Editing Juba II

{{short description|King of Numidia and Mauretania (c. 48 BC - AD 23)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Juba II
| succession   = [[King of Numidia]]
| reign        = 30 BC – 25 BC (5 years)
| succession1  = [[King of Mauretania]]
| reign1       = 25 BC – AD 23 (47 years)
| image        = Juba II of Mauretania Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN1591.jpg
| alt          = Juba II
| caption      = Portrait bust of Juba II, [[Louvre Museum]]
| predecessor  = [[Juba I]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bocchus II]]
| successor    = Annexed to the [[Roman Republic]]/[[Roman Empire|Empire]]
| successor1   = [[Ptolemy of Mauretania|Ptolemy]]
| reg-type1    = Co-ruler
| regent1      = [[Cleopatra Selene II|Cleopatra Selene]] (until 5 BC)<br/>[[Ptolemy of Mauretania|Ptolemy]] (from 20 AD)
| death_date   = 23 AD
| spouse       = [[Cleopatra Selene II]]<br />[[Glaphyra|Glaphyra of Cappadocia]]
| issue        = [[Ptolemy of Mauretania]]<br />Julia
| father       = [[Juba I]]
| full name    = {{langx|la|Gaius Iulius Iuba}}
}}
'''Juba II of Mauretania''' ([[Latin]]: ''Gaius Iulius Iuba'';<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of Client Kingship |last=Braund |first=David |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=9781317803010 |pages=45 |series=Routledge Revivals}}</ref> {{langx|grc|Ἰóβας, Ἰóβα}} or {{lang|grc|Ἰούβας}};<ref name=Roller>Roller, Duane W. (2003) ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'' "Routledge (UK)". pp. 1–3. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref> c. 48 BC – AD 23) was the son of [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba I]] and [[Patronage in ancient Rome|client]] king of [[Numidia]] (30–25 BC) and [[Mauretania]] (25 BC – AD 23). Aside from his very successful reign, he was a highly respected scholar and author. His first wife and co-ruler<ref name="middleton">{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=Guy D. |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=QLGqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |page=203|title=Women in the Ancient Mediterranean World: From the Palaeolithic to the Byzantines |date=2023-02-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-57486-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="roller">{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=6mdaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |pages=35–36 |title=Cleopatra's Daughter: and Other Royal Women of the Augustan Era |date=2018-05-14 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061884-1 |language=en}}</ref> was [[Cleopatra Selene II]], daughter of Queen [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] [[Egypt]] and Roman Triumvir [[Mark Antony]].

==Life==
===Early life and education===
Juba II was a [[Berbers|Berber]] prince from [[Numidia]]. He was the only child and heir of King [[Juba I of Numidia]]; his mother's identity is unknown, though Juba II claimed to be a descendant of General [[Hannibal]] (Scol. Lucan, Pharsalia 8.287). In 46 BC, his father was defeated by [[Julius Caesar]] (in [[Battle of Thapsus|Thapsus]], North Africa), and in 40 BC Numidia became a Roman province.<ref name=Roller /> His father had been an ally of the Roman General [[Pompey]].

Several modern scholars cite his age at Caesar's triumph in 46 BC as four or six giving rises to the typically cited birth year range of 52–50 BC, which his biographer, Duane Roller, believes is incorrect. Roller instead places his birth in early 48 BC because the Greek term ''brephos'' was used for him which means infant. The word for a child of age 4 to 6 is ''pais'' which was not used for him in the ancient sources. Therefore, Roller places his age in the triumph at anywhere from 2 months to 2 years, which actually indicates a birth year range between 48 and 46 BC.<ref name=Roller59>Roller, Duane W. (2003) ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'', Routledge UK, p. 59. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref>

Juba II was brought to [[Rome]] by Julius Caesar and he took part in Caesar's triumphal procession.<ref>{{cite Plutarch|Caesar|55}}</ref> In Rome he learned the [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], became [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] and was granted Roman citizenship.<ref name=Roller /> Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome's best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one of his first works entitled ''Roman Archaeology''.<ref name=Roller /> 

He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavian (future Emperor [[Augustus]]). While growing up, Juba II accompanied Octavian on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavian in the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC.

===Restoration to the Numidian throne===

In 30 BC, Octavian restored Juba II as king of [[Numidia]].<ref name="MelaRomer1998">{{cite book|author1=Pomponius Mela|author2=Frank E. Romer|title=Pomponius Mela's Description of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AplSod8IDcC&pg=PA43|year=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08452-6|page=43}}</ref><ref name="Gagarin2010">{{cite book|author=Michael Gagarin|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA4-PA80|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|page=80}}</ref> Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Probably as a result of his services to Augustus in a campaign in Hispania, between 27 BC and 25 BC, the Emperor made the final decision to give him his kingship of Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |pages=73–74 |title=The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier |date=2004-02-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-40296-0 |language=en}}</ref> His kingdom replaced the province of Africa Nova which included territories of both Eastern Numidia and Western Numidia. This kingdom of Numidia (except the territory of Western Numidia) was in 25 BC directly annexed to the [[Roman Empire]] as the part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Proconsularis]] and Juba II received [[Mauretania]] as his kingdom, enlarged by territory of Western Numidia.<ref name="MelaRomer1998" /> The marriage of Juba II and [[Cleopatra Selene II]] likely took place in 25 BC, when Cleopatra Selene was of proper age and Juba II was sent to rule Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |page=86 |title=The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier |date=2004-02-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-40296-0 |language=en}}</ref>

===Reign in Mauretania===

According to [[Strabo]], upon the death of the Mauretanian king [[Bocchus II]], who was an ally of the Romans, his kingdom was briefly governed directly by Rome (33 BC - 25 BC), then in 25 BC Juba II received it from [[Augustus]].<ref>Strabo's ''Geography'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D3#note-link15 Strab. 17.3])</ref>  When Juba II and Cleopatra Selene moved to [[Mauretania]], they named their new capital ''Caesaria'' (modern [[Cherchell]], [[Algeria]]), in honour of Augustus.  The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city, [[Volubilis]], display a rich mixture of [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Greek language |Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] architectural styles.

[[File:Mausolée_Royale_de_Maurétanie_-_الضريح_الملكي_الموريطاني.jpg|thumb| The tomb of Juba II and his wife in [[Tipaza]], [[Algeria]]]]
Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II's policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania engaged in trade all across the Mediterranean, particularly with [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. Mauretania exported [[fish]], [[grape]]s, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes.  Juba II sent a contingent to [[Iles Purpuraires]] to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ‘[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926. Mogador: Promontory Fort]’, ''The Megalithic Portal'', ed Andy Burnham, November 2, 2007.</ref> Tingis (modern [[Tangier]]), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern [[Strait of Gibraltar]]) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern [[Cádiz]]) and Carthago Nova (modern [[Cartagena, Spain |Cartagena]]) in [[Spain]], Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary [[Duumviri|Duovir]] (a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Juba II | work = Collections Online |url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG93490 |access-date= 2020-09-28| publisher = British museum}}</ref>

The value and quality of the Mauretanian coinage became highly regarded. The Greek [[historian]] [[Plutarch]] describes him as 'one of the most gifted rulers of his time'. Between 2 BC and AD 2, he travelled with [[Gaius Caesar]] (a grandson of Augustus), as an advisor to the Eastern Mediterranean. In AD 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy his co-ruler.  

Juba II died in AD 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in the [[Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania]]. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite web|last=King|first=Arienne|date=2020-09-01|title=Juba II|url= https://www.worldhistory.org/Juba_II/|access-date=2020-09-28 |website= [[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> 

==Marriages and children==
[[File:Juba and cleopatra coin.gif|thumb|Illustration of a coin of the [[Numidia]]n ruler Juba II, king of [[Mauretania]], on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]], with [[Cleopatra Selene II]] on the reverse.]]

* First marriage to [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] princess [[Cleopatra Selene II]] (40 BC – 5 BC). Their children were:
**[[Ptolemy of Mauretania]] born in ca 10 BC/ 5 BC<ref name="CB">[http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/selene_ii_fr.htm Cleopatra Selene] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/selene_ii_fr.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} by Chris Bennett</ref>
** A daughter of Cleopatra and Juba, whose name has not been recorded (based on [[Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome|Roman naming conventions]] she would have had the nomen "Julia" but like many client royals she may have never used it),{{dubious|date=July 2024}} is mentioned in an inscription. She is sometimes assumed to have had the same cognomen as her niece [[Drusilla (daughter of Ptolemy of Mauretania)|Drusilla]].<ref name="CB"/>
* Second marriage to [[Glaphyra]], a princess of [[Cappadocia]], and widow of [[Alexander, son of Herod|Alexander]], son of [[Herod the Great]]. Alexander was executed in 7 BC for his involvement in a conspiracy against his father. Glaphyra married Juba II in 6 AD or 7 AD. She then fell in love with [[Herod Archelaus]], another son of Herod the Great and [[Ethnarch]] of Judea. Glaphyra divorced Juba to marry him in 7 AD.

==Works==
===Writings===
[[File:JubaIIMauretania.JPG|thumb|Coin of Juba II.]]
Juba wrote a number of books in [[Greek language|Greek]] on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. He compiled a comparison of Greek and Roman institutions known as Όμοιότητες (''Resemblances'').<ref>F Jacoby, ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', 1916, s.v.</ref> His guide to Arabia became a bestseller in Rome. Only fragments of his works survive. He collected a substantial library on a wide variety of topics, which no doubt complemented his own prolific output. [[Pliny the Elder]] refers to him as an authority 65&nbsp;times in the ''Natural History'' and in [[Athens]], a monument was built in the [[Gymnasium of Ptolemy]] in recognition of his writings.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Elder.)|first=Pliny (the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zwZAAAAYAAJ |title=The Natural History of Pliny|date=1857|publisher=H. G. Bohn|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Braund|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwBSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Rome and the Friendly King (Routledge Revivals): The Character of Client Kingship|date=2014-04-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-80301-0|language=en}}</ref>

Ten works by Juba II have provisionally been identified, but all are fragmentary:

*''Roman Archaeology'', in two books<ref name=RollerAppendix>Duane W. Roller, ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'' (Routledge, 2003), pp. 61–63. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref>
*''Resemblances'', in at least fifteen books<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''On Painting'', in at least eight books<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''Theatrical History'', in at least seventeen books<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''The Wanderings of Hanno'', possibly a translation of the periplus of [[Hanno the Navigator]]<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''On Euphorbion'', a pamphlet<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''Libyka'', in at least three books<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*''On Arabia'', which is the only work by Juba that may have been in Latin<ref name=Roller165>Duane W. Roller, ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'' (Routledge, 2003), p. 165. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref>
*''On Assyria'', in two books<ref name=RollerAppendix/>
*Epigrams, of which six lines of one quoted by [[Athenaeus]] are all that survives<ref name=RollerAppendix/>

Juba's works survive only in quotations or citations by others, in both Greek and Latin. There are around 100 of these, about half in [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''.<ref name=Roller165/> Others can be found in Athenaeus, [[Plutarch]], [[Claudius Aelianus]] [[Harpocration|Harpokration]], [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscórides]], [[Galen]], [[Philostratus]], [[Aelius Herodianus|Herodian]], [[Tatian]], [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], [[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]], [[Hesychius of Miletus]], [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Stephanos of Byzantium]], [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photios]], the ''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'', the ''[[Geoponica]]'' and various [[scholia]] on classical authors.<ref name=RollerAppendix/>

Juba may have written plays, but these are not quoted, and no titles are known. The supposition relies on a reading of a passage in Athenaeus. There are two late citations to Juba that seem to be spurious. Photios cites the otherwise unknown ''On the Deterioration of Words'', while [[Fabius Planciades Fulgentius|Fulgentius]] cites a certain ''Fisiologia''. Both may have been epitomes of Juba's authentic works.<ref name=Roller179>Duane W. Roller, ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'' (Routledge, 2003), pp. 179–181. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref>

A treaty on metrics was formerly ascribed to him, but is now generally thought to have been written by an [[Juba (Roman metrician)|homonym]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ippolito |first1=Antonella |title=Iubas [1] |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451-9278_Iubas_1_II |website=Lexicon of Greek Grammarians of Antiquity |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/2451-9278_Iubas_1_II |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>

===Patron of arts and sciences===
Juba II was a noted patron of the arts and sciences and sponsored several expeditions and biological research. According to [[Pliny the Younger]], Juba II sent an expedition to the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Madeira]].<ref>O'Brien, Sally and Sarah Andrews. (2004) ''Lonely Planet Canary Islands'' "Lonely Planet". p. 59. {{ISBN|1-74059-374-X}}.</ref> He named them the Canary Islands for the particularly ferocious dogs (''canarius'' – from ''canis'' – meaning ''of the dogs'' in Latin) the expedition found there.

[[Philostratus|Flavius Philostratus]] recalled one of his anecdotes: "And I have read in the discourse of Juba that elephants assist one another when they are being hunted, and that they will defend one that is exhausted, and if they can remove him out of danger, they anoint his wounds with the tears of the aloe tree, standing round him like physicians."<ref>Flavius Philostratus, ''Life of Apollonius of Tyana'', Loeb Classical Library, Book II, Chapter XVI, translated by F.C. Conybeare</ref>

Juba's Greek physician [[Euphorbus (physician)|Euphorbus]] wrote that a [[Succulent plant|succulent]] [[Euphorbia|spurge]] found in the High Atlas was a powerful [[laxative]].<ref name="FPSMM">Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, p 107, 1985, CNPS</ref> In 12 BC, Juba named this plant ''[[Euphorbia]]'' after Euphorbus, in response to [[Augustus]] dedicating a statue to [[Antonius Musa]], Augustus's own personal physician and Euphorbus's brother.<ref name="FPSMM" /> Botanist and taxonomist [[Carl Linnaeus]] assigned the name ''Euphorbia'' to the entire genus in the physician's honour.<ref>Linnaeus (1753): p.450</ref> ''Euphorbia'' was later called ''[[Euphorbia regis-jubae]]'' ("King Juba's euphorbia") to honour the king's contributions to natural history and his role in bringing the genus to notice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Briones |first=Julià Molero |last2=Pereira |first2=Trinidad Arcos |last3=Carrasco |first3=María Dolores García de Paso |last4=Reyes-Betancort |first4=Jorge Alfredo |last5=Santos‐Guerra |first5=Arnoldo |last6=Jestrow |first6=Brett |last7=Francisco‐Ortega |first7=Javier |date=2025-04-30 |title=On the Macaronesian endemic woody spurge Euphorbia regis‐jubae Webb & Berthel. and eponyms honouring the Numidian King Juba II (48 BCE –23/24 CE) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134297198 |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |doi=10.1111/CURT.12623}}</ref> The [[Arecaceae|palm tree]] genus ''[[Jubaea]]'' is also named after Juba.<ref name="Kew">{{cite web |title=Chilean wine palm |url=https://temperate.house/plant/chilean-wine-palm/ |website=Temperate House, Kew Gardens |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023224353/https://temperate.house/plant/chilean-wine-palm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The following plant genera, species and varieties have been named after Juba:<ref name=":0" />

* ''[[Callitriche regis-jubae]]'' - an aquatic plant from the western Mediterranean.
* ''[[Euphorbia jubaeaphylla|Euphorbia ×jubaeaphylla]] -'' a named hybrid between two ''Euphorbia'' species on Tenerife, Canary Islands.
* ''[[Euphorbia regis-jubae]] -'' another spurge from the Canary Islands and Western Sahara
* ''[[Jubaea]] -'' a native palm from Chile, with one species.
* ''[[Jubaeopsis]]'' - a native palm from South Africa, with one species.
* ''[[Jubautia|×Jubautia]] -'' a hybrid reported in cultivation between ''Jubaea chilensis'' and ''[[Butia capitata]].''
* ''[[Parajubaea]] -'' a genus of palm trees from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
* ''[[Phoenix dactylifera]]'' var. ''jubae -'' a variety of palm from the Canary Islands, now known as ''[[Phoenix canariensis|P. canariensis]].''
* ''[[Sonchus regis-jubae]]'' - a sow thistle from La Gomera, Canary Islands.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Portrait Juba II Louvre Ma1886.jpg
File:Françoise Foliot - Juba II bis.jpg
File:Juba II, king of Mauretania, early 1st cent. CE, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (36251960842).jpg
File:Bustos de Juba II, rey de Mauritania.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Draycott, Jane (22 May 2018). "[https://www.historytoday.com/jane-draycott/cleopatras-daughter Cleopatra's Daughter: While Antony and Cleopatra have been immortalised in history and in popular culture, their offspring have been all but forgotten. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right]". ''[[History Today]]''.
* Schumacher, Leonhard (2008). "Glanz ohne Macht: Juba II. von Mauretanien als römischer Klientelkönig." In Kreikenbom, Detlev et al. (eds.). ''Augustus – Der Blick von außen. Die Wahrnehmung des Kaisers in den Provinzen des Reiches und in den Nachbarstaaten.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 141–160.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080627145609/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1744.html Juba II]}} king of [[Mauretania]] – [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044063/Juba-II Juba II] [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Juba 02}}
[[Category:50s BC births]]
[[Category:23 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Berber people]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:1st-century Berber people]]
[[Category:1st-century disestablishments]]
[[Category:1st-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:Berber writers]]
[[Category:Kings of Mauretania]]
[[Category:Kings of Numidia]]
[[Category:Ptolemaic dynasty]]
[[Category:Roman client monarchs]]
[[Category:Julii]]
[[Category:People of the War of Actium]]