Editing John Wayne

{{short description|American actor (1907–1979)}}
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{{other uses}}
{{distinguish|John Wain}}
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{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = John Wayne - still portrait.jpg
| alt                = Publicity photo of John Wayne
| caption            = Wayne {{circa|1965}}
| birth_name         = Marion Robert Morrison
| birth_date         = {{birth date|mf=y|1907|05|26}}
| birth_place        = [[Winterset, Iowa]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|mf=y|1979|06|11|1907|05|26}}
| death_place        = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| resting_place      = [[Pacific View Memorial Park]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|33.60953|-117.85336|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| other_names        = {{hlist|Marion Michael Morrison|"Duke" Wayne}}
| alma_mater         = [[University of Southern California]]
| awards             = [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]<br>[[Congressional Gold Medal]]<br>[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
| occupation         = {{hlist|Actor|producer|director}}
| years_active       = 1926–1979
| party              = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse             = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Josephine Sáenz|1933|1945|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Esperanza Baur]]|1946|1954|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Pilar Pallete]]|1954}}
}}
| children           = 7, including [[Michael Wayne|Michael]], [[Patrick Wayne|Patrick]], and [[Ethan Wayne|Ethan]]
| website            = {{Official website|johnwayne.com}}
| signature          = John Wayne signature.svg
| signature_alt      = John Wayne's signature
}}

'''Marion Robert Morrison'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/in-iowa-a-new-john-wayne-museum/|title=In Iowa, a New John Wayne Museum|last=Daniel|first=Diane|date=February 27, 2015|website=The New York Times|access-date=January 6, 2019|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802071614/https://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/in-iowa-a-new-john-wayne-museum/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|After Wayne gained fame under his stage name, studio publicists erroneously referred to his birth name as '''Marion Michael Morrison'''; Wayne went along with this himself, because he "really liked the name Michael".{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=647}} The error appeared in virtually every biography of Wayne until Roberts and Olson uncovered the facts in their 1995 biography ''John Wayne: American'', drawing on the draft of Wayne's unfinished autobiography among other sources.}} (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), professionally known as '''John Wayne''' and nicknamed "'''Duke'''", was an American actor who became a [[popular icon]] through his starring roles in films which were produced during [[Hollywood's Golden Age]], especially in [[Western film|Western]] and [[war film|war]] movies. His career flourished from the [[silent film era]] of the 1920s through the [[American New Wave]], as he appeared in a total of 179 film and television productions. He was among the top box-office draws for three decades<ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=John Wayne |publisher=The Numbers |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/people/0JWAY.php |access-date=March 29, 2012 |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923060440/http://www.the-numbers.com/people/0JWAY.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reelclassics.com/Articles/General/quigleytop10-article.htm |title=Quigley's Annual List of Box-Office Champions, 1932–1970 |publisher=Reel Classics |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428100859/http://www.reelclassics.com/Articles/General/quigleytop10-article.htm |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and appeared with many other important Hollywood stars of his era. In 1999, the [[American Film Institute]] selected Wayne as one of the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars|greatest male stars]] of classic American cinema.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 10, 2018|title=American Film Institute|url=https://www.afi.com/100Years/stars.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010155029/https://www.afi.com/100Years/stars.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2018|access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref>

Wayne was born in [[Winterset, Iowa]], but grew up in [[Southern California]]. After losing his [[Athletic scholarship|football scholarship]] to the [[University of Southern California]] due to a [[bodysurfing]] accident,{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|pp=63–64}} he began working for the [[20th Century Fox|Fox Film Corporation]]. He appeared mostly in small parts, but his first leading role came in [[Raoul Walsh]]'s Western ''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930), an early widescreen film epic that was a box-office failure. He played leading roles in numerous {{nowrap|[[B movie]]s}} during the 1930s, most of them also Westerns, without becoming a major name. [[John Ford]]'s ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' (1939) made Wayne a mainstream star, and he starred in 142 motion pictures altogether. According to biographer Ronald Davis, "John Wayne personified for millions the nation's frontier heritage."<ref>{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Ronald L. |title=Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lY5FE87p11gC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year=2012 |page=6 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128133303/https://books.google.com/books?id=lY5FE87p11gC&pg=PA6 |archive-date=November 28, 2015 |isbn=9780806186467}}</ref>

Wayne's other roles in Westerns included a cattleman driving his herd on the [[Chisholm Trail]] in ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948), a [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veteran whose niece is abducted by a tribe of [[Comanche]]s in ''[[The Searchers]]'' (1956), a troubled rancher competing with a lawyer ([[James Stewart]]) for a woman's hand in ''[[The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance]]'' (1962), and a [[Rooster Cogburn (character)|cantankerous one-eyed marshal]] in ''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]'' (1969), for which he received the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]. Wayne is also remembered for his roles in ''[[The Quiet Man]]'' (1952) with [[Maureen O'Hara]], ''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' (1959) with [[Dean Martin]], and ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in ''[[The Shootist]]'' (1976). Wayne made his last public appearance at the [[Academy Awards]] ceremony on April 9, 1979,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dHcXb9V_2kMC&pg=PA230 ''Duke, We're Glad We Knew You: John Wayne's Friends and Colleagues Remember His Remarkable life''&nbsp;&nbsp; by&nbsp;Herb&nbsp;Fagen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826054349/https://books.google.com/books?id=dHcXb9V_2kMC&pg=PA230 |date=August 26, 2016}} page&nbsp;230;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retrieved February 13, 2016</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/easyridersraging00biski/page/372 ''Easy Riders Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved Hollywood'' &nbsp;&nbsp; by Peter Biskind] page&nbsp;372;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retrieved February 13, 2016</ref> and died of stomach cancer two months later.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-john-wayne-19790612-story.html ''Los Angeles Times''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713231014/http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-john-wayne-19790612-story.html |date=July 13, 2017}} June 12, 1979;&nbsp;&nbsp;Retrieved&nbsp;February 13, 2016</ref> In 1980, he was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the highest civilian honor of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |title=John Wayne News |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/john_wayne/index.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616171548/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/john_wayne/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByS9UqIswqsC&pg=PA1061|title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1980–1981, Book 2: May 24 to September 26, 1980|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=1061|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104513/https://books.google.com/books?id=ByS9UqIswqsC&pg=PA1061|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:John Wayne birthplace.jpg|thumb|The house in [[Winterset, Iowa]], where Wayne was born]]
Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison<!--Please do not change without reading Talk page regarding Wayne's actual real name.--> on May 26, 1907, at 224 South Second Street in [[Winterset, Iowa]].<ref>Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate.</ref><!--Please do not change to Waterloo, Iowa, due to Michele Bachmann's erroneous public statement. Winterset is correct.--> The local paper, ''Winterset Madisonian'', reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30, 1907, that Wayne weighed 13&nbsp;lb (around 6&nbsp;kg) at birth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Personal and social |url=https://winterset.historyarchives.online/viewer?t=30118&i=t&by=1907&bdd=1900&d=05301907-05301907&fn=winterset_madisonian_usa_iowa_winterset_19070530_english_4&df=1&dt=8 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |work=Winterset Madisonian |date=May 30, 1907 |page=4 |location=[[Winterset, Iowa|Winterset]], Iowa |via=Winterset Public Library}}</ref> Wayne claimed his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Michael when his parents decided to name their next son Robert, but extensive research has found no such legal change, although it might have been changed informally or the documentation may have been lost. Wayne's legal name apparently remained Marion Robert Morrison his entire life{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|pp=8–9}}<ref>Wayne, John, ''My Kingdom'', unfinished draft autobiography, University of Texas Library.</ref> although to this day his original name is almost always referred to as Marion Michael Morrison.

Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was the son of Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845–1915), a veteran who'd served in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] army during the [[American Civil War]]. Wayne's mother, the former Mary "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885–1970), was from [[Lancaster County, Nebraska]]. Wayne had [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[English Americans|English]], and [[Irish Americans|Irish]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lX0dAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Clyde+%22Doc%22+Morrison+and+his+wife,+the+former+Mary+Brown%22|title=John Wayne: a tribute|first=Norm|last=Goldstein|page=12|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|date=1979|isbn=9780030530210|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804005854/https://books.google.com/books?id=lX0dAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Clyde+%22Doc%22+Morrison+and+his+wife,+the+former+Mary+Brown%22|url-status=live}}</ref> His great-great-grandfather Robert Morrison (b. 1782) left [[County Antrim]], Ireland, with his mother, arriving in New York in 1799 and eventually settling in [[Adams County, Ohio]]. The Morrisons were originally from the [[Isle of Lewis]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOPU1Zu7gjwC&q=john+wayne+ancestry+robert+morrison+ulster&pg=PA10|title=John Wayne: American|first=Randy|last=Roberts|date=1997|publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0803289707|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316114642/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOPU1Zu7gjwC&q=john+wayne+ancestry+robert+morrison+ulster&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref> He was raised [[Presbyterian]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/wayne.htm |title=John Wayne: American |work=WashingtonPost.com |date=May 13, 1997 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331042726/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/wayne.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wayne's family moved to [[Palmdale, California]], and then in 1916 to [[Glendale, California|Glendale]] at 404 Isabel Street, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended [[Glendale High School (Glendale, California)|Glendale Union High School]], where he performed well in both sports and academics. Wayne was part of his high school's football team and its debating team. He was also the president of the Latin Society and contributed to the school's newspaper sports column.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/14/john-wayne-10-surprising-facts/ |title=John Wayne: 10 surprising facts |last=Chilton |first=Martin |date=April 25, 2016 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=October 27, 2017 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003723/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/14/john-wayne-10-surprising-facts/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without his huge [[Airedale Terrier]], Duke.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=37}}<ref name="Munn">Munn, Michael (2003). ''John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth''. London: Robson Books. p. 7. {{ISBN|0-451-21244-4}}.</ref> He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teen, he worked in an ice-cream shop for a man who [[farrier|shod horses]] for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the [[Order of DeMolay]]. He played football for the 1924 league champion [[Glendale High School (Glendale, California)|Glendale High School]] team.<ref name="glendale">{{cite web |title=A Pictorial History of Glendale High School |publisher=Glendale High School |url=http://www.glendalehigh.com/ghshistory.html |access-date=May 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501221905/http://glendalehigh.com/ghshistory.html |archive-date=May 1, 2012}}</ref>

Wayne applied to the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]], but was not accepted due to poor grades. Instead, he attended the [[University of Southern California]] (USC), majoring in [[pre-law]]. He was a member of the [[Trojan Knights]] and [[Sigma Chi]] fraternities.<ref name=davis>{{cite book|author=Ronald L. Davis|title=Duke: The Life and Image of John Wayne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0wbaa9S53QC&pg=PA289|date=May 1, 2001|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3329-4|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=November 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108200940/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0wbaa9S53QC&pg=PA289|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|30}} Wayne, who stood {{height|ft=6|in=4+1/2|abbr=no}} tall, also played on the [[USC Trojans football|USC football team]] under coach [[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]]. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, a [[bodysurfing]] accident.<ref name="travers">{{cite book |last=Travers |first=Steven |title=USC Trojans: College Football's All-Time Greatest Dynasty |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |location=Lanham, MD |page=29 |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XonVHHUcBy8C&q=Gene+Clarke |isbn=978-1589795686 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126093249/https://books.google.com/books?id=XonVHHUcBy8C&q=Gene+Clarke |url-status=live}}</ref> He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university.<ref name=jwayne.com>Shephard, Richard. [http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml Biography] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108074813/http://www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml |date=November 8, 2017}}. JWayne.com. Retrieved March 11, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=John Wayne, an American Icon |url=http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html |date=August 1, 2008 |first=Rick |last=Jewell |journal=Trojan Family Magazine |publisher=[[University of Southern California]] |access-date=February 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210030155/http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html |archive-date=February 10, 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early works and first lead role ===
As a favor to coach Jones, who had given silent Western film star [[Tom Mix]] tickets to USC games, director [[John Ford]] and Mix hired Wayne as a prop boy and extra.<ref name=hughes/><ref>{{cite book |last=Eyman |first=Scott |title=John Wayne: The Life and Legend. 2014, pp. 33–34.}}</ref> Wayne later credited his walk, talk, and persona to his acquaintance with [[Wyatt Earp]], who was good friends with Tom Mix.<ref name=hughes>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Johnny |title=Famous gamblers, poker history, and texas stories. |date=2012 |publisher=Iuniverse |isbn=978-1475942156}}</ref> Wayne soon moved to [[bit part]]s, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, he had a minor, uncredited role as a guard in the 1926 film ''[[Bardelys the Magnificent]]''. Wayne also appeared with his USC teammates playing football in ''[[Brown of Harvard (1926 film)|Brown of Harvard]]'' (1926), ''[[The Dropkick]]'' (1927), and ''[[Salute (1929 film)|Salute]]'' (1929) and [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]]'s ''[[Maker of Men]]'' (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).<ref name=JWBio-TQL>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/21065/past/wayne/index.htm |title=Biography of John Wayne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161021/http://library.thinkquest.org/21065/past/wayne/index.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |publisher=Think Quest: Library}}</ref>[[File:The Big Trail (publicity photo - Wayne & Churchill).jpg|left|thumb|With [[Marguerite Churchill]] in the [[widescreen]] ''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930); John Wayne's first role as a leading man]]While working for [[Fox Film Corporation]] in bit roles, Wayne was given on-screen credit as "'''Duke Morrison'''" only once, in ''[[Words and Music (1929 film)|Words and Music]]'' (1929). Director [[Raoul Walsh]] saw him moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring role in ''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930). For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] General [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad" Anthony Wayne]]. Fox Studios chief [[Winfield Sheehan]] rejected it as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. Wayne was not even present for the discussion.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=84}} His pay was raised to $105 a week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vallartatribune.com/john-wayne-the-duke/ |title=JOHN WAYNE – The Duke – Vallarta Tribune |date=May 19, 2016 |work=Vallarta Tribune |access-date=October 27, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213201348/http://www.vallartatribune.com/john-wayne-the-duke/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Big Trail'' was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a then-staggering cost over $2&nbsp;million (over $32.8&nbsp;million equivalent in 2021),<ref>{{cite web |title=Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ |website=usinflationcalculator.com |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the [[American Southwest]], still largely unpopulated at the time. To take advantage of the breathtaking scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard [[35mm movie film|35 mm]] version and another in the new [[70 mm Grandeur film]] process, using an innovative camera and lenses. Many in the audience who saw it in Grandeur stood and cheered, but only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted at the time. The film was considered a huge box-office flop at the time, but came to be highly regarded by modern critics.<ref name=Clooney195>{{cite book |last=Clooney |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Clooney |title=The Movies That Changed Us: Reflections on the Screen |date=November 2002 |publisher=Atria Books, a trademark of Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-7434-1043-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/moviesthatchange00cloo/page/195 195] |url=https://archive.org/details/moviesthatchange00cloo/page/195}}</ref>

=== Subsequent films, breakthrough, and war years ===
[[File:The Big Trail lobby card (5).jpg|right|thumb|''The Big Trail'' (1930) lobby card]]
[[File:Girls Demand Excitement lobby card.jpg|right|thumb|Lobby card for ''[[Girls Demand Excitement]]'' (1931)]]
[[File:His Private Secretary (1933) still 1.jpg|right|thumb|With [[Evalyn Knapp]] and [[Natalie Kingston]] in ''[[His Private Secretary]]'' (1933)]]
[[File:John Wayne in Riders of Destiny (1933) 02.png|thumb|right|Wayne as "Singin' Sandy" Saunders in ''[[Riders of Destiny]]'' (1933)]]
[[File:John Wayne in The Star Packer 2.jpg|right|thumb|{{center|''[[The Star Packer]]'' (1934)}}]]
[[File:Conflict (1936) 1.jpg|thumb|right|With [[Jean Rogers]] and [[Ward Bond]] in ''[[Conflict (1936 film)|Conflict]]'' (1936)]]
[[File:Born to the West (1937) 1.jpg|thumb|right|With [[Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917)|Marsha Hunt]] in ''[[Born to the West]]'' (1937)]]
[[File:John Wayne - Joan Blondell - 1942.jpg|thumb|right|With [[Joan Blondell]] in ''Lady for a Night'' (1942)]]
[[File:Angel and the Badman 1947.jpg|thumb|John Wayne and [[Gail Russell]] in ''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' (1947)]]
After the commercial failure of ''The Big Trail'', Wayne was relegated to small roles in A pictures, including Columbia's ''[[The Deceiver (film)|The Deceiver]]'' (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the [[Serial film|serial]] ''[[The Three Musketeers (1933 serial)|The Three Musketeers]]'' (1933), an updated version of the [[Alexandre Dumas]] novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the [[French Foreign Legion]] in then-contemporary North Africa. He played the lead, with his name over the title, in many low-budget [[Poverty Row]] Westerns, mostly at [[Monogram Pictures]] and serials for [[Mascot Pictures Corporation]]. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about 80 of these [[horse opera]]s from 1930 to 1939.<ref>Clooney, p. 196.</ref> In ''[[Riders of Destiny]]'' (1933), he became one of the first [[singing cowboy]]s of film, albeit via dubbing.<ref name="peterson1997">{{cite book |title=Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity |author=Peterson, Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3zWpIOLB-MC&pg=PA84 |year=1997 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=84–86 |isbn=0-226-66284-5 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316114643/https://books.google.com/books?id=J3zWpIOLB-MC&pg=PA84 |url-status=live}}</ref> Wayne also appeared in some of the ''[[Three Mesquiteers]]'' Westerns, whose title was a [[Word play|play]] on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by [[Stunt performer|stuntmen]] in riding and other [[Western (genre)|Western]] skills.<ref name=JWBio-TQL /> Stuntman [[Yakima Canutt]] and Wayne developed and perfected stunts and onscreen fisticuffs techniques that are still in use.<ref>Canutt, Yakima, with Oliver Drake, ''Stuntman''. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8061-2927-1}}.</ref> One of the main innovations with which Wayne is credited in these early Poverty Row Westerns is allowing the good guys to fight as convincingly as the bad guys, by not always making them fight clean. Wayne claimed, "Before I came along, it was standard practice that the hero must always fight clean. The heavy was allowed to hit the hero in the head with a chair or throw a kerosene lamp at him or kick him in the stomach, but the hero could only knock the villain down politely and then wait until he rose. I changed all that. I threw chairs and lamps. I fought hard and I fought dirty. I fought to win."<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 21, 2019|title=On John Wayne, Cancel Culture, and the Art of Problematic Artists|url=https://lithub.com/on-john-wayne-cancel-culture-and-the-art-of-problematic-artists/|access-date=April 17, 2021|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=December 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223111211/https://lithub.com/on-john-wayne-cancel-culture-and-the-art-of-problematic-artists/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Wayne's second breakthrough role came with John Ford's ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' (1939). Because of Wayne's [[B-movie]] status and track record in low-budget Westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the major studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer [[Walter Wanger]] in which [[Claire Trevor]]—a much bigger star at the time—received top billing. ''Stagecoach'' was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a mainstream star. Cast member [[Louise Platt]] credited Ford as saying at the time that Wayne would become the biggest star ever because of his appeal as the archetypal "everyman".<ref name="Louise Platt letter">[http://www.thenedscottarchive.com/hollywood/films/movie-stagecoach.html#platt2 Letter, Louise Platt to Ned Scott Archive, July 7, 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234229/http://www.thenedscottarchive.com/hollywood/films/movie-stagecoach.html#platt2 |date=January 16, 2013 }} pp. 40:</ref>

America's entry into [[World War II]] resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]) and family status (classified as 3-A – family deferment). Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to enlist, on one occasion inquiring whether he could get into Ford's military unit.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=212}} Wayne did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but [[Republic Pictures|Republic Studios]] was emphatically resistant to losing him, since he was their only A-list actor under contract. [[Herbert J. Yates]], president of Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract,{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=220}} and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting Wayne's further deferment.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=213}}

U.S. National Archives records indicate that Wayne, in fact, did make an application<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/american-originals-traveling.html#wayne |title=Press Kits: American Originals Traveling Exhibit |date=October 25, 2010 |work=archives.gov |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424124230/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/american-originals-traveling.html#wayne |url-status=live }}</ref> to serve in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), precursor to the modern [[CIA]], but his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Wayne toured U.S. bases and hospitals in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944,{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=253}} with the [[USO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ozatwar.com/people/johnwayne.htm |title=John Wayne, in Australia during WWII |work=ozatwar.com |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025806/http://www.ozatwar.com/people/johnwayne.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2013/12/19/john-wayne-spends-christmas-in-brisbane/ |title=John Wayne spends Christmas in Brisbane – John Oxley Library |work=slq.qld.gov.au |date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208143144/http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2013/12/19/john-wayne-spends-christmas-in-brisbane/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jwayne.com/2010/03/01/john-wayne-world-war-ii-and-the-draft/ |title=John Wayne, World War II and the Draft |work=jwayne.com |date=March 2, 2010 |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=December 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215000755/http://jwayne.com/2010/03/01/john-wayne-world-war-ii-and-the-draft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> During this trip, he carried out a request from [[William J. Donovan]], head of the OSS, to assess whether General [[Douglas MacArthur]], commander of the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|South West Pacific Area]], or his staff were hindering the work of the OSS.<ref name="Munn"/>{{rp|88}} Donovan later issued Wayne an OSS Certificate of Service to memorialize Wayne's contribution to the OSS mission.<ref name="Munn"/>{{rp|88}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunsetters38bg.com/index.php/gallery/Military%20Life |title=Photo Gallery – Category: Military Life |work=sunsetters38bg.com |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=September 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907233735/http://www.sunsetters38bg.com/index.php/gallery/Military%20Life |url-status=live}}</ref>

By many accounts, his failure to serve in the military later became the most painful part of his life.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=212}} His widow later suggested that his patriotism in later decades sprang from guilt, writing: "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home."<ref>Wayne, Pilar, ''John Wayne'', pp. 43–47.</ref>

Wayne's first color film was ''[[The Shepherd of the Hills (1941 film)|The Shepherd of the Hills]]'' (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend [[Harry Carey (actor)|Harry Carey]]. The following year, he appeared in his only film directed by [[Cecil B. DeMille]], the [[Technicolor]] epic ''[[Reap the Wild Wind]]'' (1942), in which he co-starred with [[Ray Milland]] and [[Paulette Goddard]]; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values.

Like most Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne appeared as a guest on radio programs, such as: ''The [[Hedda Hopper]] Show'' and ''The [[Louella Parsons]] Show''. He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, mainly recreations for radio of his own film roles, on such programs as ''[[Screen Directors Playhouse]]'' and ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]''. For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own radio adventure series, ''Three Sheets to the Wind'', produced by film director [[Tay Garnett]]. In the series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne played Dan O'Brien, a detective who used alcoholism as a mask for his investigatory endeavors. The show was intended by Garnett to be a pilot of sorts for a film version, though the motion picture never came to fruition. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to have survived, though a demonstration episode with [[Brian Donlevy]] in the leading role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played the role throughout the series' run on [[NBC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dukefanclub.blogspot.com/2011/12/john-waynes-forgotten-radio-show.html |title=The New Frontier: John Wayne's Forgotten Radio Show |first=The New |last=Frontier |date=December 9, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041939/http://dukefanclub.blogspot.com/2011/12/john-waynes-forgotten-radio-show.html |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Angel and the Badman 1947 John Wayne.ogv|thumb|Wayne (right) acting in a short clip from ''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' (1947) (click to play)]]
[[File:Gail Russell-John Wayne in Wake of the Red Witch trailer.jpg|thumb|[[Gail Russell]] and John Wayne in ''[[Wake of the Red Witch]]'' (1948)]]
Director [[Robert Rossen]] offered to Wayne the starring role in ''[[All the King's Men (1949 film)|All the King's Men]]'' (1949), but Wayne refused, believing the script to be "un-American in many ways."{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}} [[Broderick Crawford]], who was eventually cast in the role, won the 1949 Oscar for Best Actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949).

=== 1950s ===
He lost the leading role of Jimmy Ringo in ''[[The Gunfighter]]'' (1950) to [[Gregory Peck]] due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief, [[Harry Cohn]], had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to [[Twentieth Century Fox]], which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted, but for which he refused to bend.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}}<ref>Hyams, J. ''[https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofweste0000hyam/page/109/ The Life and Times of the Western Movie]''. Gallery Books (1984), pp. 109–12. {{ISBN|0831755458}}</ref>

[[Batjac Productions|Batjac]], the production company co-founded by Wayne in 1952, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in ''[[Wake of the Red Witch]]'' (1948), a film based on the novel by [[Garland Roark]]. (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation.){{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}} Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne productions were ''[[Seven Men From Now]]'' (1956), which started the classic collaboration between director [[Budd Boetticher]] and star [[Randolph Scott]], and ''[[Gun the Man Down]]'' (1956) with contract player [[James Arness]] as an outlaw.

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in ''[[The High and the Mighty (film)|The High and the Mighty]]'' (1954), directed by [[William Wellman]], and based on a novel by [[Ernest K. Gann]]. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in ''[[Flying Tigers (film)|Flying Tigers]]'' (1942), ''[[Flying Leathernecks]]'' (1951), ''[[Island in the Sky (1953 film)|Island in the Sky]]'' (1953), ''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' (1957), and ''[[Jet Pilot (1957 film)|Jet Pilot]]'' (1957).

He appeared in nearly two dozen of John Ford's films over 20 years, including ''[[She Wore a Yellow Ribbon]]'' (1949), ''[[The Quiet Man]]'' (1952), and ''[[The Wings of Eagles]]'' (1957). The first movie in which he called someone "Pilgrim", Ford's ''[[The Searchers]]'' (1956), is often considered to contain Wayne's finest and most complex performance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KftACgAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|title=Not Thinkin'... Just Rememberin'... The Making of John Wayne's "The Alamo"|last=Farkis|first=John|date=March 25, 2015|publisher=BearManor Media|language=en|access-date=October 18, 2020|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316114757/https://books.google.com/books?id=KftACgAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|url-status=live}}</ref>

On May 14, 1958, [[Hal Kanter]]'s ''[[I Married a Woman]]'' starring [[George Gobel]] and [[Diana Dors]] had its Los Angeles opening. In it, Wayne had a cameo as himself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/52604-I-MARRIED-A-WOMAN?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On October 2, [[John Huston]]'s ''[[The Barbarian and the Geisha]]'', in which Wayne played the lead and clashed with his director all the way, had its New York opening.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/52474-THE-BARBARIAN-AND-THE-GEISHA?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

[[Howard Hawks]]'s ''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' premiered on March 18, 1959. In it, Wayne plays the lead with a supporting cast including [[Dean Martin]], [[Ricky Nelson]], [[Angie Dickinson]], [[Walter Brennan]] and [[Ward Bond]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/53001-RIO-BRAVO?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> John Ford's ''[[The Horse Soldiers]]'' had its world premiere in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]] on June 18. Set during the Civil War, Wayne shares the lead with [[William Holden]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/52920-THE-HORSE-SOLDIERS?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

Wayne notoriously portrayed [[Genghis Khan]] in ''[[The Conqueror (1956 film)|The Conqueror]]'' (1956), which was panned by critics.

=== 1960s ===
[[File:The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (publicity photo - Wayne & Stewart).jpg|right|thumb|275px|Wayne and James Stewart in ''The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'' (1962)]]
In 1960, Wayne directed and produced ''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]'' portraying [[Davy Crockett]], with [[Richard Widmark]] as [[Jim Bowie]]. Wayne was nominated for an Oscar as the producer in the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/53074-THE-ALAMO?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> That year Wayne also played the lead in [[Henry Hathaway]]'s ''[[North to Alaska]]'' also starring [[Stewart Granger]] and [[Ernie Kovacs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/53235-NORTH-TO-ALASKA?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> In 1961, Wayne shared the lead with [[Stuart Whitman]] in [[Michael Curtiz]]'s [[The Comancheros (film)|''The Comancheros'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23776-THE-COMANCHEROS?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

On May 23, 1962, Wayne starred in John Ford's ''The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance'' with James Stewart.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23755-THE-MAN-WHO-SHOT-LIBERTY-VALANCE?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> May 29 marked the premiere of Howard Hawks's ''[[Hatari!]]'', shot on location in Africa with Wayne playing the lead capturing wild animals from the beds of trucks; all the scenes with animals in the film are real.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/19931-HATARI?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On October 4, [[The Longest Day (film)|''The Longest Day'']] started its theatrical run, with Wayne memorably acting with an ensemble cast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23731-THE-LONGEST-DAY?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> Although the other top-level actors in the film accepted a token payment of only $10,000 each to play their roles, making the all-star cast feasible for the budget, Wayne was paid a quarter of a million dollars due to an earlier dispute with producer [[Darryl F. Zanuck]]. During this time, the cast of the television drama, ''[[Combat!]]'', were preparing for the inaugural season. The principal cast (including [[Vic Morrow]]) were to go through a week of basic training at the Army's Infantry Training Center at [[Fort Ord]] in northern California.<ref name="Penton">{{cite news |last1=Penton |first1=Edgar |title=Combat: Unit Is Mythical, But GIs Got 'Basic,' Just the Same |access-date=August 21, 2019 |work=Green Bay Press-Gazette |date=January 27, 1963 |url=http://newspapers.com}}</ref> Morrow noted that the instructors who worked with the cast at Fort Ord had one common request: not to act like John Wayne. "Poor John," Morrow told a reporter. "I wonder if he knows he's almost a dirty word in the Army."<ref name="Penton"/>

On February 20, 1963, Wayne acted in a segment of [[How the West Was Won (film)|''How the West Was Won'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23992-HOW-THE-WEST-WAS-WON?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> directed by John Ford. On June 12, Wayne played the lead in his final John Ford film, ''[[Donovan's Reef]]'', co-starring [[Lee Marvin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/22926-DONOVANS-REEF?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On November 13, another film starring Wayne premiered, [[Andrew V. McLaglen]]'s ''[[McLintock!]]'', once again opposite [[Maureen O'Hara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/21556-MCLINTOCK?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

In 1964, Wayne played the leading role in Henry Hathaway's [[Circus World (film)|''Circus World'']] with [[Claudia Cardinale]] and [[Rita Hayworth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/18529-CIRCUS-WORLD?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

On February 15, 1965, Wayne played the brief cameo role of a centurion in [[George Stevens]]'s ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/22336-THE-GREATEST-STORY-EVER-TOLD?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On April 6, he shared the screen with [[Kirk Douglas]] and [[Patricia Neal]] in [[Otto Preminger]]'s ''[[In Harm's Way]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/22425-IN-HARMS-WAY?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On June 13, he acted in Henry Hathaway's ''[[The Sons of Katie Elder]]'' with [[Dean Martin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/18772-THE-SONS-OF-KATIE-ELDER?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

In 1966, Wayne appeared in a cameo role for [[Melville Shavelson]]'s ''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' starring Kirk Douglas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/22317-CAST-A-GIANT-SHADOW?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

On May 24, 1967, Wayne played the lead in [[Burt Kennedy]]'s ''[[The War Wagon]]'' with Kirk Douglas as the second lead.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23130-THE-WAR-WAGON?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> His second movie that year, Howard Hawks's [[El Dorado (1966 film)|''El Dorado'']], a highly successful partial [[remake]] of ''Rio Bravo'' with [[Robert Mitchum]] playing Dean Martin's original role, premiered on June 7.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23714-EL-DORADO?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

In 1968, Wayne co-directed with [[Ray Kellogg (director)|Ray Kellogg]] ''[[The Green Berets (film)|The Green Berets]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23668-THE-GREEN-BERETS?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> the only major film made during the [[Vietnam War]] in support of the war.<ref name="jwayne.com" /> Wayne wanted to make this movie because at that time Hollywood had little interest in making movies about the Vietnam War.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Inventing Vietnam: The War in Film and Television|date=1991|publisher=Temple University Press|jstor = j.ctt14btcb5|isbn=978-0-87722-861-5}}</ref> During the filming of ''The Green Berets'', the [[Degar]] or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}} Also that year, Wayne played the lead in Andrew V. McLaglen's [[Hellfighters (film)|''Hellfighters'']], a film about the crews who put out oil rig fires.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/19430-HELLFIGHTERS?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> [[Katharine Ross]] played a supporting role.

On June 13, 1969, Henry Hathaway's ''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]'' premiered. For his role as Rooster Cogburn, Wayne won [[Academy Award for Best Actor|the Best Actor Oscar]] at the [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23723-TRUE-GRIT?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> In November of that year another film starring Wayne was released, Andrew V. McLaglen's ''[[The Undefeated (1969 film)|The Undefeated]]'' with [[Rock Hudson]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/20617-THE-UNDEFEATED?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 4, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

=== 1970s: later career ===
[[File:JohnWayneRichardBooneKBF1971.jpg|thumb|right|Wayne and [[Richard Boone]] at ''[[Big Jake]]'' screening, 1971]]
On June 24, 1970, Andrew V. McLaglen's ''[[Chisum]]'' started to play in cinemas. Wayne took the role of the owner of a cattle ranch, who finds out that a businessman is trying to own neighboring land illegally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/20696-CHISUM?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On September 16, [[Howard Hawks]]' ''[[Rio Lobo]]'' premiered. Wayne played Col. Cord McNally, who confronts Confederate soldiers who stole a shipment of gold at the end of the Civil War.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/20676-RIO-LOBO?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> This was another remake of ''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' albeit without a second lead the box office caliber of Dean Martin or Robert Mitchum.

In June 1971, [[George Sherman]]'s ''[[Big Jake]]'' made its debut. Wayne played the role of an estranged father who must track down a gang who kidnapped his grandson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54053-BIG-JAKE?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> The film was a critically acclaimed hit.

In 1972, Wayne starred in [[Mark Rydell]]'s ''[[The Cowboys]].'' [[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'', who did not particularly care for the film, wrote: "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|date=January 14, 1972|title=' The Cowboys':Wayne Stars in Rydell Work at Music Hall|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/14/archives/the-cowboyswayne-stars-in-rydell-work-at-music-hall.html|access-date=June 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The same year, he was selected in the last round of the [[1972 NFL Draft|NFL draft]] by the [[Atlanta Falcons]] for his past football experience, though the pick was disallowed by league officials as he was 64 years old at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shepard|first=Will|date=April 20, 2021|title=John Wayne 'of Fort Apache State' Was Selected in the Final Round of 1972 NFL Draft at 64-Years-Old|url=https://outsider.com/news/entertainment/john-wayne-fort-apache-state-selected-final-round-1972-nfl-draft-at-64/|access-date=February 18, 2022|website=Outsider|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 7, 1973, Burt Kennedy's ''[[The Train Robbers]]'' opened; Wayne appeared alongside [[Ann-Margret]], [[Rod Taylor]] and [[Ben Johnson (actor)|Ben Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/55068-THE-TRAIN-ROBBERS?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On June 27, Andrew V. McLaglen's ''[[Cahill U.S. Marshal]]'' premiered, with Wayne, [[George Kennedy]] and [[Gary Grimes]]. It was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54883-CAHILL-UNITED-STATES-MARSHAL?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

In 1974, Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in [[John Sturges]]'s crime drama ''[[McQ]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/67614-MCQ?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref>

On March 25, 1975, [[Douglas Hickox]]'s [[Brannigan (film)|''Brannigan'']] premiered. In it, Wayne played a Chicago police lieutenant named Jim Brannigan on the hunt in London for an organized-crime leader.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/55519-BRANNIGAN?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> On October 17, ''[[Rooster Cogburn (film)|Rooster Cogburn]]'' started its theatrical run; Wayne reprised his role as [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI{{!}}Catalog|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/55625-ROOSTER-COGBURN?cxt=filmography|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=catalog.afi.com}}</ref> with strong elements of the plot of ''[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]'' along with [[Katharine Hepburn]] as his leading lady.

In 1976, Wayne starred in [[Don Siegel]]'s ''[[The Shootist]]'', also starring [[Lauren Bacall]], [[Ron Howard]] and [[James Stewart]]. It was Wayne's final cinematic role, whose main character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer, to which Wayne himself succumbed three years later. It contains numerous plot similarities to ''[[The Gunfighter]]'' of nearly 30 years before, a role which Wayne had wanted, but turned down.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}} Upon its theatrical release, it grossed $13,406,138 domestically. About $6 million were earned as US [[Gross rental|theatrical rentals]].<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1975/0SHT.php Box Office Information for ''The Shootist''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213959/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1975/0SHT.php|date=May 25, 2014}} The Numbers. Retrieved September 18, 2013.</ref> The film received positive reviews.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shootist/ Movie Reviews for ''The Shootist''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519052017/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shootist/|date=May 19, 2008}} [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Retrieved September 18, 2013.</ref> It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review. Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' ranked ''The Shootist'' number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976.<ref>[http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/eberts-10-best-lists-1967-present Roger Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to present.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113224948/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/eberts-10-best-lists-1967-present|date=January 13, 2014}} [[Roger Ebert]]'s Journal. Retrieved September 18, 2013.</ref> The film was nominated for an Oscar, a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]], a [[BAFTA Film Award|BAFTA film award]], and a [[Writers Guild of America]] award.

==Personal life==
Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His wives included one of [[Spanish American]] descent, Josephine Alicia Saenz, and two from Latin America, [[Esperanza Baur]] and [[Pilar Pallete]]. He had four children with Josephine: [[Michael Wayne]] (1934–2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (1936–2000), [[Patrick Wayne]] (born 1939), and Melinda Wayne Munoz (1940–2022). He had three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born 1956), [[Ethan Wayne|John Ethan Wayne]] (born 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born 1966).

[[File:Walter Knott with John and Ethan Wayne, Log Ride opening, Knott's Berry Farm, 1969.jpg|thumb|John and Ethan Wayne with [[Walter Knott]] in 1969]] Several of Wayne's children entered the film and television industry. Son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films, and played one of the leads in the 1990s update of the ''[[Adam-12 (1990 TV series)|Adam-12]]'' television series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/new-adam-12/|title=New Adam-12|last=TV.com|website=TV.com|access-date=February 1, 2020|archive-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217122954/http://www.tv.com/shows/new-adam-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ethan has also appeared on the [[History Channel]] show ''[[Pawn Stars]]'' to help authenticate merchandise supposedly related to his father's career. Granddaughter Jennifer Wayne, daughter of Aissa, is a member of the country music group [[Runaway June]].<ref name="jennifer wayne">{{cite web |last1=Konicki |first1=Lisa |title=Who's New: Runaway June |url=http://www.nashcountrydaily.com/2016/06/06/whos-new-runaway-june/ |website=Nash Country Daily |access-date=January 23, 2019 |date=June 6, 2016 |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911171410/http://www.nashcountrydaily.com/2016/06/06/whos-new-runaway-june/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:JohnPilarWayneKBF1971.jpg|thumb|left|Wayne with third wife [[Pilar Pallete]] at [[Knott's Berry Farm]] in 1971]] In 1973, Wayne was encouraged by Pilar, an avid tennis player, to build the [[John Wayne Tennis Club]] in Newport Beach, California. In 1995, the club was sold to [[Ken Stuart (tennis)|Ken Stuart]], former general manager, and became the [[Palisades Tennis Club]]. In ''The Quiet Man'' (1952), Wayne tells Michaeleen "Óg", (Irish;Young),<ref>{{https://translate.google.com/?sl=auto&tl=en&text=%C3%93g&op=translate}}</ref> Flynn (portrayed by [[Barry Fitzgerald]]) that he is six feet "four and a half" (194&nbsp;cm), an assertion corroborated by Pilar's book ''John Wayne: My Life With the Duke''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Wayne|first1=Pilar|url=http://archive.org/details/johnwaynemylifew00wayn|title=John Wayne : my life with the Duke|last2=Thorleifson|first2=Alex|date=1989|publisher=Bath : Chivers|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-7451-7157-9}}</ref>

His divorce from Esperanza Baur, a Mexican former actress, was stormy. She believed that Wayne and co-star [[Gail Russell]] were having an affair, a claim that both Wayne and Russell denied. The night the film ''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' (1947) wrapped, the usual party was held for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was in a drunken rage by the time he arrived, and she attempted to shoot him as he walked through the front door.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995}}

Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with [[Merle Oberon]] that lasted from 1938 to 1947.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|pp=195–197}} After his separation from Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically involved and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995) until his death in 1979.<ref name="jwayne.com" /> Stacy published a book about her life with him in 1983, titled ''Duke: A Love Story''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Duke: a love story: an intimate memoir of John Wayne's last years|publisher=[[WorldCat]]|oclc = 9082896}}</ref>

Wayne's hair began to thin in the 1940s, and he had begun to wear a hairpiece by the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.click4hair.com/blog/famous-actors-whove-worn-hair-piece/|title=Famous Actors Who've Worn a Hair Piece|work=Click4hair Informational Blog|date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=November 23, 2014|archive-date=December 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220043833/http://www.click4hair.com/blog/famous-actors-whove-worn-hair-piece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (such as, according to ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', at [[Gary Cooper]]'s funeral). During an appearance at [[Harvard University]], Wayne was asked by a student, "Is it true that your toupée is real [[mohair]]?" He responded: "[...] sir, that's real hair. Not mine, but real hair."<ref>Transcribed from CBS video of the event posted on YouTube at {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dINMVPRA3DY |title=John Wayne visits the Harvard Lampoon |website=YouTube |date=September 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518153621/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dINMVPRA3DY |archive-date=May 18, 2016 |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref>

A close friend, California Congressman [[Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.]], wrote of Wayne: "Duke's personality and sense of humor were very close to what the general public saw on the big screen. It is perhaps best shown in these words he had engraved on a plaque: 'Each of us is a mixture of some good and some not so good qualities. In considering one's fellow man, it's important to remember the good things.&nbsp;... We should refrain from making judgments just because a fella happens to be a dirty, rotten S.O.B.'"<ref>Alphonzo Bell, with Marc L. Weber, ''The Bel-Air Kid: An Autobiography'', Trafford Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-55369-378-9}}.</ref>

Wayne was fond of literature, his favorite authors being [[Charles Dickens]], [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], and [[Agatha Christie]]. His favorite books were ''[[David Copperfield]]'', and Conan Doyle's [[historical novels]] ''[[The White Company]]'' and ''[[Sir Nigel]]''.

Wayne was a [[List of famous amateur chess players|chess player]]. [[Roger Ebert]] recalls that on the set of ''[[Chisum]]'', "we were playing a chess game, both of us bending over the board on an upended apple crate. Wayne, slouched in his old stitched leather director's chair, had a crowd of kibitzers: wranglers, extras, old cronies, drinking buddies, a couple of Mexican stuntmen. He studied the board, roared with laughter, and said, 'God...damn it! You've trapped my queen!' We studied the board. I made a decisive move. 'Why the ''hell'' did I just say that?' he asked. If I hadn't-a...said it, you wouldn't-a...seen it.'"<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=Life Itself: A Memoir |pages=248}}</ref> According to [[Michael Munn]], when Wayne was asked about [[Rock Hudson]]'s sexuality, he replied, "Who the hell cares if he's a queer? The man plays great chess."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Munn |first=Michael |title=John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth |year=2004 |pages=290}}</ref>

He used the same [[Colt Single Action Army|1873 Colt Single Action Army revolver]] in many of the Westerns in which he appeared.<ref>[[Reader's Digest]] magazine</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ammunitiontogo.com/lodge/guns-john-wayne-used-in-movies/ |title=Guns John Wayne Used in Movies |date=May 8, 2019 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115235634/https://www.ammunitiontogo.com/lodge/guns-john-wayne-used-in-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wayne had been a chain smoker of cigarettes since young adulthood and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964. He underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung<ref name="cr">{{cite journal|url=http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/fall2008/Pages/TheDuke'sFinalShowdown.aspx |title=The Duke's Final Showdown|first= Sue|last= Rochman|date=Fall 2008 |publisher=[[American Association for Cancer Research]] |access-date=July 30, 2011|journal=CR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117202540/http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/fall2008/Pages/TheDuke%27sFinalShowdown.aspx?Page=1|archive-date=January 17, 2012}}</ref> and two ribs. Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness for fear that it would cost him work, Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer-free. Wayne has been credited with coining the term "the Big C" as a euphemism for cancer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24985184?ocid=socialflow_twitter_bbcworld|title=Viewpoint: Did Richard Nixon change the way people describe cancer?|author=Graystone, Andrew|date=November 19, 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=February 12, 2014|archive-date=February 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217080313/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24985184?ocid=socialflow_twitter_bbcworld|url-status=live}}</ref> Wayne biographer Michael Munn chronicled Wayne's drinking habits.<ref name="Munn" /> According to [[Sam O'Steen]]'s memoir, ''Cut to the Chase'', studio directors knew to shoot Wayne's scenes before noon, because by afternoon, he "was a mean drunk".<ref>"Cut to the Chase" by Sam O'Steen. Los Angeles: Michael Wiese Productions (February 2002) {{ISBN|0-941188-37-X}}, p. 11.</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] quotes him as saying: "Tequila makes your head hurt. Not from your hangover. From falling over and hitting your head."<ref name="auto"/>

He was a very active [[Freemasonry|Freemason]]. He was made a Master Mason at Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56 F&AM, in [[Tucson, Arizona]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | title = List of notable freemasons |access-date = October 4, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | website = freemasonry.bcy.ca | archive-date = October 4, 2001 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons/ | title = List of famous freemasons| website = Lodge No 11 F.A.A.M., Washington D.C. | quotation= 33 Deg. Marion McDaniel Lodge No. 56, Tucson, AZ. Came through the system from DeMolay. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151116030150/http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons/ | archive-date = November 16, 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html | title = Mason in the history | website = MASTERmason.com | access-date = October 4, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160104173702/http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html | archive-date = January 4, 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref> He became a 32nd Degree [[Scottish Rite]] Mason and later joined the [[Shriners|Al Malaikah Shrine Temple]] in Los Angeles, along with fellow actor [[Roy Rogers]]. He later became a member of the [[York Rite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wayne_j/wayne_j.html |title=John Wayne |publisher=Freemasonry.bcy.ca |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018214353/http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/wayne_j/wayne_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/07/11/quando-toto-aveva-il-grembiule.html | title = When Totò had the apron | date = April 5, 1999 | language = it| quotation = John Wayne, the horseman of Hollywood, the hero of ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'', symbol of the Yankee soldier, took up the degree of Master. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927142555/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/07/11/quando-toto-aveva-il-grembiule.html | archive-date = September 27, 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>  During his childhood, he was a member of a local [[DeMolay International|Demolay]] chapter in [[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]].

During the early 1960s, Wayne traveled often to [[Panama]], and he purchased the island of [[Taborcillo]] off that nation's Pacific coast. It was sold by his estate at his death.

Wayne's yacht, the [[USS YMS-328|''Wild Goose'']], was one of his favorite possessions. He kept it docked in [[Newport Beach, California#Newport Harbor and Newport Bay|Newport Beach Harbor]], and it was listed on the U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/08/john-waynes-beloved-yacht-get-historical-protections.html|title=John Wayne's beloved yacht gets historical protection|access-date=December 13, 2011|date=August 11, 2011|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-date=July 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723020757/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/08/john-waynes-beloved-yacht-get-historical-protections.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political and social views==
[[File:John wayne challenge of ideas screenshot 2.jpg|thumb|right|Wayne in ''The Challenge of Ideas'' (1961)]]
[[File:Richard M. Nixon and Henry Kissinger meeting with Marion "John" Wayne - NARA - 194768.tif|thumb|Wayne meeting with President [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger]] in [[San Clemente, California]], July 1972]]
[[File:John Wayne at the podium of the 1968 Republican National Convention - Miami Beach, Florida.jpg|thumb|Wayne addressing the [[1968 Republican National Convention|Republican Convention]] in Miami, 1968]]
Throughout most of his life, Wayne was a vocally prominent [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in Hollywood, supporting [[anti-communist]] positions.<ref name="autogenerated265">[[Jim Beaver]], "John Wayne". ''Films in Review'', Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265–284.</ref> However, he voted for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in the [[1936 United States presidential election|1936 presidential election]] and expressed admiration for Roosevelt's successor, fellow Democratic President [[Harry S. Truman]], despite having supported Republican candidate [[Thomas E. Dewey]] in 1948.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite news| last1=Thomas| first1=Bob| date=October 24, 1948| title=Hollywood Is Pitching Into Political Race| newspaper=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19481024&id=hyIhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3687,1753456| access-date=August 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.playboy.co.uk/life-and-style/interview/64826/1/Playboy-Interview-John-Wayne/commentsPage/1/contentPage/4 |title=Interview: John Wayne |magazine=Playboy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718002740/http://www.playboy.co.uk/life-and-style/interview/64826/1/Playboy-Interview-John-Wayne/commentsPage/1/contentPage/4 |archive-date=July 18, 2010 |access-date=April 2, 2014}}</ref> He took part in creating the conservative [[Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals]] in February 1944 before being elected its president in 1949. An ardent anti-communist and vocal supporter of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC), he made ''[[Big Jim McLain]]'' (1952) with himself as a HUAC investigator to demonstrate his support for the cause of anti-communism. His personal views found expression as a proactive inside enforcer of the "[[Hollywood blacklist|Black List]]", denying employment and undermining careers of many actors and writers who had expressed their personal political beliefs earlier in life. Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] is alleged to have said that Wayne should be assassinated for his frequently espoused anti-communist politics, despite being a fan of his movies.<ref>Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2003). ''Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar''. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|1-84212-726-8}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/06/04/bfstalin04.xml&page=5 "Why Stalin loved Tarzan and wanted John Wayne shot"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602054832/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2004%2F06%2F04%2Fbfstalin04.xml&page=5 |date=June 2, 2008}}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', April 6, 2004.</ref> Wayne was a supporter of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=John Wayne's racist comments, lack of World War II service resurface in heated Twitter debate |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/19/john-waynes-racist-comments-lack-of-world-war-ii-service-resurface-in-heated-twitter-debate/ |work=[[The Mercury News]] |date=February 19, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702115245/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/19/john-waynes-racist-comments-lack-of-world-war-ii-service-resurface-in-heated-twitter-debate/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wayne supported Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1960 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1960]], but expressed his vision of patriotism when [[John F. Kennedy]] won the election: "I didn't vote for him, but he's my president, and I hope he does a good job."<ref>{{cite book |title=Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |page=583}}</ref> He used his star power to support conservative causes, including rallying support for the [[Vietnam War]] by producing, co-directing, and starring in the financially successful film ''[[The Green Berets (film)|The Green Berets]]'' (1968).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/john-wayne-9525664#related-video-gallery|title=John Wayne|date=September 11, 2019|orig-date=Originally published April 2, 2014|website=Biography|publisher=A&E Television Networks|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128202408/http://www.biography.com/people/john-wayne-9525664#related-video-gallery|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1960, he joined the anti-communist [[John Birch Society]], but quit after the organization denounced [[fluoridation]] of water supplies as a communist plot.<ref name="WaPo" /> In 1964, Wayne was a staunch supporter of [[Barry Goldwater]], and actively campaigned for him.<ref>When Hollywood was Right- How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics; Donald T. Critchlow, 2013</ref>

Due to his status as the highest-profile Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy [[Texas]] Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, like his friend and fellow actor Senator [[George Murphy]]. He declined, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the [[White House]]. Instead, he supported his friend [[Ronald Reagan]]'s campaigns for [[Governor of California]] in 1966 and 1970. He was asked to be the running mate for Democratic [[Alabama]] Governor [[George Wallace]], who had been nominated for president by the [[American Independent Party]], in his 1968 campaign, but he immediately rejected the offer<ref name="autogenerated265" /> and actively campaigned for Richard Nixon;<ref>Judis, John.&nbsp;– [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=18360&prog=zgp&proj=zusr "Kevin Phillips, Ex-Populist: Elite Model"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411040728/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=18360&prog=zgp&proj=zusr |date=April 11, 2007 }}.&nbsp;– ''[[The New Republic]]''.&nbsp;– (c/o Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)&nbsp;– May 22, 2006.</ref> Wayne addressed the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] on its opening day.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/wayne.htm |title=John Wayne, Man and Myth |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Pat |last=Dowell |date=September 25, 1995 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113091159/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/wayne.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1971, Wayne wrote to President Richard Nixon, who was a friend, to oppose Nixon's planned [[Nixon goes to China|trip to China]]. Wayne enclosed some hate literature on "that Jew, [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]]," who had negotiated the historic meeting with Chinese leaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambrose |first=Stephen E. |title=Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1989 |isbn=0-671-52837-8 |location=New York |pages=480}}</ref>

Wayne openly differed with many conservatives over the issue of returning the [[Panama Canal]], as he supported the [[Torrijos–Carter Treaties|Panama Canal Treaty]] in the mid-1970s;<ref>Warner, Edwin.&nbsp;– [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945800,00.html "That Troublesome Panama Canal Treaty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206215737/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945800,00.html |date=February 6, 2008 }}.&nbsp;– ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.&nbsp;– October 31, 1977.</ref> while Republican leaders such as Reagan, [[Jesse Helms]], and [[Strom Thurmond]] had wanted the U.S. to retain full control of the canal, Wayne and fellow conservative [[William F. Buckley]] believed that the Panamanians had the right to the canal and sided with President [[Jimmy Carter]]. Wayne was a close friend of Panamanian leader [[Omar Torrijos|Omar Torrijos Herrera]], and Wayne's first wife Josephine was a native of Panama. His support of the treaty brought him hate mail for the first time in his life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/us/reagan-angered-john-wayne.html |title=Reagan Angered John Wayne&nbsp;– New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 1987 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421100011/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/16/us/reagan-angered-john-wayne.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Glad, Betty (2009) ''An Outsider in the White House'', Cornell University Press</ref>

In 1973, actor [[Marlon Brando]] refused an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] he had won, due to "the treatment of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] today by the film industry"; Brando did not attend the award ceremony but asked [[Native American civil rights]] activist [[Sacheen Littlefeather]] to attend and deliver a refusal speech in the event that he won. Wayne was allegedly waiting in the wings and was so angry about her presence there that Littlefeather said "he was coming towards me to forcibly take me off the stage, and he had to be restrained by six security men to prevent him from doing so."<ref>{{Cite news |title='I promised Brando I would not touch his Oscar': the secret life of Sacheen Littlefeather |last=Rose |first=Steve |newspaper=The Guardian |date=June 3, 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/03/i-promised-brando-i-would-not-touch-his-oscar-secret-life-sacheen-littlefeather}}</ref> However, an investigation in 2022 found that this is unlikely to have happened, and Littlefeather had no way of witnessing this take place.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-08-23/column-did-john-wayne-try-to-assault-sacheen-littlefeather-at-the-1973-oscars-debunking-a-hollywood-myth | title=Column: Did John Wayne try to assault Sacheen Littlefeather at the 1973 Oscars? Debunking a Hollywood myth | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=August 23, 2022 }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] wrote that Wayne had a sense of humor about his politics. He recalls Wayne giving him a tour of his house: "He pointed out autographed photos of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]], and [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. I said I had to take a pee. On the wall of the bathroom opening off the den, he had a photo of [[Hubert Humphrey]], inscribed 'with warm appreciation for your continued Support.'"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=June 9, 2009 |title=Shall we gather at the river? |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/shall-we-gather-at-the-river}}</ref> Colorado Congresswoman [[Pat Schroeder]] recalled that "John Wayne gave me a silver cigarette lighter during the Vietnam War that said 'Fuck Communism' on it. I didn't know how to do that. I still don't."<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 7, 1986 |title=Notable Quotables |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1986/9/7/notable-quotables-pican-we-leave-the/}}</ref>

Left-wing activist [[Abbie Hoffman]] paid tribute to Wayne's singularity, saying, "I like Wayne's wholeness, his style. As for his politics, well—I suppose even cavemen felt a little admiration for the dinosaurs that were trying to gobble them up."<ref>''Time'' magazine, August 8, 1969.</ref> [[Maoist]] [[avant garde]] film maker and critic [[Jean Luc Godard]], in his ''[[Cahiers du Cinéma]]'' text "3000 heures de cinéma" ("3000 hours of cinema"), [[Rhetorical question|asked rhetorically]]:<ref name=hfa>{{cite web |url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/calendar/the-searchers-1999-06|title=The Searchers|date=June 21, 1999 |website=[[Harvard Film Archive]]|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref><blockquote>How can I hate John Wayne upholding [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] and yet love him when abruptly he takes Natalie Wood in his arms in the last reel of ''The Searchers''?</blockquote>

===1971 ''Playboy'' interview===
[[File:John Wayne in Vietnam by Fleetwood (NARA).gif|thumb|Wayne signing the helmet of Pfc. Fonzell Wofford during a visit at [[Chu Lai]], South Vietnam, in June 1966]]
In May 1971, ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine published an interview with Wayne, in which he expressed his support for the [[Vietnam War]],{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=580}} and made headlines for his opinions about social issues and race relations in the United States:<ref name="LAT 2019-02-31" />

{{blockquote|With a lot of blacks, there's quite a bit of resentment along with their dissent, and possibly rightfully so. But we can't all of a sudden get down on our knees and turn everything over to the leadership of the blacks. I believe in [[white supremacy]] until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility.

 ... I don't feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from the Indians. Our so-called stealing of this country from them was just a matter of survival. There were great numbers of people who needed new land, and the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves.<ref name=davis/>{{rp|289}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Anatol Lieven|title=America Right Or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism NEW EDITION|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnBVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|date=September 27, 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966025-4|page=187|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112090109/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnBVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='I believe in white supremacy': John Wayne's notorious 1971 Playboy interview goes viral on Twitter |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/02/20/i-believe-white-supremacy-john-waynes-notorious-playboy-interview-goes-viral-twitter/ |access-date=July 28, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Nelson">{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Rett |title=Critics call for John Wayne Airport to be renamed after interview resurfaces |url=https://www.eastidahonews.com/2019/03/critics-call-for-john-wayne-airport-to-be-renamed-after-interview-resurfaces/ |access-date=March 2, 2019 |publisher=East Idaho News |date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302220247/https://www.eastidahonews.com/2019/03/critics-call-for-john-wayne-airport-to-be-renamed-after-interview-resurfaces/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In the same ''Playboy'' interview, he also responded to questions about whether [[Social programs in the United States|social programs]] were good for the country:
{{blockquote|I know all about that. In the late '20s, when I was a sophomore at USC, I was a socialist myself—but not when I left. The average college kid idealistically wishes everybody could have ice cream and cake for every meal, but as he gets older and gives more thought to his and his fellow man's responsibilities, he finds that it can't work out that way—that some people just won't carry their load&nbsp;... I believe in welfare—a [[Workfare|welfare work]] program. I don't think a fella should be able to sit on his backside and receive welfare. I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial [[Sob sister (journalism)|sob sister]]s. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim.{{sfn|Roberts|Olson|1995|p=580}}}}

In February 2019, the ''Playboy'' interview resurfaced,<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 21, 2019|title=On John Wayne, Cancel Culture, and the Art of Problematic Artists|url=https://lithub.com/on-john-wayne-cancel-culture-and-the-art-of-problematic-artists/|access-date=March 27, 2021|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archive-date=December 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223111211/https://lithub.com/on-john-wayne-cancel-culture-and-the-art-of-problematic-artists/|url-status=live}}</ref> which resulted in calls for [[John Wayne Airport]] to be renamed.<ref name="Colgrass">{{cite news |last1=Colgrass |first1=Neal |title=John Wayne's Son Defends Dad Over Shocking Interview |url=http://www.newser.com/story/272032/john-waynes-son-defends-dad-over-shocking-interview.html |access-date=March 2, 2019 |publisher=Newser |date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303004755/http://www.newser.com/story/272032/john-waynes-son-defends-dad-over-shocking-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> John Wayne's son, Ethan, defended him, stating: "It would be an injustice to judge someone based on an interview that's being used out of context."<ref name="Vogt">{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |title=John Wayne's son defends his father over remarks in 1970s interview |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/02/us/john-wayne-son-smerconish-cnntv/index.html |access-date=March 2, 2019 |publisher=CNN |date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303035907/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/02/us/john-wayne-son-smerconish-cnntv/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The calls for changing the airport's name back to Orange County Airport were renewed during the [[George Floyd protests]] in June 2020,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choe|first=Brandon|date=June 27, 2020|title=John Wayne Airport Name Change Again Demanded By Orange County Democrats|language=en|work=Deadline|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/orange-county-democrats-calls-for-john-wayne-airport-name-change-oca-1202971917/|url-status=live|access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627233539/https://deadline.com/2020/06/orange-county-democrats-calls-for-john-wayne-airport-name-change-oca-1202971917/|archive-date=June 27, 2020}}</ref> though the name, as of 2025, remains unchanged.

In October 2019, student activists of Wayne's [[alma mater]] [[University of Southern California]] called for removing from the university's premises an exhibit dedicated to Wayne, citing the interview as cause.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=October 10, 2019|title=USC Students Want John Wayne Exhibit Removed, Cite His "Enduring Legacy Of White Supremacy"|url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/usc-john-wayne-exhibit-white-supremacy-1202756470/|access-date=November 2, 2019|website=Deadline|archive-date=October 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010111836/https://deadline.com/2019/10/usc-john-wayne-exhibit-white-supremacy-1202756470/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, it was announced that the materials of the 2012-created exhibit would be moved to the USC Cinematic Arts Library for "research," to "allow scholarship to continue on the role John Wayne’s films played in the history of cinema."<ref name=repo>{{cite news |last=Drury|first=Sharareh |date=July 11, 2020|title=USC Removing John Wayne Exhibit After Student Protests Over Actor’s Racist Comments|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/usc-removing-john-wayne-exhibit-student-protests-actors-racist-comments-1302888/ |work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Andone|first=Dakin|date=July 12, 2020|title=USC will remove a John Wayne exhibit after actor's racist comments resurfaced|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/us/john-wayne-exhibit-usc-trnd/index.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=July 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712225826/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/12/us/john-wayne-exhibit-usc-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
Although he enrolled in a [[cancer vaccine]] study in an attempt to ward off the disease,<ref name="cr"/> Wayne died of [[stomach cancer]] on June 11, 1979, aged 72, at the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center|UCLA Medical Center]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Wayne Dead of Cancer on Coast at 72|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/23/reviews/wayne-obit.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908001051/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/23/reviews/wayne-obit.html|archive-date=September 8, 2017|access-date=October 27, 2017|website=www.nytimes.com}}</ref> He was buried in the [[Pacific View Memorial Park]] Cemetery in [[Corona del Mar, Newport Beach]]. According to his son Patrick and his grandson Matthew Muñoz, who was a priest in the California [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange|Diocese of Orange]], Wayne converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] shortly before his death.<ref>{{cite web |title=The religion of John Wayne, actor |url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/John_Wayne.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023053732/http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/John_Wayne.html |archive-date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=October 20, 2008 |publisher=Adherents.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kerr |first=David |date=October 4, 2011 |title=My granddaddy John Wayne |url=http://www.calcatholic.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?id=9e13fe4d-3aac-4aec-abab-032cc267b317 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041651/http://www.calcatholic.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?id=9e13fe4d-3aac-4aec-abab-032cc267b317 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=October 4, 2011 |work=California Catholic Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everyone called him 'Duke': John Wayne's conversion to Catholicism |url=https://www.osv.com/osvnewsweekly/byissue/article/tabid/735/artmid/13636/articleid/14534/everyone-called-him-duke-john-waynes-conversion-to-catholicism.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144020/https://www.osv.com/osvnewsweekly/byissue/article/tabid/735/artmid/13636/articleid/14534/everyone-called-him-duke-john-waynes-conversion-to-catholicism.aspx |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Our Sunday Visitor]]}}</ref> He requested that his tombstone read "''Feo, Fuerte y Formal'' ", a Spanish epitaph Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong, and dignified".<ref>[[Nash Candelaria|Candelaria, Nash]]. "John Wayne, Person and Personal The love affairs of an American legend" in ''Hopscotch: A Cultural Review'', Volume 2, Number 4, 2001, pp. 2–13, Duke University Press.</ref> His grave, which was unmarked for 20 years, has been marked since 1999 with the quotation:

{{Blockquote|Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from yesterday.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary Wayne |url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/buried2/pacificview.shtml |title=Pacific View cemetery: Stars' Graves |publisher=Seeing-stars.com |access-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505034704/http://www.seeing-stars.com/Buried2/PacificView.shtml |archive-date=May 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apex.net.au/~mhumphry/wayne.html |title=Actor John Wayne |publisher=Apex.net.au |access-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403155326/http://www.apex.net.au/~mhumphry/wayne.html |archive-date=April 3, 2012}}</ref>}}

==Legacy==
===Acting evaluation===
[[File:The Big Trail lobby card (2).jpg|right|thumb|Lobby card for ''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930) with [[Tully Marshall]] and Wayne]]
[[File:Sagebrush Trail lobby card.jpg|right|thumb|Lobby card for ''[[Sagebrush Trail]]'' (1933) with Wayne and [[Yakima Canutt]]]]
[[File:John Wayne - 1961.JPG|thumb|right|Wayne in ''[[The Comancheros (film)|The Comancheros]]'' (1961)]]
In 1974, film critic [[Charles Champlin]] wrote of Wayne: "Wayne is a motion picture actor, first, last and always, who defined as powerfully as anyone else what that means. From the lean and intense early days, in those low-cost dusters which still play on morning television, Wayne has had a presence which got through the lenses and shutters and onto the film undiminished."<ref>John Wayne Dies at 72 of Cancer; Los Angeles Times, June 12, 1979</ref> [[John Ford]] said of him: "He's not something out of a book, governed by acting rules. He portrays John Wayne, a rugged American guy. He's not one of those method actors, like they send out here from drama schools in New York. He's real, perfectly natural." [[Lee Strasberg]] observed that Wayne was similar to fellow actors [[Spencer Tracy]] and [[Gary Cooper]], who "try not to act but be themselves".

Wayne thought of himself as a reactor rather than an actor, and felt that the difference between good and bad acting was in acting and reacting. He explained this difference: "In a bad picture, you see them acting all over the place. In a good picture, they react in a logical way to a situation they're in, so the audience can identify with the actors." When asked about his approach to acting, Wayne commented: "I read dramatic lines undramatically and react to situations normally. This is not as simple as it sounds. I've spent a major portion of my life trying to do it well and I am not past learning it yet." Much like many actors of his generation, Wayne disliked [[method acting]], and once said of them: "Let those actors who picked their noses get all the dialogue, just give me the close-up of reaction."<ref>John Wayne: Prophet of the American Way of Life; Emmanuel Levy, Jay Levy, 1988</ref>

[[Howard Hawks]], who directed him in five films, felt that after losing one of his lungs, Wayne became a much better actor. Hawks explained: "Because of the lung Wayne lost, he reads his lines differently. He pauses in the strangest places simply because he hasn't got the breath he used to have. This device is terribly effective, because you keep your eyes on him and wait for him to finish, because you don't know what's coming next." [[Raoul Walsh]] noted: "Wayne underacts, and it's mighty effective, not because he tries to underact{{mdash}}it's a hard thing to do if you try{{mdash}}but because he can't overact."<ref>John Wayne: The Life and the Legend; Scott Eyman, 2015</ref>

Despite his popularity at the box office, Wayne was often criticized for [[Typecasting|playing the same type of character]] during most of his career. In a 1969 interview with [[Roger Ebert]], Wayne remarked: "Of course, they give me that John Wayne stuff so much, claim I always play the same role. Seems like nobody remembers how different the fellows were in ''[[The Quiet Man]]'' or ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]],'' or ''[[She Wore a Yellow Ribbon|Yellow Ribbon]],'' where I was 35 playing a man of 65. To stay a star, you have to bring along some of your own personality. Thousands of good actors can carry a scene, but a star has to carry the scene and still, without intruding, allow some of his character into it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=June 29, 1969 |title=Interview with John Wayne |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/interview-with-john-wayne-1969}}</ref>

[[Gene Hackman]] said that Wayne "was one of the best actors ever. You must admire how really good he was as an actor, in command of the scene and with such great charisma."<ref>Price, Michael H., ''Hackman's 30-Year Love Affair With Acting'', Deseret News, August 11, 1992. https://www.deseret.com/1992/8/11/18999047/hackman-s-30-year-love-affair-with-acting</ref>

===Awards, celebrations, and landmarks===
[[File:How the West Was Won premiere photo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Irene Dunne]], Wayne, [[Rosalind Russell]] and [[James Stewart]] at ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' premiere, 1962]]
Wayne's enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the U.S. government in the form of the two highest civilian decorations. On his 72nd birthday on May 26, 1979, Wayne was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including [[Maureen O'Hara]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Mike Frankovich]], [[Katharine Hepburn]], General and Mrs. [[Omar Bradley]], [[Gregory Peck]], [[Robert Stack]], [[James Arness]], and [[Kirk Douglas]], testified to Congress in support of the award. [[Robert Aldrich]], president of the [[Directors Guild of America]], made a particularly notable statement:

{{blockquote|It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat, and to my knowledge, share none of the political views espoused by Duke. However, whether he is ill disposed or healthy, John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharpshooting in this community. Because of his courage, his dignity, his integrity, and because of his talents as an actor, his strength as a leader, his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career, he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking whether they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues over and over, and I'm proud to consider him a friend and am very much in favor of my government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr. Wayne has made.<ref name="rutherford">{{cite web |last=Whitehead |first=John W. |title=John Wayne Was True Grit |work=The Rutherford Institute |date=June 6, 2011 |url=https://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/john_wayne_was_true_grit |access-date=May 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407114507/https://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/john_wayne_was_true_grit |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

Wayne was posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] on June 9, 1980, by President [[Jimmy Carter]]. He had attended Carter's inaugural ball in 1977 "as a member of the [[loyal opposition]]", as he described it. In 1998, he was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the Navy and military during his film career. In 1999, the [[American Film Institute]] named Wayne 13th among the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars|Greatest Male Screen Legends]] of classic Hollywood cinema.

In the essay "John Wayne: A Love Song", [[Joan Didion]] recalls the first time she saw Wayne in a movie: "it was there, that summer of 1943 while the hot wind blew outside, that I first saw John Wayne. Saw the walk, heard the voice. Heard him tell the girl in a picture called ''[[In Old Oklahoma|War of the Wildcats]]'' that he would build her a house, 'at the bend in the river where the cottonwoods grow.' As it happened I did not grow up to be kind of woman who is the heroine in a Western, and although the men I have known have had many virtues and have taken me to live in many places I have come to love, they have never been John Wayne, and they have never taken me to that bend in the river where the cottonwoods grow. Deep in that part of my heart where the artificial rain forever falls, that is still the line I want to hear... When John Wayne rode through my childhood, and perhaps through yours, he determined forever the shapes of certain of our dreams. It did not seem possible that such a man could fall ill, could carry within him that most inexplicable and ungovernable of diseases."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Didion |first=Joan |title=[[Slouching Towards Bethlehem]] |year=1968 |pages=29–30}}</ref>
{{quote box|width=30em|fontsize=100%| bgcolor=cornsilk|align=left|salign=right|quote=Wayne's most enduring image is that of the displaced loner uncomfortable with the very civilization he is helping to establish and preserve...At his first appearance, we usually sense a very private person with some wound, loss or grievance from the past. At his very best he is much closer to a tragic vision of life...projecting the kind of mystery associated with great acting.|source=– Film historian [[Andrew Sarris]] (1979)<ref>[[Andrew Sarris|Sarris, Andrew]] (1979) in ''The New Republic'' August 4 & 11, 1979. Reprinted in ''American Movie Critics: An Anthology From the Silents Until Now''. 2006. Ed: [[Phillip Lopate]] The Library of America. p.312 {{ISBN|1-931082-92-8}}</ref>}}
Various public locations are named in honor of Wayne, including the [[John Wayne Airport]] in [[Orange County, California]], where a {{convert|9|ft|adj=on}} bronze equestrian statue of him stands at the entrance;<ref name="LAT 2019-02-31">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-hiltzik-john-wayne-oc-airport-20190221-story.html|title=It's time to take John Wayne's name off the Orange County airport|last=Hiltzik|first=Michael|date=February 21, 2019|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=February 23, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223042118/https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-hiltzik-john-wayne-oc-airport-20190221-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the John Wayne Marina<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portofpa.com/marinas/john-wayne-marina.html |title=John Wayne Marina |publisher=Portofpa.com |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724051935/http://www.portofpa.com/marinas/john-wayne-marina.html |archive-date=July 24, 2011}}</ref> for which Wayne bequeathed the land, near [[Sequim, Washington]]; [[John Wayne Elementary School]] ([[P.S. 380]]) in [[Brooklyn]], New York, which boasts a {{convert|38|ft|adj=on}} [[mosaic]] mural commission by New York artist [[Knox Martin]]<ref>{{cite web |author=www.esensedesigns.com |url=http://www.knoxmartin.com/exhibitions.html |title=Exhibitions |publisher=Knoxmartin.com |date=September 21, 2008 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723033451/http://www.knoxmartin.com/exhibitions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> entitled "John Wayne and the American Frontier";<ref>{{cite web |url=http://schools.nyc.gov/community/facilities/PublicArt/Art/artitem.htm?ac=314&an=20056 |title=John Wayne, Knox Martin&nbsp;– Public Art for Public Schools |publisher=Schools.nyc.gov |date=May 21, 2009 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185058/http://schools.nyc.gov/community/facilities/PublicArt/Art/artitem.htm?ac=314&an=20056 |url-status=live }}</ref> and over {{convert|100|mi}} named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington's [[Iron Horse State Park]]. A larger-than-life-sized bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in [[Beverly Hills, California]], at the former offices of the Great Western Savings and Loan Corporation, for which Wayne had made a number of commercials. In the city of [[Maricopa, Arizona]], part of [[Arizona State Route 347]] is named John Wayne Parkway, which runs through the center of town.

In 2006, friends of Wayne and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" events benefiting the John Wayne Cancer Foundation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jwcf.org/ |title=John Wayne Cancer Foundation |publisher=Jwcf.org |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=October 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021050448/http://jwcf.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[American Cancer Society]].<ref name=OlsonJ-GL-2006-10>Olson, Jim.&nbsp;– [http://maricopagrande.com/files/JimOlsonStoryOct.pdf "Louie and the Duke Classics 2006"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128072824/http://maricopagrande.com/files/JimOlsonStoryOct.pdf |date=November 28, 2007 }}.&nbsp;– ''Grande Living''.&nbsp;– October 2006.&nbsp;– (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jwcf.org/news/2006.html |title=News and Events: 2006 Archive |publisher=Jwcf.org |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108015633/http://www.jwcf.org/news/2006.html |archive-date=November 8, 2010}}</ref> The weekend-long event each fall in [[Casa Grande, Arizona]], includes a golf tournament, an auction of John Wayne memorabilia, and a [[team roping]] competition.<ref name=OlsonJ-GL-2006-10 />

Several celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, the centennial of Wayne's birth. A celebration at the John Wayne birthplace in Winterset, Iowa, included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by [[Michael Martin Murphey]] and [[Riders in the Sky (band)|Riders in the Sky]], a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, and a Cowboy Symposium with Wayne's costars, producers, and costumers. Wayne's films ran continuously at the local theater. Ground was broken for the new John Wayne Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at a ceremony consisting of over 30 of Wayne's family members, including Melinda Wayne Muñoz, Aissa, Ethan, and Marisa Wayne. Later that year, California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] inducted Wayne into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[the California Museum]] in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]].<ref>[http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html Wayne inducted into California Hall of Fame] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182937/http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html|date=January 10, 2008}} California Museum. Retrieved March 11, 2010.</ref>

In 2016, Republican assemblyman [[Matthew Harper]] proposed marking May 26 as "John Wayne Day" in California.<ref name="JohnWayneday">{{cite news|last1=Mettler|first1=Katie|title='John Wayne Day' in Calif. rejected because of actor's statements about minority groups|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/04/29/proposal-for-john-wayne-day-in-california-rejected-after-some-lawmakers-quote-actors-past-statements-about-minority-groups/|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=April 29, 2016|archive-date=June 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602023641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/04/29/proposal-for-john-wayne-day-in-california-rejected-after-some-lawmakers-quote-actors-past-statements-about-minority-groups/|url-status=live}}</ref> This resolution was struck down by a vote of 35 to 20, due to Wayne's views on race and his support of controversial organizations such as the [[John Birch Society]] and the House Un-American Activities Committee.<ref name="JohnWayneday"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/29/john-wayne-day-california-lawmakers-reject-proposal-racist-statements |title=California lawmakers reject John Wayne Day over racist statements |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 29, 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502225849/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/29/john-wayne-day-california-lawmakers-reject-proposal-racist-statements |url-status=live }}</ref>

===American icon===
[[File:Lucille Ball John Wayne 1955.JPG|thumb|upright|With [[Lucille Ball]] in ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', 1955]]

Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals.<ref>Richard McGhee. ''John Wayne: Actor, Artist, Hero'' (1999), p. 135.</ref> Using the power of communication through silent films and radio, Wayne was instrumental in creating a national culture from disparate areas of the US, and made the creation of a national hero possible.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Candelaria|first=Nash|date=2001|title=John Wayne, Person and Persona: The love affairs of an American legend|journal=Hopscotch: A Cultural Review|volume=2|issue=4|pages=2–13}}</ref> By the middle of his career, Wayne had developed a larger-than-life image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Levy|first1=Emanuel|title=John Wayne: Choosing Roles|url=http://emanuellevy.com/comment/john-wayne-choosing-roles/#_edn2|website=emanuellevy.com|date=April 24, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029071618/http://emanuellevy.com/comment/john-wayne-choosing-roles/#_edn2|url-status=live}}</ref> Wayne embodied the image of strong American masculinity and rugged individualism in both his films and his life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Countryman|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Countryman|title=What Dreams Were Made Of: Movie Stars of the 1940s|pages=217–234|year=2019|editor-last=Griffin|editor-first=Sean|publisher=Rutgers University Press|doi=10.36019/9780813550848-012|isbn=978-0-8135-5084-8|s2cid=241867122}}</ref> At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor [[Kirk Douglas]] about the latter's decision to play the role of [[Vincent van Gogh]] in the film [[Lust for Life (1956 film)|''Lust for Life'']], saying: "Christ, Kirk, how can you play a part like that? There's so goddamn few of us left. We got to play strong, tough characters. Not these weak queers."<ref>Scott Eyman. ''John Wayne: The Life and Legend''. (2014), p. 293.</ref> However, actor [[Marlon Brando]] was notably critical of Wayne's public persona and of the cultural insensitivity of Wayne's characters, arguing on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]'' that, "We [Americans] like to see ourselves as perhaps John Wayne sees us. That we are a country that stands for freedom, for rightness, for justice," before adding that "it just simply doesn't apply."<ref>{{cite web |last=Molloy |first=Tim |title=When Sacheen Littlefeather and Marlon Brando Fought John Wayne for the Soul of the Oscars |url=https://www.thewrap.com/sacheen-littlefeather-marlon-brando-oscar-john-wayne/ |date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |work=TheWrap |archive-date=June 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615145836/https://www.thewrap.com/sacheen-littlefeather-marlon-brando-oscar-john-wayne/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Listen to Me Marlon |url=https://www.scripts.com/script/listen_to_me_marlon_12631 |page=27 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=Scripts.com |publisher=STANDS4 LLC |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205707/https://www.scripts.com/script/listen_to_me_marlon_12631 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II, when ''Sands of Iwo Jima'' (1949) was released. His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in concrete that contained sand from [[Iwo Jima]].<ref>Endres, Stacey and Robert Cushman. Hollywood at Your Feet. Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-938817-08-6}}.</ref> His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese emperor [[Hirohito]] visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946563,00.html |title=The Nation: Hirohito Winds Up His Grand U.S. Tour |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 20, 1975 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114184508/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946563,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Likewise when Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] visited the United States in 1959, he made two requests: to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jan-24-me-1235-story.html|title=Soviet Leader Met Duke but Not Mickey|first=Cecilia|last=Rasmussen|date=January 24, 1999|via=LA Times|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108004644/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jan/24/local/me-1235|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:John Wayne in The Big Trail (1930).jpg|thumb|left|Wayne in ''[[The Big Trail]]'' (1930)]]
In the ''Motion Picture Herald'' Top Ten Money-Making Western Stars poll, Wayne was listed in 1936 and 1939.<ref>Phil Hardy ''The Encyclopedia of Western Movies'', London, Octopus, 1985, {{ISBN|0-7064-2555-3}}</ref> He appeared in the similar ''Box Office'' poll in 1939 and 1940.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chuck Anderson|title=Motion Picture Herald and Boxoffice Polls|url=http://www.b-westerns.com/terms5.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111015555/http://www.b-westerns.com/terms5.htm|archive-date=November 11, 2018|access-date=August 29, 2010|publisher=B-westerns.com}}</ref> While these two polls are really an indication only of the popularity of series stars, Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974, taking first place in 1950, 1951, 1954, and 1971. With a total of 25 years on the list, Wayne has more appearances than any other star, surpassing [[Clint Eastwood]] (21) who is in second place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten Money Making Stars – Poll Results|url=http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221063625/http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html|archive-date=December 21, 2014|access-date=November 23, 2014|work=quigleypublishing.com}}</ref>

Wayne is the only actor to appear in every edition of the annual [[The Harris Poll|Harris Poll]] of Most Popular Film Actors, and the only actor to appear on the list after his death. Wayne was in the top 10 in this poll for 19 consecutive years, starting in 1994, 15 years after his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/1141/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx |title=Denzel Washington Flies to Number One and is America's Favorite Movie Star |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213906/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/1141/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mylène Demongeot]] declared in a 2015 filmed interview: "[[Gary Cooper]] was sublime, there I have to say, now he, was part of the stars, Gary Cooper, [[Cary Grant]], John Wayne, those great Americans who I've met really were unbelievable guys, there aren't any like them anymore."<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=July 5, 2015|title=Rencontre avec mylène demongeot|work=Mac Mahon Filmed Conferences Paris|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I-cqo6QES8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/-I-cqo6QES8| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===John Wayne Cancer Foundation===
The John Wayne Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 in honor of John Wayne, after his family granted the use of his name (and limited funding) for the continued fight against cancer.<ref name="jwcf">{{cite web|title=John Wayne Cancer Foundation: Mission |publisher=John Wayne |url=http://johnwayne.org/mission/ |access-date=May 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062041/http://johnwayne.org/mission/ |archive-date=May 8, 2014}}</ref> The foundation's mission is to "bring courage, strength, and grit to the fight against cancer".<ref name="jwcf"/> The foundation provides funds for innovative programs that improve cancer patient care, including research, education, awareness, and support.<ref name="jwcf"/>

===Dispute with Duke University===
[[Newport Beach, California]]-based John Wayne Enterprises, a business operated by Wayne's heirs, sells products, including Kentucky straight [[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]], bearing the "Duke" brand and using Wayne's picture. When the company tried to trademark the image appearing on one of the bottles, [[Duke University]] in [[Durham, North Carolina]], filed a notice of opposition. According to court documents, Duke has tried three times since 2005 to stop the company from trademarking the name. The company sought a declaration permitting registration of their trademark. The company's complaint filed in federal court said the university did "not own the word 'Duke' in all contexts for all purposes." The university's official position was not to object provided Wayne's image appeared with the name.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Nicks |first1=Denver |title=John 'the Duke' Wayne's Heirs Sue Duke U Over Booze Label |url=https://time.com/2967976/john-the-duke-waynes-heirs-sue-duke-u-over-booze-label/ |magazine=Time |access-date=March 23, 2020 |date=July 8, 2014 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818051844/https://time.com/2967976/john-the-duke-waynes-heirs-sue-duke-u-over-booze-label/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 30, 2014, [[Orange County, California]] federal judge David Carter dismissed the company's suit, deciding the plaintiffs had chosen the wrong jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/10/01/4199413/john-waynes-heirs-lose-duke-legal.html?sp=/99/100/&ihp=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141015210410/http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/10/01/4199413/john-waynes-heirs-lose-duke-legal.html?sp=/99/100/&ihp=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |title=John Wayne's heirs lose 'Duke' legal brawl |work=[[News and Observer]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 1, 2014 |access-date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|John Wayne filmography}}
[[File:John Wayne Publicity Photo 1952.jpg|thumb|right|Wayne portrait from 1952]]
[[File:John Wayne portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Screenshot]] from ''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' (1959)]]
[[File:John Wayne in The Longest Day trailer.jpg|thumb|right|Wayne portraying Lt. Colonel [[Benjamin H. Vandervoort]] in ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' (1962)]]
Between 1926 and 1977, Wayne appeared in over 170 films. According to Quigley Polling, John Wayne was named the top money maker (as of 2005).<ref>"John Wayne All Time Top Money-Making Star." ''PR Newswire'', February 24, 2005. ''Gale In Context: Biography'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/A129166834/BIC?u=uiuc_uc&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=0c91356d. Accessed December 14, 2021.</ref>

==Missed roles==
* Wayne turned down the lead role in the 1952 film ''[[High Noon]]'' because he felt the film's story was an allegory against [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisting]], which he actively supported. In a 1971 interview, Wayne said he considered ''High Noon'' "the most un-American thing I've ever seen in my whole life", and that he would "never regret having helped run screenwriter [[Carl Foreman]] [who was later blacklisted] out of the country".<ref name=davis/>{{rp|142}}
* An urban legend has it that in 1955, Wayne turned down the role of [[Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)|Matt Dillon]] in the long-running television series ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' and recommended James Arness, instead. While he did suggest Arness for the part and introduced him in a prologue to the first episode, no film star of Wayne's stature would have considered a television role at the time.<ref>Barabas, S. ''Gunsmoke: A Complete History''. McFarland (1990), pp. 63–4. {{ISBN|0899504183}}.</ref>
* [[Terry Southern]]'s biographer Lee Hill wrote that the role of Major T. J. "King" Kong in ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' (1964) was originally written with Wayne in mind, and that [[Stanley Kubrick]] offered him the part after [[Peter Sellers]] injured his ankle during filming; he immediately turned it down.<ref name=Hill>Lee Hill, ''A Grand Guy: The Life and Art of Terry Southern'' (Bloomsbury, 2001), pp.118–119</ref> While Sellers went on to play three other roles in the film, [[Slim Pickens]] played Kong.
* In 1966, Wayne accepted the role of Major Reisman in ''[[The Dirty Dozen]]'' (1967), and asked [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] for some script changes, but eventually withdrew from the project to make ''The Green Berets''. He was replaced by [[Lee Marvin]].<ref>Eyman, S. ''John Wayne: The Life and Legend''. Simon & Schuster (2014), p.78. {{ISBN|1439199582}}</ref>
* Though Wayne actively campaigned for the title role in ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971), [[Warner Bros.]] decided that at 63 he was too old, and cast the 41-year-old [[Clint Eastwood]].<ref>Eyman (2014), p. 143.</ref>
* In the early '70s, several years before the film was made, Wayne was offered the lead role in [[Michael Cimino]]'s ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'' (1980), then under the title ''The Johnson County War''. Wayne would later present the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture prize]] to Cimino at the [[51st Academy Awards|1979 Oscars]] for ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite web|last=Abrams|first=Simon|url=https://theplaylist.net/john-williams-turned-down-scoring-heavens-gate-more-learned-from-the-criterion-edition-of-michael-ciminos-cult-film-20121129/|title=John Williams Turned Down Scoring 'Heaven's Gate' & More Learned From The Criterion Edition Of Michael Cimino's Cult Film|website=ThePlaylist|date=November 29, 2012|access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref>
* Director [[Peter Bogdanovich]] and screenwriter [[Larry McMurtry]] pitched a film in 1972 called ''The Streets of Laredo'' that would co-star Wayne along with James Stewart and [[Henry Fonda]]. They conceived it as a Western that would bring the final curtain down on Hollywood Westerns. Stewart and Fonda both agreed to appear in it, but after long consideration, Wayne turned it down, citing his feeling that his character was more underdeveloped and uninteresting than those of his co-stars, which was largely based on John Ford's recommendation after perusing the script. The project was shelved for some 20 years, until McMurtry rewrote and expanded the original screenplay co-written with Bogdanovich to make the novel and subsequent TV miniseries ''[[Lonesome Dove]]'', with [[Tommy Lee Jones]] in Wayne's role and [[Robert Duvall]] playing the part originally written for Stewart in the extremely popular miniseries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carman|first=John|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Lonesome-Dove-Has-More-Company-Streets-of-3020195.php|title='Lonesome Dove' Has More Company / 'Streets of Laredo' miniseries latest installment of McMurtry story|website=[[SFGATE]]|date=November 5, 1995|access-date=February 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Spong|first=John|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/true-west/|title=True West|magazine=[[Texas Monthly]]|date=July 2010|access-date=February 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|last=Thoret|first=Jean-Baptiste|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_m5Q51R0sA|title=PETER BOGDANOVICH : The Streets of Laredo & Paradise Road|via=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Créations originales – Forum des images|date=February 16, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Mel Brooks]] offered Wayne the role of the Waco Kid (eventually played by [[Gene Wilder]]) in ''[[Blazing Saddles]]'' (1974). After reading the script, Wayne declined, fearing the dialogue was "too dirty" for his family-friendly image, but told Brooks that he would be "first in line" to see the movie.<ref>Interview: [[Mel Brooks]]. ''Blazing Saddles'' (DVD). Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7907-5735-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mel Brooks on John Wayne, Improv and the Presidential Race |work=Metro Philadelphia |date=May 20, 2016 |last=Amorosi |first=A. D. |url=http://www.metro.us/philadelphia/mel-brooks-on-john-wayne-improv-and-the-presidential-race/zsJpes---t1y4luA8q4ho/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523052729/http://www.metro.us/philadelphia/mel-brooks-on-john-wayne-improv-and-the-presidential-race/zsJpes---t1y4luA8q4ho/ |archive-date=May 23, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Steven Spielberg]] offered both Wayne and [[Charlton Heston]] the role of Major General [[Joseph Stilwell]] in the film ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'' with Wayne also considered for a cameo in it. After reading the script, Wayne decided not to participate due to ill health, but also urged Spielberg not to pursue the project. Both Wayne and Heston felt the film was unpatriotic. Spielberg recalled, "[Wayne] was really curious and so I sent him the script. He called me the next day and said he felt it was a very un-American movie, and I shouldn't waste my time making it. He said, 'You know, that was an important war, and you're making fun of a war that cost thousands of lives at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]. Don't joke about World War II'."<ref name="Wayne">{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/john-wayne-urged-steven-spielberg-not-to-make-war-comedy_1267167 |title=John Wayne – John Wayne Urged Steven Spielberg Not To Make War Comedy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914024334/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/john-wayne-urged-steven-spielberg-not-to-make-war-comedy_1267167 |archive-date=September 14, 2014 |website=contactmusic.com |date=December 2, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
===Academy Awards===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col"|
Category
! scope="col"| Result
|-
|[[22nd Academy Awards|1949]]
|''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[33rd Academy Awards|1960]]
|''[[The Alamo (1960 film)|The Alamo]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[42nd Academy Awards|1969]]
|''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]''
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
|}

===Golden Globe Awards===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col"|
Category
! scope="col"| Result
|-
|[[10th Golden Globe Awards|1953]]
|{{N/A}}
| Henrietta Award (World Film Favorite – Male)
|{{won}}
|-
|[[23rd Golden Globe Awards|1966]]
|{{N/A}}
| [[Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award|Cecil B. DeMille Award]]
|{{won|Honored}}<ref name="gg-cecil">{{cite web|title=The Cecil B. DeMille Award |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/cecil60/ |access-date=October 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006100228/http://www.goldenglobes.org/cecil60/ |archive-date=October 6, 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[27th Golden Globe Awards|1970]]
|''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]''
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]]
|{{won}}
|}

===Grammy Awards===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col"|
Category
! scope="col"| Result
|-
|[[14th Annual Grammy Awards|1972]]
|''[[America, Why I Love Her]]''
| [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]]
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Grammy Awards 1974|publisher=Awards & Shows|access-date=December 14, 2020|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1974-223.html|archive-date=December 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207095759/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1974-223.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Brass Balls Award===
In 1973, ''[[The Harvard Lampoon]]'', a satirical paper run by [[Harvard University]] students, invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award, created in his "honor", after calling him "the biggest fraud in history". Wayne accepted the invitation as a chance to promote the recently released film ''McQ'', and a [[Fort Devens]] Army convoy offered to drive him into [[Harvard Square]] on an [[armored personnel carrier]].<ref name=BryanTimes /><ref name="harvard">{{cite book|last=Lotman|first=Mo|title=Harvard Square: An Illustrated History Since 1950|year=2009|publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58479-747-0|page=95}}</ref> The ceremony was held on January 15, 1974, at the Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially presented in honor of Wayne's "outstanding machismo and penchant for punching people".<ref>{{cite web|last=Zegarac|first=Nick|title=John Wayne – American|url=http://thehollywoodart.blogspot.com/2006/11/john-wayne-american.html|work=The Hollywood Art|access-date=June 24, 2013|archive-date=April 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408111705/http://thehollywoodart.blogspot.com/2006/11/john-wayne-american.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the convoy was met with protests by members of the [[American Indian Movement]] and others, some of whom threw snowballs, Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience when he walked onto the stage.<ref name=BryanTimes>{{cite news|last=Reed|first=Phillip Jr. |title=John Wayne handles Harvard challenge well|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19740116&id=LrhaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1039,904103|access-date=June 24, 2013|newspaper=The Bryan Times|date=January 16, 1974|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225041751/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19740116&id=LrhaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1039,904103|url-status=live}}</ref> An internal investigation was launched into the Army's involvement in the day.<ref name="harvard" />

===Additional awards and honors===
* 1960, Award a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 1541 Vine Street for his contribution to the motion pictures industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walkoffame.com/john-wayne/|access-date=April 11, 2024|title=Hollywood Walk of Fame|date=October 25, 2019 }}</ref>
* 1970, Received the DeMolay Legion of Honor<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Wayne |url=https://demolay.org/project/john-wayne/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=DeMolay International |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1970, Received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= John Wayne Honored|publisher= The Dallas Morning News|url=https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Dallas-Morning-News-June-25-1970.pdf}}</ref>
* 1973, Awarded the Gold Medal from the National Football Foundation
* 1974, Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers in the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
* 1978, Received the Omar Bradley Spirit of Independence Award<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radiancetechnologiesindependencebowl.com/spirit-of-independence-award/ | title=Spirit of Independence Award }}</ref> 
* 1979, Received the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Notes |first=CoinWeek |date=February 13, 2024 |title=John Wayne Congressional Gold Medal (1980) : A Collector's Guide |url=https://coinweek.com/john-wayne-congressional-gold-medal-collectors-guide/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20Congress%20awarded,Mint%20Chief%20Engraver%20Frank%20Gasparro. |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 1980, Awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the nation's highest civilian honor, by President Jimmy Carter
* 1986, Inducted into the DeMolay Hall of Fame<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame |url=https://beademolay.org/hall-of-fame/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=DeMolay International |language=en-US}}</ref>
* There is a street named after Wayne in [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Merrisa |date=September 30, 2014 |title=San Antonio street names and groupings |url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/slideshow/San-Antonio-street-names-and-groupings-94695.php |website=mysanantonio.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[John Wayne filmography]]
* [[Hall of Great Western Performers]]
* [[List of film director and actor collaborations]]
* [[List of famous amateur chess players]]
* [[List of Freemasons]]
* [[National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum]]
* [[Red Scare]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
=== Explanatory footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Randy |last2=Olson |first2=James S. |date=1995 |title=John Wayne: American |url=https://archive.org/details/johnwayneamerica00robe |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-02-923837-0 }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Baur|first1=Andreas|last2=Bitterli|first2=Konrad|title=Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst oder: John Wayne zum 100|journal=Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg|place=Geburstag, Nuremberg|date=2007|isbn=978-3-939738-15-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Beaver|first=Jim|title=John Wayne|journal=Films in Review|volume=28|date=May 5, 1977|ref=265–284|author-link=Jim Beaver}}
* [[Jenni Calder|Calder, Jenni]] (1979), ''John Wayne - Man and Myth of the West'', in Bold, Christine (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 1, Autumn 1979, pp.&nbsp;13 – 16 {{issn|0264-0856}}
* {{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=James T.|s2cid=143182615|title=Print the Legend: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture|journal=Reviews in American History|volume=28|number=3|date=September 2000|pages=465–477|doi=10.1353/rah.2000.0047|ref=465–477|issn=0048-7511}}
* {{cite book|author=Carey, Harry Jr.|title=A Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company|publisher=Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press|date=1994|isbn=0-8108-2865-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Donald|first2=Christopher|last2=Anderson|title=John Wayne's The Alamo: The Making of the Epic Film|publisher=New York: Carol Publishing Group|date=1995|isbn=0-8065-1625-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Ronald L.|title=Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|date=2001|isbn=0-8061-3329-5}}
* [[Joan Didion|Didion, Joan]] (1968). "John Wayne: A Love Song". In ''[[Slouching Towards Bethlehem]]''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|978-0374531386}}
* {{cite book|last=Eyman|first=Scott|title=Print the Legend: The Life and Times of John Ford|publisher=New York: Simon & Schuster|date=1999|isbn=0-684-81161-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Eyman|first1=Scott|title=John Wayne: The Life and Legend|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-1439199589|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qceCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316114541/https://books.google.com/books?id=4qceCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA293|url-status=live}}
* Jensen, Richard (2012). ''When the Legend Became Fact – The True Life of John Wayne''. Nashville: Raymond Street Publishers, 2012.
* {{cite book|last=Landesman|first=Fred|date=2004|title=The John Wayne Filmography|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0786432523}}
* {{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|title=Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|date=1997|isbn=0-8021-1598-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=McGhee|first1=Richard D.|title=John Wayne: Actor, Artist, Hero|date=1999|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, NC|isbn=0786407522|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIWS9KaWjZ0C&pg=PA135|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316114503/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIWS9KaWjZ0C&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=McGivern|first=Carolyn|title=John Wayne: A Giant Shadow|publisher=Bracknell, England: Sammon|date=2000|isbn=0-9540031-0-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Munn|first=Michael|date=2004|title=John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth|publisher=Robson|isbn=978-1-86105-722-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Raab|first=Markus|title=Beautiful Hearts, Laughers at the World, Bowlers. Worldviews of the Late Western|journal=Baur/Bitterli: Brave Lonesome Cowboy. Der Mythos des Westerns in der Gegenwartskunst Oder: John Wayne zum 100. Geburtstag |publisher=Nuremberg|date=2007|isbn=978-3-939738-15-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shepherd|first1=Donald|first2=Robert|last2=Slatzer|first3=Dave|last3=Grayson|title=Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne|url=https://archive.org/details/dukelifetimesof00shep|url-access=registration|publisher=New York: Doubleday|date=1985|isbn=0-385-17893-X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wayne |first1=Aissa |last2=Delsohn |first2=Steve |title=John Wayne: My Father |date=April 1998 |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |url= |isbn=978-0-87833-959-4 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|author=Wills, Garry|title=John Wayne's America: The Politics of Celebrity|publisher=New York: Simon & Schuster|date=1997|isbn=0-684-80823-4|author-link=Garry Wills|url=https://archive.org/details/johnwaynesameric00will}}
* {{cite book|author=Maurice Zolotow|title=Shooting Star: A Biography of John Wayne|publisher=New York: Simon & Schuster|date=1974|isbn=0-671-82969-6|author-link=Maurice Zolotow|url=https://archive.org/details/shootingstar00mzol}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote|John Wayne}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.jwcf.org/ John Wayne Cancer Foundation]
* [http://www.jwci.org/ John Wayne Cancer Institute]
* [http://vault.fbi.gov/john-wayne-marion-robert-morrison FBI file on John Wayne]
* [http://www.johnwaynebirthplace.museum/ Birthplace of John Wayne official website]
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{AFI person | id= 87147-John-Wayne | title= John Wayne }}
* {{TCMDb name}}
* {{Discogs artist|John Wayne}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190717232317/https://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php?title=On_the_Set_of_The_Alamo&gsearch=set%20of%20the%20alamo "On the Set of ''The Alamo''"]: Behind-the-scenes footage from the production of the film, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26980|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-28A|description=(1966)}}
* {{Find a Grave}}

{{John Wayne}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for John Wayne
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestActor 1961-1980}}
{{Cecil B. DeMille Award 1952–1975}}
{{GoldenGlobeAwardBestActorMotionPictureDrama 1961-1980}}
{{National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners}}
{{People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wayne, John}}
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