Editing Johnson County War

{{Short description|1888-1893 range conflict in Johnson County, Wyoming}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Johnson County War
| partof = the [[Range war|Range Wars]]
| image = Invaders.gif
| caption = "The Invaders" of The Johnson County Cattle War. Photo taken at [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russell]] near Cheyenne, Wyoming, May 1892
| date = July 20, 1889 – May 24, 1893<ref name="Forgotten Wars">{{cite web|url=https://forgottenwars.gonevis.com/johnson-county-war-an-american-insurrection-2/|title=Johnson County War: An American Insurrection|website=Forgotten Wars|author=Nelson, Mathias|date=27 May 2022 }} March 27, 2022</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-05-24/html/CREC-2022-05-24-pt1-PgS2660-2.htm|title=Congressional Record, Volume 168 Issue 90 (Tuesday, May 24, 2022)|website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref name="TrueWestMag">{{cite web|url=https://truewestmagazine.com/article/i-cowboyed-with-a-man-named-john-tisdale-in-wyoming-in-my-youth-didnt-a-man-by-that-name-get-killed-in-the-johnson-county-war/|title=I cowboyed with a man named John Tisdale in Wyoming in my youth. Didn't a man by that name get killed in the Johnson County War?|website=[[True West Magazine|True West]]|author=Trimble, Marshall}} October 2015</ref>
| place = [[Powder River Country]], [[Johnson County, Wyoming]], United States
| coordinates = 
| causes = Stock, grazing and water rights disputes
| goals = 
| methods = 
| status = 
| result = Homesteader victory<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/johnson.html|title=Spell of the West: Johnson County War|publisher=JCS Group|access-date=2017-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824110314/http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/johnson.html|archive-date=2017-08-24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Chapel, Charles Edward. ''Guns of the Old West: An Illustrated Guide''. Dover Publications; First edition (September 19, 2013). p. 242. {{ISBN|978-0486421612}}</ref>
| side1 = [[Wyoming Stock Growers Association]]
| side2 = [[Homesteaders]]
* Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association
| side3 = {{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[United States Army]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[6th Cavalry Regiment]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|9th Cavalry]]
| leadfigures1 = [[Frank Wolcott]]
[[Frank M. Canton]]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Wyoming.svg}}[[Amos W. Barber]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Nate Champion]]{{KIA}}<br>[[William "Red" Angus]]
| leadfigures3 = {{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[Benjamin Harrison]]<br>{{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[J.J. Van Horn]]<br>{{flagicon|United States|1892}}[[Charles B. Gatewood]]<br>{{flagicon|United States|1892}}Charles S. Isley
| howmany1 = 50 total<br />(23 were hired Texas gunmen)<ref name="Belgrad"/>
| howmany2 = Approx. 200<ref name="Belgrad"/>
| howmany3 = 310 [[Buffalo Soldiers]]<ref name="Wyobro"/>
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
| casualties3 = 20-40 killed (including those who were lynched)<ref name="Forgotten Wars"/>
| casualties_label = 
| notes = 
| map_type = USA Wyoming
| map_caption = Location of the conflict in Wyoming
| map_label = [[Powder River Country]]
}}
{{Campaignbox_Johnson County War}}
The '''Johnson County War''', also known as the '''War on Powder River''' and the '''Wyoming Range War''', was a [[range war]] in [[Johnson County, Wyoming]] from 1889 to 1893.<ref name="TrueWestMag"/> The conflict began when cattle companies started ruthlessly persecuting alleged [[Cattle raiding|rustlers]] in the area, many of whom were settlers who competed with them for livestock, land and water rights. As violence swelled between the large established ranchers and the smaller settlers in the state, it culminated in the [[Powder River Country]], when the ranchers hired [[Gunfighter|gunmen]], who invaded the county. The gunmen's initial incursion in the territory alerted the small farmers and ranchers, as well as the [[Posse comitatus (common law)|state lawmen]], and they formed a posse of 200 men that led to a grueling standoff which ended when the [[United States Cavalry]] on the orders of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] relieved the two forces, although further fighting persisted.

The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the [[Wild West]] and over the years variations of the story have come to include some of its most famous historical figures. In addition to being one of the best-known range wars of the American frontier, its themes, especially [[Class conflict|class warfare]], served as a basis for numerous popular novels, films and television shows in the [[Western (genre)|Western genre]].

==Background==
Conflict over land was a common occurrence in the development of the [[American West]], but was particularly prevalent during the late 19th century, when large portions of the West were being settled by new immigrants for the first time through the [[Homestead Acts]]. It is a period that one historian, Richard Maxwell Brown, has called the "Western Civil War of Incorporation",<ref name="RMBrown"/> of which the Johnson County War was a part.

In the early days of [[Wyoming]], most of the land was in [[public domain]], which was open to stock raising as an [[open range]] and farmlands for [[homesteading]].<ref name="Legends20">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/wy-johnsoncountywar.html|title=Wyoming Legends: Johnson County War|publisher=Legends of America|access-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref> Large numbers of [[cattle]] were turned loose on the open range by [[ranching|ranches]]. Each spring, round-ups were held to separate the cattle belonging to different ranchers. Before a round-up, an orphan or stray calf was sometimes surreptitiously branded, which was the common way to identify the cow's owners. However, as more and more homesteaders called "nesters" and "grangers" moved into Wyoming, competition for land and water soon enveloped the state, and the large cattle companies, also known as “cattle barons”, reacted by [[Monopoly|monopolizing]] large areas of the open range, preventing homesteaders from using it.<ref name="DavisR"/><ref name="Forgotten Wars"/><ref name="Legends20"/> The often uneasy relationship between the wealthier ranchers and smaller settlers of relatively modest means steadily aggravated after the harsh [[winter of 1886–87 in the United States|winter of 1886–1887]], when a series of blizzards and temperatures of {{convert|-40|to|-50|F|C}}, followed by an extremely hot and dry summer, ravaged the frontier.<ref name="Burt p.156"/> Thousands of cattle were lost in the calamity.<ref name=montanahistoryjournal>{{cite journal|last=Mattison|first=Ray H.|title=The Hard Winter and the Range Cattle Business|journal=The Montana Magazine of History|date=October 1951|volume=1|issue=4|pages=5–21}}</ref>

To protect whatever livestock survived, the cattle barons reacted with a catch-all allegation of [[Cattle raiding|rustling]] against their competition.<ref name="DavisR"/> Hostilities worsened when the Wyoming legislature passed the Maverick Act, which stated that all unbranded cattle in the open range automatically belonged to the large ranchers.<ref name="Agnew">Agnew, Jeremy, ''The Old West in Fact and Film: History Versus Hollywood'', McFarland; 1st edition (2012) p.40. {{ISBN|978-0786468881}}</ref> The cattle barons also held a firm grip on Wyoming's stock interests by limiting the number of small ranchers and grangers who could participate, including in the annual round-ups. They also forbade their employees from owning cattle for fear of additional competition, and they threatened anyone they suspected to be rustlers.<ref name="Legends20"/> Although at a financial disadvantage, the homesteaders outnumbered the cattle barons significantly, and they tried to use this to win court cases by participating in the [[jury]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://sheridanmedia.com/news/102716/the-johnson-county-war-part-one-the-causes/|title=The Johnson County War, Part One: The Causes|magazine=Sheridan Media|access-date=February 13, 2024}} August 16, 2022</ref> However, records showed that they were still not successful.<ref>Shulman, Robert. (2009). ''The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (Oxford World's Classics)'' Introduction. Oxford University Press; 1st edition, pp. xviii. ISBN 978-0199554102</ref>

===Wyoming Stock Growers Association===
Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the [[Wyoming Stock Growers Association]] (the WSGA) and gathered socially at the [[Wyoming Stock Growers Association#History|Cheyenne Club]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]]. Comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most influential residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. The WSGA organized the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments.<ref name="Burt p.157"/> The WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cases of cattle theft from its members' holdings. Grangers and rustlers often intermixed with one another in the community, making it more difficult for detectives to differentiate the criminals and the innocent homesteaders.<ref name="Burt p.157"/>

Rustling in the local area was likely increasing because of the harsh grazing conditions, and the illegal exploits of organized groups of rustlers were becoming well publicized in the late 1880s.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Well-armed outfits of horse and cattle rustlers roamed across various portions of Wyoming and [[Montana]], with Montana vigilantes such as the infamous [[Stuart's Stranglers]] declaring "War on the Rustlers" in 1884.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/gang-crackdown-when-stuarts-stranglers-raided-the-rustlers.htm|title=Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided|last=DeArment |first=R.K. |date=7 June 2007 |publisher=Wild West Magazine }} June 7, 2007</ref> Bandits taking refuge in the infamous hideout known as the  [[Hole-in-the-Wall]] were also preying upon the herds.<ref name="DavisR"/> [[Frank M. Canton]], Sheriff of Johnson County in the early 1880s and better known as a detective for the WSGA, was a prominent figure in supposedly eliminating these criminals from Wyoming. Before the events in Johnson County, Canton had already developed a reputation as a lethal gunman. At a young age he had worked as a [[cowboy]] in Texas, and in 1871 he started a career in robbery and cattle rustling, as well as killing a [[Buffalo Soldier]] on October 10, 1874. Historian [[Harry Sinclair Drago]] described Canton as a "merciless, congenital, emotionless killer. For pay, he murdered eight—very likely ten—men."<ref name="Canton">{{cite web|url=http://www.occidentalwyoming.com/wyomings-wild-past.html|title=Wyoming's Wild Past|publisher=Occidental Wyoming|access-date=April 3, 2015|archive-date=April 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410170337/http://www.occidentalwyoming.com/wyomings-wild-past.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==War==
===Early killings===
[[File:Ella Watson.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Ellen Watson|Ella Watson]] was lynched in 1889 by wealthy ranchers who accused her of cattle rustling, a charge that was later shown to be false.]]
[[File:Jim Averell.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ellen Watson#Life with Averell|Jim Averell]], a Johnson County businessman, was lynched in 1889 for cattle rustling, although he owned no cattle]]
On July 20, 1889, a range detective from the WSGA named George Henderson accused Ella Watson (better known as [[Ellen Watson|Cattle Kate]]), a local rancher, of stealing cattle from a fellow rancher by the name of Albert John Bothwell. The cattlemen sent riders to seize Watson before capturing her husband Jim Averell as well. Both of them were subsequently lynched. This gruesome act was one of the rare cases in the Old West in which a woman was lynched, an event that appalled many of the local residents<ref name="Agnew"/> and paved the way for future events in the war.<ref>Davis (2010) pp. 73-74</ref> County Sheriff Frank Hadsell arrested six men for the lynching and a trial date was set. However, before the trial, threats were sent to the witnesses who were to testify against the aggressors.<ref name=Brumbaugh>Davis (2010) p.76</ref> One of those witnesses was young Gene Crowder, who mysteriously disappeared under unknown circumstances before the trial.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=April 5, 2015 |url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/women/averill.html |title=Jim Averill & Ella Watson (Cattle Kate) |publisher=The Spell of the West |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411110749/http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/women/averill.html |archive-date=April 11, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another, Averell's nephew and foreman Frank Buchanan, disappeared from the county as well after a shootout with unknown suspects, and was presumed to be hiding or murdered.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=April 5, 2015 |url=http://spartacus-educational.com/WWbothwell.htm |title=Albert Bothwell |publisher=Spartan Educational |first=Jim |last=Simkin |year=1997}}</ref> Ralph Cole, another nephew of Averell's, died on the day of the trial from poisoning.<ref name=Brumbaugh/>

Enemies of the WSGA soon fought back. Henderson, the range detective who had accused Watson, was murdered near Sweetwater Creek in October 1890. The cattle barons soon tightened their control and hunted down those who tried to oppose them. The double lynching of the Averells was followed by the lynching of Tom Waggoner, a horse trader from Newcastle, Wyoming, in June 1891.<ref name="DavisR"/> A friend of Waggoner named Jimmy the Butcher, who was once arrested for rustling cattle belonging to the Standard Cattle Company, was also murdered.<ref name="DolsonTwo"/><ref>{{cite web |access-date=May 23, 2017 |url=http://www.cdapress.com/archive/article-5ee0c9f8-5c2d-11e6-866d-dfa9b08b3f85.html |title=SMALL, LARGE RANCHERS WAGED JOHNSON COUNTY WAR IN WYOMING |publisher=CDA Press |first=Syd |last=Albright |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145941/http://www.cdapress.com/archive/article-5ee0c9f8-5c2d-11e6-866d-dfa9b08b3f85.html |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }} August 07, 2016</ref> Range detective Tom Smith killed a suspected rustler, and when he was indicted for murder, political connections to the WSGA secured his release.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=April 5, 2015 |url=http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/johnson.html |title=Johnson County War |publisher=JCS Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031171545/http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/wars/johnson.html |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These killings precipitated more hostilities and violence in the years to come.<ref>David Lavender, ''American Heritage History of the Great West'', New Word City, Inc. (2014). Section V. ASIN B00PJOI4MS</ref>

After the lynchings of their prominent competitors, the WSGA's control over the range was undisputed, until a group of smaller ranchers formed the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA) to compete with the WSGA, led by a local cowboy named [[Nate Champion]]. Upon hearing this, members of the WSGA immediately viewed the new association as a threat to their hold on the stock interests. The WSGA then blacklisted members of the NWFSGA from the round-ups in order to stop their operations. However, the NWFSGA refused the orders to disband and instead publicly announced their plans to hold their own round-up in the spring of 1892.<ref name="Burt p.159"/>

Soon, the prominent cattlemen sent out an assassination squad to kill Champion on the morning of November 1, 1891.<ref>Davis (2010) p.101-102</ref> Champion and another man, named Ross Gilbertson, were sleeping in a cabin near the Middle Fork of the Powder River when a group of armed men went inside.<ref name="DavisR">{{cite web|url=http://www.wyohistory.org/essays/johnson-county-war|title=The Johnson County War: 1892 Invasion of Northern Wyoming |publisher=Wyoming History|first=John W.|last=Davis|access-date=April 3, 2015}}</ref> Only two were able to fit into the small cabin while four others stood by outside. Champion was immediately awakened by the intrusion, and as the gunmen pointed their weapons at him, Champion reached for his own pistol hidden under a pillow and a shootout commenced. Champion successfully shot two of the gunmen, mortally wounding and killing assassin Billy Lykins.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://truewestmagazine.com/wave-of-violence/|title=Wave of Violence|magazine=[[True West Magazine]]|first=Mark|last=Boardman|access-date=May 22, 2017|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626161643/https://truewestmagazine.com/wave-of-violence/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rest of the assassination squad subsequently fled. Champion was left uninjured except for some facial burns from gunpowder. In a subsequent investigation of the attack, the names of those involved were leaked to two ranchers: John A. Tisdale and Orley "Ranger" Jones. However, both men were ambushed and murdered while they were riding, which outraged many of the small ranchers and farmers in the county.<ref name="DavisR"/>

===Invaders===
[[File:Frank M Canton.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Frank M. Canton]], former Sheriff of Johnson County, was hired to lead the band of Texas killers]]

The WSGA, led by [[Frank Wolcott]] (WSGA member and large [[North Platte]] rancher), hired gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and breaking up the NWFSGA.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu"/> By that time, prominent names in Wyoming started taking sides. Acting governor [[Amos W. Barber]] supported the cattlemen, who blamed the small ranchers and homesteaders for the criminal activity in the state. Former cowboy, [[American Indian Wars|Indian War]] veteran, and Sheriff of [[Buffalo, Wyoming|Buffalo]] (the [[county seat]] of Johnson County), [[William "Red" Angus]], supported the homesteaders, and believed that the cattle barons were abusing the homesteaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/americanwest/johnsoncountyrev1.shtml |title=The Johnson County War (Wyoming) 1892 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126015237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/shp/americanwest/johnsoncountyrev1.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/william-angus/|title=William "Red" Angus – Fighting in the Johnson County War|publisher=Legends of America|access-date=May 28, 2022}}</ref>

In March 1892, the cattlemen sent agents to Texas from Cheyenne and Idaho to recruit gunmen and finally carry out their plans for exterminating the homesteaders.<ref name="WarDavis">Davis (2010) p.129</ref> This group became known as the "Invaders".<ref name="DavisR"/> The cattle barons had always used hired guns from Texas to take out suspected rustlers and scare away the nesters in Wyoming. One particular act of violence perpetrated by the Texans was recounted by cowboy John J. Baker, where the Texans ambushed and killed nine trappers whom they mistook for rustlers in Big Dry Creek, Wyoming.<ref name="DolsonTwo"/> They received a $450 bonus for the slaughter.

Soon, 23 gunmen from [[Paris, Texas]], and 4 cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as Wyoming dignitaries who also joined the expedition. State Senator Bob Tisdale, State Water Commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as [[William C. Irvine (politician)|William C. Irvine]] and Hubert Teshemacher, who had both been instrumental in the organization of the State of Wyoming four years earlier, also joined the band.<ref name="Troops Came Just In Time"/><ref name="Johnson County War"/> They were accompanied by surgeon [[Charles Bingham Penrose]] as well as Ed Towse, a reporter for the ''Cheyenne Sun'', and a [[newspaper]] [[reporter]] for the ''[[Chicago Times|Chicago Herald]]'', Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in eastern newspapers.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu"/>  A total expedition of 50 men was organized which consisted of cattlemen, range detectives, and the 23 hired guns from Texas. To lead the expedition, the WSGA hired Frank M. Canton. Canton's gripsack was later found to contain a list of 70 county residents to be either shot or hanged, and a contract to pay the Texans $5 a day plus a bonus of $50 for every rustler, real or alleged, they killed.<ref name="To Kill Seventy Rustlers"/> The group became known as the "Invaders", or alternately, "Wolcott's Regulators".<ref name="Agnew"/><ref name="Mem"/>

John Clay, a prominent Wyoming businessman, was suspected of playing a major role in planning the Johnson County invasion. Clay denied this, saying that in 1891 he advised Wolcott against the scheme and was out of the country when it was undertaken. He later helped the "Invaders" avoid punishment after their surrender.<ref name="Griske"/> The group organized in Cheyenne and proceeded by train to [[Casper, Wyoming]], and then toward Johnson County on horseback, cutting the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] lines north of [[Douglas, Wyoming]], in order to prevent an alarm.<ref name="FS">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.fieldandstream.com/articles/guns/2013/02/johnson-county-war|title=The Johnson County War: How Wyoming Settlers Battled an Illegal Death Squad |last=Herring |first=Hal |magazine=Field and Stream |access-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> While on horseback, Canton and the gunmen traveled ahead while the party of WSGA officials led by Wolcott followed a safe distance behind.

===Gunfight at the KC Ranch===
The first target of the WSGA was Nate Champion, who was at the KC Ranch at that time. They were tasked to perform the assassination that others had failed to carry out five months before. The group traveled to the ranch late Friday, April 8, 1892, quietly surrounded the buildings, and waited for daybreak.<ref name="The Trouble In Wyoming"/> Three men besides Champion were at the KC. Two men who were evidently going to spend the night on their way through were captured as they emerged from the cabin early that morning to collect water at the nearby Powder River, while the third, Nick Ray, was shot while standing inside the doorway of the cabin.<ref name="The Trouble In Wyoming"/> As the gunmen opened fire on the cabin, Champion dragged the mortally wounded Ray back to the cabin. Ray died hours later, and Champion was left besieged inside the log cabin alone.

Champion held out for several hours, wounding three of the vigilantes, and was said to have killed four others.<ref name="Canton"/> Another settler by the name of Jack Flagg passed by Champion's ranch on his wagon together with his stepson and witnessed the siege. The Invaders recognized Flagg as one of the men on the list and they started shooting at him. Flagg then rode away and, as the Invaders gave chase, he grabbed his rifle and beat them back. During the siege, Champion kept a poignant journal which contained a number of notes he wrote to friends while taking cover inside the cabin. "Boys, I feel pretty lonesome just now. I wish there was someone here with me so we could watch all sides at once," he wrote. The last journal entry read: "Well, they have just got through shelling the house like hail. I heard them splitting wood. I guess they are going to fire the house tonight. I think I will make a break when night comes, if alive. Shooting again. It's not night yet. The house is all fired. Goodbye, boys, if I never see you again."<ref name="Canton"/><ref name="Trachtman, Paul p. 212"/>

The Invaders continued to shoot at the cabin while others set it on fire using a wagon they managed to steal from Flagg. Champion signed his journal entry and put it in his pocket before running from the back door with a six-shooter in one hand and either a knife or a rifle in the other.<ref name="Trachtman, Paul p. 212"/> As he emerged, the Invaders shot him dead. The killers pinned a note on Champion's bullet-riddled chest that read, "Cattle thieves beware".<ref name="Burt p.159"/><ref name="Meyers"/> Flagg, after escaping his pursuers, rode to [[Buffalo, Wyoming|Buffalo]] where he reported Champion's dilemma to the townsfolk. Sheriff Angus then raised a [[Posse Comitatus (Common Law)|posse]] of 200 men, many of whom were [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veterans,<ref name="DavisR"/> over the next 24 hours and set out for the KC on Sunday night, April 10.<ref name="Belgrad"/>

===Siege of the TA Ranch===
[[File:TAranch.jpg|200px|thumb|A map of the TA Ranch during the Johnson County War, depicting the positions of the Invaders, the posse, and the 6th Cavalry]]
[[File:Barn, TA Ranch, Johnson County, WY.jpg|left|thumb|The barn at the [[TA Ranch Historic District|TA Ranch]], where the "regulators" were besieged by the sheriff's posse]]
{{further|Siege of the TA Ranch}}
The WSGA group then headed north on Sunday toward Buffalo to continue its show of force. By early morning of the 11th however, news quickly came of a large hostile force heading towards them. They quickly rode and took refuge in the [[TA Ranch Historic District|TA Ranch]] in [[Crazy Woman Creek]]. During their flight, one of the Texans by the name of Jim Dudley accidentally shot himself when his horse bucked and his rifle fell to the ground, discharging and hitting his knee. He was later escorted by two others to [[Fort McKinney (Wyoming)|Fort McKinney]] to seek treatment, but died in the fort one or two days later from gangrene.<ref>Smith, Helena Huntington. ''The War on Powder River''. University of Nebraska Press; First Paperback edition (December 1, 1967). pp. 211-212. {{ISBN|978-0803251885}}</ref>

The sheriff's posse finally reached the remaining Invaders holed up in a log barn at the TA Ranch, but the latter managed to hold them back, resulting in a siege that would last for three days. The posse surrounded the whole ranch, building pits on the ground for cover and killing the Invaders' horses to prevent them from escaping. The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that twenty men tried to escape behind a fusillade, but the posse beat them back and killed three to five.<ref name="The Trouble In Wyoming"/> Another Texas gunman, named Alex Lowther, accidentally shot himself mortally in the groin during the fight.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://truewestmagazine.com/article/lieutenant-charles-gatewood-and-the-johnson-county-war/|title=Lieutenant Charles Gatewood and the Johnson County War|magazine=[[True West Magazine]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}} October 2018</ref> As the siege dragged on, a settler rode off to Fort McKinney requesting to borrow a cannon but was turned down. A blacksmith named Rap Brown tried to build his own cannon, but it exploded when he first tested it. He then built a [[siege engine]] which the posse referred to as a "go-devil' or "ark of safety"<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Johnson County War: 1892 Invasion of Northern Wyoming {{!}} WyoHistory.org |url=https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/johnson-county-war-1892-invasion-northern-wyoming |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.wyohistory.org}}</ref> - a large, bullet-resistant wagon that would help the settlers get close to the ranch so they could throw dynamite at the Invaders.

Fortunately for the Invaders, one of their members, Mike Shonsey, managed to slip from the barn and was able to contact Governor Barber the next day. Frantic efforts to save the WSGA group ensued, and two days into the siege, late on the night of April 12, 1892, Governor Barber telegraphed [[President of the United States|President]] [[Benjamin Harrison]] a plea for help. For unknown reasons, the telegram failed to reach President Harrison, so Wyoming senators [[Joseph M. Carey]] and [[Francis E. Warren]] visited the [[White House]] in person and woke the President, informing him of the increasingly dangerous "insurrection" in Johnson County.<ref name="auto"/> Harrison immediately ordered the [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[Stephen B. Elkins]] to address the situation under [[Article Four of the United States Constitution|Article IV]], Section 4, Clause 2 of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which allows for the use of U.S. forces under the president's orders for "protection from invasion and domestic violence".<ref name="No Title"/> The [[Sixth Cavalry]] from [[Fort McKinney (Wyoming)|Fort McKinney]] near Buffalo, Wyoming, was ordered to proceed to the TA Ranch at once and take the WSGA expedition into custody. The Sixth Cavalry left Fort McKinney a few hours later at 2:00 on the morning of April 13 and reached the TA Ranch at 6:45&nbsp;A.M. Colonel J.J. Van Horn, the officer in charge of the unit, negotiated with Sheriff Angus to lift the siege, and in return the Invaders were to be handed to civilian authorities.<ref name="Troops Came Just In Time"/><ref name="Johnson County War"/> The Sixth Cavalry took possession of Wolcott and 45 other men with 45 rifles, 41 revolvers and some 5,000 rounds of ammunition, before escorting them first to Fort McKinney and then to Cheyenne.<ref name="BrookeNYT"/> The text of Barber's telegram to the President was printed on the front page of ''[[The New York Times]]'' on April 14,<ref name="No Title"/> and a first-hand account of the siege at the T.A. appeared in ''The Times'' and the ''[[Chicago Times|Chicago Herald]]'' and other papers.

==Arrest and legal action==
The WSGA group was taken to Cheyenne to be held at the barracks of [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russell]] (currently [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]]) since the [[Laramie County]] Jail was unable to hold that many prisoners. They received preferential treatment and were allowed to roam the base by day as long as they agreed to return to the jail to sleep at night. Johnson County officials were upset that the group was not kept locally at Ft. McKinney. The general in charge of the 6th Cavalry felt that tensions were too high for the prisoners to remain in the area. Hundreds of armed locals sympathetic to both sides of the conflict were said to have gone to Ft. McKinney over the next few days under the mistaken impression the Invaders were being held there.<ref name="Troops Came Just In Time"/><ref name="Johnson County War"/>

The Johnson County attorney began to gather evidence for the case and the details of the WSGA's plan emerged. Canton's gripsack was found to contain a list of seventy alleged rustlers who were to be shot or hanged, a list of ranch houses the Invaders had burned, and a contract to pay each Texan five dollars a day plus a bonus of $50 for each person killed.<ref name="To Kill Seventy Rustlers"/> The Invader's plans reportedly included the eventual murder of people as far away as Casper and Douglas. ''The Times'' reported on April 23 that "the evidence is said to implicate more than twenty prominent stockmen of Cheyenne whose names have not been mentioned heretofore, also several wealthy stockmen of Omaha, as well as to compromise men high in authority in the State of Wyoming. They will all be charged with aiding and abetting the invasion, and warrants will be issued for the arrest of all of them."<ref name="To Kill Seventy Rustlers"/>

The Invaders, however, were protected by a friendly judicial system, and they took advantage of the cattle barons' corruption.<ref name="DavisR"/> Charges against the men "high in authority" in Wyoming were never filed. Eventually they were released on bail and were told to return to Wyoming for the trial. Many fled to Texas and were never seen again. In the end, the WSGA group went free after the charges were dropped on the excuse that Johnson County refused to pay for the costs of the long prosecution. The costs of housing the men at Fort D.A. Russell were said to exceed $18,000 and the sparsely populated Johnson County was unable to pay for them<ref name="Johnson County War"/><ref name="Burt p.160"/>

==Final killings==
Tensions in Johnson County remained high. On May 9, U.S. Marshal George Wellman was ambushed and killed by locals en route to the town of Buffalo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.odmp.org/officer/13975-deputy-us-marshal-george-wellman |title=Deputy U.S. Marshal George Wellman, United States Department of Justice - United States Marshals Service, U.S. Government |publisher=[[The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc]] |access-date=May 6, 2024}}</ref> The incident received national attention, with Wellman being the only marshal to die in the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bay-journal.com/bay/1he/writings/wellman-george-a.html |title=U.S. Marshal George A. Wellman (1858-1892) |publisher=Bay Journal |first=Jim |last=Petrimoutlx |access-date=May 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204222231/http://bay-journal.com/bay/1he/writings/wellman-george-a.html |archive-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=usurped}} This source gives Wellman's day of death as May 10.</ref> Wellman had been one of the hired guns who joined the Invaders, and his death was grieved by a large crowd. The Sixth Cavalry, sent to relieve the county of its violence, was said to be influenced by intense local political and social pressure, and they were unable to keep the peace. One infamous event occurred when a group of men set fire to the post exchange and planted a homemade bomb in the cavalry's barracks. Noted officer [[Charles B. Gatewood]] was seriously injured by the bomb blast in the barracks, shattering his left arm and ending his cavalry career.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kraft |first=Louis |year=2000 |title=Gatewood & Geronimo |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |page=166 |isbn=978-0-8263-2130-5}}</ref>

The Ninth Cavalry of "[[Buffalo Soldiers]]" was ordered to Fort McKinney to replace the Sixth, commanded by Major Charles S. Isley.<ref name="Wyobro"/> In a fortnight the Buffalo Soldiers moved from Nebraska to the rail town of [[Arvada, Wyoming|Suggs, Wyoming]], where they created "Camp Bettens" to quell the local population. Reception from the settlers was negative and in one violent incident a gunfight erupted between them and some Buffalo Soldiers who entered the town. After being initially driven off, 20 more soldiers slipped from the camp to exact revenge, but the locals fought back, resulting in the death of one Buffalo Soldier named Private Willis Johnson, and the wounding of two other soldiers. The brief skirmish became known as the [[Battle of Suggs]]. Another two detachments were sent and this time the locals allowed the soldiers to investigate but no one was convicted.<ref name="Schubert"/><ref name="Fields">{{cite news |last=Linse |first=Tamara |url=https://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/range-and-race/article_d8aefd9f-1e2c-5da8-8528-fa7c35f10c6a.htm |title=Range and Race |newspaper=[[Casper Star-Tribune]] |date=February 24, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rea |first=Tom |url=http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/buffalo-soldiers-wyoming-and-west |title=Buffalo Soldiers in Wyoming and the West |encyclopedia=Wyoming History |date=January 30, 2015 |publisher=Wyoming Historical Society |access-date=May 6, 2024}}</ref> Another buffalo soldier, by the name of Brown, was also murdered, when a cowboy shot him while both were in a rifle range.<ref name="Forgotten Wars"/> Johnson and Brown were buried next to each other,<ref name="Yout">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNJS1VE1GkU |title=Buffalo Soldiers Battle Homesteaders at Suggs, WY |publisher=[[YouTube]] |first=John |last=Posey |date=July 5, 2022}}</ref> and these events forced the Army to retire the regiment from the place in November 1892.<ref name="Fields"/> Phil DuFran, a range detective and member of the Invaders, mysteriously disappeared.<ref name="Wyobro">{{cite web |url=https://wakeupwyo.com/the-battle-of-suggs-wyoming-homesteaders-vs-buffalo-soldiers/ |title=The Battle of Suggs Wyoming: Homesteaders Vs Buffalo Soldiers |website=Wake Up Wyoming |last=Woods |first=Glenn |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref>

In the fall of 1892, as the aftershocks of the stand-off were still being felt throughout the county, two alleged horse rustlers were gunned down by range detectives east of the [[Big Horn River]]. The killers escaped the law with assistance from [[Otto Franc]], a rancher who had sided with the large cattle company faction.<ref name="Davis 2010 p. 270">Davis (2010) p. 270</ref> On May 24, 1893, Champion's brother, Dudley, came to Wyoming looking for work and was shot and killed in cold blood. {{convert|15|mi}} from town, Dudley had come across the ranch of Mike Shonsey, who, after seeing him, immediately grabbed a gun and fired at him. A coroner's inquiry ruled Shonsey's actions were self-defense and he was acquitted of murder. Afterwards, Shonsey left the country before the officials could continue with the investigation.<ref name="Davis 2010 p. 270" /> A year before Nate Champion's death, Shonsey actually met him near the [[Beaver Creek Canyon]], where a fight almost commenced between the two as Champion suspected that Shonsey was one of the five men who had attacked him in his cabin.<ref>Davis (2010) p. 103</ref> He further threatened Shonsey and demanded he give up the names of the rest of the assassins. This event made Shonsey harbor hatred toward Champion and probably toward his brother Dudley as well. Dudley Champion was the last person killed in association with the Johnson County War.<ref name="Davis 2010 p. 270" />

==Aftermath==

Approximately 20-40 people were killed in the conflict, including those who were lynched.<ref name="Forgotten Wars"/> Emotions ran high for many years afterward. Some considered the large and wealthy ranchers as heroes who had sought what they regarded as justice by using violence to defend what they regarded as their rights to range land and water rights, while others saw the WSGA as heavy-handed outlaw vigilantes running roughshod over the law.<ref>Davis (2010) pp. 272-273</ref> A number of tall tales were spun by both sides afterwards to make their actions appear morally justified. Parties sympathetic to the invaders painted Watson as a prostitute and cattle rustler. They painted Averell as her murderous partner in crime and pimp and Nate Champion as the leader of a vast cattle rustling empire. They claimed that he was a leading member of the fabled "Red Sash Gang" of outlaws that supposedly included the likes of the [[Jesse James]] gang.<ref name="Canton"/><ref>Davis (2010) p. 128</ref> These claims have since been discredited.<ref name="Dolson, G. B. 2004"/>

While men frequently visited Watson's cabin, this was because she mended clothing for cowboys as a source of income. While some accounts do note that Champion wore a red sash at the time of his death, such sashes were common. While the Hole in the Wall Gang was known to hide out in Johnson County, there is no evidence that Champion had any relationship to them.<ref name="Dolson, G. B. 2004"/> Parties sympathetic to the smaller ranchers spun tales that included some of the West's most notorious gunslingers under the employ of the Invaders, including such legends as [[Tom Horn]] and [[Big Nose George Parrot|"Big Nose" George Parrot]]. Horn did briefly work as a detective for the WSGA in the 1890s but there is little evidence he was involved in the war.

===Political effects===
Although many of the leaders of the WSGA's hired force, such as [[William C. Irvine (politician)|William C. Irvine]], were Democrats, the ranchers who had hired the group were tied to the Republican Party and their opponents were mostly Democrats. Many viewed the rescue of the WSGA group at the order of President Harrison (a Republican) and the failure of the courts to prosecute them a serious political [[scandal]] with overtones of [[class conflict|class war]]. As a result of the scandal, the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] became popular in Wyoming for a time, winning [[John Eugene Osborne|the governorship in 1892]] and taking control of both houses of the state legislature in that election.<ref name="DolsonTwo"/> Wyoming voted for the Democrat [[William Jennings Bryan]] in the [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 U.S. presidential election]], and Johnson County was one of the two counties in the state with the largest Bryan majorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1896.htm |title=Presidential election of 1896 - Map by counties |access-date=2012-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155843/http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1896.htm |archive-date=2018-07-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Economic analysis===
Historian Daniel Belgrad argues that in the 1880s centralized range management was emerging as the solution to the [[overgrazing]] that had depleted open ranges. Moreover, cattle prices at the time were low. Larger ranchers also were hurt by mavericking (taking lost, unbranded calves from other ranchers' herds), and responded by organizing cooperative roundups, blacklisting, and lobbying for stricter anti-maverick laws. These ranchers formed the WSGA and hired gunmen to hunt down rustlers, but local farmers resented the ranchers' collective political power. The farmers moved toward decentralization and the use of private winter pastures.<ref name="Belgrad">Daniel Belgrad, "'Power's Larger Meaning': The Johnson County War as Political Violence in an Environmental Context," ''Western Historical Quarterly'' (2002) 33#2 pp. 159-177 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4144801 in JSTOR]</ref> Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills argue that the confrontation represented opposing property rights systems. The result was the end of the open-range system and the dominance of large-scale stock ranching and farming. The popular image of the war, however, remains that of vigilantism by aggressive landed interests against small individual settlers defending their rights.<ref>Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, "High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War," ''Journal of Economic History'' (2007) 67#1 pp. 69-92</ref>

By 1893, the WSGA was opened to the other small ranchers and farmers, finally ending their monopoly and control over Wyoming business interests.<ref name="DavisR"/> Previous practices of the WSGA, such as vigilantism and confiscation of cattle, were finally stopped. Many prominent leaders of the association such as Frank Wolcott, Frank M. Canton and Tom Smith later left the area.

==Legacy==
[[File:Nate Champion Memorial.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A {{convert|7|ft|adj=on}} bronze statue memorial of Nate Champion erected near the [[Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum]] to commemorate his bravery during the Johnson County War.<ref name="Mem"/>]]
The Johnson County War, with its overtones of [[class conflict|class warfare]] coupled with the intervention ordered by the [[President of the United States]] to save the lives of a gang of hired killers and set them free, is not a flattering reflection on the [[American Frontier#American frontier in popular culture|American myth of the west]].<ref name="Feral">{{cite web |url=http://feraljundi.com/1388/history-the-range-wars-of-the-old-american-west/|title=History: The Range Wars Of The Old American West |publisher=Feral Jundi |date= February 6, 2010|access-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> The Johnson County War has been one of the best-known [[range war]]s of the frontier.<ref name="Feral"/> It has been a popular feature of the [[Western (genre)|Western genre]] of fiction, which includes literature, films and television shows.<ref>Adamson, Lynda G., ''Literature Connections to American History, K-6'', Libraries Unlimited (1998) p.245. {{ISBN|978-1563085048}}</ref> ''[[The Banditti of the Plains]]'', written in 1894 by witness [[Asa Mercer]], is the earliest record of the Johnson County War. The book was suppressed for many years by the WSGA, who seized and destroyed all but a few of the [[first edition]] copies from the 1894 printing; they were rumored to have hijacked and destroyed the second printing as it was being shipped from a printer north of [[Denver, Colorado]].<ref name="Homsher"/> The book was reprinted several times in the 20th century and most recently in 2015. Frances McElrath's 1902 novel ''The Rustler'', took inspiration from the Johnson County War, and was sympathetic to the perspective of the small ranchers.<ref name="Lam"/>

''[[The Virginian (novel)|The Virginian]]'', a seminal 1902 western novel by [[Owen Wister]], took the side of the wealthy ranchers, creating a myth of the Johnson County War, but bore little resemblance to a factual account of the actual characters and events.<ref name="Lam">Frances McElrath, ''The Rustler: A Tale of Love and War in Wyoming'', Bison Books (2002). xii. {{ISBN|978-0803282841}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wister|first=Owen|title=The Virginian|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, NY|isbn=0-19-283226-3|page=48}}</ref> [[Jack Schaefer]]'s popular 1949 novel ''[[Shane (novel)|Shane]]'' treated themes associated with the Johnson County War and took the side of the settlers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nieveroja.colostate.edu/issue2/shane.htm|title=Shane Re-Envisioned|website=nieveroja.colostate.edu}}</ref> The 1953 film ''[[The Redhead from Wyoming]],'' starring Maureen O'Hara, dealt with similar themes; in one scene O'Hara's character is told, "It won't be long before they're calling you Cattle Kate." In the 1968 novel ''[[True Grit (novel)|True Grit]]'' by [[Charles Portis]], the main character, [[Rooster Cogburn (character)|Rooster Cogburn]], was involved in the Johnson County War. In the early 1890s Cogburn had gone north to Wyoming where he was "hired by stock owners to terrorize thieves and people called nesters and grangers... . I fear that Rooster did himself no credit in what they called the Johnson County War."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/feb/08/talking-about-true-grit/|title=Talking About 'True Grit' |last=McMurtry |first=Larry |date=8 February 2011 |publisher=New York Books|access-date=February 2, 2014 }} February 8, 2011</ref>

Films such as ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'' (1980) and ''The Johnson County War'' (TV-movie, 2002) painted the wealthy ranchers as the "bad guys".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/272369/Johnson-County-War/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408150240/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/272369/Johnson-County-War/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2015|title=Johnson County War (2002) |department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Tom Wiener|date=2015|access-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> ''Heaven's Gate'' was a dramatic romance loosely based on historical events, while ''The Johnson County War'' was based on the 1957 novel ''[[Riders of Judgment]]'' by [[Frederick Manfred]]. The range war was also portrayed in an episode of [[Jim Davis (actor)|Jim Davis]]'s [[Television syndication|syndicated]] [[Western (genre)|Western]] [[television series]] ''[[Stories of the Century]]'', with [[Henry Brandon (actor)|Henry Brandon]] as Nate Champion and [[Jean Parker]] as Ella Watson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianamilitary.org/WakemanHospital/SpecialPeople/Jean%20Parker/JeanParker.htm|title=Jean Parker: Movie Star |last=West |first=James |publisher=www.IndianaMilitary.org |date= May 16, 2011|access-date=May 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Jim Davis' Stories of the Century'', Vintage Magazine (May 5, 1964). Issue #9</ref> [[American Heroes Channel]] presented the Johnson County War in the sixth episode of their ''Blood Feuds'' series documentary.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/blood-feuds/episode-6-season-1/the-johnson-county-war/791814/|title=Blood Feuds Episode Guide |magazine=TV Guide }}</ref>

The story of the Johnson County War from the point of view of the small ranchers was chronicled by [[Kaycee, Wyoming|Kaycee]] resident [[Chris LeDoux]] in his song "Johnson County War" on the 1989 album ''Powder River''. The song included references to the burning of the KC Ranch, the capture of the WSGA men, the intervention of the U.S. Cavalry and the release of the cattlemen and hired guns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatsong.net/PAROLES-CHRIS-LEDOUX,JOHNSON-COUNTY-WAR,101882093.html|title=Parole Johnson County War Chris LeDoux |publisher=Great Song |access-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum]] in Buffalo featured dioramas and exhibits about the Johnson County War, as well as a {{convert|7|ft|adj=on}} bronze statue of Nate Champion.<ref name="Mem">{{cite web |url=http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/commemorating-the-johnson-county-war/article_31a396d4-065f-5cfc-b636-2bdeadb00afa.html|title=Commemorating the 'Johnson County War' |last=Myers |first=Sue |date=9 April 2007 |publisher=Casper Star Tribune|access-date=February 2, 2014 }} April 09, 2007</ref> Kaycee, Wyoming, the old site of the KC Ranch, also erected the ''Hoofprints of the Past'' Museum to commemorate the war.

==See also==
* [[List of feuds in the United States]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
* <ref name="RMBrown">Oxford University Press ''No Duty to Retreat: Violence and Values in American History and Society'' by Richard Maxwell Brown. [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryAmerican/Cultural/?view=usa&ci=9780195045109 ''Product Description''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121632/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryAmerican/Cultural/?view=usa&ci=9780195045109 |date=2007-09-29 }} 1992</ref>
* <ref name="Burt p.157">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.157</ref>
* <ref name="Burt p.156">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.156</ref>
* <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |title=Wyoming Cattlemen on a Campaign against Thieves |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 1, 1892 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C11FC3F5C17738DDDA80894DC405B8285F0D3 }}</ref>
* <ref name="Burt p.159">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.159</ref>
* <ref name="lib.utexas.edu">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tamucush/00155/tamu-00155.html Inventory of the Johnson County War Collection] [[Texas A&M University]] - [[Cushing Memorial Library]]"</ref>
* <ref name="Troops Came Just In Time">''[[The New York Times]]'' "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/15/104096236.pdf Troops Came Just In Time]". April 15, 1892</ref>
* <ref name="Johnson County War">Wyoming Tails and Trails ''[http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson2.html Johnson County War]''. January 6th, 2004</ref>
* <ref name="To Kill Seventy Rustlers">''[[The New York Times]]'' "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/23/104125125.pdf To Kill Seventy Rustlers]". April 23, 1892</ref>
* <ref name="Griske">{{cite book |last= Griske |first= Michael |title= The Diaries of John Hunton |publisher= Heritage Books |year= 2005 |pages= 122, 123 |isbn= 0-7884-3804-2 }}</ref>
* <ref name="The Trouble In Wyoming">''[[The New York Times]]'' "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/14/104095431.pdf The Trouble In Wyoming]". April 14, 1982.</ref>
* <ref name="Trachtman, Paul p. 212">Trachtman, Paul. ''The Gunfighters'' Time-Life Books 1974 p. 212. ASIN B001AATBV8</ref>
* <ref name="Meyers">Meyers, Sue "[http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2007/04/09/news/wyoming/53828b7f9a918dc9872572b700210d42.txt Commemorating the 'Johnson County War']".  ''[[Casper Star-Tribune]]'' April 9, 2007</ref>
* <ref name="No Title">''[[The New York Times]]'' "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/14/104095441.pdf No Title]" April 14, 1892</ref>
* <ref name="BrookeNYT">Brooke, John R. "[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/15/104096237.pdf No Title]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 15, 1892.</ref>
* <ref name="Burt p.160">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.160</ref>
* <ref name="Schubert">Schubert, Frank N. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/967068 The Suggs Affray: The Black Cavalry in the Johnson County War]" ''[[The Western Historical Quarterly]]'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1973), pp. 57-68</ref>
* <ref name="Dolson, G. B. 2004">Dolson, G. B. [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson2.html "Johnson County War" Wyoming Tales and Trails] January 6, 2004.</ref>
* <ref name="DolsonTwo">Dolson, G. B. [http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html "Johnson County War" Wyoming Tales and Trails] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082126/http://wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html |date=2014-01-08 }} January 6, 2004.</ref>
* <ref name="Homsher">Homsher, Lola M. Archives of the Wyoming Stock Growers' Association, ''[[The Mississippi Valley Historical Review]]'', Vol. 33, No. 2. (September 1946), pp. 281.</ref>
}}

===Further reading===
* {{Cite book |author-link=Mari Sandoz |first=Mari |last=Sandoz |title=The Cattlemen |year=1956 |location=New York |publisher=Hastings House|isbn=0803810873 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Helena Huntington |last=Smith |title=The War on Powder River |location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1967|isbn=0803251882 }}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Bill O'Neal |first=Bill |last=O'Neal |title=The Johnson County War |year=2004 |location=Austin, TX |publisher=Eakin Press |isbn=1-57168-876-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Davis |first=John W. |title=Wyoming Range War: The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County |location=Norman, OK |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8061-4106-0 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.wyohistory.org/essays/johnson-county-war The Johnson County War: 1892 Invasion of Northern Wyoming]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082126/http://wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson.html Photographs and a brief account of Johnson County War]

{{Gunfights and feuds in the Old West}}
{{American conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 in the United States]]
[[Category:Wyoming Territory]]
[[Category:Johnson County, Wyoming]]
[[Category:Range wars and feuds of the American Old West]]
[[Category:Feuds in the United States]]
[[Category:American cattlemen]]