Editing Justo José de Urquiza

{{short description|General and first constitutional president of Argentina}}
{{About|the Argentine general and politician|the football club|Asociación Social y Deportiva Justo José de Urquiza}}
{{Redirect|Urquiza}}
{{family name hatnote|Urquiza|García|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Justo José de Urquiza
| image               = Daguerrotipo de Justo José de Urquiza (recorte).jpg
| caption             = Portrait [[daguerreotype]] by [[Charles D. Fredricks]], {{circa|1852}}
| imagesize           = 
| office              = President of Argentina
| order               = 
| vicepresident       = [[Salvador María del Carril]]
| term_start          = March 5, 1854
| term_end            = March 4, 1860
| predecessor         = 
| successor           = [[Santiago Derqui]]
| office1             = [[List of heads of state of Argentina|Provisional Director]] of the [[Argentine Confederation]]
| term1               = May 31, 1852 – March 4, 1854
| predecessor1        = Office created
| successor1          = Office abolished
| office2             = [[Governor of Entre Ríos Province|Governor of Entre Ríos]]
| term_start2         = May 1, 1868
| term_end2           = April 11, 1870
| predecessor2        = [[José María Domínguez]]
| successor2          = [[Ricardo López Jordán]]
| term_start3         = May 1, 1860
| term_end3           = April 30, 1864
| predecessor3        = 
| term_start4         = April 7, 1842
| term_end4           = September 10, 1852
| predecessor4        = [[Francisco Dionisio Álvarez]]
| successor4          = 
| successor3          = [[José María Domínguez]]
| term_start5         = January 1, 1842
| term_end5           = January 28, 1842
| predecessor5        = [[Vicente Zapata]]
| successor5          = [[Pedro Pablo Seguí]]
| order6              = [[Governor of Buenos Aires]]
| term_start6         = July 26, 1852
| term_end6           = September 3, 1852
| predecessor6        = [[Vicente López y Planes|Vicente López]]
| successor6          = [[José Miguel Galán]]
| nationality         = [[Argentina|Argentine]]
| party               = [[Federalist Party (Argentina)|Federalist Party]]
| spouse              = Segunda Calvento<br />Dolores Costa<br />Cruz López Jordán
| birth_date          = {{birth date|mf=y|1801|10|18}}
| birth_place         = Talar de Arroyo Largo, [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|mf=y|1870|4|11|1801|10|18}}
| death_place         = [[Palacio San José|San José Palace]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]
}}

'''Justo José de Urquiza y García''' ({{IPA|es|ˈxusto xoˈse ðe wɾˈkisa}}; October 18, 1801&nbsp;–&nbsp;April 11, 1870) was an [[Argentina|Argentine]] general and politician who served as president of the [[Argentine Confederation]] from 1854 to 1860.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1921|title=Urquiza, el juicio de la posteridad, Volumen1|publisher=Imprenta y casa editora "Coni,"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67FoAAAAMAAJ&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza}}</ref>

==Life==
Justo José de Urquiza y García was born in Entre Ríos, the son of José Narciso de Urquiza Álzaga, born in [[Castro Urdiales]], Spain, and María Cándida García González, a Creole of Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1951|title=Ensayo genealogico de la familia Urquiza|publisher=Eduardo de Urquiza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ul0ZAAAAIAAJ&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza+Castro+Urdiales}}</ref> He was governor of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] during the government of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], governor of Buenos Aires with powers delegated from the other provinces. Rosas presented a resignation to his charge frequently, but only as a political gesture, counting that the other governments would reject it. However, in 1851, resentful of the economic and political dominance of [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], Urquiza accepted Rosas' resignation and resumed for Entre Rios the powers delegated in Buenos Aires. Along with the resuming of international commerce without passing through the port of Buenos Aires, Urquiza replaced the "''Death to the savage unitarians!''" slogan with "Death to the enemies of national organization!", requesting the making of a national constitution that Rosas had long rejected. Corrientes supported Urquiza's action, but Rosas and the other provinces{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} condemned the "crazy, traitor, savage, unitarian" Urquiza. Supported by [[Brazil]] and the [[Uruguay]]an liberals, he created the [[Ejército Grande|Grand Army]] and forced [[Manuel Oribe]] to capitulate, ending the long siege of [[Montevideo]] in October 1851, and finally defeating Rosas on 3 February 1852 at the [[Battle of Caseros]]. The other provinces that supported Rosas against Urquiza's pronunciation changed sides and supported his project of creating a National Constitution.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1835|title=Historia de España y de las Repúblicas latino-americanas|publisher=Alfredo Opisso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQpjV7Ya46MC&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza&pg=PA116}}</ref>

Urquiza immediately began the task of national organization. He became provisional director of the [[Argentine Confederation]] in May 1852. In 1853, a [[Constituent Assembly|constituent assembly]] adopted a constitution based primarily on the ideas of [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]], and Urquiza was inaugurated president in March 1854.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1948|title=Rosas y Urquiza|publisher=Mario César Gras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDU0AQAAIAAJ&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza}}</ref>

During his administration, [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] were improved, [[public education]] was encouraged, colonization was promoted, and plans for railroad construction was initiated. His work of national organization was, however, hindered by the opposition of Buenos Aires, which seceded from the Confederation. Open war broke out in 1859. Urquiza defeated the provincial army led by [[Bartolomé Mitre]] in October 1859, at the [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Battle of Cepeda]], and Buenos Aires agreed to re-enter the Confederation.<ref>{{Citation |year= 1953|title=Presencia de Urquiza|publisher=Justo José de Urquiza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23RKAAAAMAAJ&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza+Bartolome+Mitre}}</ref>

Constitutional amendments proposed by Buenos Aires were adopted in 1860 but the settlement was short-lived, and further difficulties culminated in civil war. Urquiza met the army of Buenos Aires, again led by Mitre, in September 1861. The battle was indecisive, but Urquiza withdrew from the field, leaving the victory with Mitre. He retired to [[Palacio San José|San José Palace]], his residence in Entre Ríos, where he ruled until he was assassinated at age 69 (along with his sons [[Justo de Urquiza|Justo]] and [[Waldino de Urquiza|Waldino]]) by followers of dissident and political rival [[Ricardo López Jordán]].<ref>{{Citation |year= 1911|title=Urquiza, su vida, su personalidad y su obra|publisher=J. A. Alsina, 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=255oAAAAMAAJ&q=Justo+Jos%C3%A9+de+Urquiza+palacio+san+jose}}</ref>

Like many other nineteenth century Argentine patriots,<ref>Including [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]], [[Manuel Alberti]],  [[Carlos María de Alvear]], [[Miguel de Azcuénaga]], [[Antonio González de Balcarce]], [[Manuel Belgrano]], [[Antonio Luis Beruti]], [[Juan José Castelli]], [[Domingo French]], [[Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid]], [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]], [[Juan Larrea (politician)|Juan Larrea]], [[Juan Lavalle]], [[Vicente López y Planes]], [[Bartolomé Mitre]], [[Mariano Moreno]], [[Juan José Paso]], [[Carlos Pellegrini]], [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]], [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]];   [[José de San Martín]] is known to have been a member of the [[Lautaro Lodge]], but whether that lodge was truly masonic has been debated: {{cite book|title=10,000 Famous Freemasons|last=Denslow|first=William R.|publisher=Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc|location=Richmond, VA|year=1957|volume=1-4|page=<!--Not paginated; entries are in alphabetical order-->}}</ref> Urquiza was a [[freemason]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masoneria-argentina.org.ar/novedades-y-eventos/115-justo-jose-de-urquiza|access-date=2019-04-05|title=Justo José de Urquiza|author=<!--not stated-->|website=Gran Logia de la Argentina|publisher=Gran Logia de la Argentina de Libres y Aceptados Masones|archive-date=2019-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118055704/http://masoneria-argentina.org.ar/novedades-y-eventos/115-justo-jose-de-urquiza|url-status=dead}}; {{cite book|title=10,000 Famous Freemasons|last=Denslow|first=William R.|publisher=Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc|location=Richmond, VA|year=1957}}; {{cite book|title=Justo José de Urquiza ERA MASÓN|url=https://archive.org/details/justojosdeurqu00alva|last=Alvarez y Alvarez|first=Augusto Francisco|language=es|location=Paraná|year=1920|work=El Entre Ríos}}</ref>  His imposing Palacio San José has been interpreted as containing many masonic symbols, created "to symbolize and reflect the construction of his other work: the Argentine State".<ref>{{cite news|work=La Nación|title=Los mensajes ocultos del Palacio San José|trans-title=The occult messages of San José Palace|last=Bauzá|first=Hugo Francisco|date=2012-12-20|language=es|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/los-mensajes-ocultos-del-palacio-san-jose-nid1538666|access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref>

==Tributes==
There are many streets, parks and squares all over Argentina that are named after Justo José de Urquiza, such as the Urquiza park in Rosario or the Urquiza park in Parana City. There is a central street in Rosario called Urquiza, and there is a commuter railway line in [[Buenos Aires]] named after him, the [[Urquiza Line]]. The [[Colegio del Uruguay]], founded by Urquiza, was later renamed in his honor.

== References ==
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{{Succession box | before = [[Vicente López y Planes]] | title = [[President of Argentina]]| years = 1854–1860 | after = [[Santiago Derqui]]}}
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{{Presidents of Argentina}}
{{Argentine Civil War}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Urquiza, Justo Jose De}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century presidents of Argentina]]
[[Category:People from Entre Ríos Province]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Basque descent]]
[[Category:Federales (Argentina)]]
[[Category:Argentine generals]]
[[Category:Presidents of Argentina]]
[[Category:People murdered in Argentina]]
[[Category:Assassinated Argentine politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine Freemasons]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1870s]]