Editing Juglans

{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{Redirect|Walnut Tree}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Juglans major Morton.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Juglans major]]''<br />[[Morton Arboretum]] acc. 614-47*1
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Juglans
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|range_map = Walnut species map.png
|range_map_caption = Native ranges of ''Juglans'' spp.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See [[#Systematics|text]]
|synonyms = ''Wallia'' <small>Alef</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - Juglans L.|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40033829?tab=synonyms|website=www.tropicos.org|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
|type_species = ''[[Juglans regia ]]''
}}

'''Walnut trees''' are any species of tree in the plant genus '''''Juglans''''', the [[type genus]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Juglandaceae]], the seeds of which are referred to as [[walnut]]s.  All species are [[deciduous]] trees, {{convert|10|–|40|m|ft|0|lk=in}} tall, with [[pinnate]] leaves {{convert|200|–|900|mm|in}}, with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered [[pith]], a character shared with the [[wingnut (plant)|wingnuts]] (''Pterocarya''), but not the [[hickory|hickories]] (''Carya'') in the same family.

The 21 species in the genus range across the north temperate [[Old World]] from southeast Europe east to Japan, and more widely in the [[New World]] from southeast Canada west to California and south to Argentina.

Edible walnuts, which are consumed worldwide, are usually harvested from cultivated varieties of the species ''[[Juglans regia]]''. China produces half of the world total of walnuts.

==Etymology==
The common name ''walnut'' derives from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''wealhhnutu'', literally 'foreign nut' (from ''wealh'' 'foreign' + ''hnutu'' 'nut'),<ref>{{cite web|title=walnut|url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=walnut|work=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]|access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> because it was introduced from [[Gaul]] and Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=walnut&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Etymonline.com|access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> The [[Latin]] name for the walnut was ''nux Gallica'', "[[Gaul|Gallic]] nut". The name ''Juglans'' was apparently conjured by [[Linnaeus]] himself,<ref>{{cite web|title=Etymological explorations: walnut (Juglans regia L.)|url=https://mchr.sofievka.org/article/view/219824/| access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> replacing the prior ''Nux'',{{Disputed inline|Latin juglans|date=January 2025}} by combining ''Ju'' from Jupiter with the Latin ''glans'' meaning 'acorn',<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nutty Origins: Unraveling the Name Mystery of Walnuts|date=16 August 2023 |url=https://thecornerplot.blog/2023/08/16/the-nutty-origins-unraveling-the-name-mystery-of-walnuts/|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> referring to the association of the plant with Jupiter by the Romans.

==Folklore==
Tradition has it that a walnut tree should be beaten. This would have the benefit of removing dead wood and stimulating shoot formation.<ref name="Buchan">{{Cite journal|journal=The Daily Telegraph|author=Ursula Buchan|date=4 October 2003|title=Beat them as hard as you can|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3314692/Beat-them-as-hard-as-you-can.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3314692/Beat-them-as-hard-as-you-can.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Production==
{| class="wikitable"  style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2|Walnut (in shell) production – 2017
|-
!  style="background:#ddf; width:75%;"| Country
!  style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| <small>([[tonne]]s)</small>
|-
| {{CHN}} || 1,925,403
|-
| {{USA}} || 571,526
|-
| {{IRN}} || 349,192
|-
| {{TUR}} || 210,000
|-
| {{MEX}} || 147,198
|-
| {{UKR}} || 108,660
|-
| '''World''' || '''3,829,626'''
|-
|colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]<ref name="faostat14">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title= Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists), Walnuts (in shell), 2017|date=2019|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref></small>
|}

In 2017, world production of [[walnut]]s (in shell) was 3.8 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with producing half of the world total (table). Other major producers were the United States (15%) and Iran (9%).

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Baklava in Bodrum, Turkey (5653812987).jpg|thumb|Walnut is one of the main ingredients of [[Baklava]] and [[Turkish cuisine]].]]
The two most commercially important species are ''[[Juglans regia|J. regia]]'' for timber and nuts, and ''[[Juglans nigra|J. nigra]]'' for timber. Both species have similar cultivation requirements and are widely grown in temperate zones.

Walnuts are light-demanding species that benefit from protection from wind. Walnuts are also very hardy against drought.

Interplanting walnut plantations with a [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] plant, such as ''Elaeagnus × ebbingei'' or ''[[Elaeagnus umbellata]]'', and various ''[[Alnus]]'' species, results in a 30% increase in tree height and girth (Hemery 2001).

When grown for nuts, care must be taken to select [[cultivar]]s that are compatible for pollination purposes; although some cultivars are marketed as "self fertile", they will generally fruit better with a different pollination partner. Many different cultivars are available for growers, and offer different growth habits, flowering and leafing, kernel flavours and shell thicknesses.  A key trait for more northerly latitudes of North America and Europe is [[phenology]], with ‘late flushing’ being particularly important to avoid frost damage in spring.  Some cultivars have been developed for novel ‘hedge’ production systems developed in Europe and would not suit more traditional orchard systems.

===Flowers===
The leaves and blossoms of the walnut tree normally appear in spring. The male cylindrical catkins are developed from leafless shoots from the past year; they are about {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and have a large number of little flowers. Female flowers appear in a cluster at the peak of the current year’s leafy shoots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fruitandnuttrees.com/walnut-tree-j-regia-j-nigra|title=Fruit and Nut Trees – Fruit Bearing Plants " Blog Archive " Walnut Tree - Juglans regia – Juglans nigra|publisher=Fruitandnuttrees.com|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430130505/http://fruitandnuttrees.com/walnut-tree-j-regia-j-nigra|archive-date=2009-04-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Fruit===
The fruits of the walnut are a type of [[accessory fruit]] known as a pseudodrupe (or drupe-like nut), the outer covering of the fruit is an [[involucral bract|involucre]] - in a drupe the covering would be derived from the carpel.<ref>{{Cite book|page=250|title=The Encyclopedia of Seeds: Science, Technology and Uses|author1=J. Derek Bewley |author2=Michael Black |author3=Peter Halmer |publisher=CABI|date=2006|isbn=9780851997230}}</ref>

====Nuts and kernels====
[[File:Walnuts by RustedStrings.jpg|thumb|Persian walnut (''Juglans regia'') seeds]]

The nut kernels of all the species are edible, but the walnuts most commonly traded are from the ''J.&nbsp;regia'', the only species which has a large nut and thin shell. ''J.&nbsp;nigra'' kernels are also produced commercially in the US.

Two-thirds of the world export market{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}{{how|date=July 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/Hort_Circular/2004/12-10-04/12-04%20Walnuts.pdf |title=Walnuts |work=[[USDA]] |access-date=2015-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018232341/http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/Hort_Circular/2004/12-10-04/12-04%20Walnuts.pdf |archive-date=October 18, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="walnuts.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.walnuts.org/walnuts101/history_cultivation_processing.php |title= California Walnut History, Cultivation & Processing &#124; California Walnuts|website=www.walnuts.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803161811/http://www.walnuts.org/walnuts101/history_cultivation_processing.php |archive-date=August 3, 2009}}</ref> and 99% of US walnuts are grown in California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] and in Coastal Valleys, from [[Redding, California|Redding]] in the north to [[Bakersfield]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walnuts.org/walnuts101/faq.php |title= Frequently Asked Questions &#124; California Walnuts|website=www.walnuts.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826070300/http://www.walnuts.org/walnuts101/faq.php |archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref>  Of the more than 30 varieties of ''J.&nbsp;regia'' grown there, Chandler and Hartley account for over half of total production.<ref name="walnuts.org"/> In California commercial production, the Hinds' black walnut (''J.&nbsp;hindsii'') and the hybrid between ''J.&nbsp;hindsii'' and ''J.&nbsp;regia'', ''Juglans x paradox'', are widely used as [[rootstock]]s for ''J.&nbsp;regia'' cultivars because of their resistance to [[Phytophthora]] and to a very limited degree, the oak root fungus.  However, trees grafted on these rootstocks often succumb to black line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=601 |title= |website=www.padil.gov.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906054734/http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=601 |archive-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>

In some countries, immature nuts in their husks are preserved in [[vinegar]]. In the UK, these are called [[pickled walnuts]] and this is one of the major uses for fresh nuts from the small scale plantings. In [[Armenian cuisine]], unripe walnuts, including husks, are preserved in sugar syrup and eaten whole. In Italy, [[liqueur]]s called [[Nocino]] and [[Nocello]] are flavoured with walnuts, while ''Salsa di Noci'' (walnut sauce) is a pasta sauce originating from [[Liguria]]. In [[Georgian cuisine|Georgia]], walnuts are ground with other ingredients to make [[walnut sauce]].

[[File:Green leaves of a walnut tree with budding walnuts.jpg|thumb|Green leaves of a walnut tree with budding walnuts, in [[Kashmir Valley]].]]

Walnuts are heavily used in India. In [[Jammu]], it is used widely as a ''prasad'' (offering) to Mother Goddess Vaisnav [[Devi]] and, generally, as a dry food in the season of festivals such as [[Diwali]].

The nuts are rich in [[Walnut oil|oil]], and are widely eaten both fresh and in [[cookery]]. Walnut oil is expensive and consequently is used sparingly; most often in [[salad dressing]]s.  Walnut oil has been used in [[oil paint]], as an effective binding medium, known for its clear, glossy consistency and nontoxicity.

Manos and Stone studied the composition of seed oils from several species of the [[Rhoipteleaceae]] and [[Juglandaceae]] and found the nut oils were generally more unsaturated from species which grow in the [[Temperateness|temperate]] zones and more saturated for species which grow in the [[Tropics|tropical]] zones.<ref>Manos, Paul S. and Stone, Donald E.: "Phylogeny and Systematics of the Juglandaceae" ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''88'''(2)231–269 Spring, 2001</ref>  In the northerly-growing section ''Trachycaryon'', ''J.&nbsp;cinerea'' oil was reported to contain 15% [[Alpha-Linolenic acid|linolenate]] (the report did not specify whether the linolenate was the alpha (n-3) or gamma (n-6) isomer, or perhaps a mixture), 2% of saturated [[palmitic acid|palmitate]], and a maximum concentration of 71% [[linoleic acid|linoleate]].  In the section ''Juglans'', ''J.&nbsp;regia'' nut oil was found to contain from 10% to 11% linolenate, 6% to 7% palmitate, and a maximum concentration of  linoleate (62% to 68%).  In the section ''Cardiocaryon'', the nut oils of ''J.&nbsp;ailantifolia'' and ''J.&nbsp;mandshurica'' were reported to contain (respectively) 7% and 5% of linolenate, 2% of palmitate, and maximum concentrations of 74% and 79% linoleate.  Within the section ''Rhysocaryon'', the nut oils of the  U.S. native black walnuts ''J.&nbsp;microcarpa'' and ''J.&nbsp;nigra'' were reported to contain (respectively) 7% and 3% linolenate, 4% and 3% palmitate, and 70% and 69% linoleate.  The remaining results for black walnuts were: ''J.&nbsp;australis'' contained 2% linolenate, 7% palmitate, and 61% linoleate; ''J.&nbsp;boliviana'' contained 4% linolenate, 4% palmitate, and 70% linoleate; ''J.&nbsp;hirsuta'' contained 2% linolenate, 5% palmitate, and 75% linoleate; ''J.&nbsp;mollis'' contained 0% linolenate, 5% palmitate, 46% linoleate, and 49% [[oleic acid|oleate]]; ''J.&nbsp;neotropica'' contained 3% linolenate, 5% palmitate, and 50% linoleate; and  ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' contained only a trace of linolenate, 9% palmitate, and 73% linoleate;

====Shells====
[[File:Walnuts.JPG|thumb|left|The shells of walnuts]]

The walnut shell has a wide variety of uses. Eastern black walnut (''J.&nbsp;nigra'') shell is the hardest of the walnut shells, and therefore has the highest resistance to breakdown. 
;Cleansing and polishing
:Walnut shells are mostly used to clean soft metals, fiberglass, plastics, wood and stone. This environmentally friendly and recyclable soft grit abrasive is well suited for air blasting, deburring, descaling, and polishing operations because of its elasticity and resilience. Uses include cleaning automobile and jet engines, electronic circuit boards, and paint and graffiti removal. For example: In the early days of jet transportation, crushed walnut shells were used to scour the compressor airfoils clean, but when engines with air cooled vanes and blades in the turbine started being manufactured, this practice was stopped because the crushed shells tended to plug up the cooling passages to the turbine, resulting in turbine failures due to overheating.
;Oil well drilling
: The shell is used widely in oil well drilling for lost circulation material in making and maintaining seals in fracture zones and unconsolidated formations.
;Flour
: Flour from walnut shells can be used in thermoplastic starch composites to substitute oil derivatives.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-walnut-shell-flour-filled-thermoplastic-starch-composites/ | title=Physical and mechanical properties of walnut shell flour-filled thermoplastic starch composites :: BioResources }}</ref>
;Paint thickener
: Walnut shells are added to paint to give it a thicker consistency for "plaster effect" ranges.
;Explosives
: Used as a filler in dynamite.
;Cosmetic cleaner
: Occasionally used in soap and exfoliating cleansers.

====Husks====
[[Image:Walnut hand stain.jpg|thumb|upright|Staining from handling walnuts with [[husk]]s]]

Walnut husks are often used to create a rich yellow-brown to dark brown [[dye]] used for dyeing [[textile|fabric]], yarn or [[wood]] and for other purposes.  The dye does not require a [[mordant]] and will readily stain the hand if picked without gloves.

===Wood===
[[File:Walnut pith.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Walnut shoot cut longitudinally to show chambered [[pith]], scale in mm]]

The common walnut, and the black walnut and its allies, are important for their attractive timber, which is hard, dense, tight-grained and polishes to a very smooth finish. The color is dark chocolate or similar in the heartwood changing by a sharp boundary to creamy white in the sapwood. When kiln-dried, walnut wood tends toward a dull brown color, but when air-dried can become a rich purplish-brown. Because of its color, hardness and grain, it is a prized furniture and carving wood.

When walnut [[vascular cambium]] is involved in a crotch (a branch fork), it behaves unusually, producing characteristic "crotch figure" in the wood which it makes. The grain figure exposed when a crotch in a walnut log is cut in the plane of its one entering branch and two exiting branches is attractive and sought after.

There are some differences between the wood of the European walnut (''[[Juglans regia]]'') and the wood of the black walnut (''[[Juglans nigra]]''). For example, ''Juglans regia'' wood sometimes has patches with a wavy texture.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgDO3dO0MgM&t=1156s Youtube video] CURLY WALNUT BEAUTY !!! WOW !!!</ref> Black walnut wood tends to be darker than European walnut wood, and can suffer from paler sapwood that only really comes to light when the wood has been planed.

Walnut wood has been the timber of choice for gun makers for centuries, including the [[Gewehr 98]] and [[Lee–Enfield]] rifles of the First World War. It remains one of the most popular choices for rifle and shotgun stocks, and is generally considered to be the premium – as well as the most traditional – wood for gun stocks, due to its resilience to compression along the grain. Walnut is also used in [[Luthier|lutherie]] and for the body of [[pipe organ]]s.

Walnut [[burl]]s (or "burrs" in the rest of the world) are commonly used to create bowls and other turned pieces. Walnut burl [[Wood veneer|veneer]] is one of the most valuable and highly prized by cabinet makers and prestige car manufacturers.

The wood of the [[butternut (tree)|butternut]] and related Asian species is of much lower value, softer, coarser, less strong and heavy, and paler in colour.

Freshly sawn walnut heartwood may be greenish in color, but with exposure to air this color quickly changes to brown due to oxidation of the pigment.

In North America, forestry research has been undertaken, mostly on ''J.&nbsp;nigra'', aiming to improve the quality of planting stock and markets. In some areas of the US, black walnut is the most valuable commercial timber species.<ref name=ohioline>{{Cite web|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_22.html|title=Arquivo.pt|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2009-07-08|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708061425/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_22.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> The Walnut Council<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walnutcouncil.org|title=Walnut Council--Growing Walnut and Other Fine Hardwoods|publisher=Walnutcouncil.org|access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> is the key body linking growers with scientists. In Europe, various EU-led scientific programmes have studied walnut growing for timber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/opencountry_20020330.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Open Country|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref>

The [[Cherokee Indians]] would produce a black dye from walnut bark, which they used to dye cloth.<ref>{{Citation |contribution=History of the Cherokees, 1830–1846 |title=Chronicles of Oklahoma |last1=Knight |first1=Oliver |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society|place=Oklahoma City|year=1956–57|page=164|oclc=647927893 |language=en }}</ref> As early as the 2nd century CE, shells and kernels of the edible walnut were used to make a dye solution in the [[Levant]].<ref>[[Mishnah]] (''Shevi'it'' [https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n76/mode/1up 7:3] [p. 47])</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Foreman |author-first=Grant |title=The Five Civilized Tribes|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman|year=1934|pages=283–284|language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGtLnSkqkekC&pg=PA283 |isbn=978-0-8061-0923-7}}</ref>

===Parkland and garden trees===
Walnuts are very attractive trees in parks and large gardens. Walnut trees are easily propagated from the nuts. Seedlings grow rapidly on good soils.<ref name=ohioline/>
The Japanese walnut in particular is known for its huge leaves, which have a tropical appearance.
[[File:Diófa.JPG|thumb|Walnut tree in a garden]]
As garden trees, they have some drawbacks, in particular the falling nuts, and the releasing of the [[allelopathic]] compound [[juglone]], though a number of gardeners do grow them.<ref>Ross (1996)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/blkwalnt.htm |title= |website=www.wvu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212041801/http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/blkwalnt.htm |archive-date=February 12, 2015}}</ref> However, different walnut species vary in the amount of juglone they release from the roots and fallen leaves - ''J.&nbsp;nigra'', in particular, is known for its toxicity, both to plants and horses.<ref>Rood (2001); Pomogaybin ''et al.'' (2002)</ref> Juglone is [[allelopathy|toxic to plants]] such as tomato, apple, and [[birch]], and may cause stunting and death of nearby vegetation.  Juglone appears to be one of the walnut's primary defence mechanisms against potential competitors for resources (water, nutrients and sunlight), and its effects are felt most strongly inside the tree's "drip line" (the circle around the tree marked by the horizontal distance of its outermost branches). However, even plants at a seemingly great distance outside the drip line can be affected, and juglone can linger in the soil for several years even after a walnut is removed as its roots slowly decompose and release juglone into the soil.

===Walnut as wildlife food plants===
Walnut species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species. These include{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}:
* [[Brown-tail]] moth (''Euproctis chrysorrhoea'')
* ''[[Coleophora]]'' case-bearers (moths) ''C. laticornella'' (recorded on ''J. nigra'') and ''C. pruniella''.
* [[Common emerald]] (a geometer moth) (''Hemithea aestivaria'')
* [[Saturnia pavonia|Small emperor moth]] (''Pavonia pavonia'')
* [[The engrailed]] (a geometer moth) (''Ectropis crepuscularia'')
* [[Walnut sphinx]] moth (''Amorpha juglandis'')
* [[Catocala neogama|The bride]] (a moth) (''Catocala neogama'') &ndash; [[nominate subspecies]] on butternut and others, ''C. n. euphemia'' on Arizona black walnut, perhaps Texas black walnut and others.

The nuts are consumed by other animals, such as mice and squirrels.

In California (US) and Switzerland, crows have been witnessed taking walnuts into their beaks, flying up to 60 feet or so in the air, and dropping them to the ground to crack the shells and eat the nut inside.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cristol |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Switzer |first2=Paul V. |title=Avian prey-dropping behavior. II. American crows and walnuts |journal=Behavioral Ecology |date=1 May 1999 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=220–226 |doi=10.1093/beheco/10.3.220 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Nutritional information==
The raw edible seed of walnut is composed of 4% water, 14% [[carbohydrates]], 15% [[protein]], and 65% [[fat]].<ref name="nd1">{{cite web|title=Nutrition facts: Nuts, walnuts, English, per 100 g|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3138/2|publisher=Condé Nast for the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21|date=2014|access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> In a 100 gram amount, [[walnut]]s provide 654 [[calories]] and are a rich source (≥20% of [[Daily Value]]) of protein, [[dietary fiber]], the [[B vitamins]], [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]], [[vitamin B6]], and [[folate]], and several [[dietary minerals]], particularly [[manganese]].<ref name=nd1/>

[[Walnut oil]] is composed mostly of [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]], particularly [[alpha-linolenic acid]] and [[linoleic acid]], although it also contains [[oleic acid]], a [[monounsaturated fat]] and 31% of total fat is [[saturated fat]].<ref name=nd1/>

==Systematics==

===Taxonomy===
The genus ''Juglans'' is divided into four sections.<ref>Aradhya, M. K., D. Potter, F. Gao, C. J. Simon:  "Molecular phylogeny of ''Juglans'' (Juglandaceae):  a biogeographic perspective",''Tree Genetics & Genomes''(2007)'''3''':363–378</ref>

====Sections and species====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Section
! Description
! Image
! Name
! Common Name
! Subspecies
! Distribution
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Cardiocaryon''
| rowspan="2"| Leaves are very large (40–90&nbsp;cm), with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. The wood is soft, and the fruits borne in racemes of up to 20.  The nuts have thick shells. Native to northeast Asia.
|[[File:P4260728.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans ailantifolia|J.&nbsp;ailantifolia]]'' Carr. (''J.&nbsp;cordiformis'' Maxim., ''J.&nbsp;sieboldiana'' Maxim.)
|Japanese walnut
|
*[[heartnut|''J.&nbsp;ailantifolia'' var. ''cordiformis'']] – Heartnut
| Japan and Sakhalin
|-
|[[File:Juglans mandshurica 03.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Juglans mandshurica|J.&nbsp;mandshurica]]'' Maxim. (''J.&nbsp;cathayensis'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;formosana'' Hayata, ''J.&nbsp;hopeiensis'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;stenocarpa'' Maxim.)
|Manchurian walnut or Chinese walnut
|
|China, Russian Far East, Korea
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Juglans''
| rowspan="2"|Leaves are large (20–45&nbsp;cm), with 5–9 broad leaflets, hairless, margins entire. The wood is hard. Native to southeast Europe to central Asia.
|[[File:Noix en automne - walnuts.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Juglans regia|J.&nbsp;regia]]'' L. (''J.&nbsp;duclouxiana'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;fallax'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;orientis'' Dode)
|common walnut, Persian, English, or Carpathian walnut
|
|Balkans eastward to Himalaya, China
|-
|
|''[[Juglans sigillata|J.&nbsp;sigillata]]'' Dode 
|iron walnut (doubtfully distinct from ''J. regia'')
|
|China
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Rhysocaryon'' (black walnuts)
| rowspan="15"|Leaves are large (20–50&nbsp;cm), with 11–23 slender leaflets, finely pubescent, margins serrated. Native to North America and South America.
|[[File:Juglans australis in Hackfalls Arboretum (2).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans australis|J.&nbsp;australis]]'' Griseb. (''J.&nbsp;brasiliensis'' Dode)
|Argentine walnut, Brazilian walnut
|
| Argentina, Bolivia
|-
|
|''[[Juglans boliviana|J.&nbsp;boliviana]]'' (C. DC.) Dode
|Bolivian walnut, Peruvian walnut
|
| Andes of Bolivia and Peru
|-
|[[File:Juglans californica 2c.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Juglans californica|J.&nbsp;californica]]'' S.Wats.
|California black walnut
|
| California
|-
|[[File:H20130909-9860—Juglans hindsii—Katherine Greenberg (9780612424).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans hindsii|J.&nbsp;hindsii]]'' (Jepson) R.E.Smith              
|Hinds' black walnut 
|
| California
|-
|
|''[[Juglans hirsuta|J.&nbsp;hirsuta]]'' Manning  
|Nuevo León walnut
|
| Mexico
|-
|
|''[[Juglans jamaicensis|J.&nbsp;jamaicensis]]'' C.DC. (''J.&nbsp;insularis'' Griseb.) 
|West Indies walnut
|
| Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico
|-
|[[File:Juglans major foliagenuts.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans major|J.&nbsp;major]]'' (Torrey) Heller (''J.&nbsp;arizonica'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;elaeopyron'' Dode, ''J.&nbsp;torreyi'' Dode) 
|Arizona black walnut
|
*''J.&nbsp;major'' var. ''glabrata'' Manning
|Mexico, United States
|-
|[[File:Juglans microcarpa kz02.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans microcarpa|J.&nbsp;microcarpa]]'' Berlandier (''J.&nbsp;rupestris'' Engelm.)
| Texas black walnut
|
*''J.&nbsp;microcarpa'' var. ''microcarpa''
*''J.&nbsp;microcarpa'' var. ''stewartii'' (Johnston) Manning
| United States
|-
|
|''[[Juglans mollis|J.&nbsp;mollis]]'' Engelm.
|Mexican walnut
|
| Mexico
|-
|[[File:Juglans neotrop3.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans neotropica|J.&nbsp;neotropica]]'' Diels (''J.&nbsp;honorei'' Dode)  
|Andean walnut, ''cedro negro'', ''cedro nogal'', ''nogal'', ''nogal Bogotano''
|
| Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
|-
|[[File:Black Walnut nut and leave detail.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Juglans nigra|J.&nbsp;nigra]]'' L. 
|Eastern black walnut
|
|Canada, United States
|-
|[[File:Juglans olanchana.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Juglans olanchana|J.&nbsp;olanchana]]'' Standl. & L.O.Williams 
|''cedro negro'', ''nogal'', walnut
|
*''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''olanchana''
*''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''standleyi''
|Central America, Mexico
|-
|
|''[[Juglans soratensis|J.&nbsp;soratensis]]'' Manning
|
|
|Bolivia
|-
|
|''[[Juglans steyermarkii|J.&nbsp;steyermarkii]]'' Manning 
|Guatemalan walnut
|
|Guatemala
|-
|
|''[[Juglans venezuelensis|J.&nbsp;venezuelensis]]'' Manning 
|Venezuelan walnut
|
| Venezuela
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Section ''Trachycaryon''
| rowspan="1"|  Leaves are very large (40–90&nbsp;cm), with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. The wood is soft.   Fruits are borne in clusters of two to three.  The nuts have a thick, rough shell bearing distinct, sharp ridges. Native to eastern North America.
|[[File:Juglans cinerea 001.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Juglans cinerea|J.&nbsp;cinerea]]'' L.
|Butternut
|
| Canada, United States
|-
|}

The best-known member of the genus is the [[Juglans regia|Persian walnut]] (''J.&nbsp;regia'', literally "royal walnut"), native from the [[Balkans]] in southeast Europe, southwest and central Asia to the Himalaya and southwest China. Walnuts are a traditional feature of [[Iranian cuisine]]; the nation has extensive orchards which are an important feature of regional economies. In [[Kyrgyzstan]] alone, there are 230,700 ha of walnut-fruit forest, where ''J.&nbsp;regia'' is the dominant overstory tree (Hemery and Popov 1998).  In non-European English-speaking nations, the nut of the ''J.&nbsp;regia'' is often called the "English walnut";  in Great Britain, the "common walnut."

The [[Black Walnut|eastern black walnut]] (''J.&nbsp;nigra'') is a common species in its native eastern North America, and is also widely cultivated elsewhere. The nuts are edible, and though they are often used in expensive baked goods, the Persian walnut is preferred for everyday use because it is easier to extract the nutmeat. The wood is particularly valuable.

The [[Juglans hindsii|Hinds' black walnut]] (''J.&nbsp;hindsii'') is native to northern California, where it has been widely used commercially as a rootstock for ''J.&nbsp;regia'' trees.  Hinds' black walnut shells do not have the deep grooves characteristic of the eastern black walnut.

[[File:Juglans ailantifolia.jpg|thumb|Japanese walnut foliage and nuts]]
The [[Japanese walnut]] (''J.&nbsp;ailantifolia'') is similar to butternut, distinguished by the larger leaves up to 90&nbsp;cm long, and round (not oval) nuts. The variety ''cordiformis'', often called the '''heartnut''' has heart-shaped nuts; the common name of this variety is the source of the sectional name Cardiocaryon.

The [[Butternut (tree)|butternut]] (''J.&nbsp;cinerea'') is also native to eastern North America, where it is currently [[endangered species|endangered]] by an introduced disease, [[butternut canker]], caused by the [[fungus]] ''[[Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum]]''. Its leaves are 40–60&nbsp;cm long, the fruits are oval, the shell has very tall, very slender ridges, and the kernel is especially high in fat.

====Hybrids====
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;bixbyi'' Rehd.—''J.&nbsp;ailantifolia'' x ''J.&nbsp;cinerea''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;intermedia'' Carr.—''J.&nbsp;nigra'' x ''J.&nbsp;regia''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;notha'' Rehd.—''J.&nbsp;ailantifolia'' x ''J.&nbsp;regia''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;quadrangulata'' (Carr.) Rehd.—''J.&nbsp;cinerea'' x ''J.&nbsp;regia''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;sinensis'' (D. C.) Rehd.—''J.&nbsp;mandschurica'' x ''J.&nbsp;regia''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;paradox'' Burbank—''J.&nbsp;hindsii'' x ''J.&nbsp;regia''
*''J.&nbsp;×&nbsp;royal'' Burbank—''J.&nbsp;hindsii'' x ''J.&nbsp;nigra''

===Phylogeny===
A study<ref>D. Stone, S. Oh, E. Tripp, Luis. Gios, P. Manos:  "Natural history, distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and conservation of Central American black walnuts (''Juglans''&nbsp;sect.&nbsp;''Rhysocaryon'')", ''Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society'' '''136'''(1)1–25. 2009.</ref> of sequenced nuclear DNA from the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA, and the second intron of the ''LEAFY'' gene taken from at least one individual of most of the species of Juglans has supported several conclusions:

* The genus ''Juglans'' is monophyletic;
* Sect. ''Cardiocaryon'' is sister to Sect. ''Trachycaryon'';
* Sect. ''Juglans'' is sister to Sect. ''Cardiocaryon'' and Sect. ''Trachycaryon'' together;
* Sect. ''Rhysocaryon'' is monophyletic and sister to Sect. ''Juglans'', Sect. ''Cardiocaryon'', and Sect. ''Trachycaryon'' together;
* Sect. ''Rhysocaryon'', the black walnuts, contains two [[clades]]:
** one comprises the more northerly species ''J.&nbsp;californica'', ''J.&nbsp;hindsii'', ''J.&nbsp;hirsuta'', ''J.&nbsp;major'', ''J.&nbsp;microcarpa'', and ''J.&nbsp;nigra'';
** the other comprises the more southerly species ''J.&nbsp;australis'', ''J.&nbsp;boliviana'', ''J.&nbsp;jamaicensis'', ''J.&nbsp;molis'', ''J.&nbsp;neotropica'', ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'', ''J.&nbsp;steyermarkii'', and ''J.&nbsp;venezuelensis''
* ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''standleyi'' seems to be more closely related to ''J.&nbsp;steyermarkii'' than to ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''olanchana'', suggesting ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''standleyi'' might be better understood as either a separate species or a variety of ''J.&nbsp;steyermarkii''.

The paper presenting these results did not publish any new names for the subdivisions of sect.&nbsp;''Rhysocaryon'', for any combinations of the other sections, or for ''J.&nbsp;olanchana'' var. ''standleyi''.

==Paleontological history==
Fossils of ''Juglans'' nuts have been described from the [[Tertiary]] period of North America.<ref name="MioceneMissisippi">{{cite journal |title=Miocene Plants of Mississippi |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |date=July 2019 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.26879/906 |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2540-miocene-plants-of-mississippi|last1=McNair |first1=Daniel |last2=Stults |first2=Debra Z. |last3=Axsmith |first3=Brian |last4=Alford |first4=Mac H. |last5=Starnes |first5=James E. |s2cid=198410494 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The paleontological history of ''Juglans regia'' in Europe shows signs of a post-Ice-Age re-expansíon from refugia in the southeast, much influenced by people carrying walnut nuts about after the numbers of humans had been much increased by the start of agriculture.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Hickory]]
* [[Pecan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Juglans}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=0&name_str=juglans&btnSearch=Search ''Juglans''] species throughout the world
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5336217/ Rethinking the history of common walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Europe: Its origins and human interactions] by Paola Pollegioni ''et al''
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235710972_Fossil_History_of_the_Juglandaceae Fossil History of the Juglandaceae]
*https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/31120/walnutsymposium.pdf
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190604172648.htm Scientists crack origin of the Persian walnut] 4 June 2019
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43476911 Notes on the Geological History of the Walnuts and Hickories] by Edward W. Berry, [[The Plant World]], Vol. 15, No. 10 (October, 1912), pp.&nbsp;225–240 (16 pages)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb-pRu6ihrI 16.58-minute Youtube video] about making a [[sideboard]] out of [[black walnut]] wood.

{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2453469}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Juglans| ]]
[[Category:Juglandinae]]
[[Category:Fagales genera]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]