Editing Jumbo

{{Short description|Famous large elephant}}
{{About|the historic elephant}}
{{Redirect|Jumbo the Elephant|the concrete and reinforced steel statue by Canadian artist Winston Bronnum|Jumbo the Elephant (Bronnum)}}
{{Infobox animal
| name                      = Jumbo
| image                     = Jumbo poster 1.jpg
| caption                   = Jumbo and his keeper Matthew Scott{{pb}}(Circus poster, {{circa|1882}})
| birth_name                = 
| othername                 = 
| species                   = [[African bush elephant]]
| breed                     = 
| gender                    = Male
| birth_date                = {{Birth date|1860|12|25}}<ref name="Chambers(2008)"/>
| birth_place               = [[Turkish Sudan|Sudan]]
| death_date                = {{Death date and age|1885|9|15|1860|12|25}}
| death_place               = [[St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada]]
|module={{Infobox person|child=yes
| death_cause               = Railway accident}}
| resting_place             = Various
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality               = 
| occupation                = Zoo and circus attraction
| employer                  = 
| role                      = 
| years_active              = 1862–1885 in captivity
| known                     = 
| tricks                    = 
| awards                    = 
| title                     = 
| term                      = 
| predecessor               = 
| successor                 = 
| owner                     = {{plainlist|
*[[Jardin des Plantes]]
*[[London Zoo]]
*[[P.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;Barnum]]}}
| parents                   = 
| children                  = 
| weight                    = {{convert|6.15|MT|ST|2}}<ref name=probos_mass>{{Cite journal | last1 = Larramendi | first1 = A. | year = 2016 | title = Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 61 | doi = 10.4202/app.00136.2014 | s2cid = 2092950 | url = https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| height                    = {{convert|3.23|m|ftin|abbr=on}};<ref name=probos_mass/>
{{height|ft=13|in=1}} as promoted by Barnum
| appearance                = 
| namedafter                = 
| website                   = 
}}

'''Jumbo''' (December 25, 1860 – September 15, 1885), also known as '''Jumbo the Elephant''' and '''Jumbo the Circus Elephant''', was a 19th-century male [[African bush elephant]] born in [[Sudan]]. Jumbo was exported to [[Jardin des Plantes]], a zoo in [[Paris]], and then transferred in 1865 to [[London Zoo]] in England. Despite public protest, Jumbo was sold to [[P. T. Barnum]], who took him to the United States for exhibition in March 1882.

The elephant's name spawned the common word "[[wiktionary:jumbo|jumbo]]", meaning large in size.<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Jumbo (adj.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jumbo|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> Examples of his lexical impact are phrases like "[[jumbo jet]]", "jumbo shrimp", and "[[jumbotron]]". Jumbo's shoulder height has been estimated to have been {{convert|3.23|m|ftin|0}} at the time of his death,<ref name=probos_mass/> and was claimed to be about {{convert|4|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} by Barnum.  "Jumbo" has been the mascot of [[Tufts University]] for over one hundred years.

==History==
Jumbo was born around December 25, 1860, in [[Sudan]],<ref name="Chambers(2008)"/> and after his mother was killed by [[poaching|poacher]]s, the infant Jumbo was captured by Sudanese elephant poacher Taher Sheriff and German big-game poacher Johann Schmidt.<ref name="Chambers(2008)"/> The calf was sold to Lorenzo Casanova, an Italian animal dealer and explorer. Casanova transported the animals that he had bought from Sudan north to [[Suez]], and then across the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to [[Trieste]].

[[File:Jumbo and Matthew Scott giving a ride to children about the Zoo.png|thumb|upright|left|Jumbo and Matthew Scott giving a ride to children in [[London Zoo]]]]
This collection was sold to Gottlieb Christian Kreutzberg's "Menagerie Kreutzberg" in Germany.<ref name="St.Thomas">{{cite web|url=https://stthomaspubliclibrary.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Jumbo-March-2014.pdf|title=The Life of Jumbo the Elephant|publisher=[[St. Thomas Public Library]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418213206/http://stthomaspubliclibrary.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Jumbo-March-2014.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Soon after, the elephant was imported to France and kept in the Paris zoo [[Jardin des Plantes]]. In 1865, he was transferred to the [[London Zoo]] and arrived on 26 June.<ref name="bbc" /> In the following years, Jumbo became a crowd favorite due to his size, and would give rides to children on his back, including those of [[Queen Victoria]].

While in London, Jumbo broke both tusks, and when they regrew, he ground them down against the stonework of his enclosure.<ref name="bbc" /> His keeper in London was Matthew Scott, whose 1885 autobiography details his life with Jumbo.<ref name="bbc" />

[[File:Jumbo refuses to leave London Zoo.png|thumb|upright|"Jumbo's pitiful refusal to leave London Zoo tugged at the nation's heartstrings"]]
In 1882, Abraham Bartlett, superintendent of the London zoo, sparked national controversy with his decision to sell Jumbo to the American entertainer Phineas T. Barnum of the [[Barnum & Bailey Circus]] for £2,000 (US$10,000).<ref name=St.Thomas/> This decision came as a result of concern surrounding Jumbo's growing aggression and potential to cause a public disaster. The sale of Jumbo, however, sent the citizens of London into a panic, because they viewed the transaction as an enormous loss for the British empire. 100,000 school children wrote to [[Queen Victoria]] begging her not to sell the elephant.{{efn|''The Elephant War'' (1960) by [[Gillian Avery]] is a historical novel featuring the protest movement based in Oxford.}} 

[[File:Jumbo's Journey to the Docks.jpg|thumb|left|Jumbo's Journey to the Docks, ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 1 April 1882]]
[[John Ruskin]], a fellow of the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]], wrote in ''[[The Morning Post]]'' in February 1882: "I, for one of the said fellows, am not in the habit of selling my old pets or parting with my old servants because I find them subject occasionally, perhaps even "periodically," to fits of ill temper; and I not only "regret" the proceedings of the council, but disclaim them utterly, as disgraceful to the city of London and dishonourable to common humanity."<ref>Complete works of John Ruskin, Vol 34 Page 560.[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118095056if_/http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/depts/ruskinlib/stormcloud http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/depts/ruskinlib/stormcloud] and http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/depts/ruskinlib/Works%20of%20John%20Ruskin</ref> Despite a lawsuit against the Zoological Gardens alleging the sale was in violation of multiple zoo bylaws, and the zoo's attempt to renege on the sale, the court upheld the sale.<ref name=St.Thomas/> Matthew Scott elected to go with Jumbo to the United States.<ref name="bbc" /> The London-based newspaper ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' begged Barnum to lay down terms on which he would return Jumbo; however, no such terms existed in the eyes of Barnum.

In New York, Barnum exhibited Jumbo at [[Madison Square Garden (1879)|Madison Square Garden]], earning enough in three weeks from the enormous crowds to recoup the money he spent to buy the animal.<ref name=St.Thomas/><ref>[http://hockey.ballparks.com/NHL/NewYorkRangers/1stoldindex.htm "Madison Square Garden I"] on Ballpark.com</ref>  In the 31-week season, the circus earned $1.75M, largely due to its star attraction.<ref name=St.Thomas/> On May 17, 1884, Jumbo was one of Barnum's 21 elephants that crossed the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] to demonstrate that it was safe, a year after 15 people died during a stampede precipitated by fear that the bridge might collapse.<ref>{{cite book| last=McCullough|first=David| title=The Great Bridge: the epic story of the building of the Brooklyn Bridge |date=2012 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=London|isbn=978-1451683233 | pages=431, 543 |edition=Updated}}</ref> On July 6, 1885, Jumbo was paraded in [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], [[New Brunswick]], celebrating his first appearance in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goss |first1=David |title=Saint John, 1877-1980 |date=2010 |publisher=Charleston, SC : Arcadia Pub. |isbn=978-0-7385-7222-2 |page=101 |url=https://archive.org/details/saintjohn18771980000goss/page/100/mode/2up |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==Death==
[[Image:Jumbo04.dead.jpg|thumb|left|Jumbo after being hit by a locomotive on September 15, 1885, in [[St. Thomas, Ontario]]]]
[[File:Interior view of Barnum Museum with Jumbo.jpg|thumb|An 1889 photograph of Jumbo at [[Barnum Hall]] on the [[Tufts University]] campus, the taxidermy work of [[Carl Akeley]]]]
[[File:Jumbo the elephant - 3b52419u.jpg|thumb|Poster of Jumbo's skeleton]]
[[File:Tail fragments of Jumbo.jpg|thumb|left|Surviving fragments of Jumbo from the conflagration<ref>{{cite web|author1=Maeda|author-link1=Wendy|title=A Portion Of Jumbo The Elephant's Tail At Tufts University|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/portion-of-jumbo-the-elephants-tail-is-housed-at-tufts-news-photo/134858467#portion-of-jumbo-the-elephants-tail-is-housed-at-tufts-university-picture-id134858467|website=Getty Images|publisher=Boston Globe|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>]]
Jumbo died at a railway [[classification yard]] in [[St. Thomas, Ontario]], Canada, on September 15, 1885. In those days, the circus crisscrossed North America by train. St. Thomas was the perfect location for a circus because many rail lines converged there. Jumbo and the other animals had finished their performances that night, and as they were being led to their box car, a train came down the track. Jumbo was hit and mortally wounded, dying within minutes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Friday January 5, 2018 Full Text Transcript|url=http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-january-05-2018-1.4473373/friday-january-5-2018-full-text-transcript-1.4475448#segment2|work=CBC Radio|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=David Suzuki|title=Jumbo: The Life Of An Elephant Superstar|url=http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episodes/jumbo-the-life-of-an-elephant-superstar|agency=CBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tufts Magazine, Spring, 2002">{{cite journal|author=Susan Wilson|date=Spring 2002|title=An Elephant's Tale|url=http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2002/jumbo.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Tufts Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123215504/http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2002/jumbo.html|archive-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref>

Barnum told the (possibly fictional) story that Tom Thumb, a young circus elephant, was walking on the railroad tracks and Jumbo was attempting to lead him to safety. Barnum claimed that the locomotive hit and killed Tom Thumb before it derailed and hit Jumbo, and other witnesses supported Barnum's account. According to newspapers, the freight train hit Jumbo directly, killing him, while Tom Thumb suffered a broken leg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/travel/2010/09/08/jumbo_the_elephant_leaves_a_big_legend_in_southern_ontario.html|title=Jumbo the elephant leaves a big legend in southern Ontario|last=Brennan|first=Pat|date=2010-09-08|work=[[The Toronto Star]]|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-CA|issn=0319-0781}}</ref><ref>"Jumbo's Death", ''[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]'', September 17, 1885, p. 1.</ref>

Many metallic objects were found in the elephant's stomach, including [[History of the British penny (1714–1901)|English pennies]], keys, rivets, and a [[police whistle]].{{efn|"A postmortem revealed his stomach to contain 'a hat-full' of English pennies, gold and silver coins, stones, a bunch of keys, lead seals from railway trucks, trinkets of metal and glass, screws, rivets, pieces of wire and a police whistle."<ref>{{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin|title=Elephant Destiny: Biography of an Endangered Species in Africa|year=2009|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0786728381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYtYbS7QA7MC&q=jumbo%20elephant%20metal%20stomach&pg=PA117|access-date=16 January 2013|page=117}}</ref>}}

Ever the showman, Barnum had portions of his star attraction separated, to have multiple sites attracting curious spectators. After touring with Barnum's circus,<ref name=rochester>{{cite web|title=Jumbo: From Our Special Collections|url=http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=3599|publisher=University of Rochester Libraries|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>  the skeleton was donated to the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in [[New York City]], where it remains.<ref name = "Immolation" /><ref name="nyt">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/22/arts/barnum-s-jumbo-is-back-in-museum-s-center-ring.html | title=Barnum's Jumbo Is Back In Museum's Center Ring | first=Glenn | last=Collins | date=22 January 1993 | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | access-date=10 December 2017 }}</ref> The elephant's heart was sold to [[Burt Green Wilder]] of [[Cornell University]], and had been lost by the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Guide to the Jumbo the Elephant Material |url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA03205.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Cornell Rare Manuscript Collections}}</ref> Jumbo's hide was stuffed by William J. Critchley and [[Carl Akeley]], both of [[Ward's Natural Science]], who stretched it during the mounting process; the mounted specimen traveled with Barnum's circus for two years.<ref name=rochester />

Barnum eventually donated the stuffed Jumbo to [[Tufts University]], where it was displayed at [[Barnum Museum of Natural History|P.T. Barnum Hall]] there for many years. The hide was destroyed in a fire in April 1975.<ref name = "Immolation" /> Ashes from that fire, which are believed to contain the elephant's remains, are kept in a 14-ounce [[Peter Pan (peanut butter)|Peter Pan Crunchy Peanut Butter]] jar in the office of the Tufts athletic director, while his taxidermied tail, removed during earlier renovations, resides in the holdings of the Tufts Archival Research Center.<ref name="Tufts Magazine, Spring, 2002"/> Jumbo is the official [[Tufts University]] athletic mascot.<ref name="Tufts-mascot">{{cite web|title=Jumbo the Elephant, Tufts' Mascot|url=http://www.tufts.edu/home/get_to_know_tufts/history/jumbo/|publisher=[[Tufts University]]|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Remaining in the United Kingdom are statues and other memorabilia of Jumbo. The elephant &ndash; or rather his statuette in the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] &ndash; was made [[holotype]] of [[Richard Lydekker]]'s proposed [[subspecies]] (''Loxodonta africana rothschildi'') for the large elephants of the eastern [[Sahel]]. Modern authorities do not recognize this (or any other subspecies of African bush elephants), considering its purportedly diagnostic large size and peculiarly shaped ears to be individual variation.

While Jumbo's hide resided at Tufts' P.T. Barnum Hall, a superstition held that dropping a coin into a nostril of the trunk would bring good luck on an examination or sports event.<ref name="Tufts-mascot"/>  Although the hide was destroyed by a major fire,<ref name="Immolation">"[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/immolation-jumbo The Immolation Of Jumbo]", ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'', Vol. 26, Issue 6, October 1975.</ref> Jumbo remains the mascot of Tufts, and representations of the elephant are featured prominently throughout the campus.<ref name="Tufts-mascot"/>

[[Image:Jumbo1St.jpg|thumb|left|Jumbo statue in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada]]
A life-sized statue of the elephant was erected in 1985 in St. Thomas, Ontario, to commemorate the centennial of the elephant's death.  It is located on Talbot Street on the west side of the city. In 2006 the Jumbo statue was inducted into the [[North America Railway Hall of Fame]] in the category of "Railway Art Forms & Events" as having local significance.<ref>[//narhf.org/?p=5762 The North America Railway Hall of Fame | Inductee: The Jumbo Statue]</ref>
St. Thomas's Railway City Brewery sells an IPA beer named Dead Elephant.

Jumbo was the inspiration of the nickname of the 19th-century [[Jumbo Water Tower]] in the town of [[Colchester]] in [[Essex]], England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Column: Rev John, Jumbo and another remarkable story in Colchester's history |url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/18995105.rev-john-another-remarkable-character-colchesters-history/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Gazette |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Lucy the Margate Elephant HABS NJ,1-MARGCI,1-7.jpg|thumb|[[Lucy the Elephant]], a Jumbo-inspired building in New Jersey]]
Jumbo is referenced by a plaque outside the old Liberal Hall, now a [[Wetherspoons]] pub, in [[Crediton]], United Kingdom.<ref name="Chambers(2008)">{{cite book|last=Chambers|first=Paul|title=Jumbo the greatest elephant in the world|year=2008|publisher=Steerforth Press|location=Hanover, N.H.|isbn=978-1586421533|page=PT14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WkXkdmLGNoC&pg=PT14|edition=1st US}}</ref>

[[Lucy the Elephant]], a six-story structure in [[Margate City, New Jersey]], was modeled after Jumbo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ensslin |first1=John C. |title=Jersey Icons: Lucy the Elephant |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/2017/08/13/jersey-icons-lucy-elephant/525958001/ |website=northjersey.com |publisher=www.northjersey.com |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Built by [[James V. Lafferty]] in 1881, Lucy is the oldest surviving [[Roadside attraction|roadside tourist attraction]] in America and a [[National Historic Landmark]]. Lafferty also made other Jumbo-shaped structures, including [[Elephantine Colossus]], on [[Coney Island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lucytheelephant.org/|title=The World's Greatest Elephant - Lucy The Elephant|website=Lucy The Elephant|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>

Jumbo has been lionized on a series of sheet-music covers from roughly 1882–83. The four-colour lithograph of Jumbo was created by [[Alfred Concanen]] of England, with the music title "Why Part With Jumbo",{{efn|Full title: "Why Part With Jumbo, the Pet of the Zoo"; by: George Barnham (composer); G. H. Macdermott (lyricist); Ernest J. Symons (composer)<ref name=JS-Jumbo>{{cite journal|title=Why Part With Jumbo, the Pet of the Zoo|url=https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/22643|journal=Levy Sheet Music Collection|publisher=JScholarship|access-date=26 December 2013|last1=Barnham (Composer)|first1=George|last2=MacDermott (Lyricist)|first2=G. H.|last3=Symons (Composer)|first3=Ernest J.}}</ref> }} a song by the ''[[lion comique]]'' of [[Victorian Britain|Victorian British]] [[music hall]]s, [[G. H. MacDermott]]. It pictured children zoo visitors riding, somewhat precariously, on Jumbo's back. Multiple American lithographic music covers were done, including by [[John Henry Bufford|J. H. Bufford]]'s Sons.

Canadian folk singer [[James Gordon (Canadian musician)|James Gordon]] wrote the song "Jumbo's Last Ride", which recounts the story of Jumbo's life and death. It is on his 1999 CD ''Pipe Street Dreams''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumbo's Last Ride|url=http://www.allmusic.com/song/jumbos-last-ride-mt0000759950|website=AllMusic|publisher=[[All Media Network]]|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>

Canadian professional ice hockey player [[Joe Thornton]] (b. 1979) from St. Thomas, Ontario is nicknamed Jumbo Joe as a homage to Jumbo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stthomastimesjournal.com/2010/07/10/st-thomas-honours-its-hockey-hero-with-banner|title=St. Thomas honours its hockey hero with banner|last1=Rea|first1=Kyle|date=July 10, 2010|access-date=April 29, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035507/http://www.stthomastimesjournal.com/2010/07/10/st-thomas-honours-its-hockey-hero-with-banner|archive-date=March 4, 2016|publisher=[[St. Thomas Journal]]|quote=The nickname is a homage to Jumbo, the famous elephant killed in St. Thomas 125 years ago.}}</ref>

The 1941 animated film ''[[Dumbo]]'' released by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] was inspired by the story of Jumbo and is regarded as one of the [[List of films considered the best|greatest animated films of all time]]. Despite the film being fictional, many people have speculated that Jumbo might have been the title character's father.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-28|title=Barnum, Jumbo & Dumbo!|url=https://barnum-museum.org/barnum-jumbo-dumbo/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Barnum Museum|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Examination of Jumbo's skeleton==
[[File:Jumbo size comparison.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of Jumbo compared to a human]]
A television program about Jumbo, ''Attenborough and the Giant Elephant'', presented by the naturalist and broadcaster [[David Attenborough]], was transmitted on [[BBC One]] in the United Kingdom on 10 December 2017.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2017/50/attenborough-and-the-giant-elephant | title=Attenborough And The Giant Elephant | work=Media Centre | publisher=[[BBC]] | location=UK | access-date=10 December 2017 }}</ref> An international team of scientists examined the skeleton and found:
* Jumbo's molar teeth were malformed and out of line as a result of a long-term soft diet that did not wear his molar teeth down enough, obstructing the forward eruptive movement of the next molar.
* Jumbo's nightly rages were probably caused by toothache, rather than [[musth]], as his keeper thought at the time.
* A ''post mortem'' photograph of Jumbo shows skin abrasions consistent with an illustration produced just after his death of the freight train hitting him on a hip from behind as he was being led across to his traveling carriage, and said that the likeliest cause of death was internal bleeding from his injuries.
* Examination of Jumbo's limb bones showed overgrown tendon attachment areas consistent with a long-term history of being overloaded at his work.
* Jumbo was still growing at the time of his death, as is normal for African male elephants of his age, and might eventually have attained the size claimed by Barnum.

{{Clear}}

==See also==
*''[[The Greatest Show on Earth (film)|The Greatest Show on Earth]]'', a movie based on the story of the Barnum and Bailey Circus
*[[History of elephants in Europe]]
*[[List of individual elephants]]
<!-- trivia?
*Jumbo is also mentioned in [http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=303&fk_files=1455372 James Joyce's Ulysses, in the "Cyclops" chapter]: "Jumbo, the elephant, loves Alice, the elephant" (p.&nbsp;319 in the 1922 first edition; p.&nbsp;273 in the Hans Walter Gabler, Random House edition [1984]).
-->

==References==
[[File:Cover of 'Autobiography of Matthew Scott, Jumbo's Keeper; also Jumbo's Biography'.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Autobiography of Matthew Scott, Jumbo's Keeper; also Jumbo's Biography'' (1885)]]

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== General and cited references ===
{{refbegin}}
* Chambers, Paul. ''Jumbo: The Greatest Elephant in the World'', Andre Deutsch, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-233-00222-4}}
* Harding, Les. ''Elephant Story: Jumbo and P.T. Barnum Under the Big Top''. McFarland, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7864-0632-1}}
* Knowles, Sebastian D. G. At Fault: Joyce and the Crisis of the Modern University. The Florida James Joyce Series, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-813-05692-0}}
* McClellan, Andrew. "P. T. Barnum, Jumbo the Elephant, and the Barnum Museum of Natural History at Tufts University," ''Journal of the History of Collections'', Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 March 2012, Pages 45–62, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhr001
* Nicholls, Henry (11 Nov. 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/11/jumbo-the-elephant-the-afterlife "Jumbo the Elephant: the Afterlife"]. ''The Guardian''.
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Matthew|title=The autobiography of Matthew Scott|url=https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20150417|year= 1885|publisher=Trow's printing and bookbinding Co.|place=  Bridgeport, Conn.}}
* [[John Sutherland (author)|Sutherland, John]]. ''Jumbo: The Unauthorised Biography of a Victorian Sensation'', Aurum Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1781312445}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofjumbo0000ward|title= The life and death of Jumbo : an illustrated history of the greatest, gentlest and most famous and heroic beast that ever lived, affectionately dedicated to his millions of little friends|author1=Ward, Henry A.|author2= Barnum, P.T. |year=1886|publisher=Courier|place=Buffalo|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jumbo}}
{{Wiktionary}}

*[http://tuftsjournal.tufts.edu/archive/2001/october/tufts150/index.shtml 1942 photo of the 'stuffed' Jumbo at the Barnum Museum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121115105131/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_collection.jsp?pid=tufts:UA069.006.DO.MS002 Jumbo Images from the PT Barnum Collection at Tufts University]
*[http://www.circushistory.org/Bandwagon/bw-1956Jan.htm The Story of Jumbo's Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000809/http://www.circushistory.org/Bandwagon/bw-1956Jan.htm |date=2018-06-17 }}
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?source=earth&layer=c&cbll=42.778795,-81.208131&cbp=13,21.25,,0,2.2&ie=UTF8&ll=42.778795,-81.208131&spn=0,359.991728&z=17&panoid=OQAyYuLyxxg845T0BYIKYA Jumbo memorial in St. Thomas, ON, Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130311001609/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lecture-tour/oscar-and-jumbo.html Jumbo in typical trade card advertising.]
*[//narhf.org/?p=5762 The North America Railway Hall of Fame]
*{{FadedPage|id=20150417|name=Autobiography of Matthew Scott, Jumbo's Keeper; also Jumbo's Biography}}

{{Barnum}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1860 animal births]]
[[Category:1885 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Ontario]]
[[Category:Individual African elephants]]
[[Category:Circus elephants]]
[[Category:Railway accident deaths in Canada]]
[[Category:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus]]
[[Category:Tufts University]]
[[Category:Individual animals in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual animals in France]]
[[Category:Individual elephants in the United States]]