Editing Juho Kusti Paasikivi

{{Short description|President of Finland from 1946 to 1956}}
{{redirect|Paasikivi|the surname|Paasikivi (surname)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Juho Kusti Paasikivi
| order               = 7th [[President of Finland]]
| nationality         = Finnish
| image               = J.K. Paasikivi 1945 portrait (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Paasikivi in 1945
| term_start          = 11 March 1946
| term_end            = 1 March 1956
| primeminister       = {{ubl|[[Mauno Pekkala]]|[[Karl-August Fagerholm]]|[[Urho Kekkonen]]|[[Sakari Tuomioja]]|[[Ralf Törngren]]}}
| predecessor         = [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|C. G. E. Mannerheim]]
| successor           = [[Urho Kekkonen]]
| order2              = [[Prime Minister of Finland]]
| term_start2         = 17 November 1944
| term_end2           = 9 March 1946
| president2          = [[Gustaf Mannerheim]]
| predecessor2        = [[Urho Castrén]]
| successor2          = [[Mauno Pekkala]]
| term_start3         = 27 May 1918
| term_end3           = 27 November 1918
| predecessor3        = [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]
| successor3          = [[Lauri Ingman]]
| order4              = [[Chairman of the Senate of Finland]]
| term_start4         = 27 May 1918
| term_end4           = 27 November 1918
| predecessor4        = [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]
| successor4          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1870|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Hämeenkoski|Koski Hl]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1956|12|14|1870|11|27|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Helsinki]], Finland
| resting_place       = [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Finnish Party]] (1906–1918)<br />[[National Coalition Party]] (from 1918)
| spouse              = {{ill|Anna Paasikivi|fi|Anna Paasikivi|lt=Anna Matilda Forsman}} (desc.)<br />[[Alli Paasikivi|Allina (Alli) Valve]]
| children            = 4
| alma_mater          = [[Imperial Alexander University]] (now University of Helsinki)
| birthname           = Johan Gustaf Hellsten
| profession          = [[:wikt:statesman|statesman]], [[professor]], [[Lawyer|attorney]]
| signature           = J. K. Paasikivi's signature.svg
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Juho Kusti Paasikivi's speech on the end of World War 2.ogg|title=J.K. Paasiviki's voice|type=speech|description=On the end of [[World War II]]<br />Recorded 1945}}
}}
'''Juho Kusti Paasikivi''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈjuho ˈkusti ˈpɑːsiˌkiʋi}}, 27 November 1870 – 14 December 1956) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] politician who served as the seventh [[president of Finland]] from 1946 to 1956. Representing the [[Finnish Party]] until its dissolution in 1918 and then the [[National Coalition Party]], he previously served as [[Senate of Finland|senator]], member of parliament (1907–1909, 1910–1914),<ref>[https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911186.aspx J. K. Paasikivi] – Eduskunta.fi (in Finnish)</ref> envoy to [[Stockholm]] (1936–1939) and [[Moscow]] (1940–1941), and [[Prime Minister of Finland]] (1918 and 1944–1946).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=278 |title=Ministerikortisto |publisher=Valtioneuvosto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417004613/http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/ministeritiedot.asp?nro=278 |archive-date=2009-04-17 }}</ref> He also held several other positions of trust, and was an influential figure in Finnish economics and politics for over fifty years.

Paasikivi is remembered as a main architect of [[Foreign relations of Finland|Finland's foreign policy]] after the Second World War;<ref>{{Harvnb|Wilsford|1995|pp=347–352}}.</ref> for example, [[Paasikivi Society|the Paasikivi Society]] (''Paasikivi-seura''), founded in 1958 under the leadership of Jan-Magnus Jansson, sought to nurture Paasikivi's political legacy, especially during the [[Cold War]], by promoting 'fact-based foreign policy thinking' in Finland and making Finland's policy of [[Neutral country|neutrality]] internationally known.<ref>[http://www.kylmasota.fi/fi/index.php/ajanjakso/blokkijaon-vakiintuminen-ja-suomen-puolueettomuuspolitiikka-1956-1968/181-3-blokkijaon-vakiintuminen-ja-suomen-puolueettomuuspolitiikka-1956-1968-2/3-3-suomen-turvallisuuspoliittisen-linjan-vakiintuminen/3-3-1-puolueettomuuspolitiikan-vahvistamistoimet/laatikot33-1/672-paasikivi-seura-kekkosen-tukena Suomi kylmässä sodassa: Paasikivi-seura Kekkosen tukena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208214903/http://www.kylmasota.fi/fi/index.php/ajanjakso/blokkijaon-vakiintuminen-ja-suomen-puolueettomuuspolitiikka-1956-1968/181-3-blokkijaon-vakiintuminen-ja-suomen-puolueettomuuspolitiikka-1956-1968-2/3-3-suomen-turvallisuuspoliittisen-linjan-vakiintuminen/3-3-1-puolueettomuuspolitiikan-vahvistamistoimet/laatikot33-1/672-paasikivi-seura-kekkosen-tukena |date=2022-02-08 }} (in Finnish)</ref>

== Early life and political career ==
[[File:Juho kusti paasikivi 1893.jpg|thumb|upright|left|J.K. Paasikivi in 1893]]

===Birth and childhood===
Paasikivi was born '''Johan Gustaf Hellsten''' ({{IPA|sv-FI|ˈjuhɑn ˈgʉstɑːf ˈhelːsteːn}}) in 1870 at the [[smoke sauna]] of the Kulma-Seppälä house in the Huljala village of [[Koski Hl]] (today Hämeenkoski) in [[Päijänne Tavastia]] in [[Southern Finland]], to [[Tampere]]an travelling merchant August Hellsten and his wife, Karolina Wilhelmina, née Selin. Hellsten's parents lived in Tampere, but the son was born on their business trip to the [[Lahti]] market. After returning home, Hellsten was officially entered in Tampere's church books.{{sfn|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|p=3}} Hellsten's mother died when he was four, and his father died in debt when Hellsten was 14. Hellsten's half-sister Karolina died soon after. Upon his father's death, Hellsten's aunt, Kaisa Hagman, assumed responsibility for his raising. Hellsten [[Finnicize]]d his name to ''Juho Kusti Paasikivi'' in 1885.<ref>{{Harvnb|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|p=3}}.</ref> His surname literally means "[[flagstone]]" in both languages.

===Education===
The young Paasikivi was an enthusiastic athlete and gymnast. His father had recognized his son's academic talent and enrolled him at a top elementary school in [[Hämeenlinna]] following brief attendance at [[Hollola]]. Paasikivi exhibited an early appetite for reading, and was the best pupil in his class.<ref>{{Harvnb|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|p=9}}.</ref> He entered the [[University of Helsinki]] in 1890, graduating in May 1892 with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Russian language]] and [[Russian literature|literature]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|p=26}}.</ref> a course of studies that proved useful in later life.  The following winter, Paasikivi changed his major to law, earning a [[Master of Laws]] degree and eventually, in 1902, his [[Doctor of Law]]. During his schooling, Paasikivi supported himself by working variously as a teacher, lecturer, court bailiff, and lawyer in private practice in [[Lahti]]. It was also during his university studies, around 1894, that Paasikivi first became involved in the [[Fennoman movement]], assuming leadership roles in its student organization.<ref>{{Harvnb|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|pp=33–41}}.</ref>

===First marriage and family===
[[File:Juho kusti paasikivi family 1906.jpg|thumb|left|Family of J. K. Paasikivi in 1906. From left to right: Paasikivi's first wife Anna (née Forsman), their children Juhani, Annikki, Vellamo, Varma, and Paasikivi himself.]]
On 1 June 1897 Paasikivi married Swedish-born Anna Matilda Forsman (1869–1931). Together they had four children, Annikki (1898–1950), Wellamo (1900–1966), Juhani (1901–1942), and Varma (1903–1941).  Upon earning his doctorate in law in 1901, Paasikivi took on an associate professorship of Administrative Law at Helsinki University from 1902 to 1903.<ref>{{Harvnb|Polvinen|Heikkilä|Immonen|1989|pp=34–45}}.</ref>

===Introduction to politics===
Paasikivi left this post to become Director-in-Chief of Treasury of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], a position he retained until 1914. For practically all of his adult life, Paasikivi moved in the inner circles of Finland's politics. He supported greater autonomy and an independent Cabinet (''[[Senate of Finland|Senate]]'') for Finland, and resisted Russia's [[Pan-Slavism|panslavic]] intentions to make Russian the only official language everywhere in the Russian Empire. He belonged, however, to the more complying [[Finnish Party]], opposing radical and potentially counter-productive steps which could be perceived as aggressive by the Russians. Paasikivi served as a Finnish Party member of Parliament 1907–1909 and 1910–1913. He served as a member of the Senate 1908–1909, as head of the finance division.

== Independence and Civil War ==
[[File:Juho kusti paasikivi and Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1918.jpg|thumb|Paasikivi (left) and [[P. E. Svinhufvud]] discuss the [[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Finnish monarchy project]] in 1918.]]
During the [[World War I|First World War]] Paasikivi began to doubt the Finnish Party's obedient line. In 1914, after resigning his position at the Treasury, and also standing down as a member of Parliament, Paasikivi left public life and office. He became Chief General Manager of the ''[[Kansallis-Osake-Pankki]]'' (KOP) bank, retaining that position until 1934. Paasikivi also served as a member of the [[City Council of Helsinki]] 1915–1918.

After the 1917 [[February Revolution]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]], Paasikivi was appointed to the committee that began formulating new legislation for a modernized Grand Duchy. Initially he supported increased autonomy within the Russian state, in opposition to the Social Democrats in the ''[[coalition cabinet|coalition-Senate]],'' who in vain strove for more far-reaching [[wikt:autonomy|autonomy]]; but after the 1917 [[Bolshevik]] [[October Revolution]], Paasikivi championed full independence—in the form of [[constitutional monarchy]].

During the [[Finnish Civil War|Civil War in Finland]] Paasikivi stood firmly on the side of the [[White Guard (Finland)|White]] government. As prime minister from May until November 1918, he strove for a continued [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Frederick Charles of Hesse]], a German Prince, as king, intending to ensure German support for Finland against Bolshevist Russia. However, as Germany lost the World War, the monarchy had to be scrapped for a republic more in the taste of the victorious [[Triple Entente|Entente]]. Paasikivi's ''Senate'' resigned, and he returned to the KOP bank.

Paasikivi's ''Senate'' was in power during the existence of the prison camps following the Civil War in Finland, where 12,000 prisoners died in total. Starvation was seen as a principal cause of mortality in the camps which housed men and women who had fought on the side of the Reds.<ref>Jaakko Paavolainen. Suomen kansallinen murhenäytelmä: Punainen ja valkoinen terrori ja vankileirit v.1918.
Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki, 1974. {{ISBN|951-30-2329-X}} p 254-256 (in English)</ref>

Paasikivi, as a political [[Conservatism|conservative]], was a firm opponent of [[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrats]] in the cabinet, or [[Communist Party of Finland|communists]] in the Parliament. Tentatively he supported the semi-[[fascist]] [[Lapua movement]], which requested radical measures against the political Left. But eventually the Lapua movement radicalized further, even assaulting [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg|Ståhlberg]], liberal former president of Finland; and Paasikivi like many other supporters, turned away from the radical right. In 1934 he became chairman of the conservative [[National Coalition Party]], as a champion of [[democracy]], and successfully rehabilitated the party after its suspicious closeness to the Lapua movement and the failed coup d'état, the [[Mäntsälä Rebellion]].

== Envoy in Stockholm ==
[[File:Eero Järnefelt - Portrait of Juho Kusti Paasikivi.jpg|thumb|180px|Portrait by [[Eero Järnefelt]] in 1931]]
Widowed in 1931, he married [[Alli Paasikivi|Allina (Alli) Valve]] (1879–1960) in 1934 and resigned from politics. However, he was persuaded to accept the position of Envoy to Sweden, at the time regarded as Finland's most important foreign embassy post. The threats from [[totalitarian]] regimes that had seized power in Germany and the Soviet Union made Finland increasingly isolated. With the gradual weakening of the [[League of Nations]], and France's and the United Kingdom's apparent lack of interest in supporting Finland, Sweden was the only notable power left that could possibly provide Finland any support at all. Since around the time of the failed Lapua coup, Paasikivi and [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]] had belonged to a close circle of conservative Finns discussing how Sweden's support could be obtained.

In Stockholm Paasikivi strove for Swedish defence guarantees, alternatively a defensive alliance or a defensive union between Finland and Sweden. Since the Civil War, relations between the Swedes and Finns had been frosty. The revolutionary turmoil at the end of World War I had led to [[Parliamentarism]] in Sweden, increased Swedish democracy, and a dominant role for the Swedish Social Democrats. In Finland, however, the result had been a disastrous [[Finnish Civil War|Civil War]] and a total defeat for [[Socialism]]. At the same time that Paasikivi arrived in Stockholm, it became known that Finnish [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud|President Svinhufvud]] retained his aversion to parliamentarism; and (after pressure from Paasikivi's National Coalition Party) had declined to appoint a cabinet with Social Democrats as Ministers. This didn't improve Paasikivi's reputation among the Swedish Social Democrats dominating the government, who were sufficiently suspicious due to his association with Finland's Monarchist orientation in 1918, and the failed Lapua coup in 1932.

Things actually improved, partly due to Paasikivi's efforts, partly due to President [[Kyösti Kallio|Kallio]] being elected. As president, Kallio approved of [[parliamentarism]] and appointed Social Democrats to the cabinet. But the suspicions between Finland and Sweden were too strong: During the [[Winter War]] Sweden's support for Finland was considerable, but short of one critical feature: Sweden neither declared war on the Soviet Union nor sent regular troops to Finland's defense. This made many Finns, including Paasikivi himself, judge his mission in Stockholm a failure.

== Envoy in Moscow ==
[[File:Paasikivi october 1939 kajander hakkila.jpg|thumb|J.K. Paasikivi leaving for Moscow for a first round of negotiations on 9 October 1939. Seeing him off are Prime Minister [[Aimo Cajander|A. K. Cajander]], speaker of Parliament [[Väinö Hakkila]] and Mrs. Alli Paasikivi.]]
Prior to the [[Winter War]], Paasikivi became the Finnish representative in the negotiations in Moscow. Seeing that [[Joseph Stalin]] did not intend to change his policies, Paasikivi supported compliance with some of the demands. When the war broke out, Paasikivi was asked to enter [[Risto Ryti]]’s cabinet as a minister without portfolio—in practice in the role of a distinguished political advisor. He ended up in the cabinet's leading triumvirate together with [[Risto Ryti]] and Foreign Minister [[Väinö Tanner]] (chairman of the Social Democrats). Paasikivi also led the negotiations for an [[armistice]] and peace, and continued his mission in Moscow as [[Envoy (title)|Envoy]]. In Moscow he was necessarily isolated from the most secret thoughts in Helsinki; and when he found out that these thoughts ran in the direction of revanche, of retaking, with Germany's aid, territory lost in the Winter War, he resigned. Paasikivi retired for the second time.

== Prime minister and president ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Paasikivi statue.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Paasikivi statue is a famous sculpture in [[Kamppi]], [[Helsinki]]. Although the sculpture is intended as fully abstract, some Finns say that the bigger of the two rocks is Juho Kusti Paasikivi, and the smaller is his wife Alli.{{pufc|Paasikivi statue.jpg|log=2010 February 10}}]] -->
In summer 1941, when the [[Continuation War]] began, Paasikivi took up writing his memoirs. By 1943 he had concluded that Germany was going to lose the war and that Finland was in great danger as well. However, his initial opposition to the pro-German politics of 1940–1941 was too well known, and his first initiatives for peace negotiations were met with little support from either Field Marshal Mannerheim or [[Risto Ryti]], who now had become President.

===From prime minister to president (1946)===
[[File:Mannerheim ja Paasikivi.jpg|thumb|President Paasikivi (right), his wife Alli Paasikivi (middle) and [[C. G. E. Mannerheim]] (left) in 1946]]
Immediately after the war, Mannerheim appointed Paasikivi prime minister. For the first time in Finland a Communist, [[Yrjö Leino]], was included in the cabinet. Paasikivi's policies were those of a intended to be "realistic" radically different from those of the previous 25 years.

Paasikivi sought to understand why Moscow had ordered the invasion of Finland in 1939. He concluded  that interwar Finnish portrayals of the Soviet Union were "heedlessly Russophobic", and that the Soviet attack was legitimate, strategic, and  even "defensive" rather than ideological or expansionist. Consequently, he ensured that negative references to the Soviet Union were expunged from school textbooks and that books containing "hostile" representations of the Soviet Union were removed from public libraries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browning|Lehti|2011|p=161}}.</ref>

Paasikivi had to comply with many Soviet demands, including the war crimes trial. His main effort was to prove that Finland would present no threat to the Soviet Union, and that both countries would gain from confident peaceful relations.

When Mannerheim resigned, Parliament selected Paasikivi to succeed him as President of the Republic. Paasikivi was then age 75.

===Political evolution===
Paasikivi had thus come a long way from his earlier classical conservatism. He now was willing to co-operate regularly with the Social Democrats and when necessary, even with the Communists, as long as they acted democratically.  As president, he only once accepted his party, the Conservatives, into the government; and even that government lasted only about six months and was considered more a caretaker or civil-servant government than a regular parliamentary government. Paasikivi even appointed a communist, People's Democrat Mauno Pekkala, as prime minister in 1946.

====Dealing with communists====
Paasikivi's political flexibility had its limits; this was shown at the time of the communists' alleged coup attempt or coup plans in spring 1948. He ordered some units of the army and navy to Helsinki to defend the capital against a possible communist attack. Any attempted takeover failed before it had even started, and the communists were defeated in the next parliamentary elections.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |year=2009 |last=Laar |first=M. |title=The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945 |access-date=2012-04-05 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Centre for European Studies |page=41 }}</ref>

Most modern Finnish historians deny that most communists wanted a violent coup, especially not without Soviet support. Later in the spring when the Finnish parliament passed a no-confidence motion against Communist Interior Minister Leino because of controversy over Leino's treatment of some mostly White Russian emigrant prisoners whom he had ordered deported to the Soviet Union, Paasikivi had to dismiss Leino when he refused to resign at once. After the 1948 parliamentary elections, when the communists dropped from the largest to the third largest party, Paasikivi refused to let them into the government; and the communists remained in opposition until 1966.<ref name="Zetterberg" >{{Cite book  |editor=Seppo Zetterberg |display-editors=et al.   |trans-title=A Small Giant of the Finnish History  |title=Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen |publisher=Werner Söderström Publishing  |location=Helsinki|language=fi|year=2003}}</ref>

==="Paasikivi doctrine"===
As President, Paasikivi kept the [[foreign relations of Finland]] in the foreground, trying to ensure a stable peace and wider freedom of action for Finland. Paasikivi concluded that, all the fine [[rhetoric]] aside, Finland had to adapt to superpower politics and sign treaties with the Soviet Union to avoid a worse fate. Thus he managed to stabilize Finland's position. This "[[Paasikivi doctrine]]" was adhered to for decades, and was named [[Finlandization]] in the 1970s.

====Knowledge of Russian helped====
Paasikivi's ability to speak some [[Russian language|Russian]] helped his relations with the Soviet leaders; he did not have to use interpreters all the time, as his successor Kekkonen did. Having studied in Russia as a young man, Paasikivi also knew classic Russian literature and Russian culture.<ref>See, for example, "The Diaries of J.K. Paasikivi", edited and published in Finland around 1985–1986; Sakari Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"; "The Republic's Presidents 1940–1956" / Tasavallan presidentit 1940–1956, published in Finland in 1993–1994; Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi: The Statesman's Work of Life" / J.K. Paasikivi: Valtiomiehen elämäntyö, published in several volumes in Finland in the 1990s and 2000s.</ref>

===1950 presidential election===
[[File:Paasikivi ja Voroshilov.jpg|thumb|J.K. Paasikivi and chairman of the Supreme Soviet [[Kliment Voroshilov]] in Moscow]]
[[File:Urho Kekkonen and Juho Kusti Paasikivi in Kultaranta, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Urho Kekkonen]] and J. K. Paasikivi in Kultaranta, 1955]]
Paasikivi stood for re-election in the presidential election of 1950, and he won 171 out of the 300 electoral college votes. The priorities of his second term were centred largely on domestic politics, in contrast to his first term. [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death made Paasikivi's job easier.

As a lover of sports, and a former athlete and gymnast, Paasikivi had the great pleasure, during his second term of office, of opening the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Helsinki]]. On the eve of the Summer Olympics, it was only appropriate for the cultured statesman to hold a speech in a world language, English. However, English was not Paasikivi’s strong language, as [[French language|French]] had long been the predominant language of diplomacy. Still, Paasikivi wanted to extend his greetings to foreign guests arriving in Helsinki. The President's speech was as follows:{{blockquote|It gives me great pleasure to address a message of greeting to the young people of the world as they prepare for the fifteenth Olympic Games which are, once again, to be celebrated in a spirit worthy of the ideals of [[Baron de Coubertin]].

This happy cooperation between young people of all countries will serve the great call of concord and peace among the nations of the world.

I am particularly pleased to be sending you this advance greeting because, as a young man, I was myself an enthusiastic gymnast and athlete. And I have retained throughout my life a deep interest in athletics and sports of all kinds.

I am convinced that the Finnish people, loving sport as they do, will spare no effort to make the 1952 Olympic Games a complete success.<ref>[https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2018/07/02/finnish-president-paasikivi-sends-his-olympic-greetings-in-english Finnish president Paasikivi sends his Olympic greetings in English]</ref>}}

By the end of Paasikivi's six-year second term, Finland had rid itself of the most urgent political problems resulting from the war. The [[Karelia]]n refugees had been resettled, the [[war reparations]] had been paid, [[rationing]] had ended, and in January 1956 the Soviet Union removed its troops from the [[Porkkala Naval Base|Porkkala naval base]] near Helsinki.<ref name="Zetterberg" />

===Last minute 1956 candidacy===
[[File:Paasikiven-hautajaiset.jpg|thumb|Juho Kusti Paasikivi's funeral parade on 14 December 1956]] 
Paasikivi did not actively seek re-election from his second term ending 1 March 1956, when he was age 85. However, Paasikivi was willing to serve as president for about two more years if a great majority of politicians asked him to do so. He appeared as a dark horse presidential candidate on the second ballot of the electoral college on 15 February 1956, but was eliminated as the least popular candidate. His last-minute candidacy was based on a misunderstood message from some conservatives which made him believe that enough Agrarians and Social Democrats would support him.

After his unsuccessful last-minute presidential candidacy, Paasikivi felt betrayed by those politicians who asked him to participate in the election. He even denied giving his consent to the presidential candidacy in a public statement.<ref>See, for example, Pekka Hyvärinen, "Finland's Man:  Urho Kekkonen's Life" / Suomen mies:  Urho Kekkosen elämä, published in Finland in 2000;  Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi:  The Statesman's Work of Life", final volume – years 1948–1956</ref> He died in December, having not yet finished his memoirs.

== Paasikivi on banknotes ==
[[File:FIN-10m-1980-anv.jpg|thumb|Paasikivi on a former Finnish [[Finnish markka|10 mark]] banknote from 1980]]
Paasikivi, who had a strong background in banking, has featured on various Finnish banknotes. He is one of three Finnish presidents whose portrait has appeared on [[Finnish markka|markka]]-denominated banknotes of Finland. The others were [[Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg]], the first president of Finland, and [[Urho Kekkonen]], Paasikivi's successor as president.

==Cabinets==
* [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi's first senate]]
* [[Paasikivi II Cabinet]]
* [[Paasikivi III Cabinet]]

==In popular culture==
In the 2019 Finnish television series ''{{ill|Shadow Lines|fi|Nyrkki (televisiosarja)}}'' (''Nyrkki''), Paasikivi appears as a character with Urho Kekkonen. In the series Paasikivi is played by [[Sulevi Peltola]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11266302/?ref_=tt_ch "Shadow Lines": The Election (2019) – IMDb]</ref>

==Honours==

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===National Honours===

* {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the White Rose]] (1946)<ref name="HS1997">{{cite news | last = Anttikoski | first = Riitta | title = Ritarikuntien suurristejä myönnetty 366 | newspaper = Helsingin Sanomat | date = 6 December 1997 | pages  = E 16–17 | url = https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/ac23cb00-55e9-46f0-8b06-412cc9d00323/96 |issn = 0355-2047 | language = fi}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose]] (1922)<ref name="HS1997" />
* {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Lion of Finland]]<ref name="HS1997" />
* {{Flag|Finland}} : Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]] with Swords (9 October 1950)<ref>{{cite news | title = Vapaudenristin suurristi tasavallan presidentille | newspaper = Helsingin Sanomat | date = 16 March 1951 | page  = 5 | url = https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/697e3bb5-0d0c-4169-935d-3b706b91e19e/5 |issn = 0355-2047 | language = fi}}</ref>

=== Foreign ===
* {{Flag|Iceland}} : Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Falcon]] (24 April 1954)<ref>Icelandic Presidency Website (''Icelandic''), Order of the Falcon, [http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Paasikivi%2C+J.K.&sub=Leita Juho Kusti Paasikivi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114130306/http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Paasikivi%2C+J.K.&sub=Leita |date=2014-01-14 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Sweden}} : Knight of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]]
* {{Flag|Sweden}} : [[Order of the Polar Star]]
* {{Flag|Norway}} : Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of St. Olav]] (27 November 1950)<ref>{{cite news | title = Onnitteluja ja juhlintaa Linnassa | newspaper = Helsingin Sanomat | date = 28 November 1950 | page  = 9 | url = https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/040cbd5d-45ef-4cb3-b935-669b0edaa3e3/8 |issn = 0355-2047 | language = fi}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Denmark}} : Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]]
* {{Flag|Soviet Union}} : [[Order of Lenin]]
* {{Flag|Russian Empire}} : [[Order of St. Anna]]
** {{Flag|Poland}} : [[Order of St Stanislas]]
* {{Flag|Prussia}} : [[Iron Cross]]
* {{Flag|France}} : [[Legion of Honour]]

== See also ==
* [[Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine]]
* [[Paasikivi–Kekkonen Road]]
* [[J. K. Paasikivi memorial]]
* [[Joakim Paasikivi]], his great-grandson

== References ==
{{Notelist-lr}}

{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}
{{notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book
 |last1= Browning |first1= Christopher
 |last2= Lehti |first2= Marko
 |year= 2011
 |chapter= Geographic Centrality and Marginality: East, West, and North in Finnish Symbolic Geography
 |title= ''In Alexander Maxwell, ed.,'' The East-West Doctrine: Symbolic Geography and its Consequences'', pp. 155–168''
 |series= Nationalisms Across the Globe
 |volume= 8
 |location= Bern
 |publisher= Peter Laing
 |isbn= 978-3-034-30198-5
}}
*{{Cite book
  |title=J. K. Paasikivi : valtiomiehen elämäntyö
  |volume=1: 1870–1918 
  |first1=Tuomo  |last1=Polvinen 
  |first2=Hannu  |last2=Heikkilä
  |first3=Hannu  |last3=Immonen 
  | publisher=WSOY 
  | year=1989
}}
*{{Cite book
  |last= Rintala
  |first= Marvin
  |year= 1969
  |title= Four Finns
  |location= Berkeley, CA
  |publisher= [[University of California Press]] }}
* {{Cite book
  |editor-last=Wilsford  |editor-first=David
  |title=Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary
  |publisher=Greenwood
  |year=1995
  |pages=347–352
  }}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Juho Kusti Paasikivi }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090417155421/http://oppiminen.yle.fi/artikkeli?id=1263 Paasikivi's greeting message for the 1952 Summer Olympics] (Audio and Visual [English])
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gGXo_jd8GkY J. K. Paasikivi, President of Finland, gave a speech in the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics. – YouTube] (Audio and Visual [English with subtitles])
* {{Find a Grave|11842125}}
* ''[http://375humanistia.helsinki.fi/en/humanists/juho-kusti-paasikivi Juho Kusti Paasikivi in 375 humanists – 1 May 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.]''
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013103}}
* [https://suomenpresidentit.fi/paasikivi/?lang=en J. K. Paasikivi] in The Presidents of Finland
{{Sequence|list=The oldest current head of state<br /><small>18 April 1951 - 1 March 1956</small>|prev=President of Portugal<br />[[Óscar Carmona]]|next=King of Norway<br />[[Haakon VII]]}}{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
 title=[[Prime Minister of Finland]]|
 before=[[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]]|
 years=1918|
 after=[[Lauri Ingman]]
}}
{{succession box|
 title=[[Prime Minister of Finland]]|
 before=[[Urho Castrén]]|
 years=1944–1946|
 after=[[Mauno Pekkala]]
}}
{{succession box|
 title=[[President of Finland]]|
 before=[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]]|
 years=1946–1956|
 after=[[Urho Kekkonen]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{FinnishPresidents|state=expanded}}
{{FinnishPrimeMinisters}}
{{NationalCoalitionPartyLeaders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paasikivi, Juho Kusti}}
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