Editing Kevin Warwick

{{Short description|British engineer and robotics researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kevin Warwick
|image = Kevin Warwick 2011.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Warwick in 2011
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|2|9|df=y}}<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U42160 |title=WARWICK, Prof. Kevin |work=Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Coventry]], England
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence =
| other_names = "Captain Cyborg"<ref name="cyborg1">[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/07/26/captain_cyborg_gong Captain Cyborg accepts another degree from puny humans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820230752/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/07/26/captain_cyborg_gong |date=20 August 2019 }}, ''The Register'', 26 July 2012</ref><ref name=cyborg2>{{cite web|url=https://beta.slashdot.org/story/192321 |title=Captain Cyborg Is Back! Kevin Warwick Predicts the Future |website=[[Slashdot]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231827/https://beta.slashdot.org/story/192321 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cyborg3>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/apr/29/badscience.science The Return of Captain Cyborg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524065633/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/apr/29/badscience.science |date=24 May 2021 }}, ''The Guardian'', 29 April 2004</ref><ref name=cyborg4>[http://forms.theregister.co.uk/search/?q=captain+cyborg List of articles mentioning "Captain Cyborg"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618014445/http://forms.theregister.co.uk/search/?q=captain+cyborg |date=18 June 2006 }} at ''[[The Register]]''</ref>
|fields = {{Plainlist|
* [[Biomedical engineering]]
* [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence (AI)]]
* [[Bioethics]] 
* [[Cybernetics]] 
* [[Cyborgs]]<ref name="googlescholar">{{GoogleScholar|id=TfTyMZQAAAAJ}}</ref>}}
|workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]], [[University of Oxford]]
* [[Newcastle University]]
* [[University of Warwick]]
* [[University of Reading]]
* [[Coventry University]]}}
|alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aston University]] (BSc)
* [[Imperial College London]] (PhD)}}
|doctoral_advisor = [[John Westcott|John Hugh Westcott]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=142578}}</ref>
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students = [[Mark Gasson]]<ref name="mathgene"/>
|notable_students =
|known_for = Project Cyborg
| thesis_title = Self-tuning controllers via the state space
| thesis_year = 1982
| thesis_url = http://www.theses.com
|awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Institution of Engineering and Technology (professional society)|FIET]]<ref name="whoswho"/>
* [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]] (2000)
* [[Mountbatten Medal]] (2008)
* [[Ellison-Cliffe Lecture|Ellison-Cliffe Medal]] (2011)}}
}}

'''Kevin Warwick''' (born 9 February 1954) is an English engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at [[Coventry University]].<ref name=CoventryUni /> He is known for his studies on [[direct neural interface|direct interfaces]] between computer systems and the human [[nervous system]], and has also done research concerning [[robotics]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1049/ip-cta:19951873| title = Dynamic recurrent neural network for system identification and control| journal =  IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications| volume = 142| issue = 4| page = 307| year = 1995| last1 = Delgado | first1 = A.| last2 = Kambhampati | first2 = C.| last3 = Warwick | first3 = K.| doi-broken-date = 7 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1049/ip-d.1991.0005| title = Adaptive general predictive controller for nonlinear systems| journal =  IEE Proceedings D - Control Theory and Applications| volume = 138| page = 33| year = 1991| last1 = Zhu | first1 = Q. M. | last2 = Warwick | first2 = K.| last3 = Douce | first3 = J. L. }}</ref>

==Biography==
Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 in [[Keresley]], Coventry, England,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.localhistories.org/keresley.html|title = A History of Keresley, Coventry|date = 14 March 2021|access-date = 22 December 2019|archive-date = 2 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200802202504/http://www.localhistories.org/keresley.html|url-status = live}}</ref> and was raised in the nearby village of [[Ryton-on-Dunsmore]], [[Warwickshire]]. His family attended a Methodist church but soon he began doubting the existence of God.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ya1yGJOapMC&q=%22Methodist%22|title = I, Cyborg|isbn = 9780252072154|last1 = Warwick|first1 = Kevin|year = 2004| publisher=University of Illinois Press }}</ref> He attended [[Lawrence Sheriff School]] in [[Rugby, Warwickshire]], where he was a contemporary of actor [[Arthur Bostrom]]. He left school at the age of 16 to start an [[apprenticeship]] with [[British Telecom]]. In 1976, he was granted his [[Undergraduate degree#United Kingdom|first degree]] at [[Aston University]], followed by a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree and a research job at [[Imperial College London]].

He took up positions at [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] in Oxford, [[Newcastle University]], the [[University of Warwick]], and the [[University of Reading]], before relocating to [[Coventry University]] in 2014.

Warwick is a [[Chartered Engineer (UK)|Chartered Engineer]] (CEng), a [[Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology]] (FIET) and a Fellow of the [[City and Guilds of London Institute]] (FCGI). He is Visiting Professor at the [[Czech Technical University in Prague]], the [[University of Strathclyde]], [[Bournemouth University]], and the University of Reading, and in 2004 he was Senior [[Beckman Fellow]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] in the United States. He is also on the Advisory Boards of the Instinctive Computing Laboratory at [[Carnegie Mellon University]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmu.edu/vis/ |title=Ambient Intelligence Lab (AIL) – Ambient Intelligence |publisher=Cmu.edu |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610010403/https://www.cmu.edu/vis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Centre for Intermedia at the [[University of Exeter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/english/research/centres/intermedia/board/ |title=English – Centre for Intermedia – Advisory Board |work=[[University of Exeter]] College of Humanities |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727224911/https://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/english/research/centres/intermedia/board/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

By the age of 40, Warwick had been awarded a [[Doctor of Science|DSc]] degree by both Imperial College London and the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]] in Prague, for his research output in two entirely unrelated areas. He has received the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] Achievement Medal, the [[IET Mountbatten Medal]], and in 2011 the [[Ellison–Cliffe Lecture|Ellison-Cliffe Medal]] from the [[Royal Society of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conferences.theiet.org/pinkerton/speaker/index.cfm|title=The Pinkerton Lecture 2012|publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910044457/http://conferences.theiet.org/pinkerton/speaker/index.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2000, Warwick presented the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]], entitled ''The Rise of Robots''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327175629/http://rigb.org/docs/christmas_lecturers_18252013_0.pdf Complete list of  CHRISTMAS LECTURES]. The Royal Institution</ref>

==Research==
Warwick performs research in [[artificial intelligence]], [[biomedical engineering]], [[control systems]] and [[robotics]]. Much of Warwick's early research was in the area of [[discrete time]] [[adaptive control]]. He introduced the first [[State-space representation|state space]] based [[self-tuning]] controller<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00207178108922958| title = Self-tuning regulators—a state space approach| journal = International Journal of Control| volume = 33| issue = 5| page = 839| year = 1981| last1 = Warwick | first1 = K.}}</ref> and unified discrete time state space representations of [[Autoregressive–moving-average model|ARMA]] models.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/oca.4660110304| title = Relationship between åström control and the kalman linear regulator—caines revisited| journal = Optimal Control Applications and Methods| volume = 11| issue = 3| page = 223| year = 1990| last1 = Warwick | first1 = K. }}</ref> He has also contributed to mathematics,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1109/TAC.1983.1103193| title = Using the Cayley-Hamilton theorem with N-partitioned matrices| journal = IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control| volume = 28| issue = 12| page = 1127| year = 1983| last1 = Warwick | first1 = K.}}</ref> [[power engineering]]<ref>Warwick, K, Ekwue, A and Aggarwal, R (eds). "Artificial intelligence techniques in power systems", [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]] Press, 1997</ref> and [[Machine industry|manufacturing production machinery]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1049/ip-smt:19952161|title = Multivariable cluster analysis for high-speed industrial machinery|journal = IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology|volume = 142|issue = 5|pages = 417–423|year = 1995|last1 = Sutanto|first1 = E.L.|last2 = Warwick|first2 = K.| doi-broken-date=7 December 2024 }}</ref>

===Artificial intelligence===
Warwick directed a research project funded by the [[Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council]] (EPSRC), which investigated the use of [[machine learning]] and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to suitably stimulate and translate patterns of electrical activity from living [[cultured neural networks]] to use the networks for the control of mobile robots.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/tech/mg19926696.100-rise-of-the-ratbrained-robots.html |title=Rise of the rat-brained robots |date=13 August 2008 |first=Paul |last=Marks |work=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612062509/https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hence the behaviour process for each robot was effectively provided by a biological brain.

Previously, Warwick helped to develop a [[genetic algorithm]] named Gershwyn, which was able to exhibit creativity in producing popular songs, learning what makes a hit record by listening to examples of previous successful songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/123983.stm |title=Entertainment: To the beat of the byte |date=1 July 1998 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 May 2008 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128072839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/123983.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Gershwyn appeared on BBC's ''[[Tomorrow's World]]'', having been successfully used to mix music for Manus, a group consisting of the four younger brothers of [[Elvis Costello]].

Another of Warwick's projects involving AI was the robot head, Morgui. The head, which contained five "senses" ([[Computer vision|vision]], [[Audio frequency|sound]], [[infrared]], [[ultrasound]] and [[radar]]), was used to investigate sensor data fusion. It was X-rated by the University of Reading Research and Ethics Committee due to its image storage capabilities—anyone under the age of 18 who wished to interact with the robot had to obtain parental approval.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jul/17/highereducation.science |title=University robot ruled too scary |last=Radford |first=Tim |date=17 July 2003 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803003414/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jul/17/highereducation.science |url-status=live }}</ref>

Warwick has very outspoken opinions about the future, particularly with respect to AI and its effect on the human species. He argues that humanity will need to use technology to enhance itself to avoid being overtaken by machines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/12/99/back_to_the_future/kevin_warwick.stm |title=Kevin Warwick, Professor of Cybernetics |work=BBC News |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803010826/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/12/99/back_to_the_future/kevin_warwick.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> He states that many human limitations, such as [[sensory-motor coupling|sensorimotor]] abilities, can be outperformed by machines, and he has said on record that he wants to gain these abilities: "There is no way I want to stay a mere human."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kevinwarwick.com/faq.htm |title=Professor Kevin Warwick – Frequently Asked Questions |work=[[University of Reading]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228115836/https://www.kevinwarwick.com/faq.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=usurped}} (see final question)</ref>

===Bioethics===
Warwick directed the University of Reading team in a number of European Community projects such as: FIDIS (Future of Identity in the Information Society), researching the future of identity; and ETHICBOTS and RoboLaw, both of which considered the [[Robot ethics|ethical aspects]] of robots and [[cyborg]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10676-010-9218-6| title = Implications and consequences of robots with biological brains| journal = Ethics and Information Technology| volume = 12| issue = 3| page = 223| year = 2010| last1 = Warwick | first1 = K. | s2cid = 1263639}}</ref>

Warwick's topics of interest have many ethical implications, some due to his [[human enhancement]] experiments.<ref>[http://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=2667642 Human Enhancement--The way ahead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201163635/http://ubiquity.acm.org/article.cfm?id=2667642 |date=1 February 2015 }}. Ubiquity.acm.org (15 March 2012). Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref> The ethical dilemmas of his research are used by the [[Institute of Physics]] as a case study<ref>[http://www.peep.ac.uk/content/614.0.html PEEP Physics Ethics Education Project: People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211134552/http://peep.ac.uk/content/614.0.html |date=11 February 2009 }}. Peep.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref> for schoolchildren and science teachers as a part of their formal Advanced level and GCSE studies. His work has also been discussed by the USA [[President's Council on Bioethics]] and the USA President's Panel on Forward Engagements.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111356/http://home.gwu.edu/~esialsf/Final%20Report%20-%20Spring%202003.pdf Report on Forward Engagement and The Office of Technological and Strategic Assessment]. THE PRESIDENT'S PANEL ON FORWARD ENGAGEMENT (2003)</ref> He is a member of the [[Nuffield Council on Bioethics]] Working Party on ''Novel Neurotechnologies''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/neurotechnology/neurotechnology-about-working-party |title=Neurotechnology – About the Working Party &#124; Nuffield Council on Bioethics |publisher=Nuffieldbioethics.org |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613220325/http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/neurotechnology/neurotechnology-about-working-party |archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref>

===Deep brain stimulation===
Along with [[Tipu Aziz]] and his team at [[John Radcliffe Hospital]], Oxford, and [[John Stein (physiologist)|John Stein]] of the University of Oxford, Warwick is helping to design the next generation of [[deep brain stimulation]] for [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article2079637.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=The blade runner generation|first=Charlotte|last=HuntGrubbe|date=22 July 2007|access-date=7 May 2010|archive-date=29 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529045220/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article2079637.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Instead of stimulating the brain all the time, the goal is for the device to predict when stimulation is needed and to apply the signals prior to any tremors occurring, thereby stopping tremors before they start.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 20411594
| year = 2010
| last1 = Wu
| first1 = D
| title = Prediction of Parkinson's disease tremor onset using a radial basis function neural network based on particle swarm optimization
| journal = International Journal of Neural Systems
| volume = 20
| issue = 2
| pages = 109–16
| last2 = Warwick
| first2 = K
| last3 = Ma
| first3 = Z
| last4 = Gasson
| first4 = M. N.
| last5 = Burgess
| first5 = J. G.
| last6 = Pan
| first6 = S
| last7 = Aziz
| first7 = T. Z.
| doi = 10.1142/S0129065710002292
}}</ref> Recent results have also shown that it is possible to identify different types of Parkinson's Disease.<ref>Cámara, C, Isasi, P, Warwick, K, Ruiz, V, Aziz, T, Stein, J and  Bakštein, E: "Resting Tremor Classification and Detection in Parkinson's Disease Patients", ''Biomedical Signal Processing and Control'', Vol.16, pp.88–97, February 2015.</ref>

===Public awareness===
Warwick has directed a number of projects intended to interest schoolchildren in the technology with which he is involved. In 2000, he received the [[Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council|EPSRC]] Millennium Award for his Schools Robot League. In 2007, 16 school teams were involved in a project to design a humanoid robot to dance and then complete an assault course, with the final competition staged at the [[Science Museum, London]]. The project, entitled 'Androids Advance' was funded by EPSRC and was presented as a news item by Chinese television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://video.dvod.com.cn/news/950835.shtml |title=英国类人机器人大赛 寓教于乐两相宜 |trans-title=British humanoid robot competition is fun and educational |date=6 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323162027/https://video.dvod.com.cn/news/950835.shtml |archive-date=23 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Warwick contributes significantly to the [[public awareness of science|public understanding of science]] by giving regular public lectures, participating with radio programmes, and through popular writing. He has appeared in numerous television documentary programmes on [[artificial intelligence|AI]], robotics and the role of science fiction in science, such as ''[[How William Shatner Changed the World]]'', ''[[Future Fantastic]]'' and ''[[Explorations (TV)|Explorations]]''.<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=0990120|name=Kevin Warwick}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0990120/ Kevin Warwick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813061028/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0990120/ |date=13 August 2020 }}. IMDb</ref> He also appeared in the [[Ray Kurzweil]]-inspired movie ''[[Transcendent Man]]'' along with [[William Shatner]], [[Colin Powell]], and [[Stevie Wonder]]. He has guested on several television talk shows, including ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'', ''[[Først & sist]]'', ''[[Sunday Brunch]]'' and ''[[Richard & Judy]]''.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> He has appeared on the cover of a number of magazines, for example the February 2000 edition of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/coverbrowser/2000 |magazine=Wired |title=Cover Browser |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316092027/http://www.wired.com/wired/coverbrowser/2000 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2005, Warwick was the subject of an [[early day motion]] tabled by members of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]], in which he was congratulated for his work in attracting students to science and for teaching "in a way that makes the subject interesting and relevant so that more students will want to develop a career in science."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/27353/reading-university-cybernetics |title=Reading University Cybernetics EDM #964 |date=21 March 2005 |website=edm.parliament.uk |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013215611/https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/27353/reading-university-cybernetics |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2009, Warwick was interviewed about his work in cybernetics for two documentary features on the DVD release of the 1985 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' story ''[[Attack of the Cybermen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk:80/rtwebsite/AttackOfTheCybermenDVD.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302093813/http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk:80/rtwebsite/AttackOfTheCybermenDVD.htm |archive-date=2009-03-02  | title=Doctor Who Restoration Team website - Attack of the Cybermen}}</ref> He was also an interview subject for the televised lecture ''[[The Science of Doctor Who]]'' in 2013.

In 2013, Warwick appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4's ''[[The Museum of Curiosity]]'' with [[Robert Llewellyn]] and [[Cleo Rocos]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03f92qc | title=BBC Radio 4 - the Museum of Curiosity, Series 6, Llewellyn, Rocos, Warwick | access-date=29 January 2017 | archive-date=2 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102192234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03f92qc | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, he appeared on BBC Radio 4's [[Midweek (BBC Radio 4)|''Midweek'']] with [[Libby Purves]], [[Roger Bannister]] and [[Rachael Stirling]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b040hzys | title=BBC Radio 4 - Midweek, Sir Roger Bannister, Prof Kevin Warwick, Rachael Stirling, Diana Darke | access-date=29 January 2017 | archive-date=27 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127042904/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b040hzys | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Robotics===
Warwick's claims that robots can program themselves to avoid each other while operating in a group raise the issue of [[self-organization|self-organisation]]. In particular, the works of [[Francisco Varela]] and [[Humberto Maturana]], once purely speculative have now become immediately relevant with respect to [[synthetic intelligence]].

Cyborg-type systems, if they are to survive, need to be not only [[homeostatic]] (meaning that they are able to preserve stable internal conditions in various environments) but also adaptive. Testing the claims of Varela and Maturana using synthetic devices is the more serious concern in the discussion about Warwick and those involved in similar research. "Pulling the plug" on independent devices cannot be as simple as it appears, because if the device displays sufficient intelligence, and assumes a diagnostic and prognostic stature, we may ultimately one day be forced to decide between what it could be telling us as counterintuitive (but correct) and our impulse to disconnect because of our limited and "intuitive" perceptions.

Warwick's robots seemed to exhibit behaviour not anticipated by the research, one such robot "committing suicide" because it could not cope with its environment.<ref>Warwick, K: "I, Cyborg", University of Illinois Press, 2004, p 66</ref> In a more complex setting, it may be asked whether a "natural selection" might be possible, neural networks being the major operative.

The 1999 edition of the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' recorded that Warwick performed the first robot learning experiment using the Internet.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hi25r0dgjIC&q=%22Guinness+Book+of+Records%22 |title=Future of Health Technology (Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, V. 80) |editor-first=Renata G. |editor-last=Bushko |page=283 |year=2000 |publisher=[[IOS Press]] |isbn=978-158603091-9}}</ref> One robot, with an [[artificial neural network]] brain at the University of Reading in the UK, learned how to move around without bumping into things. It then taught, via the Internet, another robot at [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|SUNY Buffalo]] in [[New York (state)|New York State]] to behave in the same way.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/0-6sufjRSnGw70a2l2TuvQ |title=Happy, a Reading University robot |date=2014 |work=[[BBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107034406/https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/0-6sufjRSnGw70a2l2TuvQ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> The robot in the US was therefore not taught or programmed by a human, but rather by another robot based on what it had itself learnt.<ref>Warwick, K: "I, Cyborg", University of Illinois Press, 2004</ref>

Hissing Sid was a robot cat that Warwick took on a [[British Council]] lecture tour of Russia, where he presented it in lectures at such places as [[Moscow State University]]. The robot was put together as a student project; its name came from the noise made by the [[pneumatic actuator]]s used to drive its legs when walking. Hissing Sid also appeared on BBC TV's ''[[Blue Peter]]'', but became better known when it was refused a ticket by [[British Airways]] on the grounds that they did not allow animals in the cabin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_/ai_56752397 |work=Airline Industry Information |title=-BA criticised over denying boarding to robotic cat |date=22 October 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016003426/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_/ai_56752397 |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref>

Warwick was also responsible for a robotic "magic chair" (based on the [[SCARA]]-form UMI RTX arm)<ref>{{cite web|last=UMI|title=Inside the UMI RTX Robot Arm|url=http://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/images/3/3c/RTX_Inside.pdf|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114203757/https://wiki.london.hackspace.org.uk/w/images/3/3c/RTX_Inside.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> used on BBC TV's ''[[Jim'll Fix It]]''. The chair provided the show's host [[Jimmy Savile]] with tea and stored Jim'll Fix It badges for him to hand out to guests.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguide/tvradio/story/0,,2045929,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Now then, now then|first=Sam|last=Delaney|date=31 March 2007|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> Warwick appeared on the programme himself for a Fix-it involving robots.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Warwick was also involved in the development of the "Seven Dwarves" robots, a version of which was sold in kit form as "Cybot" on the cover of ''[[Real Robots]]'' magazine in 2001. The magazine series guided its readers through the stages of building and programming Cybot, an artificially intelligent robot capable of making its own decisions and thinking for itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/make-your-robot-home-4278122 |title=Make your own robot at home |date=29 August 2001 |website=Berkshire Live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820080523/https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/local-news/make-your-robot-home-4278122 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref>

===Project Cyborg===
Probably the most famous research undertaken by Warwick—and the origin of the nickname "Captain Cyborg"<ref name=cyborg1/><ref name=cyborg2/><ref name=cyborg3/> given to him by ''[[The Register]]''—is the set of experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which an array was implanted into his arm, with the goal of him "becoming a [[cyborg]]".<ref name="doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369| pmid = 14568806| title = The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems| journal = Archives of Neurology| volume = 60| issue = 10| pages = 1369–73| year = 2003| last1 = Warwick | first1 = K. | last2 = Gasson | first2 = M. | last3 = Hutt | first3 = B. | last4 = Goodhew | first4 = I. | last5 = Kyberd | first5 = P. | last6 = Andrews | first6 = B. | last7 = Teddy | first7 = P. | last8 = Shad | first8 = A. | doi-access =  }}</ref>

The first stage of Project Cyborg, which began on 24 August 1998, involved a simple [[RFID]] transmitter being implanted beneath Warwick's skin, which was used to control doors, lights, heaters, and other computer-controlled devices based on his proximity.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html| title=Professor has world's first silicon chip implant| website=[[Independent.co.uk]]| date=1998-08-25| access-date=2 September 2017| archive-date=15 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015193357/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/professor-has-worlds-first-silicon-chip-implant-1174101.html| url-status=live}}</ref> He explained that the main purpose of this experiment was to test the limits of what the body would accept, and how easy it would be to receive a meaningful signal from the microprocessor.<ref>''Wired Magazine'' 8.02 (February 2000), [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.02/warwick.html 'Cyborg 1.0: Interview with Kevin Warwick'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127154449/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.02/warwick.html |date=27 November 2013 }}. Retrieved 25 December 2006.</ref>

The second stage of the research involved a more complex neural interface, designed and built especially for the experiment by Dr. [[Mark Gasson]] and his team at the University of Reading. This device consisted of a [[BrainGate]] sensor, a silicon square about 3mm wide, connected to an external "gauntlet" that housed supporting electronics. It was implanted under local anaesthetic on 14 March 2002 at the [[Radcliffe Infirmary]] in [[Oxford]], where it was interfaced directly into Warwick's nervous system via the [[median nerve]] in his left wrist. The [[microelectrode array]] that was inserted contained 100 [[electrode]]s, each the width of a human hair, of which 25 could be accessed at any one time, whereas the nerve that was being monitored carries many times that number of signals. The experiment proved successful, and the output signals were detailed enough to enable a [[robot arm]], developed by Warwick's colleague Dr. [[Peter Kyberd]], to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm.<ref name="doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_550084.html |title=Professor becomes world's first cyborg |date=22 March 2002 |website=[[Ananova]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020323100648/https://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_550084.html |archive-date=23 March 2002 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>

By means of the implant, Warwick's nervous system was connected to the Internet at [[Columbia University]], New York. From there he was able to control the robot arm at the University of Reading and obtain feedback from sensors in the finger tips. He also successfully connected [[Ultrasonic transducer|ultrasonic sensors]] on a baseball cap and experienced a form of extrasensory input.<ref>Warwick, K, Hutt, B, Gasson, M and Goodhew, I. "An attempt to extend human sensory capabilities by means of implant technology", Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Hawaii, pp.1663–1668, October 2005</ref>

In a highly publicised extension to the experiment, a simpler array was implanted into the arm of Warwick's wife, with the ultimate aim of one day creating a form of [[telepathy]] or [[empathy]] using the Internet to communicate the signal over huge distances. This experiment resulted in the first direct and purely electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy |journal= IEE Proceedings - Communications|volume=151|issue=3|pages=185|doi=10.1049/ip-com:20040409|year=2004|last1=Warwick|first1=K.|last2=Gasson|first2=M.|last3=Hutt|first3=B.|last4=Goodhew|first4=I.|last5=Kyberd|first5=P.|last6=Schulzrinne|first6=H.|last7=Wu|first7=X.|doi-broken-date= 7 December 2024}}</ref> Finally, the effect of the implant on Warwick's hand function was measured using the [[University of Southampton]]'s Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Case studies to demonstrate the range of applications of the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure|journal=British Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=72|issue=5|pages=212|doi=10.1177/030802260907200506|year=2009|last1=Kyberd|first1=P. J.|last2=Murgia|first2=A.|last3=Gasson|first3=M.|last4=Tjerks|first4=T.|last5=Metcalf|first5=C.|last6=Chappell|first6=P. H.|last7=Warwick|first7=K.|last8=Lawson|first8=S. E. M.|last9=Barnhill|first9=T.|s2cid=3293666}}</ref> There was a fear that directly interfacing with the nervous system might cause some form of damage or interference, but no measurable side effect (nor any sign of rejection) was encountered.

====Implications====
Warwick and his colleagues claim that the Project Cyborg research could result in new medical tools for treating patients with damage to the nervous system, as well as assisting the more ambitious enhancements Warwick advocates. Some [[transhumanism|transhumanists]] even speculate that similar technologies could be used for technology-facilitated telepathy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolving Towards Telepathy|date=26 April 2004|author=Dvorsky, George |url=http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/267/Default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706064752/http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/267/Default.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2007|publisher=Betterhumans }}</ref>

===Tracking device===
A controversy began in August 2002, shortly after the [[Soham murders]], when Warwick reportedly offered to implant a [[tracking device]] into an 11-year-old girl as an anti-abduction measure. The plan produced a mixed reaction, with endorsement from many worried parents but ethical concerns from children's societies.<ref>[http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2002/09/05/tracking-device-implant-criticised/ Tracking device implant criticised {{!}} Community Care] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619042838/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2002/09/05/tracking-device-implant-criticised/ |date=19 June 2015 }}, 5 September 2002</ref> As a result, the idea did not go ahead.

Anti-theft RFID chips are common in jewellery or clothing in some Latin American countries due to a high abduction rate,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com/dailystar/news/30069.php|work=Arizona Daily Star|title=Mexico implants microchips for ID |date=15 July 2004|last=Weissert|first=Will|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813084042/http://www.dailystar.com/dailystar/news/30069.php|archive-date=13 August 2004|access-date=31 January 2015}}{{Failed verification|date=September 2022}}</ref> and the company [[VeriChip]] announced plans in 2001 to expand its line of available medical information implants,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.verichip.com.my/index-2.html |title=Implantable Verification Solution for SE Asia |author=VeriChip |publisher=Inforlexus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231095422/http://www.verichip.com.my/index-2.html |archive-date=31 December 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref> to be [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] trackable when combined with a separate GPS device.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kidnapped? GPS to the Rescue |author=Scheeres, Julia |date=25 January 2002 |url=https://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,50004,00.html |work=[[Wired News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234739/https://www.wired.com/news/business/0%2C1367%2C50004%2C00.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,50435,00.html |work=[[Wired News]] |title=Politician Wants to 'Get Chipped' |author=Scheeres, Julia |date=15 February 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724123911/https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0%2C1282%2C50435%2C00.html |archive-date=24 July 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Turing test===
[[File:Kevin Warwick.jpg|thumb|upright|Warwick in February 2008]]
[[File:Kevin Warwick 2011d.jpg|thumb|upright|Warwick in June 2011]]
Warwick participated as a ''Turing Interrogator'' on two occasions, judging machines in the 2001 and 2006 [[Loebner Prize]] competitions, platforms for an "imitation game" as devised by [[Alan Turing]]. The 2001 Prize, held at the [[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]], featured Turing's "jury service" or one-to-one [[Turing test]]s and was won by [[A.L.I.C.E.]] The 2006 contest staged "parallel-paired" Turing tests at [[University College London]] and the winner was [[Rollo Carpenter]]. Warwick co-organised the 2008 Loebner Prize at the University of Reading, which also featured parallel-paired Turing tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/15/research/ResearchReviewonline/featuresnews/res-featureloebner.aspx |title=Can a machine think? – Results from the 18th Loebner Prize contest |work=[[University of Reading]] |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014110902/https://www.reading.ac.uk/15/research/ResearchReviewonline/featuresnews/res-featureloebner.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, he co-organised with Huma Shah a series of Turing tests held at [[Bletchley Park Museum|Bletchley Park]]. According to Warwick, the tests strictly adhered to the statements made by Alan Turing in his papers. Warwick himself participated in the tests as a hidden human.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Warwick, K, Shah, H and Moor, J|title=Some Implications of a Sample of Practical Turing Tests|journal=Minds and Machines|volume=23|issue=2|pages=163–177|year= 2013|doi=10.1007/s11023-013-9301-y|s2cid=13933358}}</ref> Results of the tests were discussed in a number of academic papers.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Warwick, K|author2=Shah, H|title=Good Machine Performance in Turing's Imitation Game|journal=IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games|volume=6|issue=3|pages=289|doi=10.1109/TCIAIG.2013.2283538|year=2014|s2cid=16283359|url=http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/564c70a1-cc2b-4740-943b-cbd1f6bb3e31/1|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417140236/https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/564c70a1-cc2b-4740-943b-cbd1f6bb3e31/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Warwick, K |author2=Shah, H|title=Effects of Lying in Practical Turing Tests|journal=[[AI & Society]]|volume=31|pages=5–15|doi=10.1007/s00146-013-0534-3|year=2014|s2cid=18207951}}</ref> One paper, entitled "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests", became one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the ''[[Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence]]''.

In June 2014, Warwick helped Shah stage a series of Turing tests to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing's death. The event was performed at the [[Royal Society]], London. Warwick regarded the winning chatbot, "[[Eugene Goostman]]", as having "passed the Turing test for the first time" by fooling a third of the event's judges into making an incorrect identification, and termed this a "milestone".<ref name="uor-success">{{cite web | url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx | title=Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history | publisher=University of Reading | date=8 June 2014 | access-date=8 June 2014 | archive-date=8 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608201600/http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> A paper containing all of the transcripts involving Eugene Goostman entitled "Can Machines Think? A Report on Turing Test Experiments at the Royal Society", has also become one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the ''Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence''.<ref>Warwick, K. and Shah, H., Can Machines Think? A Report on Turing Test Experiments at the Royal Society, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, DOI:10.1080/0952813X.2015.1055826, 2015</ref>

Warwick was criticised in the context of the 2014 Royal Society event, where he claimed that software program Eugene Goostman had passed the Turing test on the basis of its performance. The software successfully convinced over 30% of the judges who could not identify it as being a machine, on the basis of a five-minute text chat. Critics stated that the software's claim of being a young non-native English speaker weakened the spirit of the test, as any grammatical and semantic inconsistencies could be excused as a consequence of limited proficiency in the English language.<ref name=buzzfeed>[https://www.buzzfeed.com/kellyoakes/no-a-computer-did-not-just-pass-the-turing-test No, A Computer Did Not Just Pass The Turing Test] BuzzFeed, 9 June 2014</ref><ref name=techdirt>[https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140609/07284327524/no-supercomputer-did-not-pass-turing-test-first-time-everyone-should-know-better.shtml No, A 'Supercomputer' Did NOT Pass The Turing Test For The First Time And Everyone Should Know Better] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610124659/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140609/07284327524/no-supercomputer-did-not-pass-turing-test-first-time-everyone-should-know-better.shtml |date=10 June 2014 }}. Techdirt (9 June 2014). Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx Turing Test Success Marks Milestone in Computing History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608201600/http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx |date=8 June 2014 }}, University of Reading, 7 June 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/09/scientists-disagree-over-whether-turing-test-has-been-passed |title=Scientists dispute whether computer 'Eugene Goostman' passed Turing test |date=9 June 2014 |first1=Ian |last1=Sample |first2=Alex |last2=Hern |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Some critics also claimed that the software's performance had been exceeded by other programs in the past.<ref name=buzzfeed /><ref name=techdirt /> However, the 2014 tests were entirely unrestricted in terms of discussion topics, whereas the previous tests referenced by the critics had been limited to very specific subject areas. Additionally, Warwick was criticised by editor and entrepreneur [[Mike Masnick]] for exaggerating the significance of the Eugene Goostman program to the press.<ref name=techdirt />

==Other work==
Warwick was a member of the 2001 [[Higher Education Funding Council for England]] (unit 29) [[Research Assessment Exercise]] panel on [[Electrical and Electronic Engineering]] and was Deputy chairman for the same panel (unit 24) in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rae.ac.uk/ |title=Official website for 2008 Research Assessment Exercise |work=[[Research Assessment Exercise|RAE]] |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422082524/http://www.rae.ac.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2009, he was cited as being the inspiration of National Young Scientist of the Year, Peter Hatfield.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121223043705/http://www.rdg.ac.uk/research/Highlights-News/featuresnews/res-news-youngscientist.asp National Young Scientist of the Year, Peter Hatfield]</ref>

===Royal Institution Christmas Lectures===
Warwick presented the [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]] in December 2000, entitled ''Rise of the Robots''. Although the lectures were well received by some,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7927000/7927557.stm | work=BBC News | title=Today: Friday 6 March 2009 | date=6 March 2009 | access-date=8 July 2011 | archive-date=3 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203102033/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7927000/7927557.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> British computer scientist [[Simon Colton]] complained about the choice of Warwick prior to his appearance. He claimed that Warwick "is not a spokesman for our subject" (Artificial Intelligence) and "allowing him influence through the Christmas lectures is a danger to the public perception of science".<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=156022&sectioncode=26 Cyber don shrugs off attack on credibility]. Timeshighereducation.co.uk (5 May 2016). Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref> In response to Warwick's claims that computers could be creative, Colton, who is a Professor of Computational Creativity, also said: "the AI community has done real science to reclaim words such as creativity and emotion which they claim computers will never have".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~sgc/html_papers/colton_thes00.html |title=Cyborg Off His Christmas Tree |first=Simon |last=Colton |work=[[Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour|SSAISB]] |date=22 December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529075349/https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~sgc/html_papers/colton_thes00.html |archive-date=29 May 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequent letters were generally positive; Ralph Rayner wrote: "With my youngest son, I attended all of the lectures and found them balanced and thought-provoking. They were not sensationalist. I applaud Warwick for his lectures".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=156487 |title=Letter: A Christmas cheer &#124; General |work=Times Higher Education |date=12 January 2001 |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Warwick received the Future Health Technology Award in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.futureofhealth.org/pastWinners.php |title=FHTI award winners |website=FutureofHealth.org |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000443/http://www.futureofhealth.org/pastWinners.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and was presented with the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] (IET) Achievement Medal in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theiet.org/media/5310/achieve-winners.pdf |title=IET Achievement Medal Winners |website=theIET.org |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803223427/https://www.theiet.org/media/5310/achieve-winners.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, he was awarded the [[Mountbatten Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media-newswire.com/release_1079897.html |title=University Professor scoops top technology award |website=Media-Newswire.com |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064641/http://media-newswire.com/release_1079897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 he received the [[Marcellin Champagnat]] award from Universidad Marista [[Guadalajara]] and the [[Golden Eurydice Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ictthatmakesthedifference.eu/2009.1122.programme/ |title=ICT that makes the difference, International Conference Brussels |date=November 2009 |website=ictthatmakesthedifference.eu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163939/https://www.ictthatmakesthedifference.eu/2009.1122.programme/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011 he received the [[Ellison-Cliffe Lecture|Ellison-Cliffe Medal]] from the [[Royal Society of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsm.ac.uk/academ/ec2011.php |title=Ellison-Cliffe Lecture |work=[[Royal Society of Medicine]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518164519/http://www.rsm.ac.uk/academ/ec2011.php |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, he was elected to the membership of the [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]].<ref>[http://www.euro-acad.eu/members?utf8=%E2%9C%93&land=United+Kingdom&klass=&filter=w&sort=&way= European Academy of Sciences and Arts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053233/http://www.euro-acad.eu/members?utf8=%E2%9C%93&land=United+Kingdom&klass=&filter=w&sort=&way= |date=4 March 2016 }}. Euro-acad.eu. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref> In 2018 Warwick was inducted into the [[International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://iascys.org/ | title=IASCYS website | work=[[International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences]] | access-date=10 March 2018 | archive-date=25 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025091123/http://www.iascys.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2020 he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the [[Cybernetics Society]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cybsoc.org/| title = Cybernetics Society – The science of purpose| access-date = 26 October 2020| archive-date = 23 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211223134812/http://www.cybsoc.org/| url-status = live}}</ref>

He is the recipient of ten [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Science|doctorates]], these being from Aston University,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aston.ac.uk/about/news/releases/2008/july/080715/ |title=High Profile graduates celebrated by Aston University |date=15 July 2008 |work=[[Aston University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419082502/http://www.aston.ac.uk/about/news/releases/2008/july/080715/ |archive-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Coventry University]],<ref name=CoventryUni>{{cite web |url=https://www.coventry.ac.uk/primary-news/new-deputy-vice-chancellor-for-research-at-coventry-university |title=New Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research at Coventry University |date=20 December 2013 |work=[[Coventry University]] |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613144441/https://www.coventry.ac.uk/primary-news/new-deputy-vice-chancellor-for-research-at-coventry-university/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Achievements">{{cite web|url=http://www.kevinwarwick.com/achievements.htm |title=Achievements |publisher=Kevinwarwick.com |date=30 December 2000 |access-date=26 May 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629001130/http://www.kevinwarwick.com/achievements.htm |archive-date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> [[Robert Gordon University]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www3.rgu.ac.uk/news/professor-kevin-warwick-doctor-of-technology- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313120249/https://www3.rgu.ac.uk/news/professor-kevin-warwick-doctor-of-technology- |url-status=live |archive-date=13 March 2012 |title=World's First Cyborg Honoured by University |work=[[Robert Gordon University]] |date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-382440.aspx |title=Honorary degree number four for Professor of Cybernetics |work=[[University of Reading]] |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221165047/http://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-382440.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rgu.ac.uk/events/graduation#honorary-graduates |title=Honorary Graduates – RGU Honorary Degree Recipients 2018 |format=downloadable PDF |work=[[Robert Gordon University]] |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803021919/https://www.rgu.ac.uk/events/graduation#honorary-graduates |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[University of Bradford|Bradford University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/awards/hon/ |title=Honorary Graduates July 2010 |date=20 July 2010 |work=[[University of Bradford]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726003942/http://www.bradford.ac.uk/news/awards/hon/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|zF2L7Lk3Hck|Professor Kevin Warwick discusses his honorary degree A.I. and singularity}} (22 July 2010). Retrieved 23 April 2011.</ref> [[University of Bedfordshire]],<ref name="Achievements"/> [[University of Portsmouth|Portsmouth University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.port.ac.uk/uopnews/2012/07/05/honorary-graduates-announced/ |title=Honorary graduates announced |date=5 July 2012 |work=[[University of Portsmouth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709085909/https://www.port.ac.uk/uopnews/2012/07/05/honorary-graduates-announced/ |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kingston University]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/sse/about/news/sse-newsarticle-2014-02-06.aspx |title=Professor Kevin Warwick receives honorary DSc by Kingston University |date=6 February 2014 |work=[[University of Reading]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221165043/https://www.reading.ac.uk/sse/about/news/sse-newsarticle-2014-02-06.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.mk/articles/17798/Cyberneticist+Kevin+Warwick+an+Honorary+Ss.+Cyril+and+Methodius+PhD |title=Cyberneticist Kevin Warwick an Honorary Ss. Cyril and Methodius PhD |date=22 May 2015 |website=Independent.mk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002356/http://www.independent.mk/articles/17798/Cyberneticist+Kevin+Warwick+an+Honorary+Ss.+Cyril+and+Methodius+PhD |archive-date=23 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Edinburgh Napier University]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.napier.ac.uk/alumni/honorary-graduates |title=Honorary graduates |work=[[Edinburgh Napier University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221211646/https://www.napier.ac.uk/alumni/honorary-graduates |archive-date=21 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30685309.html |title='Cyborg' professor honoured |date=6 July 2015 |website=IrishExaminer.com |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001011408/https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30685309.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UajACAzvEFw | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/UajACAzvEFw| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Edinburgh Napier University Graduation Monday 6 July 2015 PM |date=10 July 2015 |work=[[Edinburgh Napier University]] |format=Youtube video}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} and [[Galgotias University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-848094.aspx#:~:text=Professor%20Emeritus%20Kevin%20Warwick%20(Cybernetics,is%20his%20tenth%20Honorary%20Doctorate |title=Spotlight on Success: October 2020 |date=25 September 2020 |work=University of Reading (staff portal) |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117040515/https://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-848094.aspx#:~:text=Professor%20Emeritus%20Kevin%20Warwick%20(Cybernetics,is%20his%20tenth%20Honorary%20Doctorate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHAxX-oOt5E | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mHAxX-oOt5E| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Galgotias University Online Convocation Ceremony 2020 {{!}} Full Program |date=27 September 2020 |work=Galgotias University |type=video |via=YouTube |access-date=29 September 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Reception==
Warwick has both his critics and endorsers, some of whom describe him as a "maverick".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10888828/Captain-Cyborg-the-man-behind-the-controversial-Turing-Test-claims.html |title='Captain Cyborg': the man behind the controversial Turing Test claims |last1=Edgar |first1=James |date=10 June 2014 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620112923/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10888828/Captain-Cyborg-the-man-behind-the-controversial-Turing-Test-claims.html |archive-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Others see his work as "not very scientific" and more like "entertainment", whereas some regard him as "an extraordinarily creative experimenter", his presentations as "awesome" and his work as "profound".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2010/09/19/Professor-s-self-experiments-in-cybernetics-have-provoked-debate-in-the-field/stories/201009190195 |title=Professor's self-experiments in cybernetics have provoked debate in the field |last1=Hamill |first1=Sean |date=19 September 2010 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175315/http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2010/09/19/Professor-s-self-experiments-in-cybernetics-have-provoked-debate-in-the-field/stories/201009190195 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jonker, C. and Nelis, A. (2013) "Human Robots and Robotic Humans", Chapter 7 in ''Engineering the Human'', B-J. Koops, C. Luthy, A. Nelis, C. Sieburgh, J. Jansen and M. Schmid (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 85.</ref>

==Publications==
Warwick has written several books, articles and papers. A selection of his books:
* {{Cite book|author=Kevin Warwick|title=QI: The Quest for Intelligence|publisher=Piatkus Books|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7499-2230-6}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kevin Warwick|title=I, Cyborg|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-252-07215-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/icyborg00kevi}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kevin Warwick|title=March of the Machines: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-252-07223-9|title-link=March of the Machines}}
* {{cite book|author=Kevin Warwick|title=Artificial Intelligence: The Basics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLW7bwAACAAJ|access-date=23 April 2011|date=30 August 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-56483-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Kevin Warwick and Huma Shah|title=Turing's Imitation Game|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-05638-1}}

Lectures (inaugural and keynote lectures):
* 1998, [[Robert Boyle Lecture]] at the [[University of Oxford]].
* 2000, [[Royal Institution Christmas Lectures]]. These lectures were repeated in 2001 during a tour of Japan, China and Korea.
* 2001, [[Higginson Lecture]] at [[Durham University]], [[Hamilton institute]] inaugural lecture.
* 2003, [[Royal Academy of Engineering]]/[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] Joint lecture in Edinburgh,
* 2003, [[IEEE]] (UK) Annual Lecture in London; [[Pittsburgh]] International Science and Technology Festival.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051021/http://www.scitechfestival.com/2004/AR2003.pdf ANNUAL REPORT 2003]. Pittsburgh International Science and Technology Festival</ref>
* 2004, [[Woolmer Lecture]] of the [[Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine]] at [[University of York]]; [[Robert Hooke]] Lecture (Westminster).
* 2005, [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] Lecture in Potsdam, Germany
* 2006, [[Bernard Price Memorial Lecture]] tour in South Africa; [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]] Prestige Lecture in London.
* 2007, [[Techfest]] plenary lecture in Mumbai; [[Kshitij (festival)|Kshitij]] keynote in Kharagpur (India); Engineer Techfest plenary lecture in [[NITK]] Surathkal (India); Annual Science Faculty lecture at [[University of Leicester]]; Graduate School in Physical Sciences and Engineering Annual Lecture, [[Cardiff University]].
* 2008, [[Leslie Oliver Oration]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhrhospitals.nhs.uk/neuro/neuro4ha.php?id=964 |title=Inaugural Leslie Oliver Oration |publisher=BHR University Hospitals |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501155849/http://www.bhrhospitals.nhs.uk/neuro/neuro4ha.php?id=964 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at [[Queen's Hospital]]; [[Techkriti]] keynote in Kanpur.
* 2008, [[KU Leuven|Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], guest lecture "Four weddings and a Funeral" for the Microsoft Research Chair.
* 2009, [[Cardiff University]], 125th Anniversary Lecture; Orwell Society, [[Eton College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kevinwarwick.com/events.asp?Date=15%2F9%2F2009 |title=Events |publisher=Kevinwarwick.com |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054450/https://www.kevinwarwick.com/events.asp?Date=15%2F9%2F2009 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* 2010, [[Robert Gordon University]] launch of Research Institute for Innovation Design and Sustainability (IDEAS)<ref>[http://www.rgu.ac.uk/events/launch-of-ideas Launch of IDEAS{{!}}10 May{{!}}Robert Gordon University Events] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507021602/http://www.rgu.ac.uk/events/launch-of-ideas |date=7 May 2010 }}. Rgu.ac.uk (13 May 2010). Retrieved 23 April 2011.</ref>
* 2011, [[Ellison-Cliffe Lecture]], [[Royal Society of Medicine]]; Inaugural research conference keynote, [[Anglia Ruskin University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/angliaruskinbulletin/docs/bulletin_vol_8_no_10_medres |title=November 2011 – Bulletin Vol 8 No 10 |publisher=Issuu.com |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506200720/http://issuu.com/angliaruskinbulletin/docs/bulletin_vol_8_no_10_medres |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2012, IET [[Pinkerton Lecture]], Bangalore.;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/pinkerton |title=The Pinkerton lecture – IET Conferences |publisher=Theiet.org |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113070923/http://www.theiet.org/pinkerton |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] UKRI 50 years Anniversary Lecture, Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ieee-ukri.org/2012/07/celebrating-50-years-of-ieee-serving-the-engineering-community-in-the-united-kingdom-and-republic-of-ireland/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415012357/http://ieee-ukri.org/2012/07/celebrating-50-years-of-ieee-serving-the-engineering-community-in-the-united-kingdom-and-republic-of-ireland/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=25 September 2012 |title=Celebrating 50 Years of IEEE serving the engineering community in the United Kingdom and Ireland|date=July 2012}}</ref>
* 2014, Sir [[Hugh Cairns (surgeon)|Hugh Cairns]] Memorial Lecture, [[Society of British Neurological Surgeons]], London.; Invited Keynote, BCS-SGAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, [[Cambridge University]].<ref>[http://www.bcs-sgai.org/ai2014/?section=techstream SGAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence AI-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209151706/http://www.bcs-sgai.org/ai2014/?section=techstream |date=9 December 2014 }}. Bcs-sgai.org (11 December 2014). Retrieved 14 May 2016.</ref>
* 2016, Launch of Wales Festival of Innovation, Cardiff.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.festivalofinnovation.org/event.html?id=271 | title=Event &#124; Wales Festival of Innovation | access-date=19 June 2016 | archive-date=24 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524164153/http://www.festivalofinnovation.org/event.html?id=271 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2017, [[Paul B. Baltes Lecture]], [[Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbaw.de/veranstaltungen/2017/Oktober/baltes-lecture | title=Neural Implants for Therapy and Enhancement — Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Warwick is a regular presenter at the annual [[Careers Scotland Space School]], [[University of Strathclyde]].

He appeared at the 2009 [[World Science Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2009/battlestar-galactica |title=Battlestar Galactica Cyborgs on the Horizon |publisher=World Science Festival |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=26 September 2009 |archive-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424111010/http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2009/battlestar-galactica |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[Mary McDonnell]], [[Nick Bostrom]], [[Faith Salie]] and [[Hod Lipson]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Systems science}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Avatar Project]]
*[[Brain–computer interface]]
*[[Cyborg antenna]]
*[[EyeTap]]
*[[Grinder (biohacking)]]
*[[Stelarc]]
*''[[The Age of Intelligent Machines]]''
*[[Tim Cannon]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kevin Warwick}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/29/transhuman-bodyhacking-transspecies-cyborg "When man meets metal: rise of the transhumans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509090634/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/29/transhuman-bodyhacking-transspecies-cyborg |date=9 May 2021 }} – article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (29 October 2017) featuring Professor Kevin Warwick
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUd4qv2Qr0A "Cyborgs: A Personal Story"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217202744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUd4qv2Qr0A |date=17 February 2021 }} – Kevin Warwick [[TEDx]] talk at Coventry University (2016)
* [https://communities.theiet.org/video/523 "Cyborgs: Ghosts of Christmas Future"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611232930/https://communities.theiet.org/video/523 |date=11 June 2021 }} – Kevin Warwick lecture (5 December 2013) on [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]] website
* [https://www.bcs.org/content-hub/i-cyborg-an-interview-with-prof-kevin-warwick/ "I, Cyborg: An interview with Prof Kevin Warwick"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611233244/https://www.bcs.org/content-hub/i-cyborg-an-interview-with-prof-kevin-warwick/ |date=11 June 2021 }} (14 August 2013) on [[British Computer Society|BCS]] website
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011v1b8 BBC Radio 4 interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612044236/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011v1b8 |date=12 June 2021 }} with [[Michael Buerk]] (14 Jun 2011)
* [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cyborg-10/ Kevin Warwick article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524065632/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cyborg-10/ |date=24 May 2021 }} in ''[[Scientific American]]'' magazine (10 March 2008)
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070127021401/http://www.itwales.com/997730.htm Kevin Warwick interview]}} on ''IT Wales'' website (13 December 2006)
* [http://futurefire.net/2005.01/nonfiction/cyborg.html "Interview with the Cyborg"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524065630/http://futurefire.net/2005.01/nonfiction/cyborg.html |date=24 May 2021 }} in ''[[The Future Fire]]'' magazine (2005)
* {{IMDb name|0990120}}

{{Cybernetics}}
{{Systems}}
{{BCI}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warwick, Kevin}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Reading]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Alumni of Aston University]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:British artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:BT Group people]]
[[Category:British electrical engineers]]
[[Category:British bioengineers]]
[[Category:Control theorists]]
[[Category:Cyberneticists]]
[[Category:Cyborgs]]
[[Category:British futurologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology]]
[[Category:Human–computer interaction researchers]]
[[Category:People educated at Lawrence Sheriff School]]
[[Category:People associated with Newcastle University]]
[[Category:People in information technology]]
[[Category:British roboticists]]
[[Category:British systems scientists]]
[[Category:Academics of Coventry University]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:British transhumanists]]
[[Category:People known for their body modification]]
[[Category:Engineers from the West Midlands (county)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Portsmouth]]