Editing King's Cross fire

{{short description|1987 fire in King's Cross St Pancras tube station, London, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox event
| title = King's Cross fire
| image = KingsXfire.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A police car, three fire engines and an ambulance outside King's Cross
| alt = A black and white photograph of King's Cross underground station during the fire with billowing smoke, station lights and fire engines.
| date = {{start date and age|1987|11|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| location = [[King's Cross tube station|King's Cross underground station]], London, England
| coordinates = 
| line = 
| operator = 
| type = [[Structure fire]]
| cause = Lit match discarded on wooden escalator; rapid spread due to the [[trench effect]]
| trains = 
| pax = 
| deaths = 31
| injuries = 100
| notes = [[List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom|List of UK rail accidents by year]]
}}

The '''King's Cross fire''' occurred in 1987 at [[King's Cross St Pancras tube station]] in [[London]], England, causing 31 fatalities. It began under a wooden [[escalator]] before spreading into the ticket hall in a [[flashover]].

The fire began at approximately 19:30 on 18 November 1987,<ref name=nov18>{{cite news |title=Safety fears linger, decade after Kings Cross fire |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/31723.stm |work=[[BBC News]] | date = 15 November 1997 |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> at a major interchange on the [[London Underground]]. As well as the mainline railway stations above ground and subsurface platforms for the [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]], [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle]], and [[Hammersmith & City line]]s, there were platforms [[London Underground infrastructure#Subsurface versus deep-level tube lines|deeper underground]] for the [[Northern line|Northern]], [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]], and [[Victoria line]]s. 

A [[public inquiry]] was conducted from February to June 1988. Investigators reproduced the fire twice, once to determine whether grease under the escalator was ignitable, and the other to determine whether a [[computer simulation]] of the fire{{mdash}}which would have determined the cause of the flashover{{mdash}}was accurate. The inquiry determined that the fire had been started by a lit match being dropped onto the escalator. The fire seemed minor until it suddenly increased in intensity, and shot a violent, prolonged tongue of fire, and billowing smoke, up into the ticket hall. This sudden transition in intensity, and the spout of fire, was due to the previously unknown [[trench effect]], discovered by the computer simulation of the fire, and confirmed in two tests on scale models.

London Underground was strongly criticised for its attitude toward fires; staff were complacent because there had never been a fatal fire on the system, and had been given little or no training to deal with fires or evacuation. The report on the inquiry resulted in resignations of senior management in both London Underground and [[London Regional Transport]] and led to the introduction of new [[fire safety]] regulations. Wooden escalators were gradually replaced with metal escalators on the Underground.

==Fire==
[[King's Cross St Pancras tube station]] has subsurface platforms for the [[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]], [[Circle Line (London Underground)|Circle]], and [[Hammersmith & City line]]s.{{efn|At the time of the fire, the Hammersmith & City line was treated as part of the Metropolitan line; it was not shown as a separate line until 1990.}} Deeper underground are the platforms for the [[Northern line]] City branch and the [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] and [[Victoria line]]s. An escalator shaft led down to the Victoria line and another led down to the Piccadilly line, and from that to the Northern line. Stairs connected the Piccadilly and Victoria line platforms{{sfn|Fennell|1988|loc=figure 6}} and from these there was a subway to [[King's Cross Thameslink railway station]] platforms used by [[British Rail]] Midland City (later [[Thameslink (route)|Thameslink]]) trains to {{rws|Moorgate}} and an entrance in [[Pentonville Road]].{{sfn|Fennell|1988|loc=figure 5}}

At approximately 19:30,<ref name=nov18/> several passengers reported seeing a fire on a Piccadilly line [[escalator]]. Officers of the [[British Transport Police]] (BTP) and station staff went to investigate and on confirming the fire one of the policemen went to the surface to radio for the [[London Fire Brigade]] (LFB),{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=49}} which sent four fire appliances and a [[turntable ladder]] at 19:36.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=50}} The fire was beneath the escalator and was impossible to reach by use of a fire extinguisher. There was water fog equipment, but staff had not been trained in its use.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=51, 62}} At 19:39, BTP officers made the decision to evacuate the station using the Victoria line escalators.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=51}} The LFB arrived a few minutes later, and several firemen went down to the escalator to assess the fire. They saw a fire about the size of a large cardboard box, and planned to fight it with a water jet and men with breathing apparatus.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=52}}

At 19:42, the entire escalator was aflame, producing superheated gas that rose to the top of the shaft enclosing the escalator, where it was trapped against the tunnel ceiling, which was covered with about twenty layers of old paint from past repainting. As the superheated gases pooled along the ceiling of the escalator shaft, the layers of paint began absorbing the heat. A few years before the fire, the Underground's director of operations had warned that the accumulated paint might pose a fire hazard. However, painting protocols were not in his purview, and his suggestion was widely ignored by his colleagues.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duhigg |first=Charles |title=[[The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business]] |year=2012 |page=171 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=978-0812981605}}</ref>

At 19:45, there was a [[flashover]] and a jet of flames shot up the escalator shaft, filling the ticket hall with intense heat and thick black smoke,{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=53}} killing or seriously injuring most of the people still in the ticket hall.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=100}} This trapped below ground several hundred people, who escaped on Victoria line trains.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=54}} A police constable, Richard Kukielka, found a seriously injured man and tried to evacuate him via the Midland City platforms, but found the way blocked by a locked [[Bostwick gate]]{{efn|A collapsible lattice gate often used in Tube stations, old-style [[Elevator|lifts]] etc.}} until it was unlocked by a passing cleaner.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=54, 56}} Staff and a policewoman trapped on a Metropolitan line platform were rescued by a train.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=54}}

At 22:00, the full horror of the fire blaze was evident, after the death toll jumped to 28. David Fitzsimons, a Metropolitan Police superintendent, told reporters: "We are talking about a major tragedy; many people are horribly burned."<ref>{{cite web |title='Excuse Me, I Think There's a Fire ...' |url=https://apnews.com/681783e8d0d84663ffa0903147011c15 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

Thirty fire crews{{mdash}}over 150 firefighters{{mdash}}were deployed.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=82}} Fourteen [[London Ambulance Service]] ambulances ferried the injured to local hospitals, including [[University College Hospital]].{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=91}} The fire was declared out at 01:46 the following day.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=57}} On a television programme about the fire, an official described King's Cross underground station's layout as "an efficient furnace".<ref>{{cite book|title=Disaster Victim Identification, Experience and Practice|editor1=S. Black|editor2=G. Sunderland|editor3=L. Hackman|editor4=X. Mallett|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2011|page=66|isbn=9781420094121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HAymQf1tUIC&dq=%22king%27s+cross%22+%22efficient+furnace%22&pg=PA66}}</ref>

== Victims ==
Thirty-one people died in the fire and 100 people were taken to hospital,{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=17}} 19 with serious injuries.{{sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=459}}

LFB Station Officer [[Colin Townsley]] was in charge of the first pump [[fire engine]] to arrive at the scene, and was in the ticket hall at the time of the flashover. He was killed in the fire; his body was found beside that of a badly burnt passenger at the base of the exit steps to Pancras Road. It is believed that Townsley spotted the passenger in difficulty and stopped to help her.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=78–79}} An initially unidentified man, commonly known as "Michael" or "Body 115" in reference to a mortuary tag, was identified on 22 January 2004, when forensic evidence confirmed he was 73-year-old Alexander Fallon of [[Falkirk]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Duffy |first=Jonathan |title=Solved after 16 years – the mystery of victim 115 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3419647.stm |url-status=live |work=BBC News |date=22 January 2004 |access-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204070042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3419647.stm |archive-date=4 February 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How the final King's Cross fire victim was identified |url=https://www.btp.police.uk/latest_news/alexander_fallon.aspx |publisher=[[British Transport Police]] |year=2004 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213084305/https://www.btp.police.uk/latest_news/alexander_fallon.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The ticket hall and platforms for the Metropolitan and Circle lines were undamaged and reopened next morning; the Victoria line, its escalators only slightly damaged, resumed normal operation on the following Tuesday. The ticket hall for the three tube lines was reopened in stages over four weeks.{{sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=459}} The three escalators for the Piccadilly line had to be completely replaced, the new ones being commissioned on 27 February 1989, more than 16{{nbsp}}months after the fire. Until then, the Piccadilly line could only be reached via the Victoria line or Midland City platforms, and at peak hours in one direction only.{{sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=459, 462}}

Access to the Northern line platforms was indirect, its escalators connecting with the Piccadilly line. As the traffic from all three tube lines would have overcrowded the Victoria line escalators, Northern line trains did not stop at King's Cross until repairs were complete. The nearly-life-expired Northern line escalators were replaced as well; the Northern line station reopened, completing the return to normal operation, on 5 March 1989.{{sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=459–462}}

==Investigation and report==
A [[public inquiry]] into the incident was initiated by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNulty |first1=Deane |last2=Rielly |first2=Philip |title=A Report for Dr A. Buchanan Dept. of Civil Engineering Canterbury University |url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8463/mcnulty_rielly_report.pdf |publisher=[[University of Canterbury]] |page=3 |date=March 1992 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041108/https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/8463/mcnulty_rielly_report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was conducted by [[Desmond Fennell (judge)|Desmond Fennell]], assisted by a panel of four expert advisers. The inquiry opened on 1 February 1988 at Central Hall, [[Westminster]], and closed on 24 June, after hearing 91 days of evidence.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=21–23}}

[[File:Going up wooden escalator at Greenford 16-06-06.jpg|thumb|left|The now-decommissioned wooden escalator at [[Greenford station]] (seen in 2006), similar to the one that caught fire at King's Cross]]
Smoking on Underground trains was [[smoking ban|banned]] in July 1984, over three years before the fire. Following a [[Oxford Circus fire|fire at Oxford Circus station]] in November 1984, the ban was extended to all Underground stations in February 1985. However, smokers often ignored this and lit cigarettes on the escalators on their way out.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=94}} The inquiry found that the fire was most probably caused by a traveller discarding a burning match that fell down the side of the moving staircase on to the running track of the escalator.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=111}} The police decided that the fire had not been started deliberately, as there was no evidence that an accelerant had been used and access to the site of the fire was difficult. Investigators found charred wood in eight places on a section of skirting on an escalator and matches in the running track,{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=221–224}} showing that similar fires had started before but had burnt themselves out without spreading.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=114}} The investigators found a build-up of lubricant grease under the tracks, which was believed to be difficult to ignite and slow to burn once it started, but it was noted that the grease was heavily saturated with fibrous materials (fluff from clothes, tickets and other small [[litter]], human hair, rat fur, etc.). A test was conducted where lit matches were dropped on the escalator to see if ignition would occur. Dropped matches ignited the contaminated grease and the fire began spreading. It was allowed to burn for nine minutes before being extinguished.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=104}}

This test confirmed the initial eyewitness reports up to that point, but four expert witnesses could not agree as to how the small fire flashed over, with some concern that the paint used on the ceiling had contributed to the fire.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=105–106}} A model of King's Cross station was built at the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]] using computer simulation software; this showed the flames lying down along the floor of the escalator rather than burning vertically before producing a jet of flame into the ticket hall. The result matched the eyewitness accounts of the fire, but the simulation's depiction of the fire burning parallel to the 30-degree slope of the escalator was thought by some to be unlikely and it was suspected that the programming might be faulty.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=107}} Experiments were conducted with a one-third-scale replica of the escalator built at the UK's [[Health and Safety Executive]] site at [[Buxton]]. After seven-and-a-half minutes of normal burning, the flames lay down as in the computer simulation.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=110}} The metal sides of the escalator served to contain the flames and direct the temperature ahead of the fire.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=113}} When the wooden treads of the escalator flashed over, the size of the fire increased dramatically and a sustained jet of flame was discharged from the escalator tunnel into the model ticket hall.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=100}} The 30-degree angle of the escalators was discovered to be crucial to the incident, and the large number of casualties in the fire was an indirect consequence of a [[Fluid dynamics|fluid flow]] phenomenon that was later named the [[trench effect]], a phenomenon completely unknown before the fire. The conclusion was that this newly discovered trench effect had caused the fire to flash over at 19:45.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=113–114}}

London Underground was strongly criticised in the report for its attitude to fires underground, underestimating the hazard because no one had died in a fire on the Underground before.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=17–18}} Staff were expected to send for the LFB only if the fire was out of control, dealing with it themselves if possible.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|p=61}} Fires were described as "smouldering", and staff had little or no training to deal with fires or evacuation.{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=17–18}}

==Legacy==
[[Image:Memorial plaque with clock, King's Cross St. Pancras tube station, London.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Memorial plaque with the clock to the 1987 fire in the station]]
[[Image:St Pancras New Church, February 2015 05.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the 1987 fire in [[St Pancras New Church]]]]
The publication of the report led to resignations of senior management of both London Underground and [[London Regional Transport]] (LRT), including [[Keith Bright]], the chairman of LRT.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Eliason|first=Marcus|date=10 November 1988|title=Report Denounces Staff Response to Deadly Fire; Top Men Quit|url=https://apnews.com/article/0eb7ac0b389021884dc431dc703a3cd7|access-date=3 February 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Wooden panelling was to be removed from escalators, heat detectors and sprinklers were to be fitted beneath escalators, and the radio communication system and station staff emergency training were to be improved.<ref>{{cite hansard | house = House of Commons | url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1989/apr/12/kings-cross-fire-fennell-report#S6CV0150P0_19890412_HOC_145 | title = King's Cross Fire (Fennell Report) | date = 12 April 1989 | column_start = 915 | column_end = 917 | speaker = [[Paul Channon]] | access-date = 29 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121227101227/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1989/apr/12/kings-cross-fire-fennell-report#S6CV0150P0_19890412_HOC_145 | archive-date = 27 December 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8618848/Sir-Desmond-Fennell.html |url-access = subscription|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=Sir Desmond Fennell |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613050755/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8618848/Sir-Desmond-Fennell.html |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989 were introduced.<ref>{{UK SI|year=1989|number=1401|title=Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989}}</ref> Smoking was banned in all London Underground stations, including on the escalators, on 23 November, five days after the fire. Wooden escalators were gradually replaced, some remaining into the early 2000s (those at [[Wanstead tube station|Wanstead]] were replaced in 2003 and at [[Marylebone tube station|Marylebone]] in 2004,<ref>{{citation |year=2004 |title=An End To Treading the Boards |publisher=Metronet |location=Metronet Matters, Issue 3 |page=17 }}</ref>) and since 2014 the entire London Underground has been operating on metal escalators, after the last wooden escalator at [[Greenford tube station|Greenford]] on the [[Central line (London Underground)|Central line]] was decommissioned on 11 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.london24.com/news/transport/tube_s_only_wooden_escalator_to_carry_last_passengers_1_3419976 |title=Tube's only wooden escalator to carry last passengers |last=Mann |first=Sebastian |date=11 March 2014 |work=London 24 |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143253/http://www.london24.com/news/transport/tube_s_only_wooden_escalator_to_carry_last_passengers_1_3419976 |archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

By 1997, the majority of the recommendations of the Fennell report had been implemented, with safety improvements including the removal of any hazardous materials, CCTV fitted in stations, installation of fire alarms and sensors and the issuing of [[Walkie-talkie|personal radios]] to staff.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 1997|title=Kings Cross Tragedy Means Safety First For London Underground|url=http://www.londontransport.co.uk/general/latest/kings_x.html#top|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980212232127/http://www.londontransport.co.uk/general/latest/kings_x.html#top|archive-date=12 February 1998|access-date=2021-08-14|website=London Transport}}</ref>

London Underground was also recommended by the Fennell Report to investigate "passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action".{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=169}} Consequently, parliamentary bills were tabled to permit London Underground to improve and expand the busiest and most congested stations, such as [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]], [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]], [[Holborn tube station|Holborn]] and [[King's Cross St Pancras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1991/18/introduction/enacted|title=London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1991/18/introduction/enacted|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1993/1/enacted|title=London Underground (King's Cross) Act 1993|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044030/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1993/1/enacted|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since then, major tube stations have been upgraded and expanded to increase capacity and improve safety. London Bridge was upgraded in conjunction with the [[Jubilee Line Extension]] project, which opened in 1999,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Bob |title=Jubilee Line extension: from concept to completion |publisher=Thomas Telford |location=London |date=2003 |isbn=0727730282 |oclc=51945284}}</ref> King's Cross St Pancras was substantially upgraded and expanded as a component of the [[High Speed 1]] project in the late 2000s,<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/november/kings-cross-st-pancras-tube-station-doubles-in-size-as-stateoftheart-ticket-hall-opens|title=King's Cross St. Pancras Tube station doubles in size as state-of-the-art ticket hall opens|date=27 November 2009|website=tfl.gov.uk|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822110845/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/november/kings-cross-st-pancras-tube-station-doubles-in-size-as-stateoftheart-ticket-hall-opens|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and Tottenham Court Road was expanded as part of the [[Crossrail]] project in the mid-2010s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Dick |date=10 February 2017 |title=Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tottenham-court-road-station-fully-reopens-after-500-million-revamp-a3463261.html |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013831/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tottenham-court-road-station-fully-reopens-after-500-million-revamp-a3463261.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fire also led to improvement in firefighters' equipment: yellow plastic leggings that melted in the heat and rubber gloves that limited movement were replaced with more effective clothing.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alice |last1=Evans |first2=Clifford |last2=Thompson |date=18 November 2017 |title=King's Cross fire: 'I was screaming in pain' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-41902389 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615042514/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-41902389 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Six firemen received certificates of commendation for their actions at the fire, including Station Officer Townsley who was given the award posthumously.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/rmt-calls-for-staffing-cuts-to-be-scrapped-on-25th-anniversary-of-kings-cross-fire-8326987.html |newspaper=London Evening Standard |title=RMT calls for staffing cuts to be scrapped on 25th anniversary of Kings Cross fire |date=18 November 2012 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612155033/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/rmt-calls-for-staffing-cuts-to-be-scrapped-on-25th-anniversary-of-kings-cross-fire-8326987.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Townsley was also posthumously awarded the [[George Medal]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=51745 |date=24 May 1989 |page=6217 |supp=y}}</ref>

Soon after the fire a commemoration service was held at [[St Pancras New Church|St Pancras Church]].<ref name=ceremony/> Further commemoration services were held on 18 November 2002, the 15th anniversary of the blaze, on the 20th anniversary in 2007 at the station itself,<ref name=ceremony>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7099677.stm | title=Ceremony marks King's Cross fire |work=BBC News | date=17 November 2007 | access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> on the 25th anniversary in 2012 at the Church of the Blessed Sacrament near the station,<ref name="25 year">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20383221|title=King's Cross fire 25th anniversary marked|date=19 November 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118183345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20383221|archive-date=18 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and on the 30th anniversary in 2017 at the station, with the laying of a wreath.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-42037505 |title=King's Cross fire: Victims remembered at wreath-laying service |work=BBC News |date=18 November 2017 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309022554/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-42037505 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Memorial plaques commemorating the disaster were installed at St Pancras Church, unveiled by [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], and at King's Cross station.<ref name=ceremony/>

==In popular culture==
The [[Blue Zone (band)|Blue Zone]] single "[[On Fire (Blue Zone song)|On Fire]]", with a young [[Lisa Stansfield]] on lead vocals, was hastily withdrawn from sale, stalling at No. 99 in the [[UK Singles Charts]].

The [[Nick Lowe]] song "Who Was That Man?" from the 1990 album ''[[Party of One]]'' tells the story of the only then-unidentified victim of the King's Cross Fire, identified in 2004 as Alexander Fallon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Birch |first=Will |title=Cruel to Be Kind: The Life and Music of Nick Lowe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qS99DwAAQBAJ&q=nick+lowe+%2522who+was+that+man%2522+king%2527s+cross&pg=PT429 |publisher=Hachette Books |date=20 August 2019 |pages=429 |isbn=978-0-306-92197-1}}</ref>

[[Charles Duhigg]] in his 2012 book ''[[The Power of Habit]]'' discusses how bad corporate culture and inefficient management led to the disaster at King's Cross.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ross |first=Marie-Claire |title=King's Cross station - A Safety Accident Case Study |url=https://www.marie-claireross.com/blog/bid/100338/King-s-Cross-station-A-Safety-Accident-Case-Study |website=www.marie-claireross.com |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The poem "Tube Ride to Martha's" by [[Matthew Sweeney]] describes the final hours of a victim of the King's Cross Fire.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Sean |title=Matthew Sweeney |url=https://www.casadellapoesia.org/poeti/sweeney-matthew |website=casadellapoesia.org |publisher=Casa della poesia |access-date=27 February 2025 |language=it |date=2002}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|London|1980s}}
* [[List of transportation fires]]

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Croome|first1=Desmond F.|last2=Jackson|first2=Alan Arthur|title=Rails Through the Clay: A History of London's Tube Railways|year=1993|publisher=Capital Transport|isbn=978-1-85414-151-4}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_KX1987.pdf |title=Investigation into the King's Cross Underground Fire |last=Fennell |first=Desmond |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Transport |location=London |author-link=Desmond Fennell (judge) |access-date=2024-06-25 |via=the Railways Archive|isbn=0-10-104992-7}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=B.|last=Appleton|title=Report of an inquiry into health and safety aspects of stoppages caused by fire and bomb alerts on London Underground, British Rail and other mass transit systems|publisher=HSE Books|year=1992|isbn=0-11-886394-0}}
* {{cite book|first=P.|last=Chambers|title=Body 115: The Story of the Last Victim of the King's Cross Fire|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2006|isbn=0-470-01808-9}}
* {{cite journal|first=K.|last=Moodie|title=The King's Cross Fire: Damage Assessment and Overview of the Technical Investigation|journal=Fire Safety Journal|volume=18|pages=13–33|year=1992|issue=1 |doi=10.1016/0379-7112(92)90045-E|bibcode=1992FirSJ..18...13M }}
* {{cite journal|first1=S.|last1=Simcox|first2=N.S.|last2=Wilkes|first3=I.P.|last3=Jones|title=Computer Simulation of the Flows of Hot Gases from the Fire at King's Cross Underground Station|journal=Fire Safety Journal|volume=18|pages=49–73|year=1992|issue=1 |doi=10.1016/0379-7112(92)90047-G|bibcode=1992FirSJ..18...49S }}
* {{cite book | first=Adrian | last=Vaughan | year=2000 | title=Tracks to Disaster | publisher= Ian Allan | isbn= 0-7110-2731-5}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]] Environmental Engineering Group|title=The King's Cross underground fire: fire dynamics and the organization of safety|date=1 June 1989|publisher=Mechanical Engineering Publications|isbn=978-0-85298-705-6}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/DoT_KX1987.pdf |title=Investigation into the King's Cross Underground Fire |last=Fennell |first=Desmond |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Transport |location=London |author-link=Desmond Fennell (judge) |access-date=2024-06-25 |via=the Railways Archive|ref={{harvid|ReportEL}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.firetactics.com/KINGSCROSS.htm|title=Fire tactics: King's Cross fire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215204/http://www.firetactics.com/KINGSCROSS.htm|archive-date=10 December 2013}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18/newsid_2519000/2519675.stm BBC News 'On This Day' report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003163718/http://newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk/article.php?story=2005100819530378 ITN News at Ten coverage of the incident]
* [http://londonfirejournal.blogspot.com/2005/07/kings-cross-fire-1987.html Fire Brigade operations – London Fire Journal]
* [http://www.tmba.tv/trial-graphics/arson-investigation/london-underground/ London Underground – Fire Dynamics]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170517011657/http://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/~jwd/articles/10-TEaEW.pdf The trench effect and eruptive wildfires: lessons from the King's Cross Underground disaster.] by Jason J. Sharples, A. Malcolm Gill, & John W. Dold.

{{coord|51.5304|N|0.1239|W|region:GB_type:event|display=title}}

{{Railway accidents in the United Kingdom, 1900–1999|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{London rail accidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King's Cross Fire}}
[[Category:1987 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1980s fires in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1987 fires]]
[[Category:1987 in London]]
[[Category:20th century in the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in London]]
[[Category:Chimney effect fires]]
[[Category:Disasters on the London Underground]]
[[Category:Kings Cross, London|Fire]]
[[Category:November 1987 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1987]]
[[Category:Train and rapid transit fires]]
[[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Camden]]