extended throughout the world. Docks were opened to serve the frozen meat trade of Australia, New Zealand and South America. Hull was also the centre of a thriving inland and coastal trading network, serving the whole of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/pdf/HullsDocksandTrade%20Oct2011.pdf |title = Hull's docks and trade |publisher = Hull City Council |date = 5 October 2011 |access-date = 25 February 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130525065420/http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/pdf/HullsDocksandTrade%20Oct2011.pdf |archive-date = 25 May 2013 }} </ref> ===City status=== Throughout the second half of the 19th century and leading up to the First World War, the [[Port of Hull]] played a major role in the emigration of Northern European settlers to the New World, with thousands of emigrants sailing to Hull and stopping for administrative purposes before travelling on to Liverpool and then North America.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6 |title = Migration from Northern Europe to America via the Port of Hull, 1848–1914 |publisher = WISE (Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation), University of Hull |last = Evans |first = Nicholas J. |year = 1999 |access-date = 28 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308093051/http://www.norwayheritage.com/articles/templates/voyages.asp?articleid=28&zoneid=6 |archive-date = 8 March 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Parallel to this growth in passenger shipping was the emergence of the [[Wilson Line of Hull]] (which had been founded in 1825 by [[Thomas Wilson (shipping magnate)|Thomas Wilson]]). By the early 20th century, the company had grown – largely through its monopolisation of North Sea passenger routes and later mergers and acquisitions – to be the largest privately owned shipping company in the world, with over 100 ships sailing to different parts of the globe. The Wilson Line was sold to the [[Ellerman Lines]] – which itself was owned by Hull-born magnate (and the richest man in Britain at the time) Sir [[Sir John Ellerman, 1st Baronet|John Ellerman]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/oldlib/archives/busrec/eller.html |title = Archives and Special Collections: Subject guides – Business Records |publisher = Archives and Special Collections, Brynmor Jones Library, University of Hull |access-date = 25 July 2010}} </ref> Hull's prosperity peaked in the decades just before the [[First World War]]; it was during this time, in 1897, that [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] was granted.<ref name="hcc_history_of_hull"/> Many of the suburban areas on the western side of Hull were built in the 1930s, particularly Willerby Road and Anlaby Park, as well as most of [[Willerby, East Riding of Yorkshire|Willerby]] itself. <!--This was part of the biggest British housing boom of the 20th century (possibly ever).{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}--> ===Wartime bombing=== {{Main|Hull Blitz}} The city's port and industrial facilities, its proximity to [[mainland Europe]] and ease of location being on a big estuary, led to much damage from bombing during the [[Second World War]]; much of the city centre was destroyed.<ref name="VCHULL"/> Hull had 95 per cent of its houses damaged or destroyed, making it the second most severely bombed British city or town by number of damaged or destroyed buildings, after from London, during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6324301.stm |title = Listed status for bombed cinema |access-date = 2 February 2007 |date = 2 February 2007 |work = BBC News}} </ref> More than 1,200 people died in air raids on the city and some 3,000 others were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm |title = Hull Bombing Map |publisher = Rob & Val Haywood |access-date = 13 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213042224/http://www.rhaywood.karoo.net/bombmap.htm |archive-date = 13 February 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The worst of the bombing occurred in 1941. Little was known about this destruction by the rest of the country at the time, since most of the radio and newspaper reports did not reveal Hull by name but referred to it as "a North-East town" or "a northern coastal town".<ref>{{cite book |last = Geraghty |first = T. |title = A North East Coast Town |year = 1989 |publisher = Mr Pye Books |page = 7 |isbn = 978-0-946289-45-5}} </ref> Most of the city centre was rebuilt after the war. In 2006 researchers found documents in the local archives that suggested an unexploded wartime bomb might be buried beneath the Boom, in Hull a redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507910/Risk-to-builders-from-wartime-bombs.html |title = Risk to builders from wartime bombs |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |access-date = 29 April 2009 |last = Stokes |first = Paul |location = London |date = 16 January 2006}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/yorkslincs/series9/week_two.shtml |title = BBC Inside Out |publisher = BBC |access-date = 29 April 2009}} </ref> After the decline of the whaling industry after the Second World War, emphasis shifted to deep-sea [[trawling]] until the [[Cod Wars|Anglo-Icelandic Cod War]] of 1975–1976. The conditions set at the end of this dispute started Hull's economic decline.<ref name="VCHULL"/> ===City of Culture=== {{Main|UK City of Culture}} [[File:Hull City Hall illuminated at the opening event for Hull City of Culture 2017 event 4.jpg|thumb|Hull City Hall during the opening event for Hull City of Culture 2017 event]] In 2017 Hull was awarded the title of 'City of Culture' by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/hull-city-culture-tour/city-of-culture|title=Hull: City of Culture |publisher= British Council|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> There were festivals in public spaces to promote the city and its new title. At the start of the year there was a huge firework display attracting a crowd of 25,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK City of Culture: Fireworks and projections start Hull 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-38483517 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=BBC News |date=1 January 2017}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Governance== {{see also|Hull and East Yorkshire Combined Authority}} ===Municipal=== {{main|Hull City Council}} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | County ! colspan=4 | Borough/ district ! rowspan=2 | Notes |- ! Name !! Type !! Type !! Dependent on county !! From !! Until |- |rowspan=3|[[Yorkshire]] |Ancient |[[Borough]] |{{tick}} |1299||1440 |rowspan=3|Town status from 1299 |- |County-at-large |[[County Corporate]] |{{cross}} |1440||1835 |- |[[Historic counties of England|Historic]] |[[Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1835–1882|Municipal borough]] |{{tick}} |1835||1889 |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |Geographic |[[County borough]] |{{cross}} |1889||1974 |rowspan=3|City status from 1897 |- |[[Humberside]] |[[Non-metropolitan counties of England|Non-metropolitan]] |[[Shire district]] |{{tick}} |1974||1996 |- |East Riding of Yorkshire |[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |{{cross}} |1996||Current |} [[File:Guildhall Lowgate, Kingston upon Hull, Jun23 (cropped).jpg |thumb|upright|right|The [[Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull|Guildhall]]]] Following the [[Local Government Act 1888]], Hull became a [[county borough]], a local government district independent of the East Riding of Yorkshire. This district was dissolved under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], on 1 April 1974 when it became a [[non-metropolitan district]] of the newly created [[shire county]] of Humberside. Humberside (and its [[county council]]) was abolished on 1 April 1996 and Hull was made a [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]].<ref name="VCHULL"/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistory/HullHistory6.html |title = A History of Kingston on Hull from Bulmer's Gazetteer (1892) |access-date = 4 July 2008 |publisher = GENUKI UK & Ireland Genealogy |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120201119/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ERY/Hull/HullHistory/HullHistory6.html |archive-date = 20 January 2009 }} </ref> The single-tier local authority of the city is now [[Hull City Council]] (officially Kingston upon Hull City Council), headquartered in the [[Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull|Guildhall]] in the city centre.<ref name="hcchq">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,75255&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Contact us |access-date = 16 September 2007 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915150731/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,75255&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 15 September 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The council was designated as the UK's worst performing authority in both 2004 and 2005, but in 2006 was rated as a two star 'improving adequate' council and in 2007 it retained its two stars with an 'improving well' status.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/4099063.stm |title = Council is worst in the country |access-date = 9 November 2006 |date = 16 December 2004 |work = BBC News}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=898&p_mode=result&p_theme=3&p_theme_name=Council%20government%20and%20democracy |title = Audit Commission Comprehensive Performance Assessment – Two stars for Hull |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 1 October 2007 |date = 22 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112644/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=898&p_mode=result&p_theme=3&p_theme_name=Council%20government%20and%20democracy |archive-date = 16 May 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=1514&p_month=Feb-08&p_page_number=1 |title = CPA 2007 – Hull on the move again, as Council now judged to be "improving well" |access-date = 8 February 2008 |date = 7 February 2008 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080208035848/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=1514&p_month=Feb-08&p_page_number=1 |archive-date = 8 February 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Two Stars For City Council |work = [[Hull Daily Mail]] |date = 7 February 2008 }} </ref> In the 2008 corporate performance assessment the city retained its "improving well" status but was upgraded to a three star rating.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=2145&p_month=Mar-09&p_page_number=1 |title = New star brings a twinkle to the City Council |publisher = Hull City Council |date = 5 March 2009 |access-date = 6 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822124144/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,93203&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_id=2145&p_month=Mar-09&p_page_number=1 |archive-date = 22 August 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] won overall control of the City Council in the [[2007 Hull City Council election|2007 local elections]], ending several years in which no single party had a majority.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6622017.stm |title = Lib Dems take Hull with big swing |access-date = 4 May 2007 |date = 4 May 2007 |work = BBC News }} </ref> They retained control in the [[2008 Hull City Council election|2008 local elections]] by an increased majority<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2008/04/02/local_elections08_feature.shtml |title = Local Elections 2008 – Kingston Upon Hull City Council |access-date = 8 May 2008 |date = 2 May 2008 |work = BBC Humber }} </ref> and in the [[2010 Hull City Council election|2010 local elections]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://web5.hullcc.gov.uk/akshullerps/election/2010/ataglance.html |title = Election results at a glance |date = May 2010 |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 13 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004071745/https://web5.hullcc.gov.uk/akshullerps/election/2010/ataglance.html |archive-date = 4 October 2011 }} </ref> Following the UK's [[2011 United Kingdom local elections|local elections of 2011]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] gained control of the council,<ref name="BBC2011">{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/council/html/fa.stm |title = Kingston-upon-Hull seats at a glance |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date =7 May 2011}} </ref> increasing their majority in the [[2012 Hull City Council election|2012]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/vote2012/council/E06000010.stm |title = Kingston upon Hull |date = 4 May 2012 |work = Vote 2012 |publisher = BBC |access-date = 4 May 2012}}</ref> and retained this following the [[2014 Hull City Council election|2014 local elections]].<ref name="HCC2014">{{cite news |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,949883&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527182302/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,949883&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status = dead |archive-date = 27 May 2014 |title = Local election results 2014 |date = 23 May 2014 |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 6 June 2014 }}</ref> They increased their majority by one in the [[2015 Hull City Council election|2015 local elections]],<ref name="HCC2015">{{cite news |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,1365772&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194114/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,1365772&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status = dead |archive-date = 25 February 2021 |title = Local election results 2015 |access-date = 15 May 2015 |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2015 }}</ref> but lost it in the [[2016 Hull City Council election|2016 local elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page-_pageid=221,1515093&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Local election results 2016 |date = 6 May 2016 |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 11 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181011060740/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page-_pageid%3D221%2C1515093%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL |archive-date = 11 October 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In the [[2018 Hull City Council election|2018 local elections]] all of the council was up for election following boundary changes that reduced the number of seats by 2.<ref name="Review">{{cite web |url = https://cmis.hullcc.gov.uk/cmis/Elections/WardBoundaryChanges.aspx |title = Ward Boundary Changes |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 13 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513225948/https://cmis.hullcc.gov.uk/cmis/Elections/WardBoundaryChanges.aspx |archive-date = 13 May 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Labour retained control of the council but with a much reduced majority, while in the [[2019 Hull City Council election|2019 local elections]] there was no change to the make-up of the council.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-48144114 |title = Election results: Tories win North East Lincolnshire |date = 3 May 2019 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 13 May 2019}}</ref> In the [[2021 Hull City Council election|2021 local elections]] the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] gained a couple of seats but Labour retained control by just three seats.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hullccnews.co.uk/07/05/2021/hull-local-elections-live-follow-the-results-here/ | title = Hull local elections 2021: as it happened | date = 7 May 2021 | work = HullCCNews | publisher = Hull City Council | accessdate = 9 May 2021}}</ref> On 3 March 2022, Labour councillor Julia Conner defected to the Liberal Democrats, reducing the Labour majority to one.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-60604712 | title = Hull Labour councillor Julia Conner defects to Liberal Democrats | date = 3 March 2022 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 3 March 2022}}</ref> The [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] won overall control of the City Council in the [[2022 Hull City Council election|2022 local elections]] to end ten years of Labour rule,<ref>{{cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=Election results 2022: Hull Lib Dems end Labour's 10-year rule |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-61343655 |accessdate=6 May 2022}}</ref> increasing their majority in the [[2023 Hull City Council election|2023 local elections]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2023/england/councils/E06000010 | title = Hull election result | date = 5 May 2023 | work = Elections 2023 | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 5 May 2023}}</ref> ===Parliament=== [[File:Hull from Paull.jpg|thumb|upright=3.2|center|Panorama of Hull from further along the north bank of the [[Humber]] near [[Paull]], with the [[Yorkshire Wolds]] rising behind the city]] [[File:Kingston upon Hull general election results, 1918–2019.gif|thumb|258x258px|Hull constituencies' general election results, 1918–2019]] The city returned three members of parliament to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and at the last general election, in [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]], elected three Labour MPs: [[Emma Hardy (politician)|Emma Hardy]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000773 |title = Hull West & Hessle Parliamentary constituency |date = 13 December 2019 |work = Election 2019 |publisher = BBC |access-date = 31 January 2020}} </ref> [[Diana Johnson]]<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000772 |title = Hull North Parliamentary constituency |date = 13 December 2019 |work = Election 2019 |publisher = BBC |access-date = 31 January 2020}} </ref> and [[Karl Turner (British politician)|Karl Turner]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000771 |title = Hull East Parliamentary constituency |date = 13 December 2019 |work = Election 2019 |publisher = BBC |access-date = 31 January 2020}} </ref> [[William Wilberforce]] is the most celebrated of Hull's former MPs. He was a native of the city and the member for [[Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency)|Hull]] from 1780 to 1784 when he was elected as an Independent member for [[Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire]].<ref name=WW/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/people/wilberf.htm |title = William Wilberforce (1759–1833) |access-date = 28 November 2009 |date = 21 August 2007 |publisher = A Web of English History |archive-date = 16 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005314/http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/people/wilberf.htm}} </ref> ==Geography== {{See also|List of areas in Kingston upon Hull}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Place !Distance !Direction !Relation |- |[[London]] |{{convert|155|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from City of London to Hull|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-hull |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref> |South |[[Capital city]] |- |[[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] |{{convert|37|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to Lincoln |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Hull-to-Lincoln-2 |access-date=10 November 2022|website=Distance Calculator}}</ref> |South |Nearby city |- |[[Doncaster]] |{{convert|36|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to Doncaster |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-hull-to-doncaster |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref> |South-west |Nearby city |- |[[York]] |{{convert|34|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from Hull to York |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-hull-to-york |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Distance Calculator}}</ref> |North-west |Historic [[county town]] |- |[[Beverley]] |{{convert|8|miles|km}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Hull-to-Beverley|title=Distance from Hull to Beverley |access-date=10 November 2022|website=Distance Calculator}}</ref> |North |County town |- |[[Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire|Brough]] |12 miles (19 km) |West |Town |} [[File:Mouth of the River Hull, Kingston upon Hull May24.jpg|thumb|The [[River Hull]] [[River Hull tidal surge barrier|tidal barrier]] and the Millennium Bridge]] Kingston upon Hull is on the northern bank of the [[Humber Estuary]].<ref name="enc_brit"/> The city centre is west of the River Hull and close to the Humber.<ref name="enc_brit"/> The city is built upon [[alluvium|alluvial]] and glacial deposits which overlie chalk rocks but the underlying chalk has no influence on the topography. The land within the city is generally very flat and is only 2 to 4 metres (6.5 to 13 ft) [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Because of the relative flatness of the site there are few physical constraints upon building and many open areas are the subject of pressures to build.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/PLANNING%20POLICY/HULL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK/SAVED%20LOCAL%20PLAN/LP02.PDF |title = Hull City Plan. Written Statement |publisher = Hull City Council |date = May 2000 |access-date = 15 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311013213/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/PLANNING/PLANNING%20POLICY/HULL%20DEVELOPMENT%20FRAMEWORK/SAVED%20LOCAL%20PLAN/LP02.PDF |archive-date = 11 March 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The parishes of [[Drypool]], [[Marfleet]], [[Sculcoates]], and most of Sutton parish, were absorbed within the borough of Hull in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of their area has been built over, and socially and economically they have long been inseparable from the city. Only Sutton retained a recognisable village centre in the late 20th century, but on the south and east the advancing suburbs had already reached it. The four villages were, nevertheless, distinct communities, of a largely rural character, until their absorption in the borough—Drypool and Sculcoates in 1837, Marfleet in 1882, and Sutton in 1929.<ref>{{cite book |url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66792 |title = 'Outlying villages: Introduction', A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull (1969) |page = 459 |series = [[Victoria County History]] |access-date = 27 April 2008 |editor-last = Allison |editor-first = K. J. |year = 1969}} </ref> The current boundaries of the city are tightly drawn and exclude many of the [[metropolitan area]]'s nearby villages, of which [[Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire|Cottingham]] is the largest.<ref name="bandb">{{cite web |url = http://www.bedandbreakfastmap.co.uk/england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/kingston-upon-hull.php |title = Hull Bed and Breakfast: Local Information |access-date = 1 January 2009 |year = 2009 |publisher = BedandBreakfastMap.co.uk |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220160326/http://www.bedandbreakfastmap.co.uk/england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/kingston-upon-hull.php |archive-date = 20 December 2008 }} </ref> The city is surrounded by the rural East Riding of Yorkshire. [[File:Hull map.jpg|thumb|left|The expansion of Kingston upon Hull]] Some areas of Hull lie on reclaimed land at or below sea level. The Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is at the point where the River Hull joins the Humber Estuary and is lowered at times when unusually high tides are expected. It is used between 8 and 12 times per year and protects the homes of approximately 10,000 people from flooding.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northeast/411697/411714/411761/?lang=_e |title = Hull Tidal Surge Barrier – Facts and Figures |access-date = 9 November 2006 |publisher = Environment Agency |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060804043254/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/regions/northeast/411697/411714/411761/?lang=_e |archive-date = 4 August 2006}} </ref> Due to its low level, Hull is expected to be at increasing levels of risk from flooding due to global warming.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Yorkshire39s-grim-future-Fires-floods.1282516.jp |title = Yorkshire's grim future: Fires, floods and drought |date = 10 December 2005 |access-date = 8 February 2008 |newspaper = The Yorkshire Post |location = Leeds |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009161602/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/yorkshire-s-grim-future-fires-floods-and-drought-1-2593244 |archivedate = 9 October 2012 }}</ref> Historically, Hull has been affected by tidal and storm flooding from the Humber;<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf |first1 = Y. |last1 = Zong |first2 = M. J. |last2 = Tooley |year = 2003 |title = A historical record of coastal floods in Britain : frequencies and associated storm tracks |journal = Natural Hazards |volume = 29 |issue = 1 |pages = 13–36 |publisher = Durham Research Online, [[Durham University]] |doi = 10.1023/A:1022942801531 |bibcode = 2003NatHa..29...13Z |s2cid = 140682841 |access-date = 17 August 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006160334/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf |archive-date = 6 October 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> the last serious floods were in the 1950s, in 1953, 1954 and the winter of 1959.<ref>{{cite journal |url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1961/may/01/flooding-hull |series = [[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date = 1 May 1961 |volume = 639 |at = cc1087-98 |title = Flooding, Hull |journal = House of Commons Sittings, Orders of the Day |access-date = 17 August 2011 |archive-date = 20 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120005319/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1961/may/01/flooding-hull |url-status = live }}</ref> Many areas of Hull were flooded during the [[June 2007 United Kingdom floods]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.coulthard.org.uk/hullfloods.html |title = Hull Floods, June 2007 |first = Tom |last = Coulthard |work = coulthard.org.uk |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075033/http://www.coulthard.org.uk/hullfloods.html |archive-date = 10 January 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> with 8,600 homes and 1,300 businesses affected.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/sustainability/waterresources/rpt_com_hullflood2007wrc.pdf |page = 3 |title = Hull Flooding June 2007: Expert Opinion |publisher = [[Water Services Regulation Authority]] (OFWAT) |date = 18 January 2008 |first1 = Andy |last1 = Drinkwater |first2 = Nick |last2 = Orman |first3 = John |last3 = Wood |access-date = 11 November 2019 |archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150604015123/http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/sustainability/waterresources/rpt_com_hullflood2007wrc.pdf |archive-date = 4 June 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Further flooding occurred in 2013, resulting in a new flood defence scheme to protect homes and businesses, stretching {{convert|4|miles}} from [[St Andrews Quay retail park|St Andrews Quay Retail Park]] to [[Victoria Dock, Hull|Victoria Dock]], linking to other defences at [[Paull]] and [[Hessle]]. Started in 2016, it was completed in early 2021.<ref>{{cite news | last = Campbell | first = James | title = Hull homes safeguarded from flooding as city defences finished | url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/flooding-hull-flood-defences-marina-5221440 | accessdate = 17 April 2021 | work = Hull Daily Mail | date = 24 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Hull flood defences leave city 'better protected' | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-56511123 | accessdate = 17 April 2021 | work = BBC News | date = 24 March 2021}}</ref> The scheme was officially opened on 3 March 2022, by [[Rebecca Pow]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-60604650 | title = Hull flood defence wall costing £42m officially opened | date = 3 March 2022 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 3 March 2022}}</ref> At around 00:56 GMT on 27 February 2008, Hull was {{convert|30|mi|km|0}} north of the [[epicentre]] of an [[2008 Lincolnshire earthquake|earthquake]] measuring 5.3 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter Scale]] which lasted for nearly 10 seconds. This was an unusually large earthquake for this part of the world.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7266136.stm |title = Earthquake felt across much of UK |date = 27 February 2008 |access-date = 27 February 2008 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC}} </ref> Another notable quake occurred early in the morning of 10 June 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-44428360 |title = Earthquake near Hull and Grimsby 'felt 100 km away' |date = 10 June 2018 |access-date = 9 September 2018 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC}}</ref> ===Climate=== Located in [[Northern England]], Hull has a temperate maritime climate which is dominated by the passage of mid-latitude depressions. The weather is very changeable from day to day and the warming influence of the [[Gulf Stream]] makes the region mild for its latitude. Locally, the area is sunnier than most areas this far north in the British Isles, and also considerably drier, due to the rain shadowing effect of the Pennines. It is somewhat warmer than west coast areas at a similar latitude such as [[Liverpool]] in summer due to stronger shielding from maritime air but also colder in winter and North Sea breezes keep the city cooler than inland areas during summer. It is also one of the most northerly areas where the July average maximum temperature exceeds {{convert|21.5|C|F}}, although this appears to be very localised around the city. Flooding in June 2007 caused significant damage to areas of the city. Droughts and heatwaves also occur such as in 2003, 2006 and recently in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/eengland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif |title = July average maximum map |access-date = 1 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110409010351/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/eengland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif |archive-date = 9 April 2011 }} </ref> The absolute maximum temperature recorded is {{convert|36.9|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web |url = http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/maxtemp_map.php?date=2022-07-19 |title = Maximum Temperatures observed on 19th July 2022 at 18Z (SYNOP)/21Z (MIDAS) UTC (263 reports). |access-date = 2 February 2023 }}</ref> set in July 2022. Typically, the warmest day should reach {{convert|28.8|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=273 |title = Annual average highest maximum |access-date = 3 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023141/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=TXx&stationid=273 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> though slightly over 10 days<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=273 |title = annual >25c days |access-date = 3 December 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234636/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/calcdetail.php?seasonid=0&periodid=1981-2010&indexid=SU&stationid=273 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> should achieve a temperature of {{convert|25.1|C|F}} or more in an "average" year. All averages refer to the 1991–2020 period.<ref name="MO"/> The absolute minimum temperature is {{convert|-11.1|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=273 |title = 1982 minimum |access-date = 1 March 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507121846/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=273 |archive-date = 7 May 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> recorded during January 1982. Winters are generally mild for the latitude with snow only occurring a couple of times a year on average and mostly only staying for a day or two before melting. It is frequently cloudy and the North Sea winds make it feel colder than it actually is. An average of 32.5 nights should report an air frost. Heavy snowfalls do occasionally occur such as in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finch |first1=Ivana |title=Deep freeze 2 is predicted as experts explain weather system |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=9 February 2023 |page=4 |quote=Another SSW (Sudden Stratospheric Warming) led to the month-long "Deep Freeze" in 2010 which saw thick snow on the ground for weeks, even in low-lying areas.|issn=1741-3419}}</ref> On 23 November 1981, during the record-breaking [[1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak|nationwide tornado outbreak]], Hull was struck by two tornadoes which passed through, and caused damage to residential buildings across the north-eastern suburbs of Hull and uprooted trees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowe |first1=M. W. |last2=Meaden |first2=G. T. |title=Britain's Greatest Tornado Outbreak|journal=Weather |date=August 1985 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=234 |doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1985.tb06883.x|bibcode=1985Wthr...40..230R }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three feared dead at sea as storms lash Britain |work=The Times |issue=61090 |date=24 November 1981 |page=2|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> {{Kingston upon Hull weatherbox}} ==Demography== [[File:Hull population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Kingston upon Hull (unitary authority) in 2021]] {| class="wikitable floatright" style="border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;" |+[[Population growth]] in <br /> Kingston upon Hull<br /> since 1801 |- ! Year ! Population |- | 1801 | 21,280 |- | 1811 | 28,040 |- | 1821 |33,393 |- | 1831 |40,902 |- | 1841 |57,342 |- | 1851 |57,484 |- | 1861 |93,955 |- | 1871 |130,426 |- | 1881 |166,896 |- | 1891 |199,134 |- | 1901 |236,722 |- | 1911 |281,525 |- | 1921 |295,017 |- | 1931 |309,158 |- | 1941 |302,074{{ref label|1939|a|a}} |- | 1951 |295,172 |- | 1961 |289,716 |- | 1971 |284,365 |- | 1981 |266,751 |- | 1991 |254,117<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |title=Yorkshire : York and the East Riding |date=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=London |isbn=0300095937 |page=498|edition=2}}</ref> |- | 2001 |243,595{{ref label|2001|c|c}}{{ref label|2001|d|d}} |- |2011 |256,406 |- |2021 |267,014 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" |<small>Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10168387&c_id=10001043&add=N |title = Kingston upon Hull UA/City: Total Population |access-date = 19 July 2009 |work = A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher = Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archive-date = 25 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090825223336/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10168387&c_id=10001043&add=N |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/census-hull-s-population-reaches-20-year-high/story-17565437-detail/story.html|title=Census: Hull's population reaches 20-year high|date=12 December 2012|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=26 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512000720/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Census-Hull-s-population-reaches-20-year-high/story-17565437-detail/story.html|archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{NOMIS2021|id=E06000010|title=Kingston upon Hull, City of Local Authority|accessdate=2 October 2024}}</ref></small> |} According to the [[2001 UK census]], Hull had a population of 243,589 living in 104,288 households. The population density was 34.1 per hectare.<ref name="2001 census">{{cite web |url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00FA.asp |title = City of Kingston upon Hull profile of 2001 census |access-date = 4 November 2007 |work = National Statistics Online |publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]] |year = 2003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116113036/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00fa.asp |archive-date = 16 November 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Of the total number of homes 47.85% were rented compared with a national figure of 31.38% rented.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276821&c=Kingston+Upon+hull&d=13&e=7&g=389985&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1215271763513&enc=1&dsFamilyId=163 |title = Tenure – Households (UV63) |access-date = 5 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090120204320/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276821&c=Kingston+Upon+hull&d=13&e=7&g=389985&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1215271763513&enc=1&dsFamilyId=163 |archive-date = 20 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The population had declined by 7.5% since the 1991 UK census,<ref name="2001 census"/> and has been officially estimated as 256,200 in July 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9666&More=Y |title = Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; Mid-2006 Population Estimates |access-date = 24 April 2008 |work = National Statistics Online |publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080213055359/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9666&More=Y |archive-date = 13 February 2008 |url-status = dead }} </ref> In 2001, approximately 53,000 people were aged under 16, 174,000 were aged 16–74, and 17,000 aged 75 and over.<ref name="2001 census"/> Of the total population 97.7% were white and the largest minority ethnic group was of 749 people who considered themselves to be ethnically Chinese. There were 3% of people living in Hull who were born outside the United Kingdom.<ref name="2001 census"/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://83.137.212.42/sitearchive/cre/diversity/map/yorkshireandthehumber/hull.html |title = Ethnicity profiles: Yorkshire and The Humber – Hull |publisher = Commission for Racial Equality |access-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090814093811/http://83.137.212.42/sitearchive/cre/diversity/map/yorkshireandthehumber/hull.html |archive-date = 14 August 2009 }} </ref> In 2006, the largest minority ethnic grouping was [[Iraqi Kurds]] who were estimated at 3,000. Most of these people were placed in the city by the Home Office while their applications for asylum were being processed.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/23/britishidentity.features116 |title = Kurds in Hull |date = 23 January 2006 |work = The Guardian |access-date = 4 April 2009 |location = London}} </ref> In 2001, the city was 71.7% Christian. A further 18% of the population indicated they were of no religion while 8.4% did not specify any religious affiliation.<ref name="2001 census"/> Historically, minorities of many faiths and nationalities have lived around the docks, Old Town and City Centre, coming in from European ports like Hamburg, aided by continental railways and steam-ships from the mid-1800s.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Nicholas J.|title=Hull: Culture, History, Place|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2017|editor-last=Starkey|location=Liverpool|pages=144–177|chapter=The making of a mosaic: Migration and the port-city of Kingston upon Hull.}}</ref> Over 2 million passed through Hull between 1850 and 1914, on the way to a new life in America and elsewhere, but some planned or decided to stay. Dutch, [[History of the Jews in Hull|Jews]], Germans, Scandinavians and others were sometimes prominently involved in the life of the port city. They found opportunity but endured discrimination at times, such that these communities have now largely dispersed.<ref name=":0" /> Also in 2001, the city had a high proportion, at 6.2%, of people of working age who were unemployed, ranking 354th out of 376 local and unitary authorities within [[England and Wales]].<ref name="2001 census"/> The distance travelled to work was less than {{convert|3|mi|km|1}} for 64,578 out of 95,957 employed people. A further 18,031 travelled between 3.1 and 6.2 miles (5 and 10 km) to their place of employment. The number of people using public transport to get to work was 12,915 while the number travelling by car was 53,443.<ref name="2001 census"/> Men in the University ward had the fourth lowest life expectancy at birth, 69.4 years, of any ward in England and Wales in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=James |title=Contributions of diseases and injuries to widening life expectancy inequalities in England from 2001 to 2016: a population-based analysis of vital registration data |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30214-7/fulltext |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=Lancet public health |date=22 November 2018|display-authors=etal}}</ref> === Ethnicity === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! rowspan="3" |Ethnic Group ! colspan="8" |Year |- ! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)</ref> ! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |format=xls}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2011<ref name=":36">{{cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |format=xls}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> |- !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% |- | | | | | | | | | |- ![[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total !250,934 !98.7% !237,939 !97.7% !241,321 !94.1% !244,989 !91.8% |- |White: [[White British|British]] |– |– |234,716 |96.4% |229,920 |89.7% |223,962 |83.9% |- |White: [[White Irish|Irish]] |– |– |761 | |550 | |455 |0.2% |- |White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]] |– |– |– |– |284 | |451 |0.2% |- |White: Roma | | | | | | |286 |0.1% |- |White: [[Other White|Other]] |– |– |2,462 | |10,567 | |19,835 |7.4% |- ![[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total !1,644 !0.6% !2,656 !1.1% !6,471 !2.5% !7,515 !2.9% |- |Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]] |318 | |613 | |1,086 | |1,259 |0.5% |- |Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]] |237 | |509 | |882 | |1,292 |0.5% |- |Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] |235 | |387 | |755 | |1,279 |0.5% |- |Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]] |537 | |749 | |2,124 | |1,234 |0.5% |- |Asian or Asian British: Other Asian |317 | |398 | |1,624 | |2,451 |0.9% |- ![[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total !862 !0.3% !872 !0.4% !2,996 !1.2% !5,065 !1.9% |- |Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]] |356 | |640 | |2,472 | |4,292 |1.6% |- |Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]] |137 | |155 | |236 | |232 |0.1% |- |Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]] |369 | |77 | |288 | |541 |0.2% |- ![[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total !– !– !1,619 !0.7% !3,454 !1.3% !4,513 !1.7% |- |Mixed: White and Black Caribbean |– |– |340 | |871 | |948 |0.4% |- |Mixed: White and Black African |– |– |338 | |821 | |1,144 |0.4% |- |Mixed: White and Asian |– |– |453 | |945 | |1,172 |0.4% |- |Mixed: Other Mixed |– |– |488 | |817 | |1,249 |0.5% |- !Other: Total !677 !0.3% !503 !0.2% !2,164 !0.8% !4,931 !1.8% |- |Other: Arab |– |– |– |– |1,134 | |1,443 |0.5% |- |Other: Any other ethnic group |677 |0.3% |503 |0.2% |1,030 | |3,488 |1.3% |- | | | | | | | | | |- !Total !254,117 !100% !243,589 !100% !256,406 !100% !267,013 !100% |} == Industry == The traditional industries of Hull are seafaring (whaling and later seafishing) and later [[heavy industry]] which both have since declined in the city. Companies [[BP]] and [[Reckitt Benckiser]], have facilities in Hull.<ref name="industry">{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=122 |title = Hull Developing Our Economy |year = 2008 |access-date = 21 February 2008 |publisher = Hull.co.uk |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065733/http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=122 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The city is part of the [[Humber Enterprise Zone]].<ref name="thisishullandeastriding1">{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/map-Hull-s-green-energy-jobs-windfall-2015/story-12779546-detail/story.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505121644/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/map-Hull-s-green-energy-jobs-windfall-2015/story-12779546-detail/story.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |title = On the map: Hull's green energy jobs windfall 'by 2015' |work = This is Hull and East Riding |date = 16 June 2011 |access-date = 11 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Humber Enterprise Zone bid successful |url = http://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/1120/news/2011/08/humber-enterprise-zone-bid-sucessful.aspx |date = 17 August 2012 |publisher = Hull Chamber of Commerce |access-date = 1 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110919050538/http://www.hull-humber-chamber.co.uk/1120/news/2011/08/humber-enterprise-zone-bid-sucessful.aspx |archive-date = 19 September 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Port=== [[File:Morley Street, Kingston upon Hull - geograph.org.uk - 3537754.jpg|thumb|The Isis Oil Mill Complex, now owned by [[Cargill]]]] Although the fishing industry, including [[oilseed]] production, declined in the 1970s due to the [[Cod Wars]], the city remains a busy port, handling 13 million tonnes of cargo per year.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullmaritimealliance.com/theport.asp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081119154556/http://www.hullmaritimealliance.com/theport.asp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 19 November 2008 |title = The Humber Ports |publisher = Hull Maritime Alliance |access-date = 5 March 2009 }} </ref> The port operations run by [[Associated British Ports Holdings|Associated British Ports]] and other companies in the port employ 5,000 people. A further 18,000 are employed as a direct result of the port's activities.<ref name="logistics">{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=158 |title = Ports & Logistics |year = 2008 |access-date = 8 June 2008 |publisher = Hull.co.uk |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065510/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=158 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The port freight railway line, the [[Hull Docks Branch]], operates 22 trains per day.<ref name="railwayherald">{{cite magazine |url = http://www.railwayherald.org/magazine/issueview.php?type=UK&id=191 |date = 16 March 2007 |issue = 76 |title = Network Rail unveils plans for Humber ports |magazine = The Railway Herald |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727201430/http://www.railwayherald.org/magazine/issueview.php?type=UK&id=191 |archive-date = 27 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="networkrail">{{cite web |url = http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/dataview/News/News_Article.aspx?KeyValue=698 |date = 1 November 2007 |title = Hull Dock Rail Improvements – Work Begins |work = Rail Technology Magazine |publisher = Cognitive Publishing Ltd. |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034021/http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/dataview/News/News_Article.aspx?KeyValue=698 |archive-date = 19 February 2012}}</ref> ===Energy=== In January 2011 [[Siemens Wind Power]] and [[Associated British Ports]] signed a memorandum of understanding concerning the construction of a [[Wind turbine design|wind turbine blade]] manufacturing plant at Alexander Dock. The plan would require some modification of the dock to allow the ships, used for transporting the wind turbine blades, to dock and be loaded.<ref>Sources: *{{cite web | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a5458a4a-2499-11e0-8c0e-00144feab49a.html | title = Hull for wind turbine plant | first = Andrew | last = Bounds | date = 20 January 2011 | work = Financial Times | access-date = 22 January 2011}} *{{cite press release | url = http://www.siemens.co.uk/en/news_press/index/news_archive/siemens-selects-abp-as-preferred-bidder-for-uk-wind-turbine-factory.htm | title = Siemens selects ABP as preferred bidder for UK wind turbine factory | publisher = [[Siemens]] | date = 20 January 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2011}} *{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jan/20/siemens-associated-british-ports-wind-turbines | title = Siemens chooses Hull for wind turbine plant generating 700 jobs | first = Tim | last = Webb | work = The Guardian | location = UK | date = 20 January 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2011}}</ref> Planning applications for the plant were submitted in December 2011,<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-16151860 | title = Hull wind turbine factory plans submitted | date = 13 December 2011 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 13 December 2011}}</ref> and affirmed in 2014, concerning {{convert|75|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Wind turbine design#Blades|blades]] for the 6 MW [[Offshore wind power|offshore]] model.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.siemens.com/press//pool/de/pressemitteilungen//2014/energy/wind-power/EWP201403032e.pdf | title = Siemens to construct factory for offshore wind power in Great Britain | work = SWP PR | date = 25 March 2014 | access-date = 25 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-26725473 | title = Siemens confirm Green Port Hull wind turbine factory to be built | date = 25 March 2014 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 25 March 2014}}</ref> A {{convert|12.5|acre|ha|adj=on}} site [[waste-to-energy]] centre costing in the region of £150 million is also planned to be built by the Spencer Group. Announced in mid-2011, and named 'Energy Works',<ref name="energyworks">{{cite web |title = Energy Works – Hull |url = http://www.energyworkshull.co.uk/ |publisher = Spencer Group |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523115737/http://energyworkshull.co.uk/ |archive-date = 23 May 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> the proposed plant would process up to 200,000 tonnes of organic material per year, with energy produced via a waste gasification process.<ref name="energyworks" /><ref>Sources: * {{cite news |date=14 June 2011 |title=£150m 'green' waste power station plan for Hull |url=http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/150m-green-waste-power-station-plan-Hull/story-12765690-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810182846/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/150m-green-waste-power-station-plan-Hull/story-12765690-detail/story.html |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=1 May 2013 |work=This is Hull and East Riding}} <!--*{{cite news |work = Hull Daily Mail |url = http://hull-daily-mail.vlex.co.uk/vid/needs-324330379 |title = Developers claim plant will put Hull at forefront of UK's renewables industry |date = 14 June 2011 |accessdate = 1 May 2013 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}--> * {{cite news |date=29 July 2012 |title=Spencer Group ready to build renewables plant |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/business-news/spencer-group-ready-to-build-renewables-plant-1-4774399 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |work=The Yorkshire Post}}</ref> Commissioning of the plant was undertaken in 2019 with full operation expected to be late 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/business/behind-scenes-hulls-200m-energy-3107264 |title = Behind-the-scenes of Hull's huge £200m Energy Works plant |last = Winter |first = Phil |date = 18 July 2019 |work = Hull Live |accessdate = 13 November 2024}}</ref><!--Could do with finding operational date and reference--> ===Other=== [[File:Hull Marina - geograph.org.uk - 2102705.jpg|thumb|[[Hull Marina]]]] [[Hull Marina]] was developed on land formerly occupied by the railway docks in the centre of the city. It was rebuilt and opened in 1983, it has 270 berths for yachts and small sailing craft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hull (Approaches and Marina) [Expanded View] - North East England: pilotage, charts, photos and marine business listings |url=https://www.visitmyharbour.com/harbours/north-east-england/hull-marina/expanded.asp |website=visitmyharbour.com |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="DN">{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |last2=Neave |first2=David |title=Yorkshire : York and the East Riding |date=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=London |isbn=0-300-09593-7 |page=106 |edition=2}}</ref> In July 2014, the former Fruit Market was demolished with a technology hub [[C4DI (Centre for Digital Innovation)]] built in December 2015.<ref>{{cite news |work = Hull Daily Mail |url = http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Work-starts-Fruit-Market-site-new-pound-15m/story-21322567-detail/story.html |title = Work starts on Fruit Market site of new £15m digital complex in Hull |date = 3 July 2014 |access-date = 21 July 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140713044311/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Work-starts-Fruit-Market-site-new-pound-15m/story-21322567-detail/story.html |archive-date = 13 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/unique-c4di-digital-hub-open-business-hull/story-28380771-detail/story.html |title = 'Unique' C4DI digital hub open for business in Hull |date = 17 December 2015 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 7 January 2017 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151221031738/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Unique-C4DI-digital-hub-open-business-Hull/story-28380771-detail/story.html |archive-date = 21 December 2015 }}</ref> The city has chemical and health care sectors, [[Smith & Nephew]]'s founder [[Thomas James Smith]] being from the city. The health care sector has research facilities provided by the [[University of Hull]] through the Institute of Woundcare and the [[Hull York Medical School]] partnerships.<ref name="health">{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=157 |title = Healthcare Technologies |year = 2008 |access-date = 3 June 2008 |publisher = Hull.co.uk |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065721/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=157 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[File:Port of Hull Ferry Terminal - geograph.org.uk - 1973133.jpg|thumb|Port of Hull Ferry Terminal]] Ferry services started after the decline in fishing by the introduction of [[RO-RO|Roll-on Roll-off ferry]] services to the continent of Europe. These ferries handle over a million passengers each year.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_zeebrugge_hull_hull_port.htm |title = hull port |access-date = 3 June 2008 |publisher = [[P&O Ferries]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081120010359/http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_zeebrugge_hull_hull_port.htm |archive-date = 20 November 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Commerce== ===Trade=== Merchant's houses such as [[Blaydes House]] and some warehouses survive in the Old Town, where trade was centred on the River Hull, later shifting to the Humber docks. [[File:Hull Marina am IMG 5489-2 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|One Humber Quays]] Humber Quays incorporates the World Trade Centre Hull & Humber and offices for The Spencer Group, RBS, and Jonathan Oliver Lee. The quays was a late 2000s development costing £165 million<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gos.gov.uk/497763/docs/196769/340436/443498 |title = The Humber – Global gateway – World Trade Centre |access-date = 25 February 2013 |date = August 2006 |publisher = Government Office for Yorkshire and the Humber |page = 12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090827032921/http://www.gos.gov.uk/497763/docs/196769/340436/443498 |archive-date = 27 August 2009}}</ref> with office buildings, housing, a 200-bedroom hotel and a restaurant.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=86 |title = Humber Quays |access-date = 25 April 2008 |year = 2007 |publisher = Hull Forward |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065802/http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?pageid=86 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=203 |title = Humber Quays Phase Two |access-date = 25 April 2008 |year = 2007 |publisher = Hull Forward |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122064903/http://www.hull.co.uk/template01.asp?pageid=203 |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Retail=== In March 2017, the Old Town area was designated as one of 10 Heritage Action Zones by [[Historic England]] with the benefit that the area would get a share of £6 million.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-39326282 | title = Coventry and Hull among 10 'historic action zones' | date = 20 March 2017 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 20 March 2017}}</ref> Retailers such as [[Heron Foods]], and [[Jacksons Stores|Jacksons]] began their operations in Hull.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.heronfoods.com/About.aspx | title = About Heron Foods | accessdate = 5 January 2018 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324145436/http://www.heronfoods.com/About.aspx | archivedate = 24 March 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hullccnews.co.uk/21/09/2017/founder-of-hull%C2%92s-william-jackson-food-group-honoured-with-mayor%C2%92s-centenary-plaque/ | title = Founder of Hull's William Jackson Food Group honoured with Mayor's Centenary Plaque | date = 21 September 2017 | work = Hull CC News | publisher = Hull City Council | accessdate = 14 October 2024}}</ref> The former electrical retailer [[Comet (retailer)|Comet]] was founded in the city as ''Comet Battery Stores Limited'' in 1933; the company's first superstore was opened in Hull in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://press.comet.co.uk/company-history | title = Company History | access-date = 1 May 2013 | publisher = [[Comet (retailer)|Comet]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108230505/http://press.comet.co.uk/company-history | archive-date = 8 November 2012}}</ref> [[File:King Edward Street, Kingston upon Hull, Apr23 L.jpg|thumb|left|King Edward Street]] Hull has many shopping streets, both inside and outside the city centre. The main non-city-centre shopping streets are Hessle Road, Holderness Road, Chanterlands Avenue, [[Beverley Road]], [[Princes Avenue, Kingston upon Hull|Princes Avenue]], and Newland Avenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/482-hull-buildings-monuments-protected-1402999|title=The 482 Hull buildings and monuments protected for historic importance|last=Kemp|first=Dan|date=2 April 2018|work=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> [[File:Market Hall, North Church Side (geograph 6320091).jpg|thumb|Trinity Market Hall<ref name="NHLE/1283105" />]] Additionally, two covered shopping arcades, Paragon and Hepworth. The latter was modernised and renovated in the late 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://static.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/september2002/returned_to_its.php |title = Hull in print |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 15 May 2009}}</ref> The city also has the Trinity Market Hall,<ref name="NHLE/1283105" >{{NHLE |num = 1283105 |desc = The Market Hall and Bob Carvers Fish and Chip Restaurant|access-date = 22 June 2013}}</ref> a grade II [[listed building]] Edwardian era indoor hall with 50 stalls, it was last renovated in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-35978497 |title = Hull's indoor market to undergo £1.6m refurbishment |date = 6 April 2016 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 19 June 2017}}</ref> The city centre has three shopping centres, [[St Stephen's Hull|St Stephen's]], [[Princes Quay]], and the Prospect Centre. The ''Prospect Centre'' on Prospect Street is the smaller and older shopping centre which benefits from large footfall; having chain stores, banks, fashion retailers and the city's main post office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prospectshoppingcentre.co.uk/shops/tiger-leisure/|title=Tiger Leisure|publisher=Prospect Centre|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120420/https://www.prospectshoppingcentre.co.uk/shops/tiger-leisure/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bmstores.co.uk/news/bandm-opens-brand-new-store-in-hull-s-new-prospect-centre | title = B&M Opens Brand New Store in Hull's New Prospect Centre | date = 12 November 2020 | publisher = [[B&M]] | access-date = 11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.prospectshoppingcentre.co.uk/ |title = Welcome to the hive of high street names at the Prospect Shopping Centre! |publisher = Prospect Shopping Centre |access-date = 10 June 2010}} </ref> [[File:Prince's Quay, Hull.jpg|[[Princes Quay|Prince's Quay]] Shopping Centre built over Prince's Dock|thumb|left]] ''[[Princes Quay]] Shopping Centre'' was built in 1991 on stilts over the closed [[Prince's Dock]]. It has a mixture chain stores and food outlets. It was built with four retail floors, known as "decks", with the uppermost deck converted to a cinema from December 2007.<ref>{{cite press release |url = http://www.myvue.com/corporate/news.asp?sb=1&SessionID=0725EE01086545199D31B253EA507C8A&cn=1&ln=1&intThisPageStructureID=7021 |title = Vue to open first all digital cinema in Hull |access-date = 20 January 2008 |publisher = Vue Corporate |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714145242/http://www.myvue.com/corporate/news.asp?sb=1&SessionID=0725EE01086545199D31B253EA507C8A&cn=1&ln=1&intThisPageStructureID=7021 |archive-date = 14 July 2011 }} </ref> [[File:St Stephens Shopping Centre, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 3713356.jpg|thumb|St Stephens Shopping Centre, Hull]] The ''[[St Stephen's Hull|St Stephen's]]'' shopping centre development on Ferensway adjacent to [[Hull Paragon Interchange]] is a {{convert|560000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} scheme, that opened in 2007. It is anchored by a [[superstore]] and provides many shop units, food outlets, a hotel, and a 7-screen cinema. Since its opening, shopping patterns within the city centre have shifted to the centre from around Princes Quay.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/hulls-retail-crisis-staggering-number-2008501|title=The staggering number of empty shops in Hull city centre revealed|last=Grove|first=Alex|date=17 September 2018|work=Hull Daily Mail|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> The ''North Point Shopping Centre'' (also known by as Bransholme Shopping Centre which is the area of the city it's in) contains a similar range of popular chain and budget retailers including [[Boyes (retailer)|Boyes]] and Heron Foods. There are also other outer centres for shopping and retail parks, including [[St Andrews Quay retail park]] on the Humber bank and [[Kingswood retail park]] (Kingswood).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blosse |first1=Benjamin |title=Expansion which may have seen Ikea in Hull looks set to be refused again |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/32m-kingswood-retail-park-expansion-221050 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=Hull Live |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> ===Nightlife, bars and pubs=== [[File:Spiders Nightclub, September 2017.jpg|thumb|Spiders Nightclub, first opened in 1979]] [[File:Land of Green Ginger, Hull (28353271630).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.70|The George Hotel in the city centre]] The main drinking area in the city centre is the Old Town. One pub has Hull's smallest window (The George Hotel).<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2013 |title=Ten things you might not know about Hull |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-25018146 |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref> Spiders, which opened in 1979, is an [[alternative rock]] nightclub on Cleveland Street, situated in a building that was once The Hope and Anchor pub.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2021 |title=Spiders nightclub in Hull announces reopening date {{!}} ITV News |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2021-10-15/spiders-nightclub-in-hull-announces-reopening-date |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haslam |first=Dave |title=Life After Dark |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4711-6664-8 |location=United Kingdom |pages=395}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roe |first=Andy Roe |title=Spiders - Tales From Behind the Web |publisher=Self Published |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-9998223-0-9 |location=Kingston upon Hull |pages=10}}</ref> 'ATIK' nightclub <ref>{{cite web |title=Hull |url=https://www.atikclub.co.uk/club/hull/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=ATIK }}</ref> (formerly The Sugarmill) is situated adjacent to [[Princes Quay]] shopping centre and the historic Princes Dock which dated back to 1829.<ref>{{cite web |title=Princes Quay – Shops, Leisure, Food & Outlets {{!}} Hull |url=https://www.princesquay.com/ |accessdate=11 January 2023 |website=Princes Quay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Hull Docks |url=https://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/research/research-guides/history-hull-docks.aspx |access-date=11 January 2023 |publisher= Hull History Centre}}</ref> ==Culture== [[File:Museums Quarter Hull July 2018 2.jpg|thumb|right|Museums Quarter corner of garden]] Hull has several museums of national importance. The city has a theatrical tradition with some famous actors and writers having been born and lived in Hull. The city's arts and heritage have played a role in attracting visitors and encouraging tourism in recent efforts at regeneration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cultural Transformations - The Impacts of Hull UK City of Culture 2017 |url=https://www.hull.ac.uk/work-with-us/research/institutes/culture-place-and-policy-institute/report/cultural-transformations-the-impacts-of-hull-uk-city-of-culture-2017.pdf |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=hull.ac.uk}}</ref> Hull has a diverse range of architecture and this is complemented by parks and squares and a number of statues and modern sculptures. The city has inspired author [[Val Wood]] who has set many of her best-selling novels in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Celebrating-trail-launch-library/story-16511162-detail/story.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130706072050/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Celebrating-trail-launch-library/story-16511162-detail/story.html%23axzz2XPGDEQu9 |archive-date = 6 July 2013 |url-status = dead |title = Celebrating trail launch at library |publisher = This is Hull and East Riding |date = 10 July 2012 |access-date = 4 July 2013 }}</ref> The Wilberforce Lecture and award of the Wilberforce Medallion, which has taken place annually since 1995, celebrates the historic role of Hull and [[William Wilberforce]] in combating the abuse of human rights.<ref>{{cite web |title = Wilberforce Lecture Trust |url = http://www.wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/ |publisher = Wilberforce Lecture Trust |access-date = 2 September 2017 |archive-date = 19 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919235053/http://wilberforcelecturetrust.co.uk/ |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=BBC2017/> In April 2013 Hull put forward a bid to be the [[UK City of Culture]] in 2017,<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22340575 | title = Deadline passes for UK City of Culture 2017 bids | date = 30 April 2013 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 1 May 2013}}</ref> reaching the shortlist of four in June 2013 along with [[Dundee]], [[Leicester]] and [[Swansea Bay]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22967259 | title = UK City of Culture 2017 shortlist of four announced | date = 19 June 2013 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 19 June 2013}}</ref> On 20 November 2013, [[Maria Miller]], the [[Culture Secretary]], announced that Hull had won the award to become the [[Hull UK City of Culture 2017|UK City of Culture 2017]].<ref name="Hull named UK City of Culture 2017">{{cite news | title = Hull named UK City of Culture 2017 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25008856 | access-date = 20 November 2013 | newspaper = BBC News | publisher = BBC | date = 20 November 2013}}</ref> [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] have released a version focusing on Hull, with attractions such as the Deep and St Stephens included.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-39526284 | title = Hull City of Culture Monopoly board game released | date = 7 April 2017 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 29 September 2019}}</ref> ===Museums=== [[File:Statue of William Wilberforce, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 1442357.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Wilberforce House, home of the museum dedicated to William Wilberforce]] The Museums Quarter is a development on the [[High Street, Hull|High Street]] in the heart of the Old Town. It combines four museums around a leisure garden. The work cost £5.1 million and was carried out from 1998 to 2003, being formally opened by the [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|Duke of Gloucester]].<ref name=HullDM1998>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Angus |date=21 May 1998 |title=GBP 100,000 closes cash gap Final funding for museum revamp |work=Hull Daily Mail }}</ref><ref name=HullDM2003June14>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Visitors Swarm To Museums Spectacular |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=14 June 2003 }}</ref><ref name=HullDM2003April22>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Duke To Launch Museum Project |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=22 April 2003 }}</ref> The Museums are [[Wilberforce House]], the birthplace of [[William Wilberforce]] (1759–1833), the [[politics of the United Kingdom|British politician]], [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]] and [[social reformer]]; the [[Arctic Corsair]], a [[Fishing trawler|deep-sea trawler]] that was converted to a museum ship in 1999, on the adjacent [[River Hull]]; the [[Hull and East Riding Museum]], showing the archaeology and history of the region; and the [[Streetlife Museum of Transport]], which includes a sizeable collection of vintage cars, preserved public transport vehicles and horse-drawn carriages.<ref name=HullDM2003June14/> Other museums include the [[Hull Maritime Museum]] in Victoria Square, the [[Spurn Lightship]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,631242&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = The Spurn Lightship |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530140428/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,631242&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[The Deep (aquarium)|The Deep]], a [[public aquarium]].<ref name="the_deep">{{cite web |url = http://www.thedeep.co.uk/ |title = Welcome |access-date = 4 November 2007 |work = The Deep: The World's Only Submarium |publisher = EMIH Limited |year = 2007}} </ref> ===Art and galleries=== [[File:Ferens Art Gallery Apr23.jpg|thumb|Ferens Art Gallery]] The civic art gallery is the [[Ferens Art Gallery]] on Queen Victoria Square, a Grade II listed building.<ref name=NHLEFerens>{{NHLE|num=1218995|desc=Ferens Art Gallery|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> It is named after [[Thomas Ferens]] who provided the funds for it.<ref name=Ferens1917>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Art Gallery for Hull. Site and £35,000 given by Mr. T. R. Ferens |work=The Times |date=12 January 1917 }}</ref> Other galleries include the three-storey [[Humber Street Gallery]], in the former Fruit Market building which was opened in 2017 as part of Hull City of Culture.<ref name=HumberStreet>{{cite web |url=http://www.humberstreetgallery.co.uk/about/ |title=About Humber Street Gallery |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=humberstreetgallery.co.uk |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185505/http://www.humberstreetgallery.co.uk/about/ |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are other smaller exhibition spaces.<ref name=visitHull>{{cite web |url=https://www.visithull.org/guides/theatres-museums-galleries/ |title=Theatres, Museums and Galleries |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=visithull.org |access-date=9 July 2018 }}</ref> ====Creations==== Marine painter [[John Ward (painter)|John Ward]] (1798–1849) was born, worked and died in Hull and a leading ship artist of his day.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/local-stories/oil-painting-may-have-been-stolen-from-museum-to-order-1-2361373 |title = Oil painting may have been stolen from museum to order |work = [[The Yorkshire Post]] |date = 8 July 2009 |access-date = 1 December 2013}}</ref> Artist and Royal Academician [[David Remfry]] (born 1942) grew up in Hull and studied at the Hull College of Art (now part of Lincoln University) from 1959 to 1964. His tutor, Gerald T Harding, trained at the Royal College of Art, London and was awarded the Abbey Minor Travelling Scholarship in 1957 by the British School in Rome.<ref name="In the studio: David Remfry">{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3648553/In-the-studio-David-Remfry.html |title = In the studio: David Remfry |work = The Daily Telegraph |date = 6 December 2005 |access-date = 21 February 2009 |location = London |first = Harry |last = Mount}} </ref> Remfry has had two solo exhibitions at the Ferens Art Gallery in 1975 and 2005.<ref name="In the studio: David Remfry"/> [[File:William the Third (King Billy) Statue (geograph 6477660).jpg|thumb|King Billy Statue]] Hull has a number of historical statues such as the Wilberforce Memorial in [[Queen's Gardens, Hull|Queen's Gardens]] and the gilded King William III statue on Market Place (known locally as "King Billy"). There is a statue of Hull-born [[Amy Johnson]] in Prospect Street<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/museumcollections/collections/storydetail.php?irn=108&master=454 |title = Amy Johnson (part 2) |work = Hull Museums Collections |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2008 |access-date = 18 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927044156/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/museumcollections/collections/storydetail.php?irn=108&master=454 |archive-date = 27 September 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and Hull's Paragon Interchange has a statue of [[Philip Larkin]], the latter unveiled on 2 December 2010.<ref name="Larkinstatue">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9252000/9252600.stm |title = Philip Larkin statue unveiled in Hull |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |date = 2 December 2010 |access-date = 2 December 2010}} </ref> In 2010 a public art event in Hull city centre entitled ''Larkin with Toads'' displayed 40 individually decorated giant toad models as the centrepiece of the [[Larkin 25]] festival. Most of these sculptures have since been sold off for charity and transported to their new owners.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Toads-finishing-touches-hop-place-streets-Hull/article-2407474-detail/article.html |title = Larkin toads get finishing touches |date = 13 July 2010 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 7 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120503101809/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Toads-finishing-touches-hop-place-streets-Hull/story-11972100-detail/story.html |archive-date = 3 May 2012 |url-status = dead }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-11411417 |title = Hull's Larkin toads make £60,000 at charity auction |date = 26 September 2010 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 7 January 2017}}</ref> In recent years a number of modern art sculptures and heritage trails have been installed around Hull. These include a figure looking out to the [[Humber]] called 'Voyage' which has a twin in Iceland. In July 2011, this artwork was reported stolen.<ref>{{cite web |title = Maritime heritage |work = leisure & culture |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2010 |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,255392&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |access-date = 18 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110222140007/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,255392&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 22 February 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/stole-300kg-fishermen-s-statue/story-13009663-detail/story.html |title = Who stole 300 kg fishermen's statue? |date = 26 July 2011 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 26 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080319/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/stole-300kg-fishermen-s-statue/story-13009663-detail/story.html |archive-date = 26 April 2012 }}</ref> There is a shark sculpture outside [[The Deep (aquarium)|The Deep]] and a fountain and installation called 'Tower of Light' outside Britannia House on the corner of Spring Bank.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/mysterious-structure-spring-bank-created-8639009 | title = The mysterious structure on Spring Bank created to shoot out a beam of light | last = Campbell | first = James | date = 30 July 2023 | work = Hull Daily Mail | accessdate = 2 October 2024}}</ref> [[File:Lowgate fish July 2018 2.jpg|thumb|right|Part of the Seven Seas Fish Trail, on Lowgate]] The Seven Seas Fish Trail marks Hull's fishing heritage, leading its followers through old and new sections of the city, following a wide variety of sealife engraved in the pavement.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,107647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Take a stroll |access-date = 8 July 2008 |work = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701162915/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,107647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Running along Spring Bank there is also an elephant trail, with stone pavers carved by a local artist to the designs of members of the community. This trail commemorates the Victorian Zoological Gardens and the route taken daily by the elephant as it walked from its house down Spring Bank to the zoo and back, stopping for gingerbread at a shop on the way. The animals are further represented on the Albany Street 'Home Zone' a project involving local residents and resulting in sculptures of a hippo ('Water Horse') at the bottom of Albany Street; an elephant balancing on its trunk on an island in the middle; and two bears climbing poles and reaching out to each other to form an open archway across the entrance to Albany Street from Spring Bank. Other sculptural details of animals along the street represent the participation of street residents, either through workshops with artists and makers, or through independent work of their own.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2006/04/04/elephant_walk_feature.shtml | title = Jumbo sized history | date = May 2008 | publisher = BBC | access-date = 7 January 2014}}</ref> In 2019 a series of blue plaques appeared around Hull as part of the ''Alternative Heritage'' project.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/people-behind-hulls-alternative-blue-2616117 |title = People behind Hull's alternative blue plaques revealed |date = 7 March 2019 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 4 August 2019 }} </ref> The art project was designed to celebrate the little known and quirky facts that make Hull the city it is. A variety of tongue in cheek and humorous blue plaques appeared over night celebrating everything from Chip Spice<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hull2017.co.uk/discover/article/sprinkle-of-spice/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414042402/https://www.hull2017.co.uk/discover/article/sprinkle-of-spice/|archive-date=14 April 2016|title=A Sprinkle of Chip Spice|first=Eleanor |last=Churchill|date=3 March 2016|quote=Originally, John's close friends Rob and Brenda Wilson came up with the idea of using spiced salt and paprika when visiting America during the late 70s |access-date = 4 August 2019}}</ref> to [[The Beautiful South]]. New plaques continue to appear on a regular basis and their content has occasionally divided opinion in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/funny-blue-plaques-celebrating-hull-2561628 |title = The funny blue plaques celebrating Hull quirks appearing across the city |date = 19 February 2019 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 4 August 2019 }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-47638682 |title = Ronnie Pickering among Hull's 'alternative heritage' honours |date = 23 March 2019 |work = BBC News |access-date = 4 August 2019 }} </ref> [[File:Dead Bod (geograph 4427797).jpg|thumb|right|"[[Dead Bod]]" mural in original location on a jetty at Alexandra Dock]] The "Dead Bod", a graffito originally painted on the Alexandria Dock, became a local landmark.<ref name=DeadBod>{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Hannah |date=30 January 2017 |title=Dead Bod to go on public view in new Humber Street Gallery |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/dead-bod-go-public-view-70304 |work=Hull Daily Mail |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> It is now located in the Humber Street Gallery.<ref name=DeadBod/> ====Three Ships mural==== [[File:The CO-OP Mosaic - geograph.org.uk - 931102.jpg|thumb|Three Ships [[mosaic]] mural on the old Co-Op building]] {{main|Co-op Mosaic}} The mural is on a curved screen attached to the end-wall of the old city centre Co-operative store building sited at the intersection where Jameson Street meets King Edward Street, now a mainly pedestrianised area created for the [[UK City of Culture|City of Culture 2017]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Realm City Pan Hull |url=https://cityplanhull.co.uk/index.php/public-realm/ |website=cityplan.co.uk |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="BLB1">{{NHLE|desc=Three Ships Mural|num=1468073|grade=II|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> Built by 1963 and later home to [[British Home Stores|BHS]], the building closed in 2016 with the collapse of BHS retail stores and was scheduled for demolition due to [[asbestos]] content. The building was listed as [[Grade II]] after lobbying by local pressure group Hull Heritage Action Group, potentially preventing demolition of the mural-wall. Specialist spraying to seal the building's internal structure has enabled moves to determine the actual level of asbestos in the mural-wall itself and provided a possible solution to incorporate the wall into a new development.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Angus |title=New twist in the battle to save Hull's iconic Three Ships mural |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/three-ships-mural-city-centre-3843517 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=13 February 2020}}</ref> ===Theatres=== [[File:Hull New Theatre Feb23.jpg|thumb|left|Hull New Theatre]] The city has two main theatres. [[Hull New Theatre]], which opened in 1939,<ref>{{cite web |title = History of the Hull New Theatre |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2008 |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,91128&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |access-date = 4 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224071809/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,91128&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 24 February 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> with a £16 million refurbishment in 2016–17, is the largest venue which features musicals, opera, ballet, drama, children's shows and pantomime.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,624925&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Hull New Theatre |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130119011846/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,624925&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 19 January 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/hull-new-theatre-looks-incredible-485409 |title = Hull New Theatre looks incredible ahead of grand reopening |date = 15 September 2017 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 16 September 2017}}</ref> The [[Hull Truck Theatre]] is a smaller independent theatre, established in 1971,<ref>{{cite web |title = About Us. Our History |publisher = Hull Truck Theatre Company |year = 2009 |url = http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/our-history |access-date = 16 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410015759/http://hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/our-history |archive-date = 10 April 2009 |url-status = dead }} </ref> that regularly features plays, notably those written by [[John Godber]].<ref name="Truck-Godber">{{cite web |url = http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/john-godber |title = About Us. John Godber |publisher = Hull Truck Theatre Company |access-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527091207/http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/about-us/john-godber |archive-date = 27 May 2009 }} </ref> Since April 2009, the Hull Truck Theatre has had a new £14.5 million, 440 seat venue in the [[St Stephen's Hull]] development.<ref name="Keep on Truck-in">{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2008/09/09/hulltruck_feature.shtml |title = Keep on Truck-in' |last = Hill |first = Charli |date = 10 September 2008 |work = BBC Humberside |access-date = 25 April 2009}} </ref><ref name="WatsOn">{{cite web |url = http://www.whatsonstage.com/blogs/yorkshire/2009/03/10/truck-announces-opening-programme-for-ferensway/ |title = Truck announces opening programme for Ferensway |date = 10 March 2009 |publisher = WhatsOnStage.com |access-date = 4 October 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616061255/http://www.whatsonstage.com/blogs/yorkshire/2009/03/10/truck-announces-opening-programme-for-ferensway/ |archive-date = 16 June 2011 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/the-venue |title = The Venue |publisher = Hull Truck Theatre Company |year = 2009 |access-date = 4 October 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015742/http://www.hulltruck.co.uk/the-venue |archive-date = 29 September 2011 }} </ref> This replaced the former home of the Hull Truck Theatre on Spring Street, a complex of buildings demolished in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/2923-hull-truck-theatre-spring-st | title = Hull Truck Theatre (Spring St) | publisher = The Theatres Trust | access-date = 7 January 2014}}</ref> The playwright [[Alan Plater]] was brought up in Hull and was associated with Hull Truck Theatre. Hull has produced several veteran stage and TV actors. Sir [[Tom Courtenay]], [[Ian Carmichael]] and [[Maureen Lipman]] were born and brought up in Hull.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lipman |first1=Maureen |title=We've been to Hull and back |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/20/hull-city-of-culture |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tearful Sir Tom Courtenay says Freedom of Hull '˜nicer' than winning Golden Globe |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/tearful-sir-tom-courtenay-says-freedom-of-hull-nicer-than-winning-golden-globe-1764673 |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fairclough |first1=Robert |title=This charming man: the life of Ian Carmichael |date=2011 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=9781845136642 |page=3}}</ref> Younger actors [[Reece Shearsmith]] and [[Debra Stephenson]] were also born in Hull.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Big Interview: Reece Shearsmith |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/the-big-interview-reece-shearsmith-1844151 |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=8 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Debra is proud of hull roots |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/debra-is-proud-of-hull-roots-1767454 |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=31 October 2017}}</ref> In 1914, there were 29 [[closed cinemas in Kingston upon Hull|cinemas in Hull]] but most of these have now closed. The first purpose-built cinema was the Prince's Hall in George Street which was opened in 1910 by Hull's theatre magnate, [[William Morton (theatre manager)|William Morton]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hull Daily Mail |date=24 January 1929 |page=3|title=91 To-Day. Mr W. Morton, Hull's Theatre Magnate|via= British National Archives}}</ref> It was subsequently renamed the Curzon.<ref>{{cite book |first = Hugh |last = Calvert |year = 1978 |title = A history of Kingston upon Hull |publisher = Phillimore |page = 276}}</ref> [[File:Myton Street, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 5836231).jpg|thumb|right|Connexin Live Arena, opened July 2018 as the Bonus Arena]] On 25 July 2018, a new 3,000 seat [[Connexin Live Arena|arena]] was opened to the public in the centre of the city.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/inside-hulls-bonus-arena-opens-1826405 | title = Inside Hull's Bonus Arena as opens to the public for the first time | date = 25 July 2018 | work = Hull Daily Mail | access-date = 26 July 2018}}</ref> It was officially opened on 20 August 2018, with a [[Van Morrison]] concert.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kcfm.co.uk/news/local-news/hulls-36-million-bonus-arena-officially-opening-tonight/ | title = Hull's £36 million Bonus Arena officially opening tonight | date = 30 August 2018 | publisher = KCFM | access-date = 14 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042341/http://www.kcfm.co.uk/news/local-news/hulls-36-million-bonus-arena-officially-opening-tonight/ | archive-date = 15 September 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Festivals=== [[File:Hull Fair 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Hull Fair taken from the top of the Big Wheel, 2006]] ''The Humber Mouth'' literature festival is an annual event and the 2012 season featured artists such as [[John Cooper Clarke]], [[Kevin MacNeil]] and [[Miriam Margolyes]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.humbermouth.org.uk/ |title = Performances |access-date = 1 May 2013 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130613154120/http://www.humbermouth.org.uk/ |archive-date = 13 June 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> <!--This was followed, on 17 July 2010, by the Sea Fever Festival, an International [[Sea shanty]] Festival, July being the new date for the sea shanty.<ref>{{cite web |title = Arts and Entertainment |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2008 |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,52840&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |access-date = 16 July 2010}} </ref>--> The annual Hull Jazz Festival takes place around the [[Hull Marina|Marina]] area for a week at the beginning of August.<ref>{{cite web |title = Hull City Council: Jazz Festival |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2008 |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,156111&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080311004356/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,156111&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 11 March 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> From 2008 Hull has also held its [[Freedom Festival, Hull|Freedom Festival]], an annual free arts and [[live music]] event that celebrates freedom in all its forms.<ref name="Freedom">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8241000/8241841.stm |title = Freedom Festival comes to Hull |date = 7 September 2009 |work = BBC Humberside |access-date = 23 November 2009}} </ref> Performers have included [[Pixie Lott]], [[JLS]] and [[Martha Reeves and The Vandellas]], [[Public Service Broadcasting (band)|Public Service Broadcasting]] and [[The 1975]] as well as featuring a torchlight procession, local bands like The Talks and Happy Endings from Fruit Trade Music label and a Ziggy Stardust photo exhibition including photos of the late-Hull-born [[Mick Ronson]] who worked with [[David Bowie]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Freedom-Festival-Thousands-arrive-ahead-1975-gig/story-19767307-detail/story.html |title = Freedom Festival: Thousands arrive ahead of The 1975 gig |date = 7 September 2013 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 7 September 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130909072949/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Freedom-Festival-Thousands-arrive-ahead-1975-gig/story-19767307-detail/story.html#axzz2eDDOsPtE |archive-date = 9 September 2013 }}</ref> Former United Nations Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] was awarded the Wilberforce Medallion at the 2017 festival.<ref name=BBC2017>{{cite news |title = Kofi Annan gets Wilberforce honour at Freedom Festival |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-41129049 |access-date = 2 September 2017 |publisher = BBC |date = 2 September 2017}}</ref> Early October sees the arrival of [[Hull Fair]] which is one of Europe's largest [[travelling funfair]]s and takes place on land adjacent to the [[MKM Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullfair.net/ui/abouthome.htm |title = Hull Fair, fun for all, what's it all about? – What People are Saying |access-date = 29 January 2008 |work = The Hull Fair Project |publisher = [[University of Sheffield]] |archive-date = 2 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102181923/http://www.hullfair.net/ui/abouthome.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> The city's [[Pride in Hull]] festival is one of the largest free-to-attend LGBT+ Pride events in the UK, attracting in excess of 50,000 attendees.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=http://prideinhull.co.uk/thank-you-for-making-2018-the-biggest-pride-in-hull-ever/|title=Thank you for making 2018 the biggest Pride in Hull ever! |date=23 July 2018|work=Pride in Hull|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> Headline performers have included [[Adore Delano]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.hull.gov.uk/26/04/2019/drag-royalty-alaska-5000-to-headline-pride-in-hull/|title=Drag royalty Alaska 5000 to headline Pride in Hull|date=26 April 2019|work=Hull CC News|accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Louise Redknapp]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/star-studded-line-up-announced-9427450|title=Star-studded line-up announced for Pride in Hull 2024|last=Hall|first=Deborah|date=22 July 2024|work=Hull Live|accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Marc Almond]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/legend-marc-almond-rocks-hull-229643|title=Legend Marc Almond rocks Hull Pride stage - even if he couldn't hear his own performance!|last=Jones|first=Craig|date=22 July 2017|work=Hull Live|accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Nadine Coyle]] of [[Girls Aloud]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/pride-in-hull-line-up-1733111|title=Girls Aloud star will perform at Pride in Hull 2018 as complete line-up revealed|last=Robinson|first=Hannah|date=30 June 2018|work=Hull Live|accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref> <!--[[Alaska Thunderfuck]]--> and [[B*Witched]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/hull-pride-2017-line-up-122978|title=Hull Pride 2017 line-up now includes Nineties favourites B*Witched|last=Robinson|first=Hannah|date=20 June 2017|work=Hull Live|accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref> The Hull Global Food Festival held its third annual event in the city's Queen Victoria Square for three days – 4–6 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullglobalfoodfest.co.uk/ |title = Global Food Fest |publisher = Hull Global Food Fest |access-date = 11 September 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090922045944/http://www.hullglobalfoodfest.co.uk/ |archive-date = 22 September 2009 }} </ref> According to officials, the event in 2007 attracted 125,000 visitors and brought some £5 million in revenue to the area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/news-events/local-news/businesses-sign-up-to-hull-food-festival |title = Businesses sign up to Hull Food Festival |date = 24 July 2007 |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = Yorkshire Forward |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110806/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/news-events/news/local-news/businesses-sign-up-to-hull-food-festival |archive-date = 19 January 2012}} </ref> In 2007 the Hull Metalfest began in the Welly Club,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisisull.com/coming07/welly/634753982_metalfest07may07.html |title = Hull Metalfest 2007 at the Welly Club |publisher = thisisull.com |date = 27 April 2007 |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082859/http://www.thisisull.com/coming07/welly/634753982_metalfest07may07.html |archive-date = 11 December 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> it featured major label bands from the United States, Canada and Italy, as well as the UK. The first [[Hull Comedy Festival]], which included performers such as [[Stewart Lee]] and [[Russell Howard]] was held in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisisull.com/news07/146776280_comedyfestival07.html |title = Hull Comedy Festival hailed a big success |publisher = thisisull.com |date = 15 November 2007 |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214073054/http://www.thisisull.com/news07/146776280_comedyfestival07.html |archive-date = 14 February 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2010, Hull marked the 25th anniversary of the death of the poet Philip Larkin with the [[Larkin 25]] Festival. This included the popular ''Larkin with Toads'' public art event.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/news.asp?pageid=74&NewsID=1259&MediaCategoryID=3 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505015645/http://www.hull.co.uk/news.asp?pageid=74&NewsID=1259&MediaCategoryID=3 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |title = Larkin 25 – another look at Larkin |date = 11 November 2009 |work = Hello from Hull and East Yorkshire |publisher = Bondholderscheme Ltd. |accessdate = 1 May 2013 }}</ref> The 40 Larkin toads were displayed around Hull and later sold off in a charity auction. A charity appeal raised funds to cast a life-size bronze statue of Philip Larkin, to a design by Martin Jennings, at [[Hull Paragon Interchange]]. The statue was unveiled at a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor of Hull on 2 December 2010, the 25th anniversary of Larkin's death.<ref name="Larkinstatue"/> It bears an inscription drawn from the first line of Larkin's poem, '[[The Whitsun Weddings (poem)|The Whitsun Weddings]]'.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-10878246 |title = Council go-ahead for Larkin statue |date = 5 August 2010 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 6 August 2010}} </ref> In 2013, from 29 April to 5 May, Hull Fashion Week took place with various events happening in venues in and around Hull's City centre. It finished with a finale on 5 May at [[Hull Paragon Interchange]], when recently reformed pop group [[Atomic Kitten]] appeared in a celebrity fashion show.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hullfashion.co.uk/the-events/ |title = Fashion Fest Finale |year = 2013 |publisher = Hull BID |access-date = 12 May 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130526070955/http://www.hullfashion.co.uk/the-events/ |archive-date = 26 May 2013 }}</ref> [[File:Yellow Day Hull human centipede.jpg|thumb|Yellow Day Hull, 24 June 2017]] The first Yellow Day Hull event, organised by Hull-born Preston Likely, was staged on 24 June 2017. Likely invited everybody in the city to participate in the event, encouraging all participants to either wear, carry or make something yellow in order to celebrate the city's history and culture.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Craig|date=26 June 2017|title=This is why Hull city centre was painted yellow|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/hull-city-centre-painted-yellow-138182|access-date=16 January 2022|website=HullLive}}</ref> On 3 August 2013, the second Humber Street Sesh Festival took place celebrating local music talent and arts, with several stages showcasing bands and artists from the Fruit Trade Music Label, Humber Street Sesh and Purple Worm Records.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Awesome-Humber-Street-Sesh-weekend/story-19613740-detail/story.html |title = Awesome' Humber Street Sesh: We should do it every weekend! |date = 5 August 2013 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 24 September 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927083005/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Awesome-Humber-Street-Sesh-weekend/story-19613740-detail/story.html#axzz2fpiJQpuQ |archive-date = 27 September 2013 }}</ref> The festival has taken place yearly, with the exception of 2021 where the festival took place in September being renamed 'Inner City Sesh' and taking place in [[Queen's Gardens, Kingston upon Hull|Queens Gardens]]. In 2018, the 16th [[Pride in Hull]] festival saw attendees take part in the annual celebration of LGBT+ culture.<ref name="auto1"/> ===Charity=== Kingston is home to the charity group [[The Society of M.I.C.E.]], modelled after the [[Grand Order of Water Rats]]. MICE stands for Men In Charitable Endeavour. ==Cultural references== ===Poetry=== Hull has attracted the attention of poets to the extent that Australian author [[Peter Porter (poet)|Peter Porter]] described it as "the most poetic city in England".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/english/about-us.aspx |title = Welcome to the Department of English |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = [[University of Hull]] |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130301080416/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/english/about-us.aspx |archive-date = 1 March 2013 }} </ref> Philip Larkin set many of his poems in Hull, including "[[The Whitsun Weddings (poem)|The Whitsun Weddings]]", "Toads", and "Here".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/larkin.htm |title = Philip Larkin |access-date = 13 January 2008 |work = Poets' Graves: Serious about poets and poetry |publisher = Cameron Self |year = 2006}} </ref> Scottish-born [[Douglas Dunn]]'s ''Terry Street'', a portrait of working-class Hull life, is one of the outstanding poetry collections of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/arts/writingscotland/writers/douglas_dunn/works.shtml |title = The Writers – Douglas Dunn (1942– ) – Works |access-date = 9 November 2007 |work = Writing Scotland |publisher = BBC |archive-date = 15 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515142015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/arts/writingscotland/writers/douglas_dunn/works.shtml |url-status = dead }}</ref> Dunn forged close associations with such Hull poets as [[Peter Didsbury]] and [[Sean O'Brien (writer)|Sean O'Brien]]. The works of some of these writers appear in the 1982 Bloodaxe anthology ''A Rumoured City'', which Dunn edited.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=authC2D9C28A0cb241D669uKk169F46C |last = Smith |first = Jules |title = Peter Didsbury |year = 2005 |access-date = 13 January 2008 |work = Contemporary writers |publisher = [[British Council]] |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070410080847/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=authC2D9C28A0cb241D669uKk169F46C |archive-date = 10 April 2007 }} </ref> [[Andrew Motion]], past [[Poet Laureate]], lectured at the University of Hull between 1976 and 1981,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth76 |last = Forbes |first = Peter |title = Andrew Motion |year = 2002 |access-date = 13 January 2008 |work = Contemporary writers |publisher = [[British Council]] |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001130129/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth76 |archive-date = 1 October 2007 }} </ref> and [[Roger McGough]] studied there. Both poets spoke at the Humber Mouth Festival in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/arc/collection/literarymanuscripts/mcgough.html |title = Roger McGough (1937– ) |year = 2008 |access-date = 13 January 2008 |work = Archives: Modern English literature and drama subject guide |publisher = [[University of Hull]] |archive-date = 30 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030025959/http://www.hull.ac.uk/arc/collection/literarymanuscripts/mcgough.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Contemporary poets associated with Hull are [[Maggie Hannan]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Maggie+Hannan |title = Maggie Hannan, author |year = 2006 |access-date = 13 January 2008 |publisher = Bloodaxe Books |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019051841/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Maggie+Hannan |archive-date = 19 October 2007 }} </ref> [[David Wheatley (poet)|David Wheatley]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.towerpoetry.org.uk/poetry-matters/march2007/wheatley.html |title=Ups and Downs: Tim Kendall reviews Mocker by David Wheatley |year=2006 |access-date=13 January 2008 |publisher=Tower Poetry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108034959/http://www.towerpoetry.org.uk/poetry-matters/march2007/wheatley.html |archive-date= 8 November 2007 |url-status=dead }} </ref> and [[Caitriona O'Reilly]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Caitriona+O'Reilly |title = Caitriona O'Reilly, author |year = 2006 |access-date = 13 January 2008 |publisher = Bloodaxe Books |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019073221/http://www.bloodaxebooks.com/personpage.asp?author=Caitriona+O%27Reilly |archive-date = 19 October 2007 }} </ref> 17th-century [[Metaphysical poetry|metaphysical]] poet and parliamentarian [[Andrew Marvell]] was born nearby, and grew up and received his education in the city.<ref>{{acad|id=MRVL633A|name=Marvell, Andrew}}</ref><ref name="ODNB6">{{cite ODNB |url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18242?docPos=2 |title = Marvell, Andrew (1621–1678) |last = Kelliher |first = W. H. |date = September 2004 |doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/18242 |access-date = 17 January 2010}}{{Subscription required}} </ref> There is a statue in his honour in the Market Square (Trinity Square), set against the backdrop of his alma mater [[Hull Grammar School]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003600/19990517/009/0009 | title = Statue moved back to Holy Trinity Church as part of city's facelift | date = 17 May 1999 | work = Hull Daily Mail | page = 9 | accessdate = 2 October 2024 | via = British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> ===Music=== [[File:Hull City Hall - geograph.org.uk - 952519.jpg|thumb|[[Hull City Hall]], completed in 1909]] ====Classical==== In the field of classical music, Hull is home to Sinfonia UK Collective (formerly Hull Sinfonietta, founded in 2004), a national and international touring group that serves Hull and its surrounding regions in its role as Ensemble in Residence at University of Hull,<ref name="hull_sinf">{{cite web |url = http://www.sinfonia-uk-collective.org |title = Sinfonia UK Collective |access-date = 18 November 2015 |publisher = Sinfonia UK Collective}} </ref> and also the [[Hull Philharmonic Orchestra]], one of the oldest amateur orchestras in the country.<ref name="hull_phil">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullphilharmonic.org/about.html |title = All about us |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = Hull Philharmonic Orchestra |year = 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930212706/http://www.hullphilharmonic.org/about.html |archive-date = 30 September 2011}} </ref> and formerly The Hull Philharmonic Youth Orchestra, established in 1952,<ref name="hpyo">{{cite web |url = http://www.hpyo.co.uk/history.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040411153744/http://www.hpyo.co.uk/history.html |archive-date = 11 April 2004 |title = A Brief History of the HPYO |access-date = 5 March 2009 |publisher = Hull Philharmonic Youth Orchestra |year = 2006}} </ref> the Hull Choral Union, the Hull Bach Choir – which specialises in the performance of 17th- and 18th-century choral music – the Hull [[Male Voice Choir]], the Arterian Singers and two [[Gilbert & Sullivan]] Societies: the Dagger Lane Operatic Society and the Hull Savoyards are also based in Hull. There are two brass bands, the East Yorkshire Motor Services Band, who are the current [[North of England]] Area [[Brass Band]] Champions,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/november2002/force_28.php |title = Force 28 |work = Hull in Print |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2003 |access-date = 21 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070524064338/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/november2002/force_28.php |archive-date = 24 May 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eymsbrassband.co.uk/ |title = The East Yorkshire Motor Services Brass Band |access-date = 25 April 2008 |publisher = EYMS Brass Band}} </ref> and East Riding of Yorkshire Band who are the 2014 North of England Regional Champions within their section.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.eastridingofyorkshireband.co.uk/index.php |title = East Riding of Yorkshire Band |access-date = 21 February 2008 |publisher = East Riding of Yorkshire Band |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304205608/http://www.eastridingofyorkshireband.co.uk/index.php |archive-date = 4 March 2008 }} </ref> Hull City Hall annually plays host to major British and European symphony Orchestras with its 'International Masters' orchestral concert season.<ref name="Hull City Hall">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullcityhall |title = Hull City Hall |access-date = 12 February 2010 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213100952/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullcityhall |archive-date = 13 February 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> During the 2009–10 season visiting orchestras included the [[Saint Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra|St Petersburg Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[Czech National Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/ARTS%20AND%20ENTERTAINMENT/THEATRES/HULL_CITY_HALL/INTMASTERS09_10.PDF |title = International Master series brochure 2009–2010 |access-date = 12 February 2010 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100216202258/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/ARTS%20AND%20ENTERTAINMENT/THEATRES/HULL_CITY_HALL/INTMASTERS09_10.PDF |archive-date = 16 February 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Internationally renowned touring pop, rock, and comedy acts also regularly play the City Hall.<ref name="Hull City Hall"/> In September 2013 a five-year partnership with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] was announced by the City Council.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-24212042 |title = Hull announces partnership with Royal Philharmonic Orchestra |date = 23 September 2013 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 24 September 2013}}</ref> ====Rock, pop and folk==== [[File:The Beautiful South - geograph.org.uk - 218341.jpg|Grafton Street, birthplace of the [[Housemartins]] and [[the Beautiful South]]|thumb]] On the popular music scene, in the 1960s, [[Mick Ronson]] of the Hull band ''Rats'' worked closely with [[David Bowie]] and was heavily involved in production of the album ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reid |first1=Laura |title=Estate kid to superstar |work=The Yorkshire Post |date=22 September 2022 |page=11|issn=0963-1496}}</ref> Ronson later went on to record with [[Lou Reed]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Morrissey]] and [[the Wildhearts]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wexler |first1=Bruce |title=The history of rock in fifty guitars |date=2016 |publisher=History Press |location=Stroud |isbn=9780750969888 |page=108}}</ref> There is a Mick Ronson Memorial Stage in [[Queen's Gardens, Hull|Queen's Gardens]] in Hull.<ref name="ronson_stage">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,655685&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Queens Gardens |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530080014/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,655685&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The 1960s were also notable for the revival of English folk music, of which the Hull-based quartet, [[the Watersons]] were prominent exponents. [[The Who]] performed and recorded a concert, at the Hull City Hall, on 15 February 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9190000/9190474.stm|title=The Who: Finally live in Hull|date=15 November 2010|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> In the 1980s, Hull groups such as the [[Red Guitars]], [[the Housemartins]] and [[Everything but the Girl]] found mainstream success, followed by [[Kingmaker]] in the 1990s.<ref name="80s_bands">{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/music/raw_talent/vote/gods_of_rock/artists.shtml |title = Gods of Rock |date = August–September 2004 |access-date = 16 July 2013 |work = Where I live: Humber |publisher = BBC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061029133835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/music/raw_talent/vote/gods_of_rock/artists.shtml |archive-date = 29 October 2006}} </ref> [[Paul Heaton]], former member of [[the Housemartins]] went on to front [[the Beautiful South]].<ref name="heaton">{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2007/11/06/paulheaton_feature.shtml |title = Paul Heaton Returns To Hull |access-date = 25 April 2008 |work = BBC Humber |date = 6 November 2007 |last = Noone |first = Katy}} </ref> Another former member of the Housemartins, Norman Cook, now performs as [[Fatboy Slim]].<ref name="cook">{{cite web |url = http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/norman-cook.html |title = Norman Cook Biography (Fatboy Slim) |year = 2007 |access-date = 28 November 2009 |work = The Biography Channel: Music |publisher = A&E Television Networks |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091213162043/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/norman-cook.html |archive-date = 13 December 2009 }} </ref> In 1982, Hull-born Paul Anthony Cook, Stuart Matthewman and Paul Spencer Denman formed the group [[Sade (band)|Sade]]. In 1984, the singer [[Sade Adu|Helen Adu]] signed to CBS Records and the group released the album ''Diamond Life''. The album had sales of four million copies.<ref name="sade">{{cite web |url = http://www.musicdish.com/mag/bio.php3?author=17 |title = Paul Cooke (Associate Writer) |year = 2007 |access-date = 1 December 2007 |publisher = MusicDish LLC |archive-date = 14 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070046/http://www.musicdish.com/mag/bio.php3?author=17 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The pioneering [[Industrial music|industrial]] band [[Throbbing Gristle]] formed in Hull; [[Genesis P-Orridge]] (Neil Megson) attended Hull University between 1968 and 1969, where he met [[Cosey Fanni Tutti]] (Christine Newby), who was born in the city, and first became part of the Hull performance art group [[COUM Transmissions]] in 1970.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = P-Orridge |first1 = Genesis |author-link = Genesis P-Orridge |last2 = Abrahamsson |first2 = Carl |last3 = Rushkoff |first3 = Douglas |title = Painful but Fabulous: The life and Art of Genesis P-Orridge |publisher = Soft Skull Press |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-1-887128-88-9}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.coseyfannitutti.com/ |title = Cosey fanni tutti |publisher = COSEY FANNI TUTTI |access-date = 12 June 2010}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Cosey Fanni Tutti & Genesis P-Orridge in 1976: Media frenzy, Prostitution-style |work = Art Design Café |publisher = Art Design Publicity |year = 2009–2010 |url = http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Cosey-Fanni-Tutti-Genesis-P-Orridge-John-A-Walker-Art-and-Outrage-ADP-1-3-2009 |access-date = 23 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110000847/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Cosey-Fanni-Tutti-Genesis-P-Orridge-John-A-Walker-Art-and-Outrage-ADP-1-3-2009 |archive-date = 10 January 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The record label [[Pork Recordings]] started in Hull in the mid-1990s, and has released music by [[Fila Brazillia]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Label List |publisher = Kudos Records |year = 2006 |url = http://www.kudosrecords.co.uk/index.php?page=detail&product=KUDCD023 |access-date = 19 February 2008 }}</ref> [[The New Adelphi Club|The New Adelphi]] is a popular local venue for alternative live music in the city, and has achieved notability outside Hull, having hosted such bands as [[the Stone Roses]], [[Radiohead]], [[Green Day]], and [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] in its history,<ref name="adelphi">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullvibe.co.uk/venue/21/Adelphi.php |title = Hull Vibe: Adelphi |year = 2008 |access-date = 26 February 2013 |work = Hull Vibe |publisher = Mail News & Media |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101748/http://www.hullvibe.co.uk/venue/21/Adelphi.php |archive-date = 4 December 2008}} </ref> while the Springhead caters to a variety of bands and has been recognised nationally as a 'Live Music Pub of the Year'.<ref name="springhead">{{cite web |url = http://www.springheadpub.co.uk/aboutus.htm |title = The Springhead Music Venue Achievements |year = 2007 |access-date = 15 January 2010 |work = The Springhead |archive-date = 26 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070726181103/http://www.springheadpub.co.uk/aboutus.htm}} </ref> In the 2000s, Hull [[indie rock]] band [[the Paddingtons]] saw mainstream success with two UK Top 40 singles in 2005,<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 978-1-904994-10-7 | page= 414 | title-link= British Hit Singles & Albums }}</ref> later reforming in 2014 and performing at the Humber Street Sesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.withguitars.com/paddingtons-reform-festival/ | title = The Paddingtons reform for festival | last = Gambino | first = Jamie | date = 21 June 2014 | work = With Guitars | accessdate = 14 October 2024}}</ref> <!--with notable bands such as Sulu Babylon and [[Street Parade]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}--> In the 1990s, the duo [[Scarlet (British band)|Scarlet]] from Hull had two Top 40 hits with "[[Independent Love Song]]" and "I Wanna Be Free (To Be With Him)" in 1995.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums 2">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 978-1-904994-10-7 | page= 484 | title-link= British Hit Singles & Albums }}</ref> The Humber Street Sesh night has released four DIY compilations featuring the cream of Hull's live music scene, and there are currently a few labels emerging in the city, including Purple Worm Records based at [[Hull College]], with bands such as The Blackbirds showing a promising future.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thisisull.com/music07/news/931491633_purpleworm.html |title = Hull Local Music News – Purple Worm Records in Hull |publisher = thisisull.com |date = 23 May 2007 |accessdate = 5 March 2009 |last = Dee |first = Michelle |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705172924/http://www.thisisull.com/music07/news/931491633_purpleworm.html |archive-date = 5 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> {{See also|Bands and musicians from Yorkshire and North East England}} ==Religion== [[File:Holy Trinity Church, Hull (geograph 234700).jpg|thumb|right| [[Hull Minster]]]] {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! rowspan="2" |Religion ! colspan="2" |2001<ref>{{cite web |title=KS007 – Religion – Nomis – 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |2011<ref>{{cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) – Nomis – 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/3 | title=TS030 – Religion – Nomis – 2021 | date = 28 March 2023|accessdate=26 October 2024 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref> |- !Number !% !Number !% !Number !% |- | | | | | |- !No religion ! align="right" |44,627 ! align="right" |18.3 ! align="right" |89,336 ! align="right" |34.8 ! align="right" |131,424 ! align="right" |49.2 |- !Holds religious beliefs !178,386 !73.3 !148,665 !58.0 !118,635 !44.4 |- |[[File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg|26x26px]] [[Christians|Christian]] | align="right" |174,758 | align="right" |71.7 | align="right" |140,753 | align="right" |54.9 | align="right" |106,411 | align="right" |39.9 |- |[[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|20x20px]] [[Muslim]] | align="right" |2,116 | align="right" |0.9 | align="right" |5,447 | align="right" |2.1 | align="right" |9,285 | align="right" |3.5 |- |[[File:Dharma_Wheel.svg|20x20px]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] | align="right" |374 | align="right" |0.2 | align="right" |771 | align="right" |0.3 | align="right" |746 | align="right" |0.3 |- |[[File:Om.svg|21x21px]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] | align="right" |257 | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |439 | align="right" |0.2 | align="right" |646 | align="right" |0.2 |- |[[File:Khanda.svg|24x24px]] [[Sikhism|Sikh]] | align="right" |227 | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |289 | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |277 | align="right" |0.1 |- |[[File:Star_of_David.svg|23x23px]] [[Jews|Jewish]] | align="right" |265 | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |172 | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |146 | align="right" |0.1 |- |Other religion | align="right" |389 | align="right" |0.2 | align="right" |794 | align="right" |0.3 | align="right" |1,124 | align="right" |0.4 |- !Religion not stated ! align="right" |20,576 ! align="right" |8.4 ! align="right" |18,405 ! align="right" |7.2 ! align="right" |16,957 ! align="right" |6.4 |- | | | | | |- !Total population ! align="right" |243,589 ! align="right" |100.0 ! align="right" |256,406 ! align="right" |100.0 ! align="right" |267,013 ! align="right" |100.0 |} Unlike many other English cities, Hull has no cathedral. Since 13 May 2017, the Holy Trinity Church (dating back to 1300) became a [[Minster (church)|Minster]], known as [[Hull Minster]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.holy-trinity.org.uk |title = About Holy Trinity |access-date = 28 November 2007 |publisher = Holy Trinity Church |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214044009/http://www.holy-trinity.org.uk/ |archive-date = 14 December 2007 }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-39907094 |title = Hull Minster: Holy Trinity Church re-dedicated |date = 13 May 2017 |work = BBC News |publisher = BBC |access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Church of England|Anglican]] [[Diocese of York]] and has a [[suffragan bishop]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/news-and-events/news-article.aspx?id=3897 |title = Alison White appointed Bishop of Hull |date = 25 March 2015 |publisher = Diocese of Newcastle |access-date = 9 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203314/http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/news-and-events/news-article.aspx?id=3897 |archive-date = 14 September 2018 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hull forms part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough]]'s southern vicariate.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/parishes |title = Parishes |access-date = 8 July 2008 |year = 2007 |publisher = Middlesbrough Diocese}} </ref> [[St Charles Borromeo, Hull|St Charles Borromeo]] is the oldest post-Reformation Roman Catholic church in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oglestreet.org/index.php/history/647-history-of-the-parish |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727143732/http://www.oglestreet.org/index.php/history/647-history-of-the-parish |url-status = dead |archive-date = 27 July 2011 |title = The Church of St Charles Borromeo |access-date = 25 February 2013 |publisher = Saint Charles Borromeo Church }} </ref> There are several seamen's missions and churches in Hull. The [[Mission to Seafarers]] has a centre at West King George Dock<ref name="seafarers_mission">{{cite web |url = http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/ports.php?h=2&pt=UK_search.htm&port=Hull |title = Ports Worldwide: Hull |access-date = 28 October 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = The Mission to Seafarers |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011003010/http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/ports.php?h=2&pt=UK_search.htm&port=Hull |archive-date = 11 October 2007}} </ref> and the St Nikolaj Danish Seamen's Church is located in Osborne Street.<ref name="st_nikolaj">{{cite web |url = http://www.lutheran.org.uk/local_danish.php |title = Local Congregations: Danish Services |access-date = 28 October 2007 |year = 2006 |publisher = Lutheran Council of Great Britain |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214016/http://www.lutheran.org.uk/local_danish.php |archive-date = 4 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Parks and green spaces== [[File:Pearson Park -Hull 3.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Pearson Park]]]] Hull has a large number of parks and green spaces. These include [[East Park, Kingston upon Hull|East Park]], [[Pearson Park]], [[Pickering Park, Kingston upon Hull|Pickering Park]], Peter Pan Park (Costello Playing fields), and West Park. West Park is home to Hull's [[MKM Stadium]]. Pearson Park contains a lake and a 'Victorian Conservatory' housing birds and reptiles. East Park has a large boating lake and a collection of birds and animals,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullwebs.co.uk/content/k-victorian/leisure/parks-and-gardens/index.htm |title = Victorian Parks & Gardens |work = History of Hull |publisher = Hullwebs |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> the latest additions being a pair of rehomed [[Shetland pony|Shetland ponies]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1wnv3wpr3eo | title = Shetlands settling in 'beautifully' at mini zoo | date = 22 October 2024 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 23 October 2024}}</ref> East Park and Pearson Park are registered Grade II listed sites by [[Historic England]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num = 1001519 |desc = East Park, Hull |access-date = 25 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num = 1001520 |desc = Pearson Park |access-date = 25 February 2013 |fewer-links = y}} </ref> The city centre has the large [[Queen's Gardens, Hull|Queen's Gardens]] parkland at its heart. This was originally built as formal ornamental gardens used to fill in the former [[Queen's Dock, Hull|Queen's Dock]]. It is now a more flexible grassed and landscaped area used for concerts and festivals, but retains a large ornamental flower circus and fountain at its western end. In February 2022, the first phase of a £11.7 million redevelopment of the gardens began.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://news.hull.gov.uk/14/02/2022/work-begins-on-11-7m-queens-gardens-redevelopment/ | title = Work begins on £11.7m Queens Gardens redevelopment | date = 14 February 2022 | work = Hull CC News | publisher = Hull City Council | accessdate = 14 October 2024}}</ref> The second phase started in June 2023 and is expected to take 14 months to complete.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-65809302 | title = Hull's 'forgotten' Queens Gardens to become 'serene' spot, says council leader | date = 5 June 2023 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 14 October 2024}}</ref>{{needs update|date=February 2025}} A report by The Countryside Charity in October 2023 found that no Local Green Space designations had been made to protect any of the cities open spaces, but [[Hull City Council]] indicated that protection was offered in the 2017 Hull Local Plan.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-67102503 | title = Hull's green spaces 'vulnerable' to developers - charity | date = 16 October 2023 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 26 October 2024}}</ref> The streets of Hull's suburban areas also lined with large numbers of trees, particularly [[The Avenues, Kingston upon Hull|the Avenues]] area around Princes Avenue, and Boulevard to the west. Many of the old trees in the Avenues district have been felled in recent years{{when|date=February 2025}} with the stumps carved into a variety of 'living sculptures'.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullsangel.org/ |title = Hull's Angel 1998–2006 |publisher = Hull's Angel |access-date = 9 June 2010}} </ref> <!--Other green areas include the University area and parts of [[Beverley Road]] to the north.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}--> [[File:The Khyber Pass - geograph.org.uk - 214532.jpg|thumb|East Park's Khyber Pass Folly in Kingston upon Hull as of 15 January 2011.]] West Hull has a district known as 'Botanic'. This recalls the short-lived Botanic Garden that once existed on the site now occupied by [[Hymers College]]. Elephants once lived nearby in the former Zoological Gardens on Spring Bank and were paraded in the local streets.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2006/04/04/elephant_walk_feature.shtml |title = Jumbo sized history |work = BBC Humberside |access-date = 17 June 2010}} </ref> The land has since been redeveloped. There was also a former Botanic Garden between Hessle Road and the Anlaby Road commemorated by Linnaeus Street.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.anlabyroad.com/South/linnaeus/linnaeus-street-history.html |title = Anlaby Road: South Side Streets, Linnaeus Street |work = Anlaby Road.com |access-date = 17 June 2010 |archive-date = 7 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707144140/http://www.anlabyroad.com/South/linnaeus/linnaeus-street-history.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Media== [[File:BBC Building Queens Gardens Hull.jpg|thumb|right|The [[BBC]] building in Hull]] Hull's local daily newspaper is the ''[[Hull Daily Mail]]''. The city was once served by three competing daily newspapers, all operating from the Whitefriargate area ''Eastern Morning News'', ''Hull News'' and ''Hull and East Yorkshire Times''. On 17 April 1930 the last edition of ''Evening News'' was published after the paper was taken over by the ''Hull Daily Mail''.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19300417/171/0014 | title = Announcement to Our Readers | date=17 April 1930 | work=Hull Daily Mail | access-date=21 October 2024 | via = British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> Local listings and what's-on guides include ''Tenfoot City Magazine'' and ''[[Sandman (magazine)|Sandman Magazine]]''. The BBC has its ''[[BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire|Yorkshire and Lincolnshire]]'' regional headquarters at [[Queen's Gardens, Hull|Queen's Gardens]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/panoramas/studios1_360.shtml |title = Queens Gardens |work = Panoramas |publisher = BBC Humber |date = 31 October 2007 |accessdate = 21 February 2008}} </ref> Radio services broadcasting from the city are [[community radio]] stations, [[Hull's 107FM]], 106.9 West Hull FM (formerly WHCR FM) and [[hospital radio]] station [[Kingstown Radio]]. The [[BBC]]'s regional station [[BBC Radio Humberside]] is based in Hull and broadcasts to East Yorkshire & [[Northern Lincolnshire]]. Commercial stations for the city [[Hits Radio East Yorkshire & North Lincolnshire]] (formerly [[Viking FM]]) and [[Nation Radio East Yorkshire]] (formerly [[KCFM (FM)|KCFM]]) broadcast from outside of Hull and are now part of a national network like [[Capital Yorkshire]] which has a base over {{convert|60|mi|km|-1}} away in [[Leeds]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.smilelocal.com/broadcasting/kingston_upon_hull |title = Broadcasting in the Kingston Upon Hull area |publisher = Smile Local |year = 2007 |access-date = 21 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090125041404/http://www.smilelocal.com/broadcasting/kingston_upon_hull |archive-date = 25 January 2009 |url-status = usurped }}</ref> The Hull University Union's student radio station [[Jam 1575]], stopped broadcasting on MW.<ref>{{cite web|title = Jam Radio Station|url = http://www.hull.ac.uk/jam/NewSite/about.html|website = hull.ac.uk|access-date = 30 May 2015|archive-date = 31 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031824/http://www.hull.ac.uk/jam/NewSite/about.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:KC Stadium.JPG|thumb|The [[MKM Stadium]]]] Sports in the city include professional [[association football|football]], [[rugby league]], [[rugby union]], [[golf]], [[darts]], [[Track and field|athletics]], and [[watersports]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Sport in Hull and East Yorkshire {{!}} including football, rugby and golf | url = http://www.visithullandeastyorkshire.com/sports/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111010100927/http://www.visithullandeastyorkshire.com/sports/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 October 2011 | publisher = Visit Hull and East Yorkshire | access-date = 30 May 2015}}</ref> The city's professional [[association football|football]] club, [[Hull City A.F.C.]], play in the [[EFL Championship|Championship]], the second tier of the [[English football league system]], after promotion, as champions, from [[EFL League One|League One]], at the first time of asking, in the [[2020–21 Hull City A.F.C. season|2020–21 season]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56869267 | title = Hull City 3–1 Wigan Athletic | date = 1 May 2021 | work = BBC Sport | publisher = BBC | access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref> The team play at the MKM Stadium. There are also two non-league clubs based in the city, [[Hall Road Rangers F.C.|Hall Road Rangers]], and [[Hull United A.F.C.|Hull United]], who play at Haworth Park. The latter play in the [[Humber Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Humber Premier League |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/index.html?league=5360640 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=fulltime.thefa.com}}</ref> A popular sport in Hull is [[rugby league]], with the city supplying two teams in to the [[Super League]] competition. The first is [[Hull F.C.|Hull FC]], who were founded in 1865, and are one of the founding clubs of rugby league. They play at the [[MKM Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullfc.com/page/1029/about-the-kc-stadium |title = KC Stadium |publisher = Hull FC |access-date = 25 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130311001725/http://www.hullfc.com/page/1029/about-the-kc-stadium |archive-date = 11 March 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Also in Super League are [[Hull Kingston Rovers]], who play at [[Craven Park, Hull|Sewell Group Craven Park Stadium]] in East Hull, following promotion from the [[RFL Championship|Championship]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/41166677 | title = The Qualifiers: Hull Kingston Rovers 12–6 Widnes Vikings | date = 9 September 2017 | work = BBC Sport | publisher = BBC | access-date = 23 January 2018}}</ref> There are also several lower league teams in the city, such as [[East Hull A.R.L.F.C.|East Hull]], [[West Hull ARLFC|West Hull]], [[Hull Dockers]] and Hull Isberg, who all play in the [[National Conference League]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk/ |title = Club Register |publisher = National Conference League |access-date = 17 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070303021954/http://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk/ |archive-date = 3 March 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Rugby union]] is catered for by [[Hull Ionians]] who play at [[Brantingham]] Park.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull-ionians.com/ |title = Hull Ionians RUFC |access-date = 20 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080111164216/http://www.hull-ionians.com/ |archive-date = 11 January 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Hull RUFC]] who are based in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullrugbyunion.co.uk/ |title = Hull RUFC |access-date = 21 March 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100104023957/http://www.hullrugbyunion.co.uk/ |archive-date = 4 January 2010 }} </ref> From the 2023–04 season, both clubs will play in the [[National League 2 North]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2016 |title=National League Rugby Clubs |url=https://www.ncarugby.com/clubs/ |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=National League Rugby}}</ref> The city has two athletics clubs based at the Costello Stadium in the west of the city – Kingston upon Hull Athletics Club<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kingstonuponhullac.co.uk/about/ | title = Track, Field & Road Running | publisher = Kingston Upon Hull Athletics Club | accessdate = 27 June 2023}}</ref> and Hull Achilles Athletics Club.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.british-athletics.co.uk/clubs/club0020.htm | title = Hull Achilles A C | publisher = British Athletics | accessdate = 21 October 2024}}</ref> Hull Cycle Speedway Club is at the Hessle raceway near the Humber bridge. The side race in the sports Northern league and won both the league titles in 2008. Other cycling clubs also operate including Hull Thursday, the area's road racing group.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://htrc.co.uk/ | title = Home | publisher = Hull Thursday Road Club | accessdate = 17 October 2024 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20240716051907/https://htrc.co.uk/ | archivedate = 16 July 2024}}</ref> [[Hull Arena]],<ref name=Arena>{{cite web |title = Hull Arena |publisher = Hull City Council |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,622818&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031041346/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,622818&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 31 October 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref> is an [[ice rink]] and concert venue, which is home to the [[Hull Seahawks]] [[ice hockey]] team who play in the [[National Ice Hockey League|NIHL National Division]] for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{cite web | author = NIHL Management Group | date = 3 May 2022 | title = Hull Seahawks Announcement | url = https://www.telfordtigers.net/hull-seahawks-announcement/ | accessdate = 6 September 2022 | website = Telford Tigers}}</ref> It is also home to the Kingston Kestrels [[ice sledge hockey]] team.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,630647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Kingston Kestrels |publisher = Hull City Council |access-date = 26 February 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530153701/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,630647&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In August 2010, ''Hull Daily Mail'' reported that Hull Stingrays was facing closure, following a financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Fans-say-closure-Hull-Stingrays-great-loss-city/article-2517116-detail/article.html |title = 'Hull Stingrays closure 'a great loss for city' |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 12 August 2010 |date = 12 August 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815074028/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Fans-say-closure-Hull-Stingrays-great-loss-city/article-2517116-detail/article.html |archive-date = 15 August 2010 }}</ref> The club was subsequently saved from closure following a takeover by [[Coventry Blaze]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Stingrays-business/article-2536188-detail/article.html |title = Hull Stingrays ice hockey team back in business after takeover deal |work = Hull Daily Mail |accessdate = 17 August 2010 |date = 17 August 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100820100055/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Stingrays-business/article-2536188-detail/article.html |archive-date = 20 August 2010 }} </ref> But on 24 June 2015, the club announced on its official website that it has been placed into liquidation.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Elite-League-ice-hockey-club-Hull-Stingrays/story-26756788-detail/story.html |title = Elite League ice hockey club Hull Stingrays placed in liquidation |date = 24 June 2015 |work = Hull Daily Mail |access-date = 24 June 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150624115147/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Elite-League-ice-hockey-club-Hull-Stingrays/story-26756788-detail/story.html |archive-date = 24 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullstingrays.net/article/549/Thank%20you%20for%20all%20your%20support |title = thank you for all your support |date = 24 June 2015 |publisher = Hull Stingrays |access-date = 24 June 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150624112001/http://www.hullstingrays.net/article/549/Thank%20you%20for%20all%20your%20support |archive-date = 24 June 2015 }}</ref> The [[Hull Hornets]] [[American football]] existed from 2005 until 2011. The club, which acquired full member status in the [[British American Football League]] on 5 November 2006, played in the BAFL Division 2 Central league for 5 years. The [[Humber Warhawks]] formed in 2013 became Hull's American football team. Greyhound racing returned to the city on 25 October 2007 when [[The Boulevard (stadium)|The Boulevard]] stadium re-opened as a venue for the sport.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/7061265.stm |title = Dogs back on track at Boulevard |access-date = 14 February 2008 |date = 25 October 2007 |work = BBC News }} </ref> In mid-2006 Hull was home to the professional wrestling company [[One Pro Wrestling]], which held the Devils Due event on 27 July in the [[Gemtec Arena]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/1pw/ |title=1PW Results – 1-Pro Wrestling (England) |access-date = 1 February 2008 |publisher = Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> From 16 May 2008, Hull gained its own homegrown wrestling company based at the Eastmount Recreation Centre—New Generation Wrestling—that have featured [[El Ligero]], [[Kris Travis]], and [[Alex Shane]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullwrestling.com |title = New Generation Wrestling |access-date = 22 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110128085653/http://hullwrestling.com/ |archive-date = 28 January 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hull Lacrosse Club was formed in 2008 and was in 2012 playing in the Premier 3 division of the North of England Men's Lacrosse Association.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/hull_lacrosse_club/news/the-new-season-is-here-673094.html |title = The New Season is Here!!! |publisher = Hull Lacrosse Club |date = 18 September 2012 |access-date = 1 October 2012}}</ref> The city played host to the [[Clipper Round the World Yacht Race]] for the 2009–10 {{convert|35000|mi|km|adj=on}} race around the globe, which started on 13 September 2009 and finished on 17 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.robinknox-johnston.co.uk/da/20092 |title = Clipper Ventures Plc |publisher = Sir Robin Knox-Johnston |access-date = 27 April 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221102834/http://www.robinknox-johnston.co.uk/da/20092 |archive-date = 21 February 2009 }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/8253287.stm |title = Crowds watch Clipper race start |date = 13 September 2009 |work = BBC News |access-date = 13 September 2009}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-10671813 |title = Clipper round-the-world crews return to Humber |date = 17 July 2010 |work = BBC News |access-date = 18 July 2010}} </ref> The locally named yacht, Hull and Humber, captained by Danny Watson, achieved second place in the 2007–2008 race.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullhumberclipper.com/ |title = Hull & Humber Clipper |publisher = hullhumberclipper.com |access-date = 30 April 2009 |archive-date = 20 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220144558/http://hullhumberclipper.com/ |url-status = usurped }}</ref> The city hosted [[British Open Squash Championships|The British Open Squash Championships]] at [[KC Stadium|the KC Stadium]] in 2013 and 2014,<ref> {{cite web |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Assem-Allam-brings-squash-s-tournament-KC-Stadium/story-16573637-detail/story.html |title = Assem Allam brings British Open squash tournament to KC Stadium in Hull |work = This is Hull and East Riding |date = 21 July 2012 |access-date = 4 December 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926161934/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/Assem-Allam-brings-squash-s-tournament-KC-Stadium/story-16573637-detail/story.html |archive-date = 26 September 2012 }}</ref> before moving to the adjacent [[Airco Arena]] in 2015, as part of a three-year deal.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://squashmad.com/breaking-news/british-open-stays-in-hull-for-three-years/ | title = Equal prize money is a major target as Hull hosts the British Open for three more years | date = 7 February 2015 | work = SquashMad | access-date = 18 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170318174330/http://squashmad.com/breaking-news/british-open-stays-in-hull-for-three-years/ | archive-date = 18 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Swimming is hosted at Beverley Road Baths, Woodford Leisure Centre, the Ennerdale Centre, and Albert Avenue Baths.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grove |first1=Alex |title=Hull leisure centre's planned £1.5m upgrade has been postponed |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/ennerdale-leisure-centres-planned-15m-2066871 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=2 October 2018}}</ref> Albert Avenue pools were established in 1933, with an outdoor pool which shut to swimmers in 1995, but has been used for canoe training.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Angus |title=Hull lido to re-open to swimmers after 25 years in £3m facelift |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/hulls-albert-avenue-lido-re-2262135 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=27 November 2018}}</ref> A major refurbishment to upgrade the complex and return outdoor swimming was announced in 2021, this included a fitness studio, gym and general upgrades.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kemp |first1=Dan |last2=Grieveson-Smith |first2=Jess |title=Incredible new £4m open-air pool coming to Yorkshire |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/tourism/incredible-new-4m-open-air-20105652 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Yorkshire Live |date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=James |title=People are seeing a Muscle Beach vibe at Hull's new outdoor pool |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/seems-albert-avenue-baths-could-5165467 |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=14 March 2021}}</ref> The £10.5 million refurbished facilities opened in August 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-66617024 | title = Albert Avenue Pools in Hull reopens after £10.5m revamp | last=Shoesmith | first=Kevin | date = 25 August 2023 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 17 October 2024}}</ref> ==Transport== {{see also|Trams in Kingston upon Hull|Trolleybuses in Kingston upon Hull|Kingston upon Hull City Transport}} [[Hull Paragon Interchange]], opened on 16 September 2007,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6997371.stm |title = City's new interchange is open |work=BBC News |date = 16 September 2007 |access-date =19 September 2007}}</ref> is the city's transport hub, combining the existing main bus and rail termini in an integrated complex. In 2009, it was expected to have 24,000 people passing through the complex each day.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hull.co.uk/template02.asp?PageID=104 |title = Paragon Interchange |access-date = 16 May 2009 |author = Hull Forward Ltd. |year = 2009}}</ref> ===Railway=== [[File:Original entrance to Hull Paragon station (geograph 4853166).jpg|thumb|Original entrance to Hull Paragon station, dating from 1847]] Hull Paragon Exchange is served by four [[train operating companies]]: * [[Hull Trains]] operates regular express services to {{rws|London King's Cross}}<ref>{{cite web |work=Hull Trains |title=Timetables |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.hulltrains.co.uk/travel-information/timetables |access-date=6 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref> * [[London North Eastern Railway]] runs one service per day to London King's Cross in each direction<ref>{{cite web |title=Our timetables |work=LNER |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |url=https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |quote= |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922141135/https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[TransPennine Express]] operates a route to {{rws|Manchester Piccadilly}} via {{rws|Leeds}}<ref>{{cite web |work=TransPennine Express |title=Timetables |date=21 May 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023 |url=https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/travel-updates/timetables |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416155909/https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/travel-updates/timetables |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Northern Trains]] operates regular local stopping trains to [[Halifax railway station (England)|Halifax]] via {{rws|Selby}}, Leeds and {{rws|Bradford Interchange}}; to {{rws|York}} via {{rws|Brough}} and Selby; to {{rws|Sheffield}} via {{rws|Doncaster}}; and to {{rws|Scarborough}} via {{rws|Beverley}} and {{rws|Bridlington}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timetables and engineering information for travel with Northern |work=Northern Railway |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |url= https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables |quote=}}</ref> In the 1960s, [[Hull and Hornsea Railway]] and [[Hull and Holderness Railway]] branch lines closed, with all goods traffic transferred to the [[Hull and Barnsley Railway|high-level line]] that circles the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suggitt |first=Gordon |title=Lost Railways of North & East Yorkshire |year=2006 |publisher=Countryside Books |isbn=978-1-85306-918-5}}</ref> ===Buses=== Bus services in and around the city are provided by [[East Yorkshire (bus company)|East Yorkshire]], a [[Go-Ahead Group]] company which was previously known as ''East Yorkshire Motor Services'', and by [[Stagecoach in Hull]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hull Coach and Bus Services |work=Bus Times |date=2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |url=https://bustimes.org/localities/hull |quote=}}</ref> To provide greater travel flexibility, bus users can obtain a ''Hull Card'' which can be used on services run by either operator.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.travelhull.co.uk/bus/travel-card |title= Travel Card |access-date=2 November 2021 |publisher=Hull City Council |work=Travel Hull}}</ref> ===Bridges=== {{anchor|Murdoch's Connection}}[[File:Humber Bridge.png|thumb|left|The Humber Bridge from the south bank]] Hull is close to the [[Humber Bridge]], which provides links to south of the river Humber. It was built between 1972 and 1981, and at that time was the longest single-span [[suspension bridge]] in the world. It is, as of 2024, twelfth on the [[list of longest suspension bridge spans|list]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humberbridge.co.uk/about-us/|title=About Us|work=Humber Bridge|accessdate=14 October 2024}}</ref> Before the bridge was built, those wishing to cross the Humber had to either take a [[Humber Ferry]] or travel inland as far as [[Goole]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/humberbridge2.htm |title=The Humber Bridge |access-date = 6 July 2008}}</ref> [[File:Castle Street, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 6836849).jpg|thumb|Murdoch's Connection]] In March 2021, a new [[footbridge]] was opened connecting the city to [[Princes Quay]] waterfront, marina and fruit market over Castle Street, a [[dual carriageway]] road also designated [[A63 road|A63]]. Named ''Murdoch's Connection'' after Hull's first female doctor, GP [[Mary Murdoch (Hull)|Mary Murdoch]], the name was nominated by pupils from [[Newland School for Girls]] in [[Newland, Kingston upon Hull|Newland]], Hull. Works began in autumn 2018 but progress was delayed due to the [[COVID-19|coronavirus pandemic]]. There was no opening ceremony due to distancing restrictions; instead, videos were compiled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hull Murdoch Connection footbridge opens after delays |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-56239574 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=BBC News |date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=One giant leap for Hull as Murdoch's Connection is unveiled |url=https://www.highwaysindustry.com/one-giant-leap-for-hull-as-murdochs-connection-is-unveiled |website=highwaysindustry.com |access-date=18 April 2021 |date=1 March 2021}}</ref> Members of the public have been requested not to attach [[love lock]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gerrard |first1=Joseph |title=Padlocks taken off new Hull bridge with users told to 'take selfies' |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/padlocks-removed-castle-street-bridge-5269748 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=7 April 2021}}</ref> ===Ports=== [[File:Zeebrugge Ferry Berth - geograph.org.uk - 428011.jpg|Hull to Zeebrugge ferry at King George Dock|thumb]] [[P&O Ferries]] provide daily overnight ferry services from King George Dock in Hull to [[Rotterdam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_rotterdam_routes_-_hull_-_rotterdam.htm |title = Hull-Rotterdam |access-date = 3 June 2008 |publisher = [[P&O Ferries]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080513152348/http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_rotterdam_routes_-_hull_-_rotterdam.htm |archive-date = 13 May 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="hull-zeebrugge">{{cite web |url=http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_zeebrugge_routes_-_hull_-_zeebrugge.htm |title = Hull-Zeebrugge |access-date = 3 June 2008 |publisher = [[P&O Ferries]] |archive-date = 13 May 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513140534/http://www.poferries.com/tourist/content/pages/template/routes_hull_-_zeebrugge_routes_-_hull_-_zeebrugge.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Services to Rotterdam are worked by ferries MS ''[[Pride of Rotterdam]]'' and {{MS|Pride of Hull}}. Previous Services to Zeebrugge were worked by ferries MS ''[[Pride of Bruges]]'' and MS ''Pride of York'' (previously named {{MS|Norsea}}). Both ''Pride of Rotterdam'' and ''Pride of Hull'' are too wide to pass through the lock at Hull. [[Associated British Ports]] built a new terminal at Hull to accommodate the passengers using these two ferries. The [[Rotterdam Terminal]] at the [[Port of Hull]], was built at a cost of £14.3 million.<ref>{{cite web| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171720/http://www.abports.co.uk/news2001513.htm| title = New Passenger Terminal For Associated British Ports' Port Of Hull|date = 1 May 2001| work = www.abports.co.uk| url = http://www.abports.co.uk/news2001513.htm| archivedate = 16 July 2011|accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref> In January 2021, [[P&O Ferries]] ceased their overnight ferry to Zeebrugge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poferries.com/en/hull-to-zeebrugge |title = Hull-Rotterdam |accessdate = 26 June 2024 |publisher = [[P&O Ferries]]}}</ref> ===Airports=== The nearest airport is [[Humberside Airport]], {{convert|20|mi|km|0}} away in [[Lincolnshire]], which provides a few charter flights but also has high-frequency flights to Amsterdam with [[KLM]] and Aberdeen with [[Eastern Airways]] each day. The nearest airport with intercontinental flights is [[Leeds Bradford Airport]] is {{convert|70|mi}} away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl |title = Google Maps |access-date = 5 November 2012 |year=2004 |publisher = Google Maps}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leedsbradfordairport.co.uk/destinations |title = Destinations |access-date = 5 November 2012 |year = 2012 |publisher = Leeds Bradford International Airport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031024941/http://www.leedsbradfordairport.co.uk/destinations |archive-date = 31 October 2012|url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Cycling=== According to the 2001 census data cycling in the city is well above the national average of 2%, with a 12% share of the travel to work traffic.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/ABOUT%20HULL%20CITY%20COUNCIL/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/TRANSPORT%20AND%20STREETS%20STRATEGIES/CYCLING%20STRATEGY/CYCLING_STRATEGY_2003.PDF | title = Cycling Strategy 2003 | year = 2003 | publisher = Hull City Council | access-date = 22 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151109193509/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/ABOUT%20HULL%20CITY%20COUNCIL/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/TRANSPORT%20AND%20STREETS%20STRATEGIES/CYCLING%20STRATEGY/CYCLING_STRATEGY_2003.PDF | archive-date = 9 November 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref> A report by the [[University of East London]] in 2011 ranked Hull as the fourth-best cycling city in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-13682857 | title = Hull is 'fourth best cycling city' | date = 7 June 2011 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 20 November 2013}}</ref> ===Roads=== The main road into and out of Hull is the [[M62 motorway]]/[[A63 road]], one of the main east–west routes in [[Northern England]]. It provides a link to the cities of [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]] and [[Liverpool]], as well as the rest of the country via the UK motorway network. The motorway itself ends some distance from the city; the rest of the route is along the A63 dual carriageway. This east–west route forms a small part of the [[European route E20|European road route E20]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Ordnance Survey Motoring Atlas Britain |publisher = Philip's |date = 8 July 2002 |isbn = 978-0-540-08228-5 }}</ref> Road transport in Hull suffers from delays caused both by the many bridges over the navigable River Hull, which bisects the city and can cause disruption at busy times. The city has three railway [[level crossing]]s in the city; it formerly had more with bridges built to go over the tracks on [[Hessle]] Road in 1962<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19621122/016/0016|title=At Last ! Freedom Day For West Hull Drivers|date=22 November 1962|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=16|accessdate=14 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> and [[Anlaby]] Road in 1964.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19640801/003/0003|title=Anlaby-Road Flyover Opens|date=1 August 1964|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=3|accessdate=14 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> A nearby road was renamed from Garrison Road to [[A63 road#Roger Millward Way|Roger Millward Way]] in 2018, after rugby player [[Roger Millward]] who played for [[Hull Kingston Rovers]]. The developments are part of a wider improvement and redevelopment scheme.<ref>{{cite web |title=A63 Castle Street – Murdoch's Connection and Roger Millward Way |publisher=Highways England |url=https://highwaysengland.co.uk/our-work/yorkshire-and-north-east/a63-castle-street-murdochs-connection-and-roger-millward-way/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303170151/https://highwaysengland.co.uk/our-work/yorkshire-and-north-east/a63-castle-street-murdochs-connection-and-roger-millward-way/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hull's new footbridge to be named Murdoch's Connection |url=https://www.hullccnews.co.uk/11/09/2020/hulls-new-footbridge-to-be-named-murdochs-connection/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=Hull CC News |date=11 September 2020}}</ref> ==Infrastructure== ===Telephone system=== [[File:Hull telephone box (27857173504).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|A Hull [[Red telephone box#K6|K6]] telephone box]] Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, KCOM, formerly KC and Kingston Communications, a subsidiary of [[KCOM Group]]. Its distinctive cream [[telephone booth|telephone boxes]] can be seen across the city. KCOM produces its own 'White Pages' telephone directory for Hull and the wider KC area. Colour Pages is KCOM's business directory, the counterpart to [[Yellow Pages]]. The company was formed in 1902 as a municipal department by the City Council and is an early example of municipal enterprise. It remains the only locally operated telephone company in the UK, although it is now privatised. KCOM's Internet brands are Karoo Broadband (ISP serving Hull) and Eclipse (national ISP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcom.com/centenary/historyinwords/default.asp?NavID=3 |title=A History in Words, Kingston Communications – The Hull telephone people. |access-date=5 October 2007 |work=Kingston Communications |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829220741/http://www.kcom.com/centenary/historyinwords/default.asp?NavID=3 |archive-date=29 August 2007 |url-status=dead }} </ref> Initially Hull City Council retained a 44.9 per cent interest in the company and used the proceeds from the sale of shares to fund the city's sports venue, the MKM Stadium, among other things.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/december2002/full_circle.php |title = Full Circle |work = Hull in print |publisher = Hull City Council |year = 2003 |access-date = 5 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071206003855/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/december2002/full_circle.php |archive-date = 6 December 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> On 24 May 2007 it sold its remaining stake in the company for over £107 million.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6686583.stm |title = Council completes telecoms sale |date = 24 May 2007 |access-date = 6 June 2008 |work = BBC News }} </ref> KCOM (Kingston Communications) was one of the first telecoms operators in Europe to offer [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] to business users, and the first in the world to run an interactive television service using ADSL, known as Kingston Interactive TV (KiT), which has since been discontinued due to financial problems.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://itvt.com/2006/03/02/kingston-interactive-television-to-cease-operations |title = Kingston Interactive Television To Cease Operations |work = InteractiveTV Today |date = 2 March 2006 |access-date = 23 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713071013/http://itvt.com/2006/03/02/kingston-interactive-television-to-cease-operations |archive-date = 13 July 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> In the last decade, the KCOM Group has expanded beyond Hull and diversified its service portfolio to become a nationwide provider of telephone, television, and Internet access services, having close to 180,000 customers projected for 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.top10-broadband.co.uk/news/2007/04/kingston_communications_on_target_to_expand_its_broadband_base/ |title = Kingston Communications on target to expand its broadband base |work = Broadband News |publisher = Top 10 Broadband |date = 2 April 2007 |access-date = 5 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090122064414/http://www.top10-broadband.co.uk/news/2007/04/kingston_communications_on_target_to_expand_its_broadband_base/ |archive-date = 22 January 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> After its ambitious programme of expansion, KCOM has struggled in recent years and now has partnerships with other telecommunications firms such as BT who are contracted to manage its national infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/5413227/Kcom-strikes-infrastructure-deal-with-BT.html |title = Kcom strikes infrastructure deal with BT |date = 1 June 2010 |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |last = Neate |first = Rupert |access-date = 10 June 2010}} </ref> Telephone House, on Carr Lane, the firm's 1960s-built headquarters, in stark modernist style, is a local landmark. In October 2019, Hull became the first UK city to have full fibre broadband available for all residents.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49995406 | title = Full fibre – Hull shows the way | date = 10 October 2019 | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | access-date = 10 October 2019}}</ref> ===Hydraulic power=== The first public [[hydraulic power network]], supplying many companies, was constructed in Hull. The [[Hull Hydraulic Power Company]] began operation in 1877, with [[Edward B. Ellington]] as its engineer and the main pumping station (now a Grade II listed building) in Catherine Street.<ref name=BritishListedBuildings>{{cite web|title=Former Hull Hydraulic Power Company Premises, Hull|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-387485-former-hull-hydraulic-power-company-prem|website=British Listed Buildings|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222073757/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-387485-former-hull-hydraulic-power-company-prem#.VohciraLTDc|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ellington was involved in most British networks, including those in London, [[Liverpool]], [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]] and [[Glasgow]], but the advent of electrical power combined with wartime damage meant the Hull company was wound up in 1947.<ref>{{cite news |title=The companies act 1929 in the matter of the Hull Hydraulic Power Co ltd |work=Hull Daily Mail |date=30 January 1947 |issue=19,096|page=3|issn=1741-3419}}</ref> ===Public services=== Policing in Kingston upon Hull is provided by [[Humberside Police]]. In October 2006 the force was named (jointly with [[Northamptonshire Police]]) as the worst-performing police force in the United Kingdom, based on data released from the [[Home Office]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6079944.stm |title = Humberside 'worst police force' |access-date = 9 November 2006 |date = 24 October 2006 |work = BBC News }} </ref> However, after a year of "major improvements", the Home Office list released in October 2007 shows the force rising several places (although still among the bottom six of 43 forces rated). Humberside Police received ratings of "good" or "fair" in most categories.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/7035407.stm |title = Police force sheds 'worst' label |access-date = 9 October 2007 |date = 9 October 2007 |work = BBC News }} </ref> [[Hull (HM Prison)|HM Prison Hull]] is located in the city and is operated by [[HM Prison Service]]. It caters for up to 1,000 [[Prison security categories in the United Kingdom|Category B/C]] adult male prisoners.<ref name="hm_prisons">{{cite web |url = http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/hull |title = Hull Prison information |access-date = 26 January 2012 |date = 4 May 2012 |publisher = Ministry of Justice}} </ref> [[Fire service in the United Kingdom|Statutory emergency fire and rescue service]] is provided by the [[Humberside Fire and Rescue Service]], which has its headquarters near Hessle and five fire stations in Hull. This service was formed in 1974 following local government reorganisation from the amalgamation of the East Riding of Yorkshire County Fire Service, Grimsby Borough Fire and Rescue Service, Kingston Upon Hull City Fire Brigade and part of the Lincoln (Lindsey) Fire Brigade and a small part of the West Riding of Yorkshire County Fire and Rescue Service.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.humbersidefire.gov.uk/default.asp |title = Welcome to Humberside Fire & Rescue Service |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080419065023/http://www.humbersidefire.gov.uk/default.asp |archive-date = 19 April 2008 |url-status = dead }} </ref> [[Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust]] provides healthcare from three sites, [[Hull Royal Infirmary]], [[Castle Hill Hospital]] and, until 2008, [[Princess Royal Hospital, Kingston upon Hull|Princess Royal Hospital]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hey.nhs.uk/ |title = Welcome to Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013921/http://www.hey.nhs.uk/ |archive-date = 29 May 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and there are several private hospitals including ones run by [[BUPA]] and Nuffield Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.touchlocal.com/nat/c-1034-t-13544-Hospitals-Hull |title = Hospitals in Hull |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080128/http://www.touchlocal.com/nat/c-1034-t-13544-Hospitals-Hull |archive-date = 17 July 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]] provides emergency patient transport.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yas.nhs.uk/default.html |title = Homepage YAS |publisher = Yorkshire Ambulance Service |access-date = 20 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619082622/http://www.yas.nhs.uk/default.html |archive-date = 19 June 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> NHS primary health care services are commissioned by the Hull [[Clinical Commissioning Group]] and are provided at several smaller clinics and [[general practitioner]] surgeries across the city.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullccg.nhs.uk/about-us/what-we-do/ |title = What we do |access-date = 1 May 2013 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130505135011/http://www.hullccg.nhs.uk/about-us/what-we-do/ |archive-date = 5 May 2013 }} </ref> NHS Mental health services in Hull are provided by Humber NHS Foundation Trust. It runs a [[memory clinic]] in Coltman Street, west Hull designed to help older people with early onset [[dementia]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Campaigners-plea-help-raise-funds-makeover-memory-clinic/article-2551196-detail/article.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130505140729/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Campaigners-plea-help-raise-funds-makeover-memory-clinic/article-2551196-detail/article.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 May 2013 |title = Memory clinic makeover campaign needs final push to reach £65,000 target |newspaper = Hull Daily Mail |date = 20 August 2010 |access-date = 20 August 2010 }} </ref> [[Waste management]] is co-ordinated by the local authority. The [[Waste Recycling Group]] is a company which works in partnership with the Hull City and East Riding of Yorkshire councils to deal with the waste produced by residents.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/COUNCILS/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/SUSTAINABLE%20WASTE/FINAL%20JOINT%20STRATEGY%20DOCUMENT%20ADOPTED%20MARCH%20061.PDF |title = Target 45+ Final Joint Strategy |access-date = 20 July 2008 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701140051/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/COUNCIL%20GOVERNMENT%20AND%20DEMOCRACY/COUNCILS/COUNCIL%20POLICIES%20AND%20PLANS/SUSTAINABLE%20WASTE/FINAL%20JOINT%20STRATEGY%20DOCUMENT%20ADOPTED%20MARCH%20061.PDF |archive-date = 1 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The company plans to build an energy from waste plant at [[Salt End]] to deal with 240,000 tonnes of rubbish and put waste to a productive use by providing power for the equivalent of 20,000 houses. Hull's [[distribution network operator]] for electricity is [[CE Electric UK]] ([[Yorkshire Electricity|YEDL]]); there are no [[power station]]s in the city. [[Yorkshire Water]] manages Hull's [[drinking water|drinking]] and [[waste water]]. Drinking water is provided by boreholes and aquifers in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and it is abstracted from the River Hull at [[Tophill Low]], near [[Hutton Cranswick]]. Should either supply experience difficulty meeting demand, water abstracted from the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|River Derwent]]<ref name=Factfile>{{cite web |url = http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/4883688e027fe86e273fc0a8029606f7/Product/View/GENE0506BKSI-E-E# |title = The Derwent Catchment |access-date = 20 July 2008 |work = River factfiles |publisher = Environment Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090124181347/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/epages/eapublications.storefront/4883688e027fe86e273fc0a8029606f7/Product/View/GENE0506BKSI-E-E |archive-date = 24 January 2009 }} </ref> at both [[Elvington, City of York|Elvington]] and [[Loftsome Bridge]] can be moved to Hull via the Yorkshire water grid. There are many reservoirs in the area for storage of potable and non-potable water. Waste water and sewage has to be transported in a wholly pumped system because of the flat nature of the terrain to a [[sewage]] treatment works at Salt End. The treatment works is partly powered by both a [[wind turbine]]<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/sign-of-the-times-1-2473468 |title = Sign of the times |date = 30 October 2007 |work = The Yorkshire Post |accessdate = 7 January 2016}}</ref> and a [[biogas]] [[Cogeneration|CHP]] engine.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/psc/hu12-8ey-yorkshire-water-services-wp3030gc-v004/supporting_documents/NonTechnical%20Summary.pdf |title = Hull Sludge Treatment Facility – Non-Technical Summary |date = September 2019 |publisher = [[Yorkshire Water]] |accessdate = 15 October 2024}}</ref> ==Education== {{See also|Education in Kingston upon Hull|List of schools in Hull}} ===Higher education=== ====University of Hull==== [[File:Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 3804127).jpg|thumb|The Esk Building at the [[University of Hull]] campus on Cottingham Road]] Kingston upon Hull is home to the [[University of Hull]], which was founded in 1927<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hull.ac.uk/choose-hull/university-and-region/about-us/about-the-university-of-hull.aspx |title = About the University of Hull |publisher = University of Hull |access-date = 22 October 2018}}</ref> and received its Royal Charter in 1954. It now has a total student population of around 20,000 across its main campuses in Hull and [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/facts.aspx |title = Facts and Figures |access-date = 16 June 2010 |publisher = University of Hull |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213091256/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/facts.aspx |archive-date = 13 February 2010 }} </ref> The main University campus is in North Hull, on Cottingham Road. Notable alumni include former Deputy Prime Minister [[John Prescott]], social scientist Lord [[Anthony Giddens]], ''[[Woman's Hour]]'' presenter and writer [[Jenni Murray]], Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford and co-developer of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine Dame [[Sarah Gilbert]], Nobel Prize laureate and Professor of Economics at [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] [[Guido Imbens]], and the Oscar winning film director [[Anthony Minghella]]. The University of Hull is a partner in the new University Centre of the [[Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education]] (GIFE) being built in Grimsby, North Lincolnshire.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.grimsby.ac.uk/UC-Build/ |title = University Centre |access-date = 19 June 2010 |publisher = GIFHE |date = 2006–2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100424003000/http://www.grimsby.ac.uk/UC-Build/ |archive-date = 24 April 2010 |url-status = dead }} </ref> ====University of Lincoln==== The [[University of Lincoln]] grew out of the University of Humberside, a former [[polytechnic (United Kingdom)|polytechnic]] based in Hull. In the 1990s the focus of the institution moved to nearby [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] and the administrative headquarters and management moved in 2001.<ref name="u_of_l">{{cite web |url = http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/about/history.htm |title = History of the University |access-date = 26 February 2013 |year = 2007 |publisher = The University of Lincoln |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100201090928/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/about/history.htm |archive-date = 1 February 2010}} </ref> The University of Lincoln has retained a campus in George Street in Hull city centre whilst Hull University purchased the adjacent University of Lincoln campus site on Cottingham Road.<ref name="u_of_l_campuses">{{cite web |url = http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/locations/index.htm |title = Campuses |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = The University of Lincoln |archive-date = 6 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006210855/http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/locations/index.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> ===Specialist=== [[Hull York Medical School]] is a joint venture between the University of Hull and the [[University of York]]. It first admitted students in 2003 as a part of the British government's attempts to train more doctors.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hyms.ac.uk/about/ |title = About HYMS |access-date = 5 October 2007 |publisher = The Hull York Medical School |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006005724/http://www.hyms.ac.uk/about/ |archive-date = 6 October 2007 }} </ref> The Northern Academy of Performing Arts<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.northernacademy.org.uk/all-about-napa/ | title = NAPA's vision, mission and values…. | date = 10 October 2019 | publisher = The Northern Academy of Performing Arts | accessdate = 15 October 2024}}</ref> and Northern Theatre School<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.northerntheatreschool.co.uk/index.php?page_id=3 |title = Northern Theatre School |access-date = 15 January 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119041721/http://www.northerntheatreschool.co.uk/index.php?page_id=3 |archive-date = 19 January 2012 }} </ref> both provide education in musical theatre, performance and dance. The [[Hull School of Art]], founded in 1861, is regarded nationally and internationally for its excellence as a specialist creative centre for higher education.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.artdesignhull.ac.uk/school/ |title = Welcome to the Hull School of Art & Design |access-date = 14 January 2010 |publisher = Hull School of Art and Design |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100903113031/http://www.artdesignhull.ac.uk/school/ |archive-date = 3 September 2010 }} </ref> ===Colleges=== [[File:Saltshouse Road, Kingston upon Hull (geograph 6365959).jpg|thumb|[[Wilberforce College]]]] There is a [[further education]] college, [[Hull College]],<ref name="hull_college">{{cite web |url = http://www.hull-college.ac.uk/ |title = Welcome to the Hull College |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071006115644/http://www.hull-college.ac.uk/ |archive-date = 6 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and two large [[sixth form college]]s, [[Wyke College]]<ref name="wyke_college">{{cite web |url = http://www.wyke.ac.uk/about-wyke |title = About Us |access-date = 28 November 2009 |year = 2009 |publisher = Wyke Sixth Form College |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100131005611/http://www.wyke.ac.uk/about-wyke |archive-date = 31 January 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Wilberforce College]].<ref name="wilberforce_college">{{cite web |url = http://www.wilberforce.ac.uk/ |title = Wilberforce Sixth Form College |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009140817/http://www.wilberforce.ac.uk/ |archive-date = 9 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[East Riding College]] operates a small adult education campus in the city,<ref name="East Riding College">{{cite web |url = http://www.eastridingcollege.ac.uk/ |title = East Riding College |access-date = 10 March 2010 |year = 2010}} </ref> and [[Endeavour Learning and Skills Centre]] is an [[adult education]] provision operated by [[HCC Training|Hull Training & Adult Education]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hcctraining.ac.uk/contact-us/ |title = Contact Us |date = 16 June 2017 |publisher = Hull Training & Adult Education |access-date = 23 May 2019 }}</ref> ===Schools=== Hull has over [[List of schools in Hull|100 local schools]]; of these, Hull City Council supports 14 secondary and 71 primary schools.<ref name="hcc_schools">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,52617&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title = Hull City Council: Education and Learning: Schools |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = Hull City Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825162813/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/portal/page?_pageid=221,52617&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date = 25 August 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The highest achieving state school in Hull is [[Malet Lambert School]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.maletlambert.co.uk |title = Malet Lambert |publisher = Malet Lambert |access-date = 8 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723022231/http://www.maletlambert.co.uk/ |archive-date = 23 July 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Schools which are independent of the City Council include [[Hymers College]]<ref name="hymers">{{cite web |url = http://www.hymers.hull.sch.uk/ |title = Welcome to Hymers College: Hull's Premier School |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007060455/http://www.hymers.hull.sch.uk/ |archive-date = 7 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and [[Tranby School]]. The latter, which is run by the United Church Schools Trust, was formed by the merging of Hull Grammar School and Hull High School.<ref name="hcs">{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcollegiateschool.co.uk/index.php?/home |title = Hull Collegiate School: Home |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071112033324/http://www.hullcollegiateschool.co.uk/index.php?%2Fhome |archive-date = 12 November 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Hull Trinity House Academy]] has been offering pre-sea training to prospective mariners since 1787,<ref name="trinity_house_school">{{cite web |url = http://www.hulltrinity.net/homedir/history.htm |title = History |access-date = 7 October 2007 |year = 2005 |publisher = Hull Trinity House School |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017061410/http://hulltrinity.net/homedir/history.htm |archive-date = 17 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> which was a boys only school until September 2022, when it began to admit girls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-62914858|title=Hull Trinity House Academy: School admits girls for first time in 235 years|date=15 September 2022|work=BBC News|accessdate=14 October 2024}}</ref> This left [[Newland School for Girls]] the only single-sex school in the city. The city has had a poor examination success rate for many years and is often at the bottom of government GCSE league tables.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/features/224913.stm |title = Education – A measure of success |access-date = 24 October 2007 |date = 10 December 1998 |work = BBC News }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news?articleid=2088929 |title = City's poor school results bring renewed pressure for change |access-date = 4 November 2007 |date = 1 March 2006 |work = The Yorkshire Post |location = Leeds}}</ref> In 2007 the city moved off the bottom of these tables for pupils who achieve five A* to C grades, including English and Maths, at [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] by just one place when it came 149th out of 150 local education authorities. However, the improvement rate of 4.1 per cent, from 25.9 per cent in 2006 to 30 per cent in summer 2007, was among the best in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/schools/Results-are-39step-in-right.3658288.jp |title = Results are 'step in right direction' for Hull |date = 10 January 2008 |access-date = 23 January 2008 |work = The Yorkshire Post | location = Leeds}} </ref> They returned to the bottom of the table in 2008 when 29.3 per cent achieved five A* to C grades which is well below the national average of 47.2 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/7673891.stm |title = City bottom of GCSE league tables |access-date = 17 October 2008 |date = 16 October 2008 |work = BBC News }} </ref> There are insufficient places in referral units for school children with special needs or challenging behaviour due to squeezed budgets and cuts to children's services.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/mar/22/hull-schools-at-breaking-point-over-special-educational-needs |title = Hull schools at 'breaking point' over special educational needs |work = [[The Guardian]] |access-date = 22 March 2018}}</ref> ==Dialect and accent== The local [[Accent (dialect)|accent]] is quite distinctive and noticeably different from the rest of the East Riding; however it is still categorised among [[Yorkshire dialect and accent|Yorkshire accent]]s. The most notable feature of the accent is the strong [[I-mutation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP1999/watt.doc |title=A Spectrographic Analysis Of Vowel Fronting In Bradford English |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319171244/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP1999/watt.doc |archivedate=19 March 2006 |first1=Dominic |last1=Watt |first2=Jennifer |last2=Tillotson|type=Microsoft Word Document|accessdate= 9 November 2006}}</ref> in words like ''goat'', which is {{IPA|[ˈɡəʊt]}} in [[standard English]] and {{IPA|[ˈɡoːt]}} across most of Yorkshire, becomes {{IPA|[ˈɡɵːʔt̚ ]}} ("''gert''") in and around parts of Hull (cf. similar ''refined'' pronunciations in [[Leeds]]/[[York]]), although there is variation across areas and generations.<ref name=BBCHull/> In common with much of England (outside of the far north), another feature is dropping the H from the start of words, for example Hull is more often pronounced 'Ull in the city. The vowel in "Hull" is pronounced the same way as in northern English, however, and not as the very short {{IPA|/ʊ/}} that exists in Lincolnshire. Though the rhythm of the accent is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, which is perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth, one feature that it does share with the surrounding rural area is that an {{IPA|/aɪ/}} sound in the middle of a word often becomes an {{IPA|/ɑː/}}: for example, "five" may sound like "fahve", "time" like "tahme".<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Williams |first1 = Ann |last2 = Kerswill |first2 = Paul |title = Dialect Levelling:Continuity VS. Change in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull |work = Urban Voices. Accent Studies in the British Isles. London. Arnold |publisher = Department of Linguistic Science, University of Reading |year = 1999 |url = http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/WilliamsKerswill1999UrbanVoices.pdf |access-date = 15 March 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035309/http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/WilliamsKerswill1999UrbanVoices.pdf |archive-date = 9 April 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[English-language vowel changes before historic /r/#Square–nurse merger|SQUARE–NURSE]] merger is a feature of Hull's dialect.<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles|last1=Williams|first1=A.|last2=Kerswill|first2=P.|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|editor-last=Foulkes|editor-first=P.|location=London|pages=146|chapter=Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull|editor-last2=Docherty|editor-first2=G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Varieties of English 1: The British Isles|last=Beal|first=J.|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=2008|editor-last=Kortmann|editor-first=B.|location=Berlin|pages=135|chapter=English dialects in the North of England: phonology|editor-last2=Upton|editor-first2=C.}}</ref> The vowel sound in words such as ''burnt, nurse, first'' is pronounced with an {{IPA|/ɛ/}} sound, as is also heard in [[Middlesbrough]] and in areas of [[Liverpool]] yet this sound is very uncommon in most of Yorkshire. The word pairs spur/spare and fur/fair illustrate this.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/projects.htm |title = Student projects on accent and dialect change |access-date = 23 April 2008 |last = Kerswill |first = Paul |date = 19 January 2001 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080505034434/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/projects.htm |archive-date = 5 May 2008 }} </ref> The generational and/or geographic variation can be heard in word pairs like pork/poke or cork/coke, or hall/hole, which some people pronounce almost identically, sounding to non-locals like they are using the second of the two variations – while others make more of a vocal distinction; anyone called "Paul" (for example) soon becomes aware of this (pall/pole).<ref name=BBCHull>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/individual/humberside-hull-barker-gemma.shtml |title = The Voices Recordings |access-date = 23 April 2008 |publisher = BBC }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |title = A Note on Hull Intonation |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |year = 1982 |first = L. |last = Bilton |volume = 12 |issue = 1 |pages = 30–35 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100300002383|s2cid = 144402277 }} </ref> ==Notable people== {{Main|List of people from Kingston upon Hull}} :''Most of the notable people associated with the city can be found in the [[:Category:People from Kingston upon Hull|People from Kingston upon Hull]] and [[:Category:People associated with the University of Hull|People associated with the University of Hull]] categories.'' [[File:052-SFEC-HULL-20070329-WILBERFORCE.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Statue of [[William Wilberforce]], Wilberforce House, Hull]] <!-- If a person DOES have an article on Wikipedia, please consider adding them to one of the categories listed above rather than adding them to this section. If a person DOES NOT have an article on Wikipedia please only add them to this list if they are particularly notable. In that case, consider writing a short article on them yourself. Hopefully this will prevent the section getting out of hand and full of redlinks again! --> People from Hull are called "Hullensians"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/cityprofiles/Hull/index.htm |title = City of Hull |publisher = lovemytown.co.uk |access-date = 23 February 2009}} </ref> and the city has been the birthplace and home to many notable people. Amongst those of historic significance with a connection to Hull are former city MP [[William Wilberforce]] who was instrumental in the abolition of slavery<ref name=WW>{{cite web |url = http://www.wilberforce2007.com/index.php?/abolition_of_slavery/william_wilberforce/ |title = William Wilberforce |access-date = 16 April 2008 |year = 2007 |publisher = Wilberforce 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071109004156/http://www.wilberforce2007.com/index.php?%2Fabolition_of_slavery%2Fwilliam_wilberforce%2F |archive-date = 9 November 2007 |url-status = dead }} </ref> and [[Amy Johnson]], aviator who was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/LOCAL%20HISTORY%20AND%20HERITAGE/AMYJOHNSON.PDF |title = Amy Johnson pioneering aviator |access-date = 16 April 2008 |date = July 2005 |publisher = Hull Local Studies Library |archive-date = 27 March 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090327124221/http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/HOME/LEISURE%20AND%20CULTURE/LOCAL%20HISTORY%20AND%20HERITAGE/AMYJOHNSON.PDF |url-status = dead }}</ref> Entertainers from the city include; [[Dorothy Mackaill]], 1950s singer [[David Whitfield]], sports commentator [[Tony Green]], actors Sir [[Tom Courtenay]], [[Ian Carmichael]], [[John Alderton]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year = 2008 |title = Alderton, John |encyclopedia = Who's Who 2008 |publisher = A&C Black |quote = Education: Kingston High Sch., Hull |isbn = 978-0-7136-8555-8}} </ref> actress [[Maureen Lipman]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Maureen-Lipman.html |title = Maureen Lipman Biography (1946–) |access-date = 16 April 2008 |year = 2007 |publisher = Film Reference}} </ref> and [[Reece Shearsmith]]. Playwrights [[Richard Bean]], [[John Godber]] and [[Alan Plater]] have close connections with Hull.<ref name="Truck-Godber" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/RichardBean.htm |title = Richard Bean – Hot New Playwright |access-date = 10 May 2008 |year = 2001 |publisher = The British Theatre Guide |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725050038/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/RichardBean.htm |archive-date = 25 July 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473028/index.html |title = Plater, Alan (1935–) |access-date = 16 April 2008 |work = Screenonline |publisher = British Film Institute}} </ref> Musicians associated with Hull include [[Paul Heaton]] of [[The Housemartins]] and [[The Beautiful South]],<ref name="heaton"/> guitarist [[Mick Ronson]] and bassist [[Trevor Bolder]], who worked with [[David Bowie]], and more recently 2000s indie band [[The Paddingtons]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.maggironson.com/about-mick | title = About Mick | publisher = Maggi Ronson | accessdate = 10 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22619872 | title = David Bowie bassist Trevor Bolder dies | date = 22 May 2013 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 2 October 2024}}</ref> The astrophysicist [[Edward Arthur Milne]] and logician [[John Venn]] both hailed from Hull. The poet [[Philip Larkin]] lived in Hull for 30 years and wrote much of his mature work in the city. An earlier poet, [[Andrew Marvell]] represented the city in Parliament during the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/marvell-andrew-1621-78 | title = Marvell, Andrew | work = History of Parliament Online | accessdate = 4 February 2023}}</ref> Artist [[David Remfry]] RA studied at Hull College of Art before moving to London and New York.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/david-remfry-ra | title = David Remfry RA (b. 1942) | publisher = Royal Academy of Arts | accessdate = 4 February 2023}}</ref> Chemist [[George William Gray|George Gray]], who had a 45-year career at the university, developed the first stable [[liquid crystal]]s that became an immediate success for the screens of all sorts of electronic gadgets. [[Robert Russell Race]] (1907–1984), medical doctor and human geneticist, was born in Hull.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Cyril|author-link=Cyril Clarke|date=1985-01-01|title=Robert Russell Race. 28 November 1907 – 15 April 1984|jstor=769933|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=31|pages=455–492|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1985.0016|pmid=11621207 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Notable sportspeople include [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]] (16 August 1831 – 20 November 1924), an English sportsman who is regarded as the father of the Football Association and modern football.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/67338|title=Morley, Ebenezer Cobb (1831–1924)|last=Butler|first=Bryon|date=January 2009|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/67338|access-date=9 August 2009}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> [[Clive Sullivan]], rugby league player, who played for both of Hull's professional rugby league teams, was the first black Briton to captain any national representative team.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/clive_sullivan.htm |title = Clive Sullivan |access-date = 16 April 2008 |work = 100 Great Black Britons |publisher = Every Generation |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513081210/http://www.100greatblackbritons.com/bios/clive_sullivan.htm |archive-date = 13 May 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The main A63 road into the city from the [[Humber Bridge]] is named after him (Clive Sullivan Way). [[Nick Barmby]] played for Tottenham Hotspur, Middlesbrough, Everton, Liverpool, and Leeds United before returning to play for his hometown club Hull City. He also won 23 England caps and played in the famous 5–1 victory over Germany in 2001. Another footballer is [[Dean Windass]], who had two spells with Hull City.<ref name="taylor">{{cite news |last = Taylor |first = Louise |url = https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/may/24/championship.hullcity |title = From Birds Eye and building to a shot at the top |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 24 May 2008 |access-date = 22 February 2010 |location = London}} </ref> Hull-born [[Karl Bushby]] is a British author and ex-paratrooper, walking from [[Punta Arenas]] to Hull.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shoesmith |first=Kevin |date=1 September 2017 |title=Global Explorer Karl Bushby: 'it's Time to Start Looking at the Journey Home' |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/global-explorer-karl-bushby-its-401722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901122631/https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/global-explorer-karl-bushby-its-401722 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=[[Hull Daily Mail]]}}</ref> On accepting a [[peerage]], Welsh-born Baron Prescott of Kingston-upon-Hull (former MP and Deputy Prime Minister [[John Prescott]]) took his title from his adopted home city of Hull.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/politics/10550850.stm |work = BBC News |title = Lord Prescott takes his place in the House of Lords |date = 8 August 2010 |access-date = 28 October 2010}}</ref> <!-- Please read the notice at the top of the section before adding people. Thanks! --> ==International relations== Hull has formal [[Town twinning|twinning]] arrangements with:<ref name="sister_cities">{{cite journal |url = http://static.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php |title = Christmas around the world |journal = Hull in Print |date = December 2006 |publisher = Hull City Council |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011175854/http://static.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/dec2006/christmas_around_the_world.php |archivedate = 11 October 2011 }} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.city-visitor.com/hull/information.html |title = Guide to Hull Humberside and general Hull information |website = city-visitor.com |access-date = 29 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090516073730/http://www.city-visitor.com/hull/information.html |archive-date = 16 May 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> *[[Chișinău]], Moldova *[[Freetown]], Sierra Leone *[[Fengtai, Beijing]], China *[[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]], Japan *[[Raleigh, North Carolina]], United States *[[Reykjavík]], Iceland *[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands *[[Szczecin]], Poland<ref name="Szczecin twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/UMSzczecinBIP/chapter_11296.asp|title=Kontakty partnerskie Miasta Szczecin|access-date = 29 July 2013|work=Urząd Miasta Szczecin|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818001351/http://bip.um.szczecin.pl/umszczecinbip/chapter_11296.asp |archive-date = 18 August 2012}}</ref> The following cities are named directly after Hull: * [[Hull, Massachusetts]], United States<ref name="hull_mass">{{cite web |url = http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2990 |title = Hull, Massachusetts |work = ePodunk |access-date = 30 September 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = ePodunk Inc. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071014023514/http://epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2990 |archive-date = 14 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> * [[Hull, Quebec]], Canada<ref name="hull_quebec">{{cite web |url = http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/hull/2004225.html |title = Hull, Quebec |work = ePodunk Canada |access-date = 30 September 2007 |year = 2007 |publisher = ePodunk Inc. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112731/http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/hull/2004225.html |archive-date = 13 October 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Freedom of the City== The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Kingston upon Hull. {{Incomplete list|date=September 2019}} ===Individuals=== * [[Desmond Tutu]]: 2 July 1987.<ref name="Freemen">{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0003600/19870703/003/0003?browse=true|title=Tutu visit 'is almost certain'|date=3 July 1987|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=3|accessdate=2 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[Helen Suzman]]: 2 July 1987.<ref name="Freemen"/> * [[Nelson Mandela]]: 2 July 1987.<ref name="Freemen"/> * [[John Prescott]]: 1 August 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003600/19960802/005/0005|title=John's so proud of freedom honour|date=2 August 1996|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=5|accessdate=2 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[Kevin McNamara (politician)|Kevin McNamara]]: 16 January 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003979/19970122/005/0005|title=McNamara gets Freedom of city|date=22 January 1997|work=East Hull Advertiser|page=5|accessdate=2 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * Jean Bishop – "Bee Lady": 23 November 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/latest-news/95-year-old-jean-bishop-hull-s-bee-lady-given-freedom-of-the-city-1-8874630|title=95-year-old Jean Bishop – Hull's Bee Lady – given Freedom of the City|newspaper=The Yorkshire Post|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> * [[Tom Courtenay|Sir Thomas Courtenay]]: 18 January 2018.<ref name="Courteney">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-42717627|title='Legendary' actor given freedom of city|date=18 January 2018|access-date=28 September 2019|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cmis.hullcc.gov.uk/cmis/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=y7iUDwXTEvxcyS5NQJRCjlCE%2F0HOEIQgWDT%2BEq34g3jw9BBGKzwbcg%3D%3D&rUzwRPf%2BZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3D%3D=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2FLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=jUgQCaU3L68%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=rpDUf1SX8bA%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D|title=Criteria for conferment of Freedom of the City|publisher=Hull City Council|access-date=28 September 2019|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308095728/https://cmis.hullcc.gov.uk/cmis/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=y7iUDwXTEvxcyS5NQJRCjlCE%2F0HOEIQgWDT%2BEq34g3jw9BBGKzwbcg%3D%3D&rUzwRPf%2BZ3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw%3D%3D=pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ%2FLUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=jUgQCaU3L68%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=rpDUf1SX8bA%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Yvonne Blenkinsop]]: 15 November 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-46222296|title=City freedom for trawler campaigner|date=15 November 2018|access-date=11 November 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> * [[Carol Thomas]]: 22 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hull: Freedom honour for former England football captain Carol Thomas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-62932603 |website=BBC News Humberside |date=17 September 2022 |access-date=16 November 2022 }}</ref> * Patrick Doyle: 17 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/former-city-council-leader-pat-7361325 |title=Former city council leader Pat Doyle set to be given Freedom of Hull |last=Young |first=Angus |date=21 July 2022 |website=The Hull Daily Mail |access-date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former council leader to receive Honorary Freedom of the City of Hull |url=https://www.hullccnews.co.uk/16/11/2022/former-council-leader-to-receive-honorary-freedom-of-the-city-of-hull/ |website=The Hull CC News |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=16 November 2022 }}</ref> ===Military units=== * The [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]: 1 June 1944.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19440602/027/0004|title=Freedom of Hull for East Yorks Regiment|date=2 June 1944|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=4|accessdate=5 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * The [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]]: 20 February 1959.{{efn|group=MU|Extended from [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]}}<ref name="YRH"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19590221/003/0003|title=Freedom for new Yorkshires|date=21 February 1959|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=3|accessdate=14 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * The [[Yorkshire Regiment]]: 16 November 2006.{{efn|group=MU|Transferred from [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] via [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]]}}<ref name="YRH">{{cite book|title=The Yorkshire Regiment Regimental Handbook|url=https://www.yorkshireregiment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/YORKSHIRE-REGIMENT-HANDBOOK_v3.pdf|date=June 2021|page=79}}</ref> <!--* [[The Royal Dragoon Guards]]--> * [[2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers|440 (Humber) light Anti-Aircraft Regiment]] [[Royal Artillery]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|TA]]): 24 September 1960.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19600926/005/0005|title=100-year Link With Hull Brings Gunners 'Freedom'|date=26 September 1960|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=5|accessdate=14 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers|440 (Humber) light Anti-Aircraft Regiment]] [[Royal Artillery]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorials]]): 3 August 1967.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19670804/009/0009|title=FREEDOM OF THE CITY|date=4 August 1967|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=9|accessdate=7 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[RAF Patrington]]: 16 May 1970.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19700518/008/0008|title=RAF Patrington given Hull's highest honour|date=18 May 1970|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=8|accessdate=5 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[150 Regiment RLC|150(N) Transport Regiment]] [[Royal Corps of Transport]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Volunteers]]): 1 February 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003600/19900129/019/0019|title=City to honour Regiment|date=29 January 1990|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=19|accessdate=7 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[RRH Staxton Wold]]: 3 March 1994.<ref name="Roll of honour to be extended">{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003600/19940301/006/0006|title=Roll of honour to be extended|date=1 March 1994|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=6|accessdate=5 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * [[150 Regiment RLC|150 (Yorkshire) Transport Regiment]] [[Royal Logistic Corps]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Volunteers]]): 3 March 1994.<ref name="Roll of honour to be extended" /> * {{HMS|Iron Duke|F234|6}}, [[Royal Navy|RN]]: 3 March 1994.<ref name="Roll of honour to be extended" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/events/ships/170316-hms-iron-duke-visits-hull|title=HMS Iron Duke visits city of Hull|website=royalnavy.mod.uk|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> * 250th Field Ambulance (Volunteer Unit): 15 July 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003600/19990719/002/0002|title=Freedom of city for field ambulance|date=19 July 1999|work=Hull Daily Mail|page=2|accessdate=7 October 2024|via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access = subscription}}</ref> * Hull Unit [[Sea Cadets (United Kingdom)|Sea Cadet Corps]]: 27 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-26372556|title=Sea Cadets granted freedom of Hull|date=27 February 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> * Humberside and South Yorkshire [[Army Cadet Force]]: 21 March 2024.<ref name="Cadet groups">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nv7g8jww7o |title=Cadet groups receive freedom of city |last=Hemmingham |first=Nathan |date=19 March 2024 |website=BBC News |access-date=6 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Cadets">{{cite news |title=Cadets to receive Honorary Freedom of the City |url=https://news.hull.gov.uk/19/03/2024/cadets-to-receive-honorary-freedom-of-the-city/ |website=Hull City Council |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 }}</ref> * 152 (City of Hull) Squadron [[Air Training Corps]]: 21 March 2024.<ref name="Cadet groups"/><ref name="Cadets"/> ===Notes=== {{notelist|group=MU}} ==See also== {{Portal|Yorkshire|England|United Kingdom}} * [[Grade I listed churches in the East Riding of Yorkshire]] * [[History of the Jews in Hull]] * [[Hull triple trawler tragedy (1968)]] * [[Land of Green Ginger]] * [[List of Jews from Kingston upon Hull]] * [[Rollits LLP]] * [[Sculcoates power station]] ==Notes== :{{note label|1939|a|a}}There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition. :{{note label|1991|b|b}}The ''Hull Daily Mail'' article indicates the 1991 population was 254,117. :{{note label|2001|c|c}}There is a discrepancy of 6 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the ''Vision of Britain'' website (quoted here). :{{note label|2011|d|d}}The ''Hull Daily Mail'' article indicates the 2001 population was 246,355. ==References== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Georgian Hull |isbn= 978-0900657436|year=1979|publisher=William Sessions Ltd.}} * {{cite book|title=History of the Town and Port of Kingston upon Hull |isbn=978-1241324797|year=2011|publisher=Lightning Source UK Ltd.}} * {{cite book|title=A History of Hull |last1=Gillett|first1= Edward |last2= MacMahon |first2 = Kenneth A.|year=1989|publisher=Hull University Press|isbn=978-0859584814}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{commons category|Kingston upon Hull}} {{Wikivoyage|Kingston upon Hull}} * [http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/ Hull City Council] * {{Flickr|hullcitycouncil|Hull City Council}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060203015238/http://prismdata.hullcc.gov.uk/ Hull City Council photo archive]—Wayback Machine version * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-24910316 "Hull's City of Culture bid film revealed to the public"] – ''[[BBC News]]'' article, 12 November 2013 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140601063832/http://www.hullhistorycentre.org.uk/discover/hull_history_centre/about_us/historyofhull.aspx Hull History Centre – A Brief History of Hull] {{East Yorkshire}} {{Kingston upon Hull}} {{Hanseatic League}} {{UK cities}} {{Yorkshire and the Humber}} {{Unitary authorities of England}} {{UK City of Culture}} {{Associated British Ports}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hull, Kingston upon}} [[Category:Kingston upon Hull| ]] [[Category:1291 establishments in England]] [[Category:Boroughs in England]] [[Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber]] [[Category:Former civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire]] [[Category:Humberside]] [[Category:Local government districts of the East Riding of Yorkshire]] [[Category:Local government districts of Yorkshire and the Humber]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in the East Riding of Yorkshire]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 13th century]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Yorkshire and the Humber]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of the Humber]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of Yorkshire]] [[Category:Staple ports]] [[Category:Towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire]] [[Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Unitary authority districts of England]] [[Category:Unparished areas in the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
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