Editing José Saramago

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Portuguese novelist (1922–2010)}}
{{Portuguese name|[[Sousa (surname)|Sousa]]|Saramago}} 
{{Infobox writer
| name             = José de Sousa Saramago
| honorific_suffix = [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword|GColSE]] [[Order of Camões|GColCa]]
| image            = JSJoseSaramago.jpg
| imagesize        = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = Saramago in January 2008
| pseudonym        = 
| birth_name       = José de Sousa Saramago
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1922|11|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = {{nowrap|[[Azinhaga]], [[Santarém District|Santarém]], [[First Portuguese Republic|Portugal]]}}
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2010|6|18|1922|11|16|df=yes}}
| death_place      = {{nowrap|[[Tías, Las Palmas|Tías]], [[Canary Islands]], Spain}}
| occupation       = Writer
| nationality      = Portuguese
| citizenship      = 
| education        = 
| alma_mater       = 
| period           = 1947–2010
| genre            = 
| subject          = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Baltasar and Blimunda]]'' (1982)
* {{longitem|''[[The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis]]'' (1984)}}
* {{longitem|''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'' (1991)}}
* ''[[Blindness (novel)|Blindness]]'' (1995)
* ''[[All the Names]]'' (1997)
* ''[[The Double (Saramago novel)|The Double]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Death with Interruptions]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Cain (novel)|Cain]]'' (2009)
}}
| spouses          = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[w:pt:Ilda Reis|Ilda Reis]]|1944|1970|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Pilar del Río]]|1988}}
}}
| partner          = [[Isabel da Nóbrega]] (1968–1986)
| children         = Violante Saramago
| relatives        = 
| awards           = {{nowrap|[[Camões Prize]] (1995)<br/>[[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (1998)}}
| signature        = Assinatura José Saramago.png
| website          = {{URL|http://www.josesaramago.org/}}
| ethnicity        = 
}}

'''José de Sousa Saramago''' {{Post-nominals|list=[[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword|GColSE]] [[Order of Camões|GColCa]]}} ({{IPA|pt-PT|ʒuˈzɛ ðɨ ˈsozɐ sɐɾɐˈmaɣu|lang}}; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] writer. He was the recipient of the [[1998 Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/summary/|access-date=19 November 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> His works, some of which can be seen as [[Allegory|allegories]], commonly present [[Subversion|subversive]] perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the [[Theopoetics|theopoetic]] human factor. In 2003 [[Harold Bloom]] described Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today"<ref>{{cite book |last=Bloom |first=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/geniusmosaicof1000bloo_0 |title=Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds |date=2003 |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=0-446-52717-3 |location=New York}}</ref> and in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a permanent part of the [[Western canon]]",<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bloom |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Bloom |date=15 December 2010 |title=Fond Farewells |magazine=TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2036477_2036518,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219204918/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2036477_2036518,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2010 |access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref> while [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]] praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant."<ref name="militant_magician" />

More than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.<ref name="eberstadt_dies" /><ref name="nyt_defends_work" /> A proponent of [[libertarian communism]],<ref name="china_post_portugal_mourns" /> Saramago criticized institutions such as the [[Catholic Church]], the [[European Union]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. An [[Atheism|atheist]], he defended [[love]] as an instrument to improve the [[human condition]]. In 1992, the [[Government of Portugal]] under Prime Minister [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]] ordered the removal of one of his works, ''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'', from the [[Aristeion Prize]]'s shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political [[censorship]] of his work,<ref name="president_no-show" /> Saramago went into exile on the Spanish island of [[Lanzarote]], where he lived alongside his Spanish wife [[Pilar del Río]] until his death in 2010.<ref name="unexpected_fantasist">Quoted in: {{cite news |last=Eberstadt |first=Fernanda |author-link=Fernanda Eberstadt |date=26 August 2007 |title=The Unexpected Fantasist |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/magazine/26saramago-t.html |access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="ap_dies" />

Saramago was a founding member of the National Front for the Defense of Culture in Lisbon in 1992.

==Biography==
===Early and middle life===
Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of very poor landless peasants in [[Azinhaga]], Portugal, a small village in [[Ribatejo Province]], some one hundred kilometres northeast of [[Lisbon]].<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> His parents were José de Sousa and Maria da Piedade. "Saramago", the Portuguese word for ''[[Raphanus raphanistrum]]'' (wild radish), was the insulting nickname given to his father, and was accidentally incorporated into his name by the village clerk upon registration of his birth.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/>

In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died. He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig-trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying goodbye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/lecture-e.html |title=Nobel Lecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215031334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/lecture-e.html |archive-date=15 December 2010 |publisher=Nobel Committee}}</ref> Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12.

After graduating as a [[Lathe|lathe operator]], he worked as a car mechanic for two years. At this time Saramago had acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. He married [[w:pt:Ilda Reis|Ilda Reis]], a typist and later artist, in 1944 (they divorced in 1970). Their only daughter, Violante, was born in 1947.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> By this time he was working in the Social Welfare Service as a civil servant. Later he worked at the publishing company ''Estúdios Cor'' as an editor and translator, and then as a journalist. By that time, in 1968, he met and became lover of writer [[Isabel da Nóbrega]], the longtime partner of author and critic [[w:pt:João Gaspar Simões|João Gaspar Simões]]. Nóbrega became Saramago's devoted literary mentor, to whom he would later dedicate ''Memorial do Convento'' and ''O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis''.

After the [[Carnation Revolution|democratic revolution in 1974]], on 9 April 1975, during the rule of [[Vasco Gonçalves]], Saramago became the assistant director of the newspaper ''[[Diário de Notícias]]'', and the editorial line became clearly pro-communist. A group of 30 journalists – half the editorial staff – handed the board a petition calling for the editorial line to be revised and for it to be published. A plenary was called and, following an angry intervention by Saramago, 24 journalists were expelled, accused of being right-wingers. After the [[Coup of 25 November 1975]] that put an end to the communist [[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso|PREC]], Saramago, in turn, was fired from the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |first=Carla|last=Aguiar |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/o--director--que-marcou-o-verao-quente-de-1975-1597476.html |title=O director que marcou o 'verão quente' de 1975 |location=Lisboa |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>

Saramago published his first novel, ''[[Land of Sin]]'', in 1947. It remained his only published literary work until a poetry book, ''Possible Poems'', was published in 1966. It was followed by another book of poems, ''Probably Joy'', in 1970, three collections of newspaper articles in 1971, 1973 and 1974 respectively, and the long poem ''The Year of 1993'' in 1975. A collection of political writing was published in 1976 under the title ''Notes''. After his dismissal from ''Diário de Notícias'' in 1975, Saramago embraced his writing more seriously and in following years he published a series of important works including ''Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia'' (1977), ''Objecto Quase'' (1978), ''Levantado do Chão'' (1980) and ''Viagem a Portugal'' (1981).

===Later life and international acclaim===
[[File:1999-Saramago a Siena.jpg|thumb|José Saramago in 1999.]]
Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, ''Memorial do Convento'' (1982). A [[baroque]] tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as ''[[Baltasar and Blimunda]]'' (by [[Giovanni Pontiero]]) brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/><ref name=new_ways_of_seeing>{{cite news |first=Maya |last=Jaggi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/nov/22/jose-saramago-blindness-nobel |title=New ways of seeing |location=London |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 November 2008 |access-date=22 November 2008}}</ref> This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Following acclaimed novels such as ''[[The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis]]'' and ''[[The History of the Siege of Lisbon]]'', Saramago was hailed by literary critics for his complex yet elegant style, his broad range of references and his wit.<ref>[https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jose-saramago/the-history-of-the-siege-of-lisbon/ The History of the Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago] Kirkus Reviews 1 May 1997</ref>

For the former novel, Saramago received the British [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize]]. The multilayered ''The History of the Siege of Lisbon'' deals with the uncertainty of historical events and includes the story of a middle-aged isolated proofreader who falls in love with his boss. Saramago acknowledged that there is a lot of himself in the protagonist of the novel, and dedicated the novel to his wife.<ref>[https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1032/the-art-of-fiction-no-155-jose-saramago José Saramago, The Art of Fiction No. 155] Paris Review 1998</ref>

In 1986 Saramago met a Spanish intellectual and journalist, [[Pilar del Río]], 27 years his junior, and he promptly ended his relationship with Isabel Nóbrega, his partner since 1968.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joana Emídio |last=Marques |url=https://observador.pt/especiais/isabel-da-nobrega-do-musa-saramago-apagou-da-historia/ |title=Isabel da Nóbrega, a musa que Saramago apagou da (sua) história |location=Lisboa |newspaper=Observador |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.

Saramago joined the [[Portuguese Communist Party]] in 1969 and remained a member until the end of his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/bio-bibl.html |title=Nobel Prize citation, 1998 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref> He was a self-confessed [[Pessimism|pessimist]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Langer |url=http://www.bookmagazine.com/issue25/saramago.shtml |title=José Saramago: Prophet of Doom – Pessimism is our only hope. The gospel according to José Saramago |work=Book Magazine |date=November–December 2002 |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021031062736/http://www.bookmagazine.com/issue25/saramago.shtml |archive-date=31 October 2002}}</ref> His views aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of ''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Austin |last=Paige |url=http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/winter03/review12.shtml.htm |title=Shadows on the Wall: Jose Saramago's latest novel depicts a capitalist nightmare |work=The Yale Review of Books |publisher=Yalereviewofbooks.com |date=Spring 2004 |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901072401/http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/winter03/review12.shtml.htm |archive-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of [[Jesus]] and particularly [[God]] as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government, led by then-prime minister [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]], did not allow Saramago's work to compete for the [[Aristeion Prize]],<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> arguing that it offended the Catholic community. As a result, Saramago and his wife moved to [[Lanzarote]], an island in the Canaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/saramago-autobio.html |title=José Saramago: Autobiography |year=1998 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref>

In 1998 Saramago was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] with the prize motivation: "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality."<ref name="nobel">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/saramago/biographical/ José Saramago Biography] Nobel Prize.org</ref>

Saramago was expected to speak as the guest of honour at the European Writers' Parliament in 2010, which was convened in Istanbul following a proposal he had co-authored. However, Saramago died before the event took place.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Wall |author-link=William Wall (writer) |url=http://www.irishleftreview.org/2010/12/01/complexity-istanbul-declaration-european-writers-conference/ |title=The Complexity of Others: The Istanbul Declaration of The European Writers' Conference |newspaper=Irish Left Review |date=1 December 2010 |access-date=1 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041041/http://www.irishleftreview.org/2010/12/01/complexity-istanbul-declaration-european-writers-conference/ |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Death and funeral===
[[File:Saramago.jpg|thumb|left|"Thank you José Saramago", [[Lisbon]], October 2010]]
Saramago suffered from [[leukemia]]. He died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having spent the last few years of his life in [[Lanzarote]], Spain.<ref name=lea_dies>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Lea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/18/jose-saramago-writer-nobel-dies |title=Nobel laureate José Saramago dies, aged 87 |location=London |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> His family said that he had breakfast and chatted with his wife and translator Pilar del Río on Friday morning, after which he started feeling unwell and died.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article472336.ece |title=Nobel-wiining[sic] novelist Saramago dies aged 87 |location=Chennai |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described him as "the finest Portuguese writer of his generation",<ref name=lea_dies/> while Fernanda Eberstadt of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said he was "known almost as much for his unfaltering [[Communism]] as for his fiction".<ref name=eberstadt_dies>{{cite news |first=Fernanda |last=Eberstadt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/19/books/19saramago.html?src=mv |title=José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Writer, Dies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>

Saramago's English language translator, [[Margaret Jull Costa]], paid tribute to his "wonderful imagination," calling him "the greatest contemporary Portuguese writer".<ref name=lea_dies/> Saramago continued his writing until his death. His most recent publication, ''Claraboia'', was published posthumously in 2011. Saramago had suffered from [[pneumonia]] a year before his death. Assuming a full recovery, he was set to appear at the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August 2010.<ref name=lea_dies/>

Portugal declared two days of mourning.<ref name=china_post_portugal_mourns>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/art/celebrity-news/2010/06/21/261516/Portugal-mourns.htm |title=Portugal mourns as Nobel laureate's body returned |newspaper=[[The China Post]] |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730015124/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/art/celebrity-news/2010/06/21/261516/portugal-mourns.htm |archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=president_no-show/> There were tributes from senior international politicians: [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] (Brazil), [[Bernard Kouchner]] (France) and [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] (Spain), while Cuba's [[Raúl Castro|Raúl]] and [[Fidel Castro]] sent flowers.<ref name=china_post_portugal_mourns/>

Saramago's funeral was held in Lisbon on 20 June 2010, in the presence of more than 20,000 people, many of whom had travelled hundreds of kilometres, but also notably in the absence of right-wing [[President of Portugal]] [[Aníbal Cavaco Silva]], who was holidaying in the [[Azores]] as the ceremony took place.<ref name=xinhua_funeral>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/21/c_13359797.htm |title=Portuguese Nobel laureate Saramago's funeral held |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623123203/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2010-06/21/c_13359797.htm |archive-date=23 June 2010}}</ref> Cavaco Silva, the Prime Minister who removed Saramago's work from the shortlist of the [[Aristeion Prize]], said he did not attend Saramago's funeral because he "had never had the privilege to know him".<ref name=president_no-show>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10364807.stm |title=President defends Jose Saramago funeral no-show |work=[[BBC News]] |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=21 June 2010}}</ref> In an official press release, Cavaco Silva claimed having paid homage to the literary work of Saramago.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correia |first=Hugo |date=June 20, 2010 |title=Saramago: Cavaco Silva diz ter cumprido obrigações como Presidente |url=https://www.publico.pt/2010/06/20/culturaipsilon/noticia/saramago-cavaco-silva-diz-ter-cumprido-obrigacoes-como-presidente-1442805 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Público}}</ref> Mourners, who questioned Cavaco Silva's absence in the presence of reporters,<ref name=president_no-show/> held copies of the red carnation, symbolic of [[Carnation Revolution|Portugal's democratic revolution]].<ref name=xinhua_funeral/> Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon,<ref name=xinhua_funeral/> and his ashes were buried on the anniversary of his death, 18 June 2011, underneath a hundred-year-old olive tree on the square in front of the José Saramago Foundation (Casa dos Bicos).<ref>Cinzas de Saramago são depositadas aos pés de uma oliveira, em Lisboa UOL (18 de junho de 2011).</ref>

[[File:Grave Memorial of José Saramago 04.jpg|thumb|right|Burial place of José Saramago's ashes.]]

==Lost novel==
The [[José Saramago Foundation]] announced in October 2011 the publication of a "lost novel" published as ''[[Skylight (novel)|Skylight]]'' (''Claraboia'' in Portuguese). It was written in the 1950s and remained in the archive of a publisher to whom the manuscript had been sent. Saramago remained silent about the work up to his death. The book has been translated into several languages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Claraboya/novela/inedita/Saramago/vera/luz/elpepucul/20111003elpepucul_4/Tes |title=Claraboya, novela inédita de Saramago, verá la luz |newspaper=El País |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref>

==Style and themes==
[[File:Saramago dos.jpg|thumb|Saramago at Teatro Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in [[Bogotá]] in 2007]]
Saramago's experimental style often features long sentences, at times more than a page long. He used full stops sparingly, choosing instead a loose flow of clauses joined by commas.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> Many of his paragraphs extend for pages without pausing for dialogue (which Saramago chooses not to delimit by quotation marks); when the speaker changes, Saramago capitalizes the first letter of the new speaker's clause. His works often refer to his other works.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> In his novel ''Blindness'', Saramago completely abandons the use of proper nouns, instead referring to characters simply by some unique characteristic, an example of his style reflecting the recurring themes of identity and meaning found throughout his work.

Saramago's novels often deal with fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel ''[[The Stone Raft]]'', the [[Iberian Peninsula]] breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails around the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel ''[[Blindness (novel)|Blindness]]'', an entire unnamed country is stricken with a mysterious plague of "white blindness". In his 1984 novel ''[[The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis]]'' (which won the PEN Award and the ''Independent'' Foreign Fiction Award), [[Fernando Pessoa]]'s [[Heteronym (literature)|heteronym]] survives for a year after the poet himself dies. Additionally, his novel ''[[Death with Interruptions]]'' (also translated as ''Death at Intervals'') takes place in a country in which, suddenly, nobody dies, and concerns, in part, the spiritual and political implications of the event, although the book ultimately moves from a synoptic to a more personal perspective.

Saramago addresses serious matters with empathy for the [[human condition]] and for the isolation of contemporary urban life. His characters struggle with their need to connect with one another, form relations and bond as a community, and also with their need for individuality, and to find meaning and dignity outside of political and economic structures.

When asked to describe his daily writing routine in 2009, Saramago responded, "I write two pages. And then I read and read and read."<ref>{{cite news |author=Maloney, Evan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2010/mar/02/best-advice-writers-read?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |title=The best advice for writers? Read |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2010 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Saramago by bottelho.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Saramago by Portuguese painter Carlos Botelho]]
Saramago was an [[Atheism|atheist]]. The [[Catholic Church]] criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content of some of his novels, mainly ''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'' and ''[[Cain (novel)|Cain]]'', in which he uses [[satire]] and biblical quotations to present the figure of God in a comical way. The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel ''O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo'' (''The Gospel according to Jesus Christ'') and struck the writer's name from nominees for the European Literature Prize, saying the atheist work offended Portuguese Catholic convictions.

The book portrays a Christ who, subject to human desires, lives with Mary Magdalene and tries to back out of the crucifixion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth |last=Nash |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/saramago-the-atheist-an-outsider-in-his-own-land-1177040.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/saramago-the-atheist-an-outsider-in-his-own-land-1177040.html |archive-date=17 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Saramago the atheist, an outsider in his own land |location=London |newspaper=The Independent |date=9 October 1998}}</ref> Following the [[Swedish Academy]]'s decision to present Saramago with the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], the Vatican questioned the decision on political grounds, though gave no comment on the aesthetic or literary components of Saramago's work. Saramago responded: "The Vatican is easily scandalized, especially by people from outside. They should just focus on their prayers and leave people in peace. I respect those who believe, but I have no respect for the institution."<ref name=nyt_defends_work>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/12/world/nobel-writer-a-communist-defends-work.html |title=Nobel Writer, A Communist, Defends Work |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 October 1998 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>

Saramago was a member of the [[Communist Party of Portugal]],<ref name=ap_dies/> and in his late years defined himself as a proponent of [[libertarian communism]].<ref name=china_post_portugal_mourns/> He ran in the 1989 Lisbon local election as part of the "Coalition For Lisbon," and was elected [[alderman]]  presiding officer of the [[Assembleia Municipal|Municipal Assembly]] of Lisbon.<ref name=pcp.pt>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcp.pt/node/244347 |title=Communist Party of Portugal: Short Biographical note on José Saramago |publisher=Pcp.pt |access-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307161912/http://www.pcp.pt/node/244347 |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> Saramago was also a candidate of the [[Democratic Unity Coalition]] in all elections of the [[European Parliament]] from 1989 to 2009, though he ran for positions of which it was thought he had no possibility of winning.<ref name=pcp.pt/> He was a critic of [[European Union]] (EU) and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) policies.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/>

Many of his novels are acknowledged as political satire of a subtle kind. It is in ''The Notebook'' that Saramago makes his political convictions most clear. The book, written from a Marxist perspective, is a collection of blog entries from September 2008 to August 2009. According to ''[[The Independent]]'', "Saramago aims to cut through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and to convince readers by delivering his opinions in a relentless series of unadorned, knock-down prose blows."<ref>{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Wright |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-notebook-by-jos-saramago-1932464.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220617/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-notebook-by-jos-saramago-1932464.html |archive-date=17 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The Notebook by José Saramago: The Nobel laureate's blog entries burn with passion |newspaper=The Independent |date=4 April 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref> His political engagement has led to comparisons with [[George Orwell]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Rollason |url=http://yatrarollason.info/files/SaramagoandOrwell.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012545/http://yatrarollason.info/files/SaramagoandOrwell.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |title=How totalitarianism begins at home: Saramago and Orwell |year=2006}}</ref>

When speaking to ''The Observer'' in 2006, Saramago said he "believe[s] that we all have some influence, not because of the fact that one is an artist, but because we are citizens. As citizens, we all have an obligation to intervene and become involved, it's the citizen who changes things. I can't imagine myself outside any kind of social or political involvement."<ref>{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Meritt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/apr/30/fiction.features1 |title=Interview: Still a street-fighting man |newspaper=The Observer |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=30 April 2006}}</ref>

During the [[Second Intifada]], while visiting [[Ramallah]] in March 2002, Saramago said that "what is happening in Palestine is a crime we can put on the same plane as what happened at [[Auschwitz]] ... A sense of impunity characterises the Israeli people and its army. They have turned into rentiers of the Holocaust."<ref name=militant_magician/> In an essay he wrote expanding on his views, Saramago wrote of Jews: "educated and trained in the idea that any suffering that has been inflicted . . . on everyone else . . . will always be inferior to that which they themselves suffered in the Holocaust, the Jews endlessly scratch their own wound to keep it bleeding, to make it incurable, and they show it to the world as if it were a banner."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jose |last=Saramago |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/04/21/opinion/1019340007_850215.html |title=De las piedras de David a los tanques de Goliat |newspaper=El País | date=20 April 2002}} In Spanish: "educados y formados en la idea de que cualquier sufrimiento que hayan infligido . . . a los demas . . . siempre sera inferior a los que ellos padecieron en el Holocausto, los judios arañan sin cesar su herida para que no dejede sangrar, para hacerla incurable, y la muestran al mundo como una bandera."</ref> Critics of these statements charged that they were [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]].<ref name="ap_dies">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2010 |title=Nobel-winning Portuguese novelist Saramago dies |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100618/ap_on_en_ot/eu_obit_saramago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621143745/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100618/ap_on_en_ot/eu_obit_saramago |archive-date=21 June 2010 |access-date= |website=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/bigotry_in_print.htm "Bigotry in Print. Crowds Chant Murder. Something's Changed"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112050649/http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/bigotry_in_print.htm |date=12 January 2010 }} by Paul Berman, ''The Forward'' (available online here) 24 May 2002.</ref> Six months later, Saramago clarified. "To have said that Israel's action is to be condemned, that war crimes are being perpetrated – really the Israelis are used to that. It doesn't bother them. But there are certain words they can't stand. And to say 'Auschwitz' there ... note well, I didn't say that Ramallah was the same as Auschwitz, that would be stupid. What I said was that the spirit of Auschwitz was present in Ramallah. We were eight writers. They all made condemning statements, [[Wole Soyinka]], [[Breyten Breytenbach]], [[Vincenzo Consolo]] and others. But the Israelis weren't bothered about those. It was the fact that I put my finger in the Auschwitz wound that made them jump."<ref name=militant_magician>{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Evans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/28/featuresreviews.guardianreview11?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The militant magician |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 December 2002 |access-date=28 December 2002}}</ref>

During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], Saramago joined [[Tariq Ali]], [[John Berger]], [[Noam Chomsky]], and others in condemning what they characterized as "a long-term military, economic and geographic practice whose political aim is nothing less than the liquidation of the Palestinian nation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chomsky.info/letters/20060719.htm |title=Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine: Tariq Ali, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, Eduardo Galeano, Naomi Klein, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, José Saramago & Howard Zinn |date=19 July 2006}}</ref>

He was also a supporter of [[Iberian Federalism]]. In a 2008 press conference for the filming of ''Blindness'' he asked, in reference to the [[Great Recession]], "Where was all that money poured on markets? Very tight and well kept; then suddenly it appears to save what? lives? no, banks." He added, "Marx was never so right as now", and predicted "the worst is still to come."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2008/10/28/karl-marx-was-never-so-right-says-nobel-laureate-saramago |title=Karl Marx was never so right, says Nobel laureate Saramago |work=MercoPress (Quote here is based on the source heading; there appears to be a typing error in the source text.) |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=28 October 2008}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* 1995: [[Camões Prize]]
* 1998: [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
* 2004: [[America Award in Literature|America Award]]
* 2009: [[São Paulo Prize for Literature]] — Shortlisted in the Best Book of the Year category for ''A Viagem do Elefante''<ref name=folha2009>{{cite web |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u574439.shtml |title=Prêmio São Paulo de Literatura divulga finalistas |work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |author=Folha Online |date=31 May 2009 |access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref>

===Nobel Prize in Literature===
{{main|1998 Nobel Prize in Literature}}
[[File:Ivo Andrić and José Saramago 2022 stamp of Serbia.jpg|thumb|José Saramago (right) and the [[1961 Nobel Prize in Literature]] laureate [[Ivo Andrić]] pictured on a 2022 Serbian stamp.]]
The [[Swedish Academy]] selected Saramago as the 1998 recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]. The announcement came when he was about to fly out of Germany after the Frankfurt Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor by surprise.<ref name=unexpected_fantasist/> The Nobel committee praised his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony", and his "modern skepticism" about official truths.<ref name=new_ways_of_seeing/> The choice of Saramago was generally well received internationally, but was heavily criticized by the bourgeois press in his home country and also by the [[Vatican City]] who questioned the decision on political grounds and called it "yet another ideologically slanted award."<ref> Helmer Lång ''Hundra nobelpris i litteratur 1901-2001'', Symposion 2001, p.376-377</ref><ref name=nyt_defends_work>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/12/world/nobel-writer-a-communist-defends-work.html |title=Nobel Writer, A Communist, Defends Work |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 October 1998 |access-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>

At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1998, [[Kjell Espmark]] of the [[Swedish Academy]] described Saramago's writing as: {{quote|literature characterised at one and the same time by sagacious reflection and by insight into the limitations of sagacity, by the fantastic and by precise realism, by cautious empathy and by critical acuity, by warmth and by irony. This is Saramago’s unique amalgam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/ceremony-speech/ |title=Award ceremony speech |publisher=nobelprize.org }}</ref> }}

In 2024, Saramago's widow Pilar del Rio and the [[José Saramago Foundation]] donated a number of Saramago's belongings to the [[Nobel Prize Museum]] in Stockholm, including a pair of his glasses, a stone found in [[Lanzarote]] he kept at his home, and a manuscript written in his youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nobelprizemuseum.se/foremal-fran-jose-saramago-har-skankts-till-nobelprismuseet/ |title=Föremål från José Saramago har skänkts till Nobelprismuseet |date=1 March 2024 |publisher=Nobel Prize Museum |lang=Swedish }}</ref>

===Decorations===
*[[File:PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Collar BAR.png|80px]] Grand Collar of the [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]], Portugal (3 December 1998)<ref name="OrdHonPor">{{cite web |title=Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas |url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=153 |website=Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas |access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref>
*[[File:PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Commander BAR.svg|80px]] Commander of the [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]], Portugal (24 August 1985)<ref name="OrdHonPor"/>
*[[File:PRT Order of Camões - Grand Collar BAR.svg|80px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of Camões]], Portugal (16 November 2021)<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=16 November 2021 |title=Marcelo condecora Saramago com o grande-colar da Ordem de Camões |trans-title=Marcelo awards Saramago with the Grand Collar of the Order of Cam~es |url=https://www.publico.pt/2021/11/16/culturaipsilon/noticia/marcelo-condecora-saramago-grandecolar-ordem-camoes-1985245 |language=pt |work=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]] |location= |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>

==The José Saramago Foundation==
The [[José Saramago Foundation]] was founded by José Saramago in June 2007, with the aim to defend and spread the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the promotion of [[Portuguese culture|culture in Portugal]] just like in all the countries, and [[Environmentalism|protection of the environment]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://saramago90anos.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/estatutos_fundacao_jose_saramago_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221214412/http://saramago90anos.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/estatutos_fundacao_jose_saramago_2013.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live |title=José Saramago Foundation Statute |publisher=José Saramago |year=2007}}</ref> The José Saramago Foundation is located in the historic [[Casa dos Bicos]] in the city of [[Lisbon]].

==List of works==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Title||Year||English title||Year||ISBN
|-
|''Terra do Pecado'' ||1947||''[[Land of Sin]]'' || || {{ISBN|972-21-1145-0}}
|-
|''Os Poemas Possíveis'' ||1966||''[[Possible Poems]]'' || || 
|-
|''Provavelmente Alegria'' ||1970||''[[Probably Joy]]'' || || 
|-
|''Deste Mundo e do Outro'' ||1971||''[[This World and the Other]]'' || || 
|-
|''A Bagagem do Viajante'' ||1973||''[[The Traveller's Baggage]]'' || || 
|-
|''O Embargo'' ||1973||''[[The Embargo (story)|The Embargo]]'' || || 
|-
|''As Opiniões que o DL teve'' ||1974||''[[Opinions That DL Had]]'' || ||
|-
|''O Ano de 1993'' ||1975||''[[The Year of 1993]]'' || || 
|-
|''Os Apontamentos'' ||1976||''[[The Notes]]'' || || 
|-
|''Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia'' ||1977||''[[Manual of Painting and Calligraphy]]'' ||1993|| {{ISBN|1-85754-043-3}} 
|-
|''Objecto Quase'' ||1978||''[[The Lives of Things]]'' ||2012|| {{ISBN|9781781680865}}
|-
|''A Noite (Teatro)'' ||1979||''[[The Night (play)|The Night]]'' || || 
|-
|''Levantado do Chão'' ||1980||''[[Raised from the Ground]]'' ||2012|| {{ISBN|9780099531777}}
|-
|''Que Farei Com Este Livro? (Teatro)'' ||1980||''[[What Will I Do With This Book?]]'' |||| 
|-
|''Viagem a Portugal'' ||1981||''[[Journey to Portugal]]'' ||2000||{{ISBN|0-15-100587-7}} 
|-
|''Memorial do Convento'' ||1982||''[[Baltasar and Blimunda]]'' ||1987||{{ISBN|0-15-110555-3}} 
|-
|''O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis'' ||1984||''[[The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis]]'' ||1991|| {{ISBN|0-15-199735-7}} 
|-
|''A Jangada de Pedra'' ||1986||''[[The Stone Raft]]'' ||1994|| {{ISBN|0-15-185198-0}} 
|-
|''A Segunda Vida de Francisco de Assis (Teatro)'' ||1987||''[[The Second Life of Francisco de Assis]]'' || || 
|-
|''História do Cerco de Lisboa'' ||1989||''[[The History of the Siege of Lisbon]]''||1996|| {{ISBN|0-15-100238-X}} 
|-
|''O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo'' ||1991||''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'' ||1993|| {{ISBN|0-15-136700-0}}
|-
|''In Nomine Dei (Teatro)'' ||1993||''[[In Nomine Dei]]'' ||1993|| {{ISBN|9788571643284}}
|-
|''Cadernos de Lanzarote - Diário-I'' ||1994||''[[Lanzarote Notebooks - Diary I]]'' |||| {{ISBN|9722109014}}
|-
|''Ensaio sobre a Cegueira'' ||1995||''[[Blindness (novel)|Blindness]]'' ||1997|| {{ISBN|0-15-100251-7}}
|-
|''Cadernos de Lanzarote - Diário-IV'' ||1997||''[[Lanzarote Notebooks - Diary IV]]'' |||| {{ISBN|9722111140}}
|-
|''Todos os Nomes'' ||1997||''[[All the Names]]'' ||1999|| {{ISBN|0-15-100421-8}}
|-
|''O Conto da Ilha Desconhecida'' ||1997||''[[The Tale of the Unknown Island]]'' ||1999|| {{ISBN|0-15-100595-8}}
|-
|''Folhas Políticas 1976-1998'' ||1999||''[[Political Pages]]'' |||| {{ISBN|9722113038}}
|-
|''A Caverna'' ||2000||''[[The Cave (novel)|The Cave]]'' ||2002|| {{ISBN|0-15-100414-5}}
|-
|''A Maior Flor do Mundo'' ||2001||''The Biggest Flower in The World'' || ||
|-
|''O Homem Duplicado'' ||2002||''[[The Double (José Saramago novel)|The Double]]'' ||2004|| {{ISBN|0-15-101040-4}}
|-
|''Ensaio sobre a Lucidez'' ||2004||''[[Seeing (novel)|Seeing]]'' ||2006|| {{ISBN|0-15-101238-5}}
|-
|''Don Giovanni ou O Dissoluto Absolvido'' ||2005||''[[Don Giovanni, or, Dissolute Acquitted]]'' || ||
|-
|''As Intermitências da Morte'' ||2005||''[[Death with Interruptions]]'' ||2008|| {{ISBN|1-84655-020-3}}
|-
|''As Pequenas Memórias'' ||2006||''[[Small Memories]]'' ||2010|| {{ISBN|978-0-15-101508-5}}
|-
|''A Viagem do Elefante'' ||2008||''[[The Elephant's Journey]]''||2010|| {{ISBN|978-972-21-2017-3}}
|-
|''Caim'' ||2009||''[[Cain (novel)|Cain]]'' ||2011|| {{ISBN|978-607-11-0316-1}} 
|-
|''Claraboia'' ||2011|| ''[[Skylight (Saramago novel)|Skylight]]'' ||2014|| {{ISBN|9780544570375}}
|-
|''O Silêncio da Água'' ||2011||''The Silence of Water'' ||2023|| {{ISBN|9781644213124}}
|-
|''Alabardas, alabardas, Espingardas, espingardas'' ||2014||''[[Halberds, halberds, Shotguns, shotguns]]'' || || {{ISBN|9789720046956}}
|-
|''O Lagarto'' ||2016|| ''The Lizard'' ||2019|| {{ISBN|9781609809331}}
|-
|''Último Caderno de Lanzarote'' ||2018||''[[Last Lanzarote Notebook]]'' |||| {{ISBN|9789720031280}}
|-
|''Uma Luz Inesperada'' ||2022||''An Unexpected Light'' ||2024|| {{ISBN|9781644213407}}
|}

==See also==
* [[José Saramago Foundation]]
* [[José Saramago Prize]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Baptista Bastos, ''José Saramago: Aproximação a um retrato'', Dom Quixote, 1996
* T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, ''Entre a história e a ficção: Uma saga de portugueses'', Dom Quixote, 1989
* Maria da Conceição Madruga, ''A paixão segundo José Saramago: a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão'', Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
* Horácio Costa, ''José Saramago: O Período Formativo'', Ed. Caminho, 1998
* Helena I. Kaufman, ''Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução'', Madison, 1991
* O. Lopes, ''Os sinais e os sentidos: Literatura portuguesa do século&nbsp;XX'', Lisboa, 1986
* B. Losada, ''Eine iberische Stimme'', Liber, 2, 1, 1990, 3
* Pires, Filipe. “Os provérbios por detrás da escrita em In Nomine Dei, de José Saramago. / Proverbs Behind the Writing in José Saramago’s In Nomine Dei”. ''Proceedings of the Fourteenth Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs, 2 to 8 November 2020, at Tavira, Portugal'', edited by Rui J.B. Soares, and Outi Lauhakangas, Tavira: Tipografia Tavirense, 2021, pp. 361–394.
* Carlos Reis, ''Diálogos com José Saramago'', Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
* M. Maria Seixo, ''O essential sobre José Saramago'', Imprensa Nacional, 1987
* "Saramago, José (1922–2010)". ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 September 2007.
* Sereno, M.H.S., 2005. Proverbial style in novelistic José Saramago. ''Estudos em Homenagem ao Professor Doutor Mário Vilela'', vol. 2 p.657-665. Universidade do Porto. ([https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/9381/3/homenagemmvilelavol2completo000065982.pdf#page=193 accessible as part of larger volume])

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1032/the-art-of-fiction-no-155-jose-saramago |journal=The Paris Review |title=Jose Saramago, The Art of Fiction No. 155 |author=Donzelina Barroso |date=Winter 1998|volume=Winter 1998 |issue=149 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190517004249/http://www.thebhopalpost.com/index.php/2010/07/saramago-prophet-of-our-times/ Saramago: Prophet of our Times]}}
* [http://www.josesaramago.org/ José Saramago Foundation] {{in lang|pt}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0764832}}
<!--http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0764832/-->
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/magazine/26saramago-t.html José Saramago, the Unexpected Fantasist], by [[Fernanda Eberstadt]], published August 26, 2007, in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]''
* [http://www.radiocable.com/heroes Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" – Spanish Civil War –]
* [http://www.xpress.es/radiocable/entre-saramago.htm Interviews with Saramago in video]
* {{Books and Writers |id=saramago |name=José Saramago}}
* [http://zenitservices.com/Translations/2005/Saramago.html Translation of interview with Saramago in ''El País'' – 12-Nov-2005]
* {{Nobelprize}}
*[http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=95 List of Works]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090116043056/http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=927 Societies of Mutual Isolation], an essay on Saramago by [[Benjamin Kunkel]] from [[Dissent (American magazine)|''Dissent'']]
* [http://nplusonemag.com/on-jose-saramago "The Year of the Death of Jose Saramago"] in memoriam from ''[[n+1]]''
* [http://caderno.josesaramago.org/ Jose Saramago's blog]
* {{YouTube|-aWFQRcdChk|Video ''Saramago – Where's the democracy?''}} (English subtitles)
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/26/raised-from-ground-jose-saramago-review "Raised from the Ground by José Saramago – review"], [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 December 2012
* [http://www.josesaramago.org José Saramago Foundation official website]
* [http://acasajosesaramago.com/pt-pt A Casa José Saramago in Lanzarote]
* [https://ojs.lib.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/issue/view/PLCS6 ''On Saramago''], volume 6 of ''Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies''
* [https://roteirolevantadodochao.pt/ Roteiro Literário Levantado do Chão]

{{José Saramago}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1976-2000}}
{{1998 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards received by José Saramago
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{{Mondello Prize}}
{{Camões Prize}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Saramago, Jose}}
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