Editing Kapellmeister

{{Short description|Person in charge of music-making}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Italic title}}
'''{{lang|de|Kapellmeister}}''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|p|ɛ|l|m|aɪ|s|t|ər}} {{respell|kə|PEL|my|stər}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|k|ɑː|ˈ|-}} {{respell|kah|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Kapellmeister|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160925232758/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/kapellmeister "kapellmeister"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/kapellmeister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310054246/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kapellmeister |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-03-10 |title=kapellmeister |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA|de|kaˈpɛlˌmaɪstɐ|lang|de-Kapellmeister.ogg}}), from German {{lang|de|Kapelle}} (chapel) and {{lang|de|Meister}} (master), literally "master of the chapel choir", designates the leader of an ensemble of musicians. Originally used to refer to somebody in charge of music in a chapel, the term has evolved considerably in its meaning and is today used for denoting the leader of a musical ensemble, often smaller ones used for TV, radio, and theatres.

==Historical usage==
In German-speaking countries during the approximate period 1500–1800, the word {{lang|de|Kapellmeister}} often designated the director of music for a monarch or nobleman. For English speakers, it is this sense of the term that is most often encountered, since it appears frequently in biographical writing about composers who worked in German-speaking countries. During that period, in Italy, the position (Italian: ''maestro di capella'') largely referred to directors of music assigned to cathedrals and sacred institutions rather than those under royal or aristocratic patronage.

A Kapellmeister position was a senior one and involved supervision of other musicians. [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for [[Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen|Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen]]. [[Joseph Haydn]] worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the [[Esterházy]] family, a high-ranking noble family of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[George Frideric Handel]] served as Kapellmeister for George, [[Elector of Hanover]] (who eventually became King [[George I of Great Britain]]).

A Kapellmeister might also be the director of music for a church. Thus, [[Johann Georg Reutter|Georg Reutter]] was the Kapellmeister at [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]], where his young choristers included both [[Joseph Haydn|Joseph]] and [[Michael Haydn]].

Becoming a Kapellmeister was a mark of success for professional musicians. For instance, Joseph Haydn once remarked that he was glad [[Mathias Haydn|his father]] (a [[wheelwright]]) had lived long enough to see his son become a Kapellmeister.{{sfnp|Griesinger|1963|p=16}} The term also implied the possession of considerable musical skill. When the 18th-century actor and musician Joachim Daniel Preisler heard the famous soprano [[Aloysia Weber]] ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s sister-in-law) perform in her home, he paid her the following compliment in his diary:
<blockquote>The well-known ''Mozardt'' is her brother-in-law and has taught her so well that she accompanies from a score and plays interludes like a Kapellmeister.<ref>{{harvp|Deutsch|1965|p=324}}. Preisler's assumption that Weber's skills came from Mozart's training is not specifically supported by modern scholarship.</ref>
</blockquote>

By the end of the 18th century, many of the nobility had declined in their economic power relative to the newly prosperous middle class. Eventually, the maintenance of a {{lang|de|Kapelle}} became too expensive for most nobles, which led to a decline in the number of Kapellmeister positions. A well-known instance occurred in 1790, when Prince [[Anton I, Prince Esterházy|Anton Esterházy]] succeeded his father [[Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy|Nikolaus]] and dismissed almost all of the latter's extensive musical establishment.<ref>Haydn himself was retained in an essentially honorary role, but was free to pursue independent plans, his journeys to England; for details see [[Anton I, Prince Esterházy]].</ref> But Prince Anton was hardly alone in doing this; during this same period, "the steady decline in the number of orchestras supported by aristocratic families represented a ... change that affected all composers and their works."{{sfnp|Jones|2009|p=324}} This was a difficult time for musicians, who needed to find new ways to support themselves. For instance, [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (1770–1827) never worked as a Kapellmeister but was supported by a somewhat unreliable combination of noble patronage, publication, and concert income.

===The case of Mozart===
[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] never was a Kapellmeister in the sense given above. In 1787, he was given a paid position in the court of the Austrian Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] as {{lang|de|Kammercompositeur}} (chamber composer), but authority in matters musical at the court was exercised primarily by [[Antonio Salieri]]. In reviews, diaries, and advertising, Mozart was commonly referred to as {{lang|de|(Herr) Kapellmeister Mozart}}. It seems that Mozart's prestige, along with the fact that he frequently appeared in public directing other musicians, led to the use of "Kapellmeister" as a term of respect.<ref>For extensive discussion of the use of "Kapellmeister" to describe Mozart, see {{harvp|Deutsch|1965|pp=306–307}}</ref>

In April 1791, Mozart applied to become the Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's Cathedral and was designated by the City Council to take over this job following the death of the then-ailing incumbent, [[Leopold Hofmann]]. This never took place, since Mozart died (December 1791) before Hofmann did (1793).{{sfnp|Deutsch|1965|pp=393–395}}

==Similar terms and equivalents==
Variant spellings ''capellmeister'' and ''capelle'', to refer to the orchestra or choir,<ref>{{cite book |last=Galkin |first=Elliott W. |author-link=Elliott Galkin |title=A history of orchestral conducting: in theory and practice |year=1988 |publisher=Pendragon Press |isbn=978-0-918728-47-0 |page=218 }}</ref> are sometimes encountered in English language works about composers who held the title.<ref>{{cite book|last=Siblin|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Siblin|title=The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Euf2Loch7YcC&pg=PA61|access-date=15 January 2012|date=4 January 2011|publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-4524-6|pages=61, et seq}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph|author-link=Christoph Wolff|title=Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00wolf |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-32256-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00wolf/page/24 24], et seq}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Terry|first=Charles Sanford|author-link=Charles Sanford Terry (historian)|title=Bach: A Biography|date=April 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-4677-8|pages=11, et seq}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jullien|first=Adolphe|title=Richard Wagner: His Life and Works|url=https://archive.org/details/richardwagnerhi01hallgoog|year=1892|publisher=J. B. Millet|pages=[https://archive.org/details/richardwagnerhi01hallgoog/page/n124 67], et al}}</ref>

The word {{lang|de|Hofkapellmeister}} specified that the Kapellmeister worked at a nobleman's court ({{lang|de|Hof}}); a {{lang|de|Konzertmeister}} held a somewhat less senior position.<ref>Peter Terrell, ed. ''Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary.'' 2nd edition, pp. 356, 405.</ref>

Equivalent positions existed in other European countries and were referred to with equivalent names. In Finnish ''kapellimestari'' is still the primary word used of conductors.

==Composers who held the post of Kapellmeister==
(listed chronologically by date of birth)

* [[Arnold von Bruck]] ({{circa}} 1500–1554) was Kapellmeister in Vienna for [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia]] from 1527 to 1545.
* [[Mattheus Le Maistre]] (c. 1505–1577) was Kapellmeister at the court of the [[Electorate of Saxony|Electors of Saxony]] in [[Dresden]] from 1554 to 1568.
* [[Antonio Scandello]] (1517–1580) was Kapellmeister at the court of the Electors of [[Saxony]] in Dresden from 1568.
* [[Jacob Regnart]] (1540s–1599) was Kapellmeister at [[Innsbruck]] from 1585 to about 1596.
* [[Michael Praetorius]] (1571–1621) was Kapellmeister at [[Wolfenbüttel]] from 1604.
* [[Heinrich Schütz]] (1585–1673) was Kapellmeister to [[John George I, Elector of Saxony]] from 1619.
* [[Samuel Scheidt]] (1587–1653) was Kapellmeister to the [[Margrave]] of [[Brandenburg]].
* [[Michelangelo Falvetti]] (1642–1697) was Kapellmeister in [[Palermo]] from 1670, then in [[Messina]] from 1682.
* [[Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber]] (1644–1704) was Kapellmeister in [[Salzburg]] from 1684.
* [[Georg Muffat]] (1653–1704) was Kapellmeister to the bishop of [[Passau]] from 1690 to his death.
* [[Agostino Steffani]] (1653–1728) was Kapellmeister from 1688 to 1698 at the court of [[Hanover]].
* [[Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer]] (died 1746) was Kapellmeister to [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden]], from at least 1695.
* [[Johann Ludwig Bach]] (1677–1731), a second cousin of J. S. Bach, was Kapellmeister at [[Meiningen]].
* [[Georg Philipp Telemann]] (1681–1767) served as Kapellmeister for 16 years, starting in 1705, for the court of [[Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz]], in [[Hamburg]].
* [[Johann David Heinichen]] (1683–1729) held the position of Kapellmeister at the electoral Saxon court in Dresden from 1717 until his death.
* [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (1685–1750) worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for [[Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen]].
* [[George Frideric Handel]] (1685–1759) served as Kapellmeister from 1710 to 1712 for George, Elector of Hanover.
* [[Domenico Scarlatti]] (1685–1757) was {{lang|it|maestro di cappella}} at [[Frascati Cathedral|St. Peter's Cathedral]] in Rome from 1715 to 1719.
* [[Johann Friedrich Fasch]] (1688–1758) was Kapellmeister from 1722 at [[Zerbst]].
* [[Carlo Grua]] (c. 1700–1773) was Kapellmeister at the court of [[Mannheim]] under the [[Prince-elector|Electorship]] of [[Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine|Charles III Philip]].
* [[Carl Heinrich Graun]] (1704–1759) was Kapellmeister starting in 1740 for [[Frederick the Great]] (Frederick II of Prussia)
* [[Giuseppe Bonno]] (1711–1788) was Kapellmeister to the Prince of [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] in the 1750s and 1760s.
* [[Ignazio Cirri|Giacomo Matteo Ignazio Cirri]] (1711–1787) was {{lang|it|maestro di cappella}} in the Cathedral of [[Forlì]], in Italy, from 1759.
* [[Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773)|Ludwig van Beethoven]] (Lodewijk) (1712–1773), grandfather of [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], served as Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of [[Bonn]].
* [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] (1714–1787) was Kapellmeister starting 1754 for [[Maria Theresa|Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Holy Roman Empress]] in Vienna.
* [[Niccolò Jommelli]] (1714–1774) served [[Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg|Charles II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]] in [[Stuttgart]] from 1753 to 1768.
* [[Giovanni Battista Cirri]] (1724–1808) was {{lang|it|maestro di cappella}} in the cathedral of [[Forlì]], in Italy: from 1780, with [[Ignazio Cirri]]; after his death, alone.
* [[Christian Cannabich]] (1731–1798), Kapellmeister of the legendary [[Mannheim school|Mannheim court orchestra]] from 1774.
* [[Joseph Haydn]] (1732–1809) had two Kapellmeister positions: first, from (probably) 1757 to 1761 for [[Count Morzin]], then from 1761 on for the [[Eszterházy]] family. (He was Vice-Kapellmeister from 1761 to 1766.)
* [[Johann Georg Albrechtsberger]] (1736–1809) was Kapellmeister at [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]].
* [[Michael Haydn]] (1737–1806) was Kapellmeister at [[Großwardein]] from 1760 to 1761.
* [[Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf]] (1739–1799) was Kapellmeister to the [[Prince-Bishop of Breslau]] from 1770 to 1795.
* [[Andrea Luchesi]] (1741–1801) was the last Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of [[Bonn]] from 1774 to 1794.
* [[Antonio Salieri]] (1750–1825) was Royal and Imperial Kapellmeister to [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1788 to 1824.
* [[Johann Friedrich Reichardt]] (1752–1814) was Kapellmeister to [[Frederick the Great]] at the royal [[Berlin]] opera.
* [[Joseph Martin Kraus]] (1756–1792) was Kapellmeister ({{lang|sv|Ordinarie Capellmästere}}) in Stockholm at the court of king [[Gustav III]] of Sweden.
* [[Christian Kalkbrenner]] (1755–1806) was Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1789) and after 1790 Kapellmeister of [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)|Prince Henry of Prussia]] at [[Rheinsberg]] castle.
* [[Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach]] (1759–1845), grandson of Johann Sebastian, was also Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1805–1811).
* [[Carl Maria von Weber]] (1786–1826) was Kapellmeister at the Bresault theater (1804–1807) and Kapellmeister at Dresden for Count Heinrich Vitzthum (1816–1826).
* [[Richard Wagner]] (1813–1883) was Kapellmeister to [[Frederick Augustus II of Saxony]] from 1843 to 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/richard-wagners-legacy-in-dresden/a-16909028|title=Richard Wagner's legacy in Dresden|author=Silke Dartlick|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=27 June 2013|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Paul Wachs]] (1851–1915) was Kapellmeister at the [[Saint-Merri|Church of Saint-Merri]] in Paris, France.

==Contemporary usage==
In contemporary German, the term "Kapellmeister" has become less common than {{lang|de|Dirigent}} (conductor). When used today it designates the director or chief conductor of an orchestra or choir. It suggests involvement in orchestra or choir policy (for example, selecting repertoire, concert schedules, and guest conductors) as well as conducting. In military settings it refers to a [[bandmaster]].<ref>Peter Terrell, ed. ''Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary''. 2nd edition, p. 380.</ref> The music director of the [[Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra]] traditionally holds the old-fashioned title {{lang|de|Gewandhauskapellmeister}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gewandhausorchester.de/en/gewandhaus/history/|title=History – The three Gewandhauses|access-date=11 June 2022|publisher=[[Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gewandhausorchester.de/en/orchester/history/|title=The Gewandhausorchester: from town band to institution of international renown|access-date=11 June 2022|publisher=Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra}}</ref> In other German opera houses, the term generally refers to a deputy conductor reporting to the {{lang|de|[[Generalmusikdirektor]]}} (general music director, usually also the chief conductor). An opera company may have several Kapellmeister, ranked as {{lang|de|Erste Kapellmeister}} (First...), {{lang|de|Zweiter Kapellmeister}} (Second...), etc.

The conductor [[Christian Thielemann]] has offered a nuanced account of the ''Dirigent''/''Kapellmeister'' distinction in contemporary usage. He suggests that "Kapellmeister" has unfairly acquired a sense of routine or failure to project glamour: "a Kapellmeister now describes a pale, meek figure beating time. A policeman on duty at the podium directing the musical traffic, no more." In fact, Thielemann, who is fully aware of the historical usage of the term, would himself prefer to be called a "Kapellmeister": "it implies such virtues as knowledge of a work, great ability, and dedication to the cause of music".{{sfnp|Thielemann|2015|pp=102–105}}

The term "Kapellmeister Tradition" is commonly used to describe these qualities, as exemplified by such historically important conductors as [[Otto Klemperer]], [[Clemens Krauss]], and [[Erich Kleiber]], in the sense that they have "paid their dues" on their way to international fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/otmar-suitner-conductor-who-was-the-last-surviving-product-of-germany-s-kapellmeister-tradition-1903928.html|title=Otmar Suitner: Conductor who was the last surviving product of Germany's 'Kapellmeister' tradition|author=Martin Anderson|date=19 February 2010|website=[[The Independent]]|access-date=11 June 2022|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cantor (Christianity)]]
* [[Collegium Musicum]]
* Composer
* [[Music Bureau]]
* [[Master of the King's Music]], approximate British equivalent to royal and noble ''Kapellmeisters'' of Germany

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Deutsch|first=Otto Erich|author-link=Otto Erich Deutsch|year=1965|title=Mozart: A Documentary Biography|translator1=[[Eric Blom]]|translator2=[[Peter Branscombe]]|translator3=Jeremy Noble|translator-link3=Jeremy Noble (musicologist)|location=Stanford, California|publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Griesinger|first=Georg August|author-link=Georg August Griesinger|orig-year=1810, Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel|chapter=Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn|translator=Vernon Gotwals|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|location=Milwaukee|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-02794-0|year=1963}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=David Wyn|author-link=David Wyn Jones|year=2009|chapter=Reception|editor=David Wyn Jones|title=Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Thielemann|first=Christian|author-link=Christian Thielemann|year=2015|title=My Life with Wagner|translator=[[Anthea Bell]]|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-1-780-22837-2}}

{{Conducting}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Occupations in music]]
[[Category:German music history]]
[[Category:German words and phrases]]