Editing Kiawah Island, South Carolina

{{short description|Island in South Carolina, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name            = Kiawah Island, South Carolina
| settlement_type          = [[Town (South Carolina)|Town]]
| nickname                 = 
| motto                    = 
| image_skyline            = Kiawah Island.jpg
| imagesize                = 
| image_caption            = Kiawah Island sunrise
| image_flag               = Kiawah Island, SC Town Flag.gif
| image_seal               = Kiawah Island, SC Town Seal.jpg
| image_map                = SCMap-doton-KiawahIsland.PNG
| mapsize                  = 250px
| map_caption              = Location of Kiawah Island in South Carolina
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in South Carolina|County]]
| subdivision_name         = United States
| subdivision_name1        = [[South Carolina]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston]]
| government_type          = 
| leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name              = Craig Weaver
| established_title        = Incorporated as a town
| established_date         = 1938
| established_title2       = Incorporated as a city
| established_date2        = 1957
| area_total_km2           = 39.21
| area_land_km2            = 28.93
| area_water_km2           = 10.28
| area_total_sq_mi         = 15.14
| area_land_sq_mi          = 11.17
| area_water_sq_mi         = 3.97
| population_as_of         = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_total         = 2013
| population_density_km2   = 69.58
| timezone                 = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset               = −5
| elevation_m              = 4
| elevation_ft             = 13
| coordinates              = {{coord|32|36|31|N|80|04|54|W|scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| timezone_DST             = EDT
| utc_offset_DST           = −4
| postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code              = 29455
| area_code                = [[Area codes 843 and 854|843, 854]]
| area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info               = 45-38162<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
| blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info              = 1253569<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
| website                  = {{URL|www.kiawahisland.org}}
| footnotes                = 
| pop_est_as_of            = 
| pop_est_footnotes        = 
| population_est           = 
| unit_pref                = Imperial
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='45'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_sq_mi = 180.20
|population_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly"/>
}}

'''Kiawah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|i|ə|w|ə}} {{respell|KEY|ə|wə}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Video: Resident concerns push beach boardwalk changes on Kiawah Island |url=https://www.live5news.com/video/2024/01/20/video-resident-concerns-push-beach-boardwalk-changes-kiawah-island/ |website=[[WCSC-TV]] |access-date=January 22, 2024 |language=en |date=January 19, 2024}}</ref> is a [[Sea Islands|sea island]], or [[barrier island]], on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of the United States. Located {{convert|25|mi}} southwest of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] in [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston County]], [[South Carolina]], it is a seasonal beach and golf community. It is home to the [[Kiawah Island Golf Resort]], with vacation houses and condos, beaches, [[golf course]]s, and other resort-like amenities. As of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], Kiawah Island's full-time population was 2,013,<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4538162| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2020 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Kiawah Island town, South Carolina| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 29, 2015| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213050546/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4538162| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref> up from 1,163 at the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]]. During the busy season, the population balloons to over 10,000. The island is part of the [[Charleston-North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area]]. Alternative spellings and variants of the name itself include "Kiawa", "Kittiwar" (in DuBose Heyward's novel ''[[Porgy (novel)|Porgy]]''), and "Kittiwah" (in [[George Gershwin|George Gershwin's]] opera ''[[Porgy and Bess]]''). The island, has a per capita income of $47,782, the fifth highest in South Carolina.<ref>https://censusreporter.org/data/distribution/?table=B19301&geo_ids=140|04000US45</ref>

==History==
The [[Bass Pond Site]] and [[Arnoldus Vander Horst House]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

Kiawah was named for the [[Kiawah Indians|Kiawah People]] who were led by their head chieftain or [[cassique]]. In the year 1670, the cassique of the Kiawah led English colonists to settle at Charlestowne Landing.<ref name= "auto">{{Cite book|title = Kiawah Island: A History|publisher = The History Press |date = June 16, 2006|location = Charleston, South Carolina|isbn = 9781596290396 |first = Ashton|last = Cobb}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = A Little About Kiawah Island, South Carolina |url = http://kiawahislandgetaways.com/a-little-about-kiawah/ |publisher = Kiawah Island Getaways|access-date = December 2, 2015|language = en-US}}</ref>

In 1699, former pirate Captain [[George Raynor (pirate)|George Raynor]] gained possession of Kiawah Island. On November 1, 1701, Raynor sold half of the island to Captain William Davis and left the other half in his will for his granddaughter. The half left to his will was passed through family members until John Stanyarne acquired the property. Stanyarne subsequently purchased the remaining half of the island from the family of Captain Davis.<ref name= ":02">{{Cite book|title=The History and Archaeology of Kiawah Island, Charleston County, South Carolina|last1=Trinkley|first1=Michael|last2=Hacker|first2=Debi|publisher=Chicora Foundation, Inc.| year= 1993| location= Columbia, South Carolina}}</ref>

The island was primarily used for cattle farming prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Stanyarne built an estate that was valued highly, falling into a category of value that only 19% of the properties of South Carolina qualified for.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country 1670-1920|last=Coclanis|first=Peter| publisher= Oxford University Press| year= 1989| location=New York| pages= 86}}</ref> In his will he left the southwestern portion of the island to his granddaughter Mary Gibbs, and the northeastern portion to his granddaughter Elizabeth Vanderhorst.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title= Warrants for Lands in South Carolina 1672-1711 |last1=Salley |first1=A. S. Jr. |last2=Olsberg |first2=Nicholas |publisher= South Carolina Department of Archives and History |year=1973 |location=Columbia, South Carolina }}</ref> Both portions were to be passed down until the third generation, when they would become considered fee simple ownerships. Gibbs died at a young age; it is assumed that her father, Robert Gibbs, maintained her portion of the island.<ref name=":1" />

During the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] the island has very few records of events, other than its use as a safe recovery space for American soldiers and their families.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caty: A Biography of Catharine Littlefield Greene| last1=Stegeman| first1=John| last2=Stegeman|first2=Janet|publisher=Rhode Island Bicentennial Foundation| year=1977|location=Providence, Rhode Island}}</ref> The Vanderhorst property was burned down during the time of the Revolutionary War, but was rebuilt shortly after, and finished in the beginning of the 19th century.<ref name=":02" /> The Vanderhorst family infrequently inhabited the island, and often stayed in their homes elsewhere along the Carolina coast. The Vanderhorst family still only claimed ownership of half of the island, with the other half being passed through the wills of the Gibbs family. A portion of the island controlled by the Gibbs family was sold to William Seabrook. The other portion was sold to Isaac Wilson. The island during this time only remained inhabited by slaves and the properties built by the families.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Eighteenth Century Slavery on Kiawah: Excavations at a Small, Isolated Slave House |last= Trinkley |first=Michael |publisher= Chicora Foundation, Inc. |year=1994 |location=Columbia, South Carolina}}</ref>

The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] impacted Kiawah Island as it did the entire South. There were not damages recorded. The Vanderhorst family was not presently residing there, but they did check the state of the property in the earlier years of the war.<ref name= ":02" /> There are not records of what occurred on Kiawah during the war in terms of battles, but it was sieged by the North with Charleston and taken over by Northern troops. They remained stationed there as a precautionary measure. The properties seemed to have obtained damage, but it is unclear how or how extensive.<ref name=":02" />

The Vanderhorst family did not have many records from this time period. At the end of the war, they were in financial trouble and were unsure how to maintain ownership of Kiawah. They were able to keep their portion of the island, while the other two portions changed ownership. The Vanderhorsts hired freed slaves for labor and were able to produce cotton on the island.<ref name=":2" /> By 1870, Arnoldus Vanderhorst, the caretaker and owner of the Vanderhorst portion of Kiawah, recorded that the island was restored and there was agricultural growth.<ref name=":02" />

==Development==
Long held by the [[Arnoldus Vanderhorst|Vanderhorst family]], Kiawah Island was purchased by C.C. Royal in 1950 for logging and timber; he went on to develop the first summer home neighborhood in 1954 along the beach and named the street Eugenia, after his wife.

In 1974 Royal's heirs sold the island to Kuwait Investment Corporation; soon after, a thorough environmental survey was conducted, and a master plan for Kiawah's development was produced with help from the [[Sea Pines Company]]. Two years later, in 1976, real estate sales commenced and the Cougar Point (formerly Marsh Point) golf course was opened.

The 1980s saw the opening of two of the seven golf courses associated with Kiawah-Turtle Point in 1981 and Osprey Point in 1988. That year also saw all resort assets and amenities, along with Kiawah's undeveloped lands, purchased by the development group Kiawah Resort Associates (KRA), owned by Charles P. Darby III and Patrick W. McKinney, et al. The Town of Kiawah was also established in the same year.

Following the impact of [[Hurricane Hugo]] in 1989, KRA sold resort assets to Landmark Land Co., which then sold the assets to William H. Goodwin in 1993. The 1990s saw the establishment of the Kiawah Island Club in 1993 and the addition of three more courses: the Ocean Course in 1991, the River Course in 1995, and Oak Point in 1997.
The last of Kiawah's associated golf courses, Cassique, was opened in 2000. Freshfields Village, a town-center-type mix of shopping, dining, and services saw ground broken in 2004. That same year, The Sanctuary hotel opened on the island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kiawah Island History |url=http://www.kiawahisland.com/about/history/ |publisher=KiawahIsland.com |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

In 2013, Darby and associates sold Kiawah Partners to the South Street Partners for an estimated $350 million. This transaction included Kiawah Island Club, Kiawah Island Real Estate, Freshfields Village, Kiawah Island Utility, and other domestic and international holdings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDermott |first1=John |title=Updated: Kiawah Partners' new owner talks about blockbuster real estate deal |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/business/updated-kiawah-partners-new-owner-talks-about-blockbuster-real-estate/article_0dab2b70-a4c4-59e5-9ccf-a979e9e71dc7.html |access-date=February 9, 2017 |newspaper=Post and Courier |date=June 2, 2013}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Kiawah Island South Carolina.jpg|thumb|right|The marshes at Kiawah Island]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|34.8|km2|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|28.4|km2|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|6.4|km2|order=flip}}, or 18.36%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4538162| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Kiawah Island town, South Carolina| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 29, 2015| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213050546/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4538162| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 91
|1990= 718
|2000= 1163
|2010= 1626
|2020= 2013
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108|title=Census Population API|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kiawah Island racial composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4538162&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 15, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
|1,915
|95.13%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
|20
|0.99%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
|22
|1.09%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
|25
|1.24%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|31
|1.54%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 2,013 people, 869 households, and 675 families residing in the town.

===2000 census===
As of the census<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 1,163 people, 557 households, and 474 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert|104.2|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 3,070 housing units at an average density of {{convert|275.0|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 98.19% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.34% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.17% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.17% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], and 1.12% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.17% of the population.

There were 557 households, out of which 6.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.9% were married couples living together, 1.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.9% were non-families. Of all households 13.1% were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.25.

In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 6.0% under the age of 18, 1.5% from 18 to 24, 6.4% from 25 to 44, 48.8% from 45 to 64, and 37.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 61 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $76,114, and the median income for a family was $83,829. Males had a median income of $60,938 versus $32,500 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $47,782. About 4.4% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Parks and recreation==

===Golf===
{{main|Kiawah Island Golf Resort}}
Kiawah Island is widely hailed as one of the premier golf destinations on the East Coast.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Must-play golf courses in Charleston, South Carolina|url = http://www.golf.com/courses-and-travel/best-golf-courses-charleston-south-carolina|publisher = Golf.com|access-date = December 2, 2015}}</ref> The island features seven award-winning golf courses designed by the likes of [[Jack Nicklaus]], [[Gary Player]], [[Tom Fazio]], and [[Pete Dye]]. The courses snake along the narrow island, moving from the dense wooded interior of the island to the breezy oceanfront. Five of the courses are owned and maintained by Kiawah Island Golf Resort. These include the Ocean Course, Turtle Point, Osprey Point, Oak Point, and Cougar Point. Two courses, the River Course and Cassique, are owned and maintained by Kiawah Island Club.

====The Ocean Course====
[[Pete Dye]] designed the Ocean Course in 1991 and the course has since proved to be one of the toughest on the East Coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://golf.discoversouthcarolina.com/rankings/rankings-main.aspx |title=Rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007001450/http://golf.discoversouthcarolina.com/rankings/rankings-main.aspx |archive-date=October 7, 2008 }}</ref> The Ocean Course was the home of the [[1991 Ryder Cup]], the 1997 [[World Cup of Golf]], the 2007 [[Senior PGA Championship]], the [[2012 PGA Championship]] and the [[2021 PGA Championship]], becoming only the fourth golf course in history to host each of the PGA of America's men's major championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiawahresort.com/golf/|title=South Carolina Golf Courses near Charleston: Kiawah Island Golf Resort}}</ref> The Ocean Course was featured in the 2000 movie ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]''.

===County parks===
The Charleston County Park and Recreation Commission (CCPRC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccprc.com|title=Charleston County Parks and Recreation - Official Website}}</ref> operates a park on the island, Beachwalker County Park, located on the west end of the island. In 2013, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked the park's beach as the 10th best in the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = Bender | first = Andrew | title = America's Top 10 Beaches of 2013 | magazine = Forbes.com | date = May 24, 2013 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewbender/2013/05/24/americas-top-10-beaches-of-2013/}}</ref>

===Walking and biking===
Thirty miles of paved trails and 10 miles of beach provide a natural setting for biking and walking.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vegis|first= Mike|date=June 14, 2014|url=http://www.kiawahresort.com/blog/kiawah-island/2014/06/24/bike-around-kiawah-island|title=Bike around Kiawah Island|publisher=kiawahresort.com}}</ref>

===Boating and fishing===
Tidal creeks, salt marshes, and the Kiawah River itself provides the opportunity for various canoeing and kayaking expeditions. There are numerous water access points, including a community kayak rental dock at Mingo Point and boat storage near the 15th green of the Cassique golf course, as well as a full marina just outside Kiawah's gate, for more expansive Kiawah Island fishing and deep sea fishing excursions. Also, Kiawah Island Club Members enjoy private access to a kayak dock in Cassique, and the Kiawah Island Community Association (KICA) maintains a launch at Rhett's Bluff and storage at Cinder Creek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kiawahisland.com/activities/outdoor-recreation/|title=Outdoor Recreation, Biking, Fishing - Kiawah Island Real Estate|first={e} house|last=studio}}</ref>

== Government ==
The city is run by an elected [[mayor–council government]] system.  The current mayor is Brad Belt.

The Kiawah Island Community Association is a non-profit corporation established in 1976 that governs and manages the business and property that contribute to the overall ambiance and property values of Kiawah Island, South Carolina. The association maintains and insures the roads, ponds, facilities, parks and open areas built or conveyed by the developer, and offers social and recreational programs for property owners.

==Education==
There is one school district in the county, [[Charleston County School District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45019_charleston/DC20SD_C45019.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Charleston County, SC|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 8, 2024}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st45_sc/schooldistrict_maps/c45019_charleston/DC20SD_C45019_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref>

It is zoned to Mount Zion Elementary School,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps1webserver2.croppermap.com/arcgis/rest/directories/arcgisjobs/charleston/charlestonprinttemplate_gpserver/j4854f8a92f8f4b1ab315c647a6991538/scratch/5edc590ed8164a90bc80e9200b43c025.pdf|title=Elementary school for Kiawah Island|publisher=[[Charleston County School District]]|access-date=February 8, 2024}} - [https://www.croppermap.com/charleston/ Generated from here].</ref> Haut Gap Middle School,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps1webserver2.croppermap.com/arcgis/rest/directories/arcgisjobs/charleston/charlestonprinttemplate_gpserver/j1104b60a8dad4e4a9c509398f143033c/scratch/94a8b641a3cc406b900ca23f0143fbf4.pdf|title=Middle school for Kiawah Island|publisher=[[Charleston County School District]]|access-date=February 8, 2024}} - [https://www.croppermap.com/charleston/ Generated from here].</ref> and [[St. John's High School (South Carolina)|St. John's High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps1webserver2.croppermap.com/arcgis/rest/directories/arcgisjobs/charleston/charlestonprinttemplate_gpserver/jfb3bfa580fee4cb2b13cb91e822688bb/scratch/fba107c5e36b477a9c80f4d47c260dcd.pdf|title=High school for Kiawah Island|publisher=[[Charleston County School District]]|access-date=February 8, 2024}} - [https://www.croppermap.com/charleston/ Generated from here].</ref>

==Notable people==
The following people own homes on Kiawah Island:
* [[Ray Allen]], NBA basketball player
* [[Joe Gibbs]], retired Hall of Fame NFL head coach for the [[Washington Redskins]] and owner of [[Joe Gibbs Racing]]
* [[Nikki Haley]], former [[Governor of South Carolina]] and [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]], Republican candidate for [[president of the United States]] in the [[2024 U.S. presidential election]].
* [[Jeffrey Immelt]], Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of General Electric<ref>{{cite web | last = McDermott | first = John | title = General Electric CEO Jeffrey Immelt Says Going Green Pays | work = The Post and Courier | date = March 26, 2011 | url = http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110326/PC05/303269965}}</ref>
* [[Tara Lipinski]], Olympic gold-medalist figure skater
* [[Dan Marino]], retired NFL quarterback
* [[George Will]], syndicated columnist
* [[Ty Cobb (attorney)|Ty Cobb]], former White House lawyer in Trump administration

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Kiawah Island}}
* [https://www.kiawahisland.org Town of Kiawah Island official website]

{{Charleston County, South Carolina}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Towns in Charleston County, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Towns in South Carolina]]
[[Category:South Carolina Sea Islands]]
[[Category:Upper class culture in South Carolina]]