Editing Kazoo

{{Short description|Toy musical instrument}}
{{For|the British online retail company|Cazoo}}
[[Image:2023 Kazoo (1).jpg|thumb|right|A metal kazoo]]
[[Image:Kazoo-s.jpg|thumb|Other examples of kazoos]]

The '''kazoo''' is a [[musical instrument]] that adds a ''buzzing'' [[timbre|timbral]] quality to a player's voice when the player vocalizes into it. It is a type of ''[[eunuch flute|mirliton]]'' (itself a [[membranophone]]), one of a class of instruments that modify the player's voice by way of a [[vibration|vibrating]] [[membrane]] of [[goldbeater's skin]] or material with similar characteristics. There is a smaller version of the kazoo, known as a '''humazoo'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahn |first1=Laurie Susan |title=Sleepaway: The Girls of Summer and the Camps They Love |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Workman Publishing |isbn=978-0-7611-2691-1 |page=233 |language=en}}</ref>

==Playing==
A kazoo player hums, rather than [[Exhalation|blows]], into the wider and flattened side of the instrument.<ref name = "howto">[http://www.kazoos.com/pub/ How to Play Kazoo], Kazoos.com, 2013, accessed July 12, 2013</ref> The oscillating air pressure of the hum makes the kazoo's membrane vibrate.<ref name="howto"/> The resulting sound varies in pitch and loudness with the player's humming. Players can produce different sounds by singing specific syllables such as ''doo'', ''too'', ''who'', or v''rrrr'' into the kazoo.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==History==
[[File:Kazoo manufacturing machines.JPG|thumb|left|Machines at the Kazoo Factory and Museum]]
[[File:Kazoo manufacturing steps.JPG|thumb|left|Kazoo manufacturing steps]] Simple membrane instruments played by vocalizing, such as the [[eunuch flute|onion flute]], have existed since at least the 16th century. It is claimed that Alabama Vest, an African-American in [[Macon, Georgia]], invented the kazoo around 1840, although there is no documentation to support that claim.<ref name = "Harness">Harness, Jill, [http://mentalfloss.com/article/29859/great-moments-kazoo-history Great Moments In Kazoo History], Mental Floss, January 28, 2012, accessed July 12, 2013</ref>  The story originated with the Kaminsky International Kazoo Quartet, a group of satirical kazoo players,  which may cast doubt on the veracity of the story,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jensen-Brown|first1=Peter|title=Bazoo, Kazoo, Bazooka, From Playful Instrument to Instrument of War (a History and Etymology of Kazoo and Bazooka)|url=http://esnpc.blogspot.com/2017/05/bazoo-kazoo-bazooka-from-playful.html|website=Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History Blog|date=May 2017|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> as does the name "Alabama Vest" itself.

In 1879, Simon Seller received a patent for a "Toy Trumpet" that worked on the same principle as a kazoo: "By blowing through the tube A, and at the same time humming a sort of a head sound, a musical vibration is given to the paper covering c over the aperture b, and a sound produced pleasing to the ear."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seller|first1=Simon|title=US Patent 214,010|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US214010|website=Google Patents|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>  Seller's "toy trumpet" was basically a hollow sheet-metal tube, with a rectangular aperture cut out along the length of the tube, with paper covering the aperture, and a funnel at the end, like the bell of a trumpet.  The first documented appearance of a kazoo was that created by an American inventor, Warren Herbert Frost,<ref name = "Harness" /> who named his new musical instrument ''kazoo'' in his [[patent]] #270,543 issued on January 9, 1883. The patent states, "This instrument or toy, to which I propose to give the name 'kazoo' "..."<ref name="Frost">[https://patents.google.com/patent/US270543 Kazoo Patent], U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C., accessed July 12, 2013</ref> Frost's kazoo did not have the streamlined, submarine shape of modern kazoos, but it was similar in that the aperture was circular and elevated above the length of the tube. The modern kazoo—also the first one made of metal—was patented by George D. Smith of [[Buffalo, New York]],  May 27, 1902.<ref name = "Harness" /><ref name = "Smiths">[https://patents.google.com/patent/US700986 Smith's Kazoo Patent], U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C., accessed July 12, 2013</ref>

In 1916, the Original American Kazoo Company in [[Eden, New York]] started manufacturing kazoos for the masses in a two-room shop and factory, utilizing a couple of dozen jack presses for cutting, bending and crimping metal sheets. These machines were used for many decades. By 1994, the company produced 1.5 million kazoos per year and was the only manufacturer of metal kazoos in North America.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=Frederick|title=The Kazoo Monopoly|journal=American Heritage of Invention & Technology|date=Winter 1994|volume=9|issue=3|url=http://www.innovationgateway.org/content/kazoo-monopoly-1|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401025825/http://www.innovationgateway.org/content/kazoo-monopoly-1|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolk|first1=Bruce H.|title=Made here, baby! the essential guide to finding the best American-made products for your kids|date=2009|publisher=American Management Association|location=New York|isbn=9780814413890|page=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj3ypHgzlWYC&pg=PA258|access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> The factory, in nearly its original configuration, is now called The Kazoo Factory and Museum. It is still operating, and it is open to the public for tours.<ref name = "Harness" />

In 2010, [[The Kazoo Museum]] opened in [[Beaufort, South Carolina]] with exhibits on kazoo history.<ref name=Jordan>{{cite news |title=Kazoo factory tunes in to Beaufort County |first=Meredith |last=Jordan |newspaper=Bluffton Today |date=October 7, 2010 |url=http://www.blufftontoday.com/news/2010-10-07/kazoo-factory-tunes-beaufort-county |access-date=October 26, 2010 |archive-date=October 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012002307/http://www.blufftontoday.com/news/2010-10-07/kazoo-factory-tunes-beaufort-county |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Professional usage==
{{listen|filename=NoiseCollector KazooA.wav |title=A kazoo |format=[[Wav]]}}
{{listen|filename=Advance Australia Fair on Kazoo.wav |title=Advance Australia Fair on Kazoo |format=[[Wav]]}}
The kazoo is played professionally in [[jug band]]s and [[comedy music]], and by amateurs everywhere. It is among the acoustic instruments developed in the United States, and one of the easiest melodic instruments to play, requiring only the ability to vocalize in tune.<ref name = "Harness" /> In [[North East England]] and [[South Wales]], kazoos play an important role in [[juvenile jazz band]]s. During [[Carnival]], players use kazoos in the [[Carnival of Cádiz]] in Spain and in the corsos on the [[murga]]s in [[Uruguay]].

[[Image:Rhythm band WPA National Youth Administration Sandwich, Illinois USA 1936.gif|thumb|350px|[[National Youth Administration]]: "rhythm band" plays in [[Sandwich, Illinois]], 1936]]

In the [[Original Dixieland Jass Band]] 1921 recording of ''Crazy Blues'', what the casual listener might mistake for a trombone solo is actually a kazoo solo<ref name = "Harness" /> by drummer [[Tony Sbarbaro]].

[[Red McKenzie]] played kazoo in a Mound City Blue Blowers 1929 film short.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5QFR4whDdo#at=27 Mound City Blue Blowers "St. Louis Blues" 1929], performance video 1929, accessed July 12, 2013</ref>  The [[Mound City Blue Blowers]] had a number of hit kazoo records in the early 1920s featuring [[Dick Slevin]] on metal kazoo and Red McKenzie on [[comb and tissue paper]] (although McKenzie also played metal kazoo). The vocaphone, a kind of kazoo with a trombone-like tone, was occasionally featured in [[Paul Whiteman]]'s Orchestra.<ref name="Rayno2012">{{cite book|first=Don|last=Rayno|title=Paul Whiteman: Pioneer in American Music, 1930-1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-hYmPstZmIC&pg=PA608|access-date=12 July 2013|date=19 December 2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8322-2|pages=608–}}</ref> Trombonist-vocalist [[Jack Fulton (singer)|Jack Fulton]] played it on Whiteman's recording of ''Vilia'' (1931) and [[Frankie Trumbauer]]'s ''Medley of [[Isham Jones]] Dance Hits'' (1932). [[The Mills Brothers]] vocal group originally started in vaudeville as a kazoo quartet, playing four-part harmony on kazoo with one brother accompanying them on [[guitar]].<ref>[http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/mills_brothers.html The Mills Brothers - Inductees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015041037/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/mills_brothers.html |date=2008-10-15 }}, Vocal Group Hall of Fame, accessed July 12, 2013</ref>

The kazoo is rare in [[European classical music]]. It does appear in [[David Bedford]]'s ''[[With 100 Kazoos]]'', where, rather than having professionals play the instrument, kazoos are handed out to the audience, who accompany a professional instrumental ensemble.<ref name = "Harness" /> [[Leonard Bernstein]] included a segment for kazoo ensemble in the First Introit (Rondo) of his ''[[Mass (theatre)|Mass]].'' The kazoo was used in the 1990 [[Koch International]] and 2007 [[Naxos Records]] recordings of American classical composer [[Charles Ives]]' ''Yale-Princeton Football Game'', where the kazoo chorus represents the football crowd's cheering. The brief passages have the kazoo chorus sliding up and down the scale as the "cheering" rises and falls.

In [[Frank Loesser]]'s score for the 1961 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical comedy ''[[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (musical)|How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]]'', several kazoos produce the effect of electric razors used in the executive washroom during a dance reprise of the ballad ''I Believe in You''.

In 1961, [[Del Shannon|Del Shannon's]] "So Long Baby" issued on Big Top Records featured a kazoo on the instrumental break. In addition to the single release it featured on the UK London American release of his album ''Hats Off To Del Shannon''. [[Joanie Sommers|Joanie Sommers']] 1962 hit single "[[Johnny Get Angry]]" featured a kazoo ensemble in its instrumental bridge, as did [[Dion DiMucci|Dion]]'s hit of the same year, "[[Little Diane]]", and [[Ringo Starr]]'s 1973 cover of "[[You're Sixteen]]".

[[Jesse Fuller]]'s 1962 recording of his song "San Francisco Bay Blues" features a kazoo solo,<ref name = "SF">Peter Siegel, liner notes to ''Friends of Old Time Music'' ([[Smithsonian Folkways]], SFW40160) [http://media.smithsonianglobalsound.org/liner_notes/smithsonian_folkways/SFW40160.pdf Media.smithsonianglobalsound.org]</ref> as does [[Eric Clapton]]'s 1992 recording of the song on MTV's ''Unplugged'' television show and album. On the song "Alligator" on the [[Grateful Dead]] album ''[[Anthem of the Sun]]'', three members of the band play kazoo together. Many [[Paolo Conte]] performances include kazoo passages.

Short kazoo performances appear on many modern recordings, usually for comic effect. For example, in his first album, ''[[Freak Out!]]'', [[Frank Zappa]] used the kazoo to add comic feel to some songs<ref name = "Harness" /> — including one of his best known, "[[Hungry Freaks, Daddy]]". In the song "[[Crosstown Traffic (song)|Crosstown Traffic]]" from the album ''[[Electric Ladyland]]'', [[Jimi Hendrix]] used a comb-and-paper instrument to accompany the guitar and accentuate a blown-out speaker sound.<ref name = "Harness" /><ref>[http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=5051 Crosstown Traffic by Jimi Hendrix], Songfacts, 2013, accessed July 12, 2013</ref> The song "[[Lovely Rita]]", from [[the Beatles]] album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', uses combs-and-paper instruments.<ref name = "Harness" /><ref>{{cite book| last=Lewisohn| first=Mark| year=1988| author-link=Mark Lewisohn| title=The Beatles Recording Sessions| publisher=[[Harmony Books]]| location=New York| isbn=0-517-57066-1}}</ref> Kazoo playing parodied the sound of a military brass band in the [[Pink Floyd]] song "[[Corporal Clegg]]".<ref>[http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6811 Corporal Clegg by Pink Floyd], Songfacts, 2013, accessed July 12, 2013</ref>
 
In the [[McGuinness Flint]] recording ''[[When I'm Dead and Gone]]'', [[Benny Gallagher]] and [[Graham Lyle]] play kazoos in harmony during the instrumental break. [[The New Seekers]]' live track ''(Ever Since You Told Me That You Loved Me) I'm A Nut'' features a kazoo solo by singer [[Eve Graham]].  British singer-songwriter [[Ray Dorset]], the leader of pop-blues band [[Mungo Jerry]], played the kazoo on many of his band's recordings, as did former member Paul King.

One of the best known kazooists of recent times is [[Barbara Stewart (composer)|Barbara Stewart]] (1941–2011).<ref name = "Harness" /> Stewart, a classically trained singer, wrote a book on the kazoo, formed the "quartet" Kazoophony, performed kazoo at [[Carnegie Hall]] and on the ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' television show.<ref name = "Harness" /><ref name="Stewart2006">{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Stewart|title=The Complete How to Kazoo [With Kazoo]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhDx0XKwzPkC|access-date=July 12, 2013|year=2006|publisher=Workman Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7611-4221-8}}</ref> 

The soundtrack of the film ''[[Chicken Run]]'', released in 2000 and composed by [[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] and [[Harry Gregson-Williams]], makes use of kazoos in several pieces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clemmensen |first1=Christian |title=Review of Chicken Run |url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/chicken_run.html |website=Filmtracks |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

The video game ''[[Yoshi's New Island]]'', released in 2014, has synthesized kazoos in several tracks of its soundtrack.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Orland|first1=Kyle|title=Review: Yoshi's New Island is a solid new Yoshi's Island|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/03/review-yoshis-new-island-is-a-solid-new-yoshis-island/|access-date=14 August 2016|date=13 March 2014}}</ref>

The Ukrainian polka band [[Los Colorados]] released a cover of [[Rammstein]] song "Du Hast", which features a kazoo.<ref>{{Citation|last=LosColoradosBand|title=Los Colorados - Du Hast (Official Rammstein Cover)|date=2012-05-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5xSxGhlHfc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/a5xSxGhlHfc| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-07-16}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In November 2010, [[Sandra Boynton]] produced and released a full-length 300-kazoo plus orchestra performance of Maurice Ravel's ''Bolero'', titled ''Boléro Completely Unraveled, performed by the Highly Irritating Orchestra''. Boynton played solo kazoo on this recording noting "I am at the perfect level of musical incompetence for this."

==Records==
On March 14, 2011, the audience at BBC Radio 3's Red Nose Show at the Royal Albert Hall, along with a star-studded kazoo band, set a new [[Guinness World Record]] for Largest Kazoo Ensemble. The 3,910 kazooists played Wagner's ''[[Ride of the Valkyries]]'' and the [[Dambusters March]].<ref name ="GWR">[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/largest-kazoo-ensemble Largest Kazoo Ensemble], Guinness World Records, 2013, accessed July 12, 2013</ref> This surpassed the previous record of 3,861 players, set in Sydney, Australia, in 2009.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/03_march/15/kazoo.shtml BBC Radio 3's Red Nose Show breaks Guinness World Records title for largest ever kazoo ensemble], Big Red Nose Show, March 15, 2011, accessed July 12, 2013</ref> The current record of 5,190 was set later the same night in a second attempt.<ref name ="GWR" />

On August 9, 2010, the [[San Francisco Giants]] hosted a [[Jerry Garcia]] tribute night, in which an ensemble of an estimated 9,000 kazooists played "[[Take Me Out to the Ball Game]]."<ref name="sfgiant01">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/sports/Giants-Fans-Kazoos-Create-World-Record-Buzz-100394269.html |title=Giants Fans' Kazoos Create World Record Buzz |access-date=2010-08-14 |publisher=NBC Universal, Inc. |work=NBC Bay Area |first=Joe|last=Kukura |date=August 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Music}}
* [[Party horn]]
* [[Eunuch flute]]
* [[Swazzle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Roberto Leydi|author2=Febo Guizzi|title=Gli strumenti della musica popolare in Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jUJAQAAMAAJ|access-date=12 July 2013|year=2002|publisher=Libreria musicale italiana|isbn=978-88-7096-325-0}} Invaluable survey of popular instruments in use in Italy, ranging from percussion, wind and plucked instruments to various noise makers. 
*{{cite book|first=Ruth|last=Kassinger|title=Build a Better Mousetrap: Make Classic Inventions, Discover Your Problem-Solving Genius, and Take the Inventor's Challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lsZx0g_O30C|access-date=12 July 2013|date=30 January 2004|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-42991-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Fabio|last=Lombardi|title=Canti e strumenti popolari della Romagna bidentina: canzoni, ninne-nanne, filastrocche, balli, canti di nozze, stornelle, urli, bovare, strumenti e altro ancora, in una memorabile raccolta dei canti e della musica popolare della valle del Bidente|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc4eAQAAIAAJ|access-date=12 July 2013|year=2000|publisher=Il Ponte Vecchio|isbn=978-88-8312-087-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Fabio|last=Lombardi|title=I suoni perduti: mostra di strumenti musicali popolari romagnoli, Teatro Comunale G.A. Dragoni, 26-29 agosto 1989 : raccolti da Fabio Lombardi nella vallata del Bidente, Comuni di|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cW0ZwEACAAJ|access-date=12 July 2013|year=1989|publisher=Centro stampa provincia}}
* McGlynn, Don, 1986, ''The Mills Brothers Story, VHS, Kultur Videos, {{OCLC|26796337}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kazoos|Kazoo}}
* [https://buffalonews.com/2018/04/13/gallery10378/ The Original Kazoo Company], kazoo museum and manufacturer based in Eden, N.Y. 
* [http://www.edenkazoo.com/museum.php Kazooco], kazoo museum and historic manufacturer
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020922022245/http://www.captainkazoo.com/kazois.html "This is a kazoo!"] Captain Kazoo: The world's largest private kazoo collection. More history, including details on the mirliton.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115052518/http://kazoomuseum.org/The_Kazoo_Museum/Welcome.html The Kazoo Museum], website of the Beaufort, South Caroline kazoo museum
* [http://www.woodstockwoodenkazoo.com Miss G and her Blues Kazoo], Woodstock Wooden Kazoo in Woodstock, New York
* [http://aswegohomestead.com Doc Kazoo and his Wooden Folk Kazoo], in Lake Seneca, Florida
* [http://kazoologist.org/ The Association of American Kazoologists], Information, including history, design and construction, of the kazoo

{{Membranophones}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American musical instruments]]
[[Category:Continuous pitch instruments]]
[[Category:Singing membranophones]]
[[Category:Toy instruments and noisemakers]]