Editing Joris Ivens

{{Short description|Dutch documentary filmmaker (1898–1989)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Joris Ivens
| image         = File:Joris Ivens.png
| alt           = 
| caption       = Joris Ivens, circa 1971
| birth_name    = Georg Henri Anton Ivens
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1898|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Nijmegen]], Netherlands
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1989|06|28|1898|11|18|df=yes}}
| death_place   = Paris, France
| other_names   = 
| occupation    = [[Documentary film]]maker
| years_active  =
| spouse        = [[Marceline Loridan-Ivens]]
| known_for     = 
| notable_works =
}}
'''Georg Henri Anton''' "'''Joris'''" '''Ivens''' (18 November 1898 – 28 June 1989) was a Dutch documentary filmmaker. Among the notable films he directed or co-directed are ''[[A Tale of the Wind]]'', ''[[The Spanish Earth]]'', ''[[Rain (1929 film)|Rain]]'', ''...A Valparaiso'', ''[[Misère au Borinage]]'' (''Borinage''), ''[[17th Parallel: Vietnam in War]]'', ''[[The Seine Meets Paris]]'', ''[[Far from Vietnam]]'', ''Pour le Mistral'' and ''[[How Yukong Moved the Mountains]]''.

==Early life and education==
Born Georg Henri Anton Ivens<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news |title=Joris Ivens, 90, Dutch Documentary Film Maker |first=Peter |last=Flint |newspaper=New York Times |date= 30 June 1989|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/30/obituaries/joris-ivens-90-dutch-documentary-film-maker.html}}</ref> on 18 November 1898 at [[Nijmegen]], Netherlands,<ref name=eb>{{cite web | title=Documentary filmmaker, Propaganda films, Experimental films | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=20 July 1998 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joris-Ivens | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> into a wealthy family, Ivens went to work in one of his father's photo supply shops and from there developed an interest in film. Under the direction of his father, he completed his first film at 13.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

He studied first at the Rotterdam School of Economics (1916–17, 1920–21), before serving as a [[field artillery]] lieutenant in World War I. In 1922 and 1923 he studied [[photochemistry]] in Germany.<ref name=eb/>

Returning to [[Amsterdam]] in 1926, he joined the family business, but left around 1929 after his first two films were met with acclaim.<ref name=eb/>

==Career==
===Early work===
Originally his work was [[Constructivism (art)|constructivist]] in character, especially his short [[City symphony|city symphonies]] ''[[Rain (1929 film)|Rain]]'' (''Regen'', 1929), which he directed together with [[Mannus Franken]], filmed over two years, and ''[[De brug|The Bridge]]'' (''De Brug'', 1928). The latter was about a newly built elevator railway bridge in Rotterdam, shot in 1927, and shown in 1928 by the [[:nl:De Nederlandsche Filmliga|''Nederlandsche Filmliga'']] (Netherlands Film League) (1927–1933).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paalman |first=Floris |title=Cinematic Rotterdam: The Times and Tides of a Modern City |publisher=010 Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=9789064507663 |location=Rotterdam |pages=72–73 |language=en}}</ref> This avant-garde cineclub, with its eponymous magazine, had just been established by Ivens, [[Menno ter Braak]], and others, with branches in different Dutch cities. ''The Bridge'' was part of its first season of film screenings, and received critical acclaim. The ''Filmliga'' drew various foreign filmmakers to the Netherlands, such as [[Alberto Cavalcanti]], [[René Clair]], [[Sergei Eisenstein]], [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]], and [[Dziga Vertov]], who also became Ivens' friends. Through these connections, ''The Bridge'' was widely shown abroad, including the Soviet Union.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

In 1929, Ivens went to the [[Soviet Union]] after being invited to present a lecture there,<ref name=eb/> and due to the success of ''The Bridge'', he was invited to direct a film on a topic of his own choosing, which was the new industrial city of [[Magnitogorsk]]. Before commencing work, he returned to the Netherlands to make ''Industrial Symphony'' for [[Philips|Philips Electric]], which is considered to be a film of great technical beauty.<ref>Erik Barnouw. Documentary. New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd revised edition, 1993. pp.: 133–134</ref> 

He returned to the Soviet Union to make the film about Magnitogorsk, ''Song of Heroes '' in 1931 with music composed by [[Hanns Eisler]]. This was the first film on which Ivens and Eisler worked together. It was a propaganda film about this new industrial city where masses of laborers and Communist youth worked for [[Stalin]]'s [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|Five Year Plan]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

With [[Henri Storck]], Ivens made ''[[Misère au Borinage]]'' (''Borinage'', 1933), a documentary on life in a coal mining region. In 1943, he also directed two Allied propaganda films for the [[National Film Board of Canada]], including ''Action Stations'', about the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s escorting of convoys in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nfb.ca/collection/films/resultat.php?type=fonction&idFcr=7845&idFct=01&nom=Joris+Ivens&nomfunc=Director |title=NFB - Collection |access-date=2007-08-21 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201321/http://www.nfb.ca/collection/films/resultat.php?type=fonction&idFcr=7845&idFct=01&nom=Joris+Ivens&nomfunc=Director |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-84600-0001, Ivens und Hemingway bei Ludwig Renn, Chef der XI. Internationalen Brigaden.jpg|thumb|right|Joris Ivens (left) with [[Ernest Hemingway]] (middle) and [[Ludwig Renn]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]], 1936]]
Ivens met [[Ernest Hemingway]] and [[Ludwig Renn]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

===U.S. and World War II===
From 1936 to 1945, Ivens was based in the United States. For [[Pare Lorentz]]'s [[U.S. Film Service]], in the year 1940, he made a documentary film on [[rural electrification]] called ''Power and the Land''. It focused on a family, the Parkinsons, who ran a business providing milk for their community. The film showed the problem in the lack of electricity and the way the problem was fixed.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Ivens was, however, better known for his anti-[[fascism|fascist]] and other [[propaganda film]]s, including the feature-length documentary ''[[The Spanish Earth]]'' (1937). This film was made for the Spanish [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] cause, co-written with [[Ernest Hemingway]], with music by [[Marc Blitzstein]] and [[Virgil Thomson]]. [[Jean Renoir]] did the French narration for the film and Hemingway did the English version (after [[Orson Welles]]' version had sounded too theatrical). This film was financed by [[Archibald MacLeish]], [[Fredric March]], [[Florence Eldridge]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Luise Rainer]], [[Dudley Nichols]], [[Franchot Tone]], and other Hollywood movie stars, moguls, and writers who composed a group known as the [[Contemporary Historians]]. '' The Spanish Earth '' was shown at the [[White House]] on 8 July 1937 after Ivens, Hemingway, and [[Martha Gellhorn]] had had dinner with President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and [[Harry Hopkins]]. The Roosevelts loved the film but said that it needed more propaganda.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The film showed how the Republicans tried to hold on to freedoms which were threatened by the [[Falangists]], and their attempts to reclaim farmland which had been neglected for decades by [[absentee landlord]]s. Ivens produced the film for less than $10,000. This documentary was considered his masterpiece.<ref name=NYTobit/>

In 1938 he traveled to China. ''[[The 400 Million]]'' (1939) depicted the history of modern China and the Chinese resistance during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], including dramatic shots of the [[Battle of Taierzhuang]]. [[Robert Capa]] did camerawork, [[Sidney Lumet]] worked on the film as a reader, [[Hanns Eisler]] wrote the musical score, and [[Fredric March]] provided the narration. It had been financed by the same people who had supported ''Spanish Earth''. Its chief fundraiser was [[Luise Rainer]], recipient of the best actress [[Academy Award|Oscar]] two years in a row; and the entire group called themselves this time, ''History Today, Inc ''. The [[Kuomintang]] government censored the film, fearing that it would give too much credit to left-wing forces.<ref>European Foundation Joris Ivens. [http://www.ivens.nl/film39.htm Joris Ivens Filmography. ''The 400 Million''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220021535/http://www.ivens.nl/film39.htm |date=2009-02-20 }}</ref> Ivens was also suspected of being a friend of [[Mao Zedong]] and especially [[Zhou Enlai]].<ref>Martha Gellhorn. ''A Memoir: Travels with Myself and Another''. New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc, 1978. p.:52</ref>

In early 1943, [[Frank Capra]] hired Ivens to supervise the production of ''Know Your Enemy: Japan '' for his U.S. War Department film series ''[[Why We Fight]]''. The film's commentary was written largely by [[Carl Foreman]]. Capra fired Ivens from the project because he felt that his approach was too sympathetic toward the Japanese. The film's release was held up because there were concerns that emperor [[Hirohito]] was being depicted as a war criminal, and there was a policy shift to portray the emperor more favorably after the war{{dubious|This probably only concerned the last episode? All were shot before Japan's surrender! Or is it misleading, and meant to say: the US took into consideration in advance what the post-war impact might be?|date=April 2020}} as a means of maintaining order in post-war Japan.

With the emerging "[[First Red Scare|Red Scare]]" of the late 1940s, Ivens was forced to leave the country in the early months of the [[Truman administration]]. Ivens's leftist politics also put a stop to his first feature film project, which was to have starred [[Greta Garbo]]. [[Walter Wanger]], the film's producer, was adamant about "running [Ivens] out of town."{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

=== Return to Europe ===
[[File:Basil Wright, Joris Ivens, Elmar Klos i Jerzy Toeplitz - Film nr 55-56 - 1948-12-23.JPG|thumb|Conference of World Union of Documentary Films in Warsaw (1948): [[Basil Wright]] (left), [[Elmar Klos]], Joris Ivens (2nd from right) and [[Jerzy Toeplitz]] ]]
In 1946, commissioned to make a Dutch film about [[Indonesian independence]], Ivens resigned in protest over what he considered ongoing [[imperialism]]; the Dutch were in his view resisting decolonization. Instead, Ivens filmed ''[[Indonesia Calling]]'' in secret, for which he received funding from the [[International Workers Order]].<ref name=Musser>{{cite journal| first = Charles| last = Musser| author-link = Charles Musser| title = Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53| journal = The Moving Image| publisher = University of Minnesota Press
| url = http://www.charlesmusser.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Musser-MarzaniandUnionFilms.pdf| pages = 104–160, 124 (Indonesia Calling)| date = 2009| access-date = 26 January 2020}}</ref> 

For around a decade Ivens lived in [[Eastern Europe]], working for several studios there.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Having been criticized in the Netherlands, the tides were turning in the 1960s. In 1965, the city of [[Rotterdam]] commissioned him to make a film about the port, which was meant to be a promotional film, but Ivens got ''carte blanche''. The result, the essay-film ''Rotterdam Europoort'' (1966), is not only critical of modern city planning and consumerism, but also an autobiographical tale inspired by the legend of the [[Flying Dutchman]]. Ivens was very happy with the result and even believed that it was his best film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paalman |first=Floris |title=Cinematic Rotterdam: The Times and Tides of a Modern City |publisher=010 Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=9789064507663 |location=Rotterdam |pages=425 |language=en}}</ref> 

At about the same time, from 1965 to 1970, Ivens also worked on two documentary films about [[North Vietnam]] during the war; he made ''[[17e parallèle: La guerre du peuple]]'' ''(17th Parallel: Vietnam in War)'' and he participated in the collective work ''[[Loin du Vietnam]]'' (''Far from Vietnam'').{{cn|date=February 2025}} 

From 1971 to 1977, he shot ''[[How Yukong Moved the Mountains]]'', a 763-minute documentary about the [[Cultural Revolution]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Yukong Moved the Mountain by Thomas Waugh |url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/jc12-13folder/yukongmovedmt.html |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=www.ejumpcut.org}}</ref>

Shortly before his death in 1989, Ivens released the last of more than 40 films: ''[[Une histoire de vent]]'' (''A Tale of the Wind'').{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Recognition and awards==
Ivens was awarded the [[Lenin Peace Prize]] for the year 1967.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

In 1988 he received the [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion Honorary Award]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://ivens.nl/en/biographie|website=Joris Ivens Archive|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> 

He received the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]] in January 1989.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Personal life==
Ivens met photographer [[Germaine Krull]] in Berlin in 1923, and entered into a [[marriage of convenience]] with her between 1927 and 1943 so that Krull could hold a Dutch passport and could have a "veneer of married respectability without sacrificing her autonomy."<ref>Sichel, Kim. ''Germaine Krull: Photographer of Modernity''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1999. Pages 41 and 70. {{ISBN|0-262-19401-5}}.</ref>

Ivens later married French filmmaker and writer [[Marceline Loridan-Ivens|Marceline Loridan]].<ref>[http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/the-birch-grove,290.html Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum]</ref> They had no children.<ref name=NYTobit/>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Tombe Joris Ivens, Cimetière du Montparnasse.jpg|thumb|Ivens' tomb at [[Cimetière du Montparnasse]], Paris]] 
On 7 June 1989 Ivens spoke to [[Radio Netherlands]] about his life and work in a wide-ranging interview.<ref>{{cite web | title=VIP Lounge: Joris Ivens | website=Radio Netherlands Archives | date=7 June 1989 | url=https://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/vip-lounge-joris-ivens/ | access-date=21 February 2025| format= audio (30 mins)}}</ref>

He died on 28 June 1989.<ref name=NYTobit/> He was buried at the [[Cimetière du Montparnasse]] in [[Paris]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The [[Joris Ivens Award]] was awarded at the [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]] from 1988,<ref name=derks2007>{{cite web |first= Ally |last=Derks | title=Those 'Dam Docs!: IDFA is the Gold Standard for Nonfiction Festivals | website=International Documentary Association | date=24 July 2024 | url=https://www.documentary.org/feature/those-dam-docs-idfa-gold-standard-nonfiction-festivals | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> before being renamed the IDFA Award for Best Feature-Length Documentary between 2006<ref>{{cite web | last=Jacobsen | first=Ulla | title=IDFA 2006: A Toast to the Documentary | website=MODERN TIMES REVIEW | date=18 March 2007|quote=...in the Joris Ivens, Silver Wolf and Silver Cub competitions-went to Danish films. | url=https://www.moderntimes.review/idfa-2006-a-toast-to-the-documentary/ | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> and 2009.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hernandez | first=Eugene | title=“Train” Wins IDFA’s Top Prize | website=IndieWire | date=27 November 2009 | url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/train-wins-idfas-top-prize-246153/ | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Macnab | first=Geoffrey | last2=Ide | first2=Wendy | last3=Romney | first3=Jonathan | last4=Kay | first4=Jeremy | title=IDFA 2018 winners revealed | website=Screen | date=21 February 2025 | url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/idfa-2018-winners-revealed/5134704.article | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> It was presented annually until 2020, when the category was split.<ref>{{cite web  | title=Winners 1988–2024 | website=IDFA | url=https://professionals.idfa.nl/program/awards-juries/winners-1988-2023/ | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>

{{as of|2025}} the [[Prix du premier film Loridan-Ivens]] (First Film Loridan-Ivens Award) is awarded each year at the [[Cinéma du Réel]] film festival. The Loridan-Ivens Award was initiated by Loridan-Ivens to support emerging committed filmmakers "casting a sharp eye on the state of the world". It is given in honour of her husband Joris Ivens, who was an early supporter Cinéma du Réel.<ref>{{cite web | title=AWARDS | website=Cinéma du Réel | date=11 February 2025 | url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/awards-3/ | access-date=21 February 2025| lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115004133/https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/awards-3/| archive-date= 15 Jan 2025| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=LES PRIX  | website=Cinéma du Réel | date=11 February 2025 | url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/les-prix/ | language=fr | access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> The prize was formerly known as the  Joris Ivens Prize for a Young Filmmaker, or just Joris Ivens Award.<ref name=ffw>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalworld.com/festival/Cinema_du_Reel/ |title=Cinema du Reel| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806001736/http://www.filmfestivalworld.com/festival/Cinema_du_Reel |archive-date=2009-08-06 }}</ref>

A statue of Ivens by sculptor [[Bryan McCormack]] was erected in [[Parc de Saint-Cloud]] in Paris in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture on Joris Ivens and the wind revealed in Paris - European Foundation Joris Ivens |url=https://www.ivens.nl/en/146-sculpture-on-joris-ivens-and-the-wind-revealed-in-paris |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.ivens.nl |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The Joris Ivens European Foundation (Europese Stichting Joris Ivens) includes an archive of Ivens' work, as well as other features relating to him.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cinéma du réel, Joris Ivens Award for best first film | website=European Foundation Joris Ivens | url=https://www.ivens.nl/en/131-cinema-du-reel-joris-ivens-award-for-best-first-film |date=2011| access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''The Flaming Arrow'' (1912)
*''O, Sunland'' (1922)
*''The Sunhouse'' (1925)
*''Film Sketchbook'' (1927)
*''The Sick Town'' (1927)
*''Instruction Films Micro Camera, University Leiden'' (1927)
*''[[Movement Studies in Paris]]'' (1927)
*''Filmstudy Zeedijk'' (1927)
*''The Street'' (1927)
*''Ice Skating'' (1927)
*''[[De brug|The Bridge]]'' (1928)
*''[[Rain (1929 film)|Rain]]'' (1929)
*''Breakers'' (1929)
*''Poor Drenthe'' (The Misery in the Peat-mores of Drenthe) (1929)
*''Pile Diving'' (1929)
*''Zonneland'' (1930)
*''We are building'' (1930)
*''Second Union Film'' (1930)
*''Zuiderzee'' (1930)
*''Tribune Film'' (1930)
*''Concrete Construction'' (1930)
*''Donogoo-Tonka'' (1931)
*''Philips Radio'' (1931)
*''Creosote'' (1932)
*''Komsomol,'' (Song of Heroes, Youth Speaks) (1932)
*''New Earth'' (1933)
*''[[Misère au Borinage|Borinage]]'' (1934)
*''[[The Spanish Earth]]'' (1937)
*''[[The 400 Million]]'' (1938)
*''New Frontiers'' (1940)
*''Power and the Land'' (1940)<ref>Released to DVD as part of a compilation. See {{cite AV media |title=Our daily bread : and other films of the Great Depression |date=1999 |type=DVD (region 1) |oclc=45809586 |publisher=Film Preservation Associates}}</ref>
*''Our Russian Front'' (1942)
*''Action Stations'' (1943)
*''Corvette Port Arthur'' (1943)
*''[[Know Your Enemy: Japan]]'' (1945) (uncredited)
*''[[Indonesia Calling]]'' (1946)
*''The First Years'' (1948)
*''Friendship Triumphs'' (1952)
*''Peace Tour 1952'' (1952)
*''[[Chagall]]'' (article in Italian) (1952-1960)
*''[[The Song of the Rivers]]'' (1954)
*''My Child'' (1956)
*''[[Die Windrose|The Windrose / Rose of the Winds]]'' (1957)
*''The war of the 600 Million People'' (1958)
*''Letters from China'' (1958)
*''[[L'Italia non è un paese povero]]'' (article in Italian) (1960)
*''Demain à Nanguila'' (1960)
*''Carnet de viaje'' (1961)
*''Pueblo en armas'' (1961)
*''Le petit chapiteau'' (1963)
*''Le train de la victoire'' (1964)
*''[[...A Valparaiso]] (article in French)'' (1965)
*''Le mistral'' (1965)
*''Rotterdam Europoort'' (1966)
*''Le ciel - La terre'' (1967)
*''[[Far from Vietnam]]'' (1967)
*''Une histoire de ballon'' (1967)
*''[[17th Parallel: Vietnam in War]]'' (1968)
*''Le people et ses fusills'' (1970)
*''[[How Yukong Moved the Mountains]]'' (1976)
*''Les ouigours'' (1977)
*''Les Kazaks'' (1977)
*''The Drugstore'' (1980)
*''[[A Tale of the Wind]]'' (1988)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*A. Zalzman, ''Joris Ivens'', Seghers, Paris, 1963.
*Joris Ivens, ''The Camera and I'', International Publishers, New York, 1969.
*Rosalind Delmar, ''Joris Ivens: 50 Years of Film-Making'', Educational Advisory Service, British Film Institute, London, 1979. {{ISBN|0-85170-092-6}}
*Carlos Böker, ''Joris Ivens, Film-Maker: Facing Reality'', UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1981. {{ISBN|0-8357-1182-X}}
*''Joris Ivens and China'', New World Press, Beijing, 1983. {{ISBN|0-8351-1088-5}}
*Kees Bakker (ed.), ''Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context'', paperback edition, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2000. {{ISBN|90-5356-425-X}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Passek|editor-first1=Jean-Loup|editor-link=Jean-Loup Passek|title=Joris Ivens : cinquante ans de cinéma|date=1979|publisher=Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou|location=Paris|isbn=9782858500895|oclc=5946701}}
*Hans Schoots, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcfbzDx9HEC&pg ''Living Dangerously: A Biography of Joris Ivens''], Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2000. {{ISBN|90-5356-433-0}}
*[[Virgilio Tosi]], ''Joris Ivens: Cinema e Utopia'', Bulzoni, Rome, 2002. {{ISBN|88-8319-745-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.ivens.nl/ European Foundation Joris Ivens]
*[http://www.hansschoots.nl/film/ivens/ivens.html Biographer Hans Schoots on Ivens]
*{{IMDb name|412235}}

{{Joris Ivens}}
{{Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivens, Joris}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nijmegen]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]
[[Category:Dutch communists]]
[[Category:Dutch documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Dutch film directors]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Dutch propagandists]]
[[Category:Propaganda film directors]]
[[Category:Expatriates in East Germany]]
[[Category:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]