Editing Judgement

{{redirect|Judgment}}
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{{Short description|Psychological concept}}

'''Judgement''' (or '''judgment''')<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=judgement |url=https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/19/judgement/ |website=The Website of Prof. Paul Brians}}</ref> is the [[evaluation]] of given circumstances to [[Decision-making|make a decision]]. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

In an informal context, a judgement is [[opinion]] expressed as fact. In the context of a legal [[trial]], a judgement is a final finding, statement or ruling, based on evidence, rules and precedents, called ''[[adjudication]]'' (see [[Judgment (law)]]).In the context of [[psychology]], judgment informally references the quality of a person's [[Mind|cognitive faculties]] and adjudicational capabilities, typically called ''[[wisdom]]''.  In formal psychology, judgement and decision making (JDM) is a cognitive process by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form opinions and beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wiley Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-46839-5 |editor-last=Keren |editor-first=Gideon |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |editor-last2=Wu |editor-first2=George}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sternberg |first1=Robert J. |title=Cognitive psychology |last2=Sternberg |first2=Karin |date=2017 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-64465-6 |edition=Seventh |location=Boston}}</ref>

==Psychology==
In [[cognitive psychology]] (and related fields like [[experimental philosophy]], [[social psychology]], [[behavioral economics]], or [[experimental economics]]), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by [[Cognitive bias|cognitive biases]], [[Heuristic (psychology)|heuristics]], prior experience, social context, abilities (e.g., [[numeracy]], probabilistic thinking), and psychological traits (e.g., tendency toward [[Analytic reasoning|analytical reasoning]]). In research, the [[Society for Judgment and Decision Making]] is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer-reviewed journal [[Judgment and Decision Making]].<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

== Aristotle's study of judgement ==
The power or faculty of judgement may be used to render judgements, in seeking to understand ideas and the things they represent, by means of ratiocination, using good or poor discernment or judgement. Each use of the word judgement has a different sense, corresponding to the triad of mental power, act, and habit.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

Whether habits can be classified or studied scientifically, and whether there is such a thing as [[human nature]]<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Writing better articles#Stay on topic|relevant?]]'']</sup>, are ongoing controversies.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

===Judging power or faculty===
Aristotle observed that the ability to judge takes two forms: making assertions and thinking about definitions. He defined these powers in distinctive terms. Making an assertion as a result of judging can affirm or deny something; it must be either true or false. In a judgement, one affirms a given relationship between two things, or one denies a relationship between two things exists. The kinds of definitions that are judgements are those that are the intersection of two or more ideas rather than those indicated only by usual examples — that is, constitutive definitions.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

Later Aristotelians, like [[Mortimer Adler]], questioned whether "definitions of abstraction" that come from merging examples in one's mind are really analytically distinct from judgements. The mind may automatically tend to form a judgement upon having been given such examples.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

===Distinction of parts===
In informal use, words like "judgement" are often used imprecisely, even when keeping them separated by the triad of power, act, and habit.<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

Aristotle observed that while propositions can be drawn from judgements and called "true" and "false", the objects that the terms try to represent are only "true" or "false"—with respect to the judging act or communicating that judgement—in the sense of "well-chosen" or "ill-chosen".<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

==Judgement in religion==
=== Abrahamic Religions ===
The [[Last Judgement]] is a significant concept in the [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic religions]] (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), and also found in the [[Frashokereti]] of Zoroastrianism. <sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>

=== Christianity ===
[[Jesus]] warned about judging others in the [[Sermon on the Mount]]: "Do not judge, so that you may not be judged." (Matthew 7:1–5).<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']</sup>
==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology}}
* {{annotated link|[[Ad hominem]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Bias]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Character assassination]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Choice]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Decree]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Defamation]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Discrimination]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[False accusation]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Gaslighting]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[General judgment]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]}}
* [[:Category:Judgment in Christianity]]
* {{annotated link|[[Phronesis]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Prejudice]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Presumption of guilt]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Social undermining]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Smear campaign]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Understanding]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Value judgment]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|first=Zheng|last=Wanga|display-authors=etal|year=2014|title=Context effects produced by question orders reveal quantum nature of human judgments|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=111|number=26|pages=9431–9436|doi=10.1073/pnas.1407756111 |doi-access=free |pmid=24979797 |pmc=4084470 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.9431W }}

{{aesthetics}}
{{Virtues}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Concepts in aesthetics]]
[[Category:Thought]]
[[Category:Psychological concepts]]
[[Category:Decision-making]]